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Pourrajab B, Sharifi-Zahabi E, Soltani S, Shahinfar H, Shidfar F. Comparison of canola oil and olive oil consumption on the serum lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12270-12284. [PMID: 35866510 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several randomized clinical trials have investigated the effects of canola oil (CO) compared to olive oil (OO) on the serum lipid profiles in adults. However, the results of these studies are inconsistent. Thus, this study aimed to assess the comparison of CO and OO consumption on the serum lipid components in adults. METHODS AND RESULTS The following online databases were searched until February 4th, 2022: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. The effect sizes were stated as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 13 eligible trials were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the CO consumption, significantly reduced serum LDL-c (WMD: -6.13 mg/dl, 95%CI: -9.79, -2.46, p = 0.001), TC (WMD: -8.92 mg/dl, 95% CI: -13.52, -4.33, P < 0.001) and LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (WMD: -0.30; 95% CI, -0.53, -0.06, p = 0.01) levels compared to OO. There were no significant changes in the other components of the blood lipids. CONCLUSION The results of this review suggest that CO consumptionhas beneficial effects on LDL-c, TC, and LDL-c/HDL-c ratio compared to OO. Therefore, its replacement with OO can have cardioprotective impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Pourrajab
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Sharifi-Zahabi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahinfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sellem L, Flourakis M, Jackson KG, Joris PJ, Lumley J, Lohner S, Mensink RP, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Lovegrove JA. Impact of Replacement of Individual Dietary SFAs on Circulating Lipids and Other Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Humans. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1200-1225. [PMID: 34849532 PMCID: PMC9340975 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known of the impact of individual SFAs and their isoenergetic substitution with other SFAs or unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) on the prevention of cardiometabolic disease (CMD). This systematic literature review assessed the impact of such dietary substitutions on a range of fasting CMD risk markers, including lipid profile, markers of glycemic control and inflammation, and metabolic hormone concentrations. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the effect of isoenergetic replacements of individual dietary SFAs for ≥14 d on ≥1 CMD risk markers in humans. Searches of the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases on 14 February, 2021 identified 44 RCTs conducted in participants with a mean ± SD age of 39.9 ± 15.2 y. Studies' risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 for RCTs. Random-effect meta-analyses assessed the effect of ≥3 similar dietary substitutions on the same CMD risk marker. Other dietary interventions were described in qualitative syntheses. We observed reductions in LDL-cholesterol concentrations after the replacement of palmitic acid (16:0) with UFAs (-0.36 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.50, -0.21 mmol/L; I2 = 96.0%, n = 18 RCTs) or oleic acid (18:1n-9) (-0.16 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.28, -0.03 mmol/L; I2 = 89.6%, n = 9 RCTs), with a similar impact on total cholesterol and apoB concentrations. No effects on other CMD risk markers, including HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, insulin, or C-reactive protein concentrations, were evident. Similarly, we found no evidence of a benefit from replacing dietary stearic acid (18:0) with UFAs on CMD risk markers (n = 4 RCTs). In conclusion, the impact of replacing dietary palmitic acid with UFAs on lipid biomarkers is aligned with current public health recommendations. However, owing to the high heterogeneity and limited studies, relations between all individual SFAs and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health need further confirmation from RCTs. This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020084241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laury Sellem
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - James Lumley
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Szimonetta Lohner
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary,Cochrane Hungary, Clinical Centre of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,CoRPS—Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Comparison of the Effect of Amaranth Oil vs. Rapeseed Oil on Selected Atherosclerosis Markers in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Cross-Over Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168540. [PMID: 34444289 PMCID: PMC8391583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that rapeseed oil improves lipid profile and has antiatherosclerotic properties. Recently, amaranth oil has also become popular due to its potential health benefits. However, the effect of this oil on atherosclerosis markers in humans is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of amaranth and rapeseed oils on selected atherosclerosis-related parameters in overweight and obese subjects. In this randomized cross-over study, 44 subjects were instructed to consume 20 mL of amaranth oil and rapeseed oil during two consecutive three-week intervention periods separated by a washout period of the same duration as the intervention. The outcome variables included changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, adiponectin, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, apolipoproteins (Apo) A1, B and E as well as glucose and insulin homeostasis markers. Compared to rapeseed oil, amaranth oil had a slight positive effect on adiponectin levels (mean (95% confidence interval): 0.55 (0.22-0.89) vs. -0.29 (-0.75-0.16), p = 0.0002) but negatively affected ApoB concentrations (0.05 (-0.01-0.11) vs. 0.03 (-0.07-0.00), p = 0.0004) and ApoB/A1 ratio (0.01 (-0.03-0.05) vs. -0.02 (-0.04-0.00), p = 0.0113). No differences between the other analyzed parameters were observed. In conclusion, amaranth oil does not have a greater beneficial effect on atherosclerosis markers than rapeseed oil. However, further studies with a longer intervention period are needed. The study was retrospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register within the number: DRKS00014046, date of registration: 3 May 2018.
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Pourrajab B, Sohouli MH, Amirinejad A, Fatahi S, Găman MA, Shidfar F. The impact of rice bran oil consumption on the serum lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6005-6015. [PMID: 33715544 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia is recognized among the risk factors for lifestyle related diseases. A healthy diet, rich in vegetable oils such as rice bran oil (RBO), may aid to improve serum lipid levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of rice bran oil (RBO) consumption on serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels in adults. The following online databases were searched for manuscripts published until October 7th 2020: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. The effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 8 eligible trials with 14 effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. Our analysis revealed that the consumption of RBO significantly decreased serum TC (WMD: -7.29 mg/dL, 95% CI: -11.32, -3.25, P = 0.000), LDL-c (WMD: -7.62 mg/dL, 95% CI: -11.10, -4.14, P = 0.000) and TG (WMD: -9.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: -17.99, -0.38, P = 0.041) levels. So, available evidence suggests that RBO consumption can significantly decrease serum TC, LDL-c and TG levels. Hence, it may play a role in reducing dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Pourrajab
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Amirinejad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Fatahi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Meng H, Matthan NR, Wu D, Li L, Rodríguez-Morató J, Cohen R, Galluccio JM, Dolnikowski GG, Lichtenstein AH. Comparison of diets enriched in stearic, oleic, and palmitic acids on inflammation, immune response, cardiometabolic risk factors, and fecal bile acid concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women-randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:305-315. [PMID: 31179489 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct comparisons between SFAs varying in chain length, specifically palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), relative to the latter's metabolic product, oleic acid (18:1), on cardiometabolic risk factors are limited. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the relative comparability of diets enriched in palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid on inflammation and coagulation markers, T lymphocyte proliferation/ex-vivo cytokine secretion, plasma cardiometabolic risk factors, and fecal bile acid concentrations. METHODS Hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women (n = 20, mean ± SD age 64 ± 7 y, BMI 26.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2, LDL cholesterol ≥ 2.8 mmol/L) were provided with each of 3 diets [55% energy (%E) carbohydrate, 15%E protein, 30%E fat, with ∼50% fat contributed by palmitic acid, stearic acid, or oleic acid in each diet; 5 wk/diet phase] using a randomized crossover design with 2-wk washouts between phases. Outcome measures were assessed at the end of each phase. RESULTS Fasting LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations were lower after the stearic acid and oleic acid diets than the palmitic acid diet (all P < 0.01). Fasting HDL-cholesterol concentrations were lower after the stearic acid diet than the palmitic acid and oleic acid diets (P < 0.01). The stearic acid diet resulted in lower lithocholic acid (P = 0.01) and total secondary bile acid (SBA) concentrations (P = 0.04) than the oleic acid diet. All other outcome measures were similar between diets. Lithocholic acid concentrations were positively correlated with fasting LDL-cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.33; P = 0.011). Total SBA, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid concentrations were negatively correlated with fasting HDL cholesterol (r = -0.51 to -0.44; P < 0.01) concentrations and positively correlated with LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol (r = 0.37-0.54; P < 0.01) ratios. CONCLUSIONS Dietary stearic acid and oleic acid had similar effects on fasting LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations and more favorable ones than palmitic acid. Unlike oleic acid, the hypocholesterolemic effect of stearic acid may be mediated by inhibition of intestinal hydrophobic SBA synthesis. These findings add to the data suggesting there should be a reassessment of current SFA dietary guidance and Nutrient Facts panel labeling.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02145936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicui Meng
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lijun Li
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Cohen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean M Galluccio
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Garcia-Aloy M, Hulshof PJM, Estruel-Amades S, Osté MCJ, Lankinen M, Geleijnse JM, de Goede J, Ulaszewska M, Mattivi F, Bakker SJL, Schwab U, Andres-Lacueva C. Biomarkers of food intake for nuts and vegetable oils: an extensive literature search. GENES & NUTRITION 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 30923582 PMCID: PMC6423890 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuts and vegetable oils are important sources of fat and of a wide variety of micronutrients and phytochemicals. Following their intake, several of their constituents, as well as their derived metabolites, are found in blood circulation and in urine. As a consequence, these could be used to assess the compliance to a dietary intervention or to determine habitual intake of nuts and vegetable oils. However, before these metabolites can be widely used as biomarkers of food intake (BFIs), several characteristics have to be considered, including specificity, dose response, time response, stability, and analytical performance. We have, therefore, conducted an extensive literature search to evaluate current knowledge about potential BFIs of nuts and vegetable oils. Once identified, the strengths and weaknesses of the most promising candidate BFIs have been summarized. Results from selected studies have provided a variety of compounds mainly derived from the fatty fraction of these foods, but also other components and derived metabolites related to their nutritional composition. In particular, α-linolenic acid, urolithins, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid seem to be the most plausible candidate BFIs for walnuts, whereas for almonds they could be α-tocopherol and some catechin-derived metabolites. Similarly, several studies have reported a strong association between selenium levels and consumption of Brazil nuts. Intake of vegetable oils has been mainly assessed through the measurement of specific fatty acids in different blood fractions, such as oleic acid for olive oil, α-linolenic acid for flaxseed (linseed) and rapeseed (canola) oils, and linoleic acid for sunflower oil. Additionally, hydroxytyrosol and its metabolites were the most promising distinctive BFIs for (extra) virgin olive oil. However, most of these components lack sufficient specificity to serve as BFIs. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to discover new candidate BFIs, as well as to further evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, dose-response relationships, and reproducibility of these candidate biomarkers and to eventually validate them in other populations. For the discovery of new candidate BFIs, an untargeted metabolomics approach may be the most effective strategy, whereas for increasing the specificity of the evaluation of food consumption, this could be a combination of different metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul J. M. Hulshof
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maryse C. J. Osté
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Lankinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna M. Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janette de Goede
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marynka Ulaszewska
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ursula Schwab
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Lin L, Allemekinders H, Dansby A, Campbell L, Durance-Tod S, Berger A, Jones PJH. Evidence of health benefits of canola oil. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:370-85. [PMID: 23731447 PMCID: PMC3746113 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canola oil-based diets have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol levels in comparison with diets containing higher levels of saturated fatty acids. Consumption of canola oil also influences biological functions that affect various other biomarkers of disease risk. Previous reviews have focused on the health effects of individual components of canola oil. Here, the objective is to address the health effects of intact canola oil, as this has immediate practical implications for consumers, nutritionists, and others deciding which oil to consume or recommend. A literature search was conducted to examine the effects of canola oil consumption on coronary heart disease, insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, energy metabolism, and cancer cell growth. Data reveal substantial reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as other positive actions, including increased tocopherol levels and improved insulin sensitivity, compared with consumption of other dietary fat sources. In summary, growing scientific evidence supports the use of canola oil, beyond its beneficial actions on circulating lipid levels, as a health-promoting component of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Departments of Food Science and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Khan SH, Butt MS, Sharif MK. Biological quality and safety assessment of rice bran protein isolates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Bañuls C, Martínez-Triguero ML, López-Ruiz A, Morillas C, Lacomba R, Víctor VM, Rocha M, Hernández-Mijares A. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:881-6. [PMID: 19889524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A healthy diet and plant sterols (PS) are recommended for reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and, subsequently, the risk of premature cardiovascular disease. PS mediate a decrease in fat-soluble vitamin concentration, which can lead to a general impairment of antioxidative defenses and an increase in oxidative stress. Thus, we evaluated the effects of a healthy diet, including PS-enriched low-fat milk, on cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects. This was a randomized parallel trial employing 40 subjects and consisting of two 3-month intervention phases. After 3 months on a standard healthy diet, subjects were divided into two intervention groups: a diet group and a diet+PS group (2 g/day). Lipid profile, apolipoproteins, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed. Diet significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol (4.0% and 4.7%, respectively), produced an increase in the level of beta-carotene (23%) and improved the antioxidant capacity of LDL cholesterol particles (4.6%). PS induced a significant decrease in total cholesterol (6.4%), LDL (9.9%) and the apolipoprotein B100/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (4.9%), but led to a decrease in cryptoxanthin level (29%) without any change being observed in the antioxidant capacity of LDL cholesterol particles, total antioxidant status or lipid peroxidation. After 3 months, we observed the positive effect of including a PS supplement in dietary measures, as the lipoprotein-mediated risk of cardiovascular disease was reduced. Despite a decrease in the concentration of cryptoxanthin, no evidence of a global impairment of antioxidative defenses or an enhancement of oxidative stress parameters was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Utarwuthipong T, Komindr S, Pakpeankitvatana V, Songchitsomboon S, Thongmuang N. Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Concentration and Oxidative Susceptibility Changes after Consumption of Soybean Oil, Rice Bran Oil, Palm Oil and Mixed Rice Bran/Palm Oil in Hypercholesterolaemic Women. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:96-104. [DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a diet containing soybean oil (SBO), rice bran oil (RBO), palm oil (PO) or a RBO/PO (3:1) mixture on the composition and oxidation of small dense low-density lipoproteins (sdLDL) in 16 hypercholesterolaemic women were investigated. During the 8-week control period, participants consumed a free-choice weight-maintaining diet comprising carbohydrate (55% energy), protein (15% energy) and fat (30% energy) with < 300 mg/day of cholesterol. During each 10-week study period, participants consumed this same diet but with the addition of one of the three test oils or the RBO/PO mixture. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were significantly reduced during SBO, RBO and RBO/PO consumption, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly decreased by SBO consumption. There was a significant reduction in sdLDL-cholesterol levels only after using SBO and it tended to be reduced during RBO/PO consumption, whereas it was significantly increased following PO consumption. The sdLDL oxidation lag time was significantly increased during PO, RBO/PO and RBO consumption, but significantly reduced following SBO. The results for the RBO/PO mixture suggest that this oil mixture might further reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Utarwuthipong
- Graduate Programme of Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Komindr
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Pakpeankitvatana
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Songchitsomboon
- Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Thongmuang
- Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
Small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are being increasingly recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This paper provides an overview of how different diets and macronutrients modulate the LDL size phenotype. Data reviewed indicated that several components of the LDL size phenotype should be measured concurrently in order to fully appreciate the impact of diet on this complex trait. Data also suggested that numerous dietary elements have a significant impact on several characteristics of the LDL size phenotype, thus providing further evidence to the concept that specific dietary modifications can beneficially alter cardiovascular disease risk beyond their known and demonstrated effects on plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Desroches
- Institute on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Pavillon INAF, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Ste-Foy, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Collins JK, Arjmandi BH, Claypool PL, Perkins-Veazie P, Baker RA, Clevidence BA. Lycopene from two food sources does not affect antioxidant or cholesterol status of middle-aged adults. Nutr J 2004; 3:15. [PMID: 15369594 PMCID: PMC521493 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have reported associations between reduced cardiovascular disease and diets rich in tomato and/or lycopene. Intervention studies have shown that lycopene-containing foods may reduce cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, factors implicated in the initiation of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether consumption of lycopene rich foods conferred cardiovascular protection to middle-aged adults as indicated by plasma lipid concentrations and measures of ex vivo antioxidants. Methods Ten healthy men and women consumed a low lycopene diet with no added lycopene (control treatment) or supplemented with watermelon or tomato juice each containing 20 mg lycopene. Subjects consumed each treatment for three weeks in a crossover design. Plasma, collected weekly was analyzed for total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride concentrations and for the antioxidant biomarkers of malondialdehyde formation products (MDA), plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed Procedure and associations between antioxidant and lipid measures were identified by Pearson's product moment correlation analysis. Results Compared to the control diet, the lycopene-containing foods did not affect plasma lipid concentrations or antioxidant biomarkers. Women had higher total cholesterol, HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations than did the men. Total cholesterol was positively correlated to MDA and FRAP while HDL-C was positively correlated to MDA and GPX. GPX was negatively correlated to triglyceride concentration. Conclusions The inclusion of watermelon or tomato juice containing 20 mg lycopene did not affect plasma lipid concentrations or antioxidant status of healthy subjects. However, plasma cholesterol levels impacted the results of MDA and FRAP antioxidant tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Collins
- USDA, ARS, South Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Lane, OK, USA.
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Wolters M, Hahn A. LDL Susceptibility to Copper-Induced Oxidation after Administration of a Single Dose of Free or Esterified Beta-Cryptoxanthin. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2004; 48:163-8. [PMID: 15133322 DOI: 10.1159/000078380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidative modification of LDL is believed to be an initial step in atherosclerosis. Thus, antioxidative substances such as carotenoids may have a role in the prevention of coronary heart disease. We examined the susceptibility of LDL to Cu2+ oxidation in young adults before and after a single dose of beta-cryptoxanthin. METHODS 1.3 mg of beta-cryptoxanthin was administered to 12 apparently healthy young volunteers. Six of the volunteers received esters, the other six free beta-cryptoxanthin. The plasma concentration of beta-cryptoxanthin and the susceptibility of LDL to copper-induced oxidation ex vivo in terms of the duration of lag time were measured before and 12 h after beta-cryptoxanthin ingestion. RESULTS A single dose of beta-cryptoxanthin significantly increased the mean plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentration and the mean cholesterol adjusted beta-cryptoxanthin concentration by 117 and 133%, respectively. No effect on the length of lag time was assessed. However, in LDL isolated from plasma 12 h after beta-cryptoxanthin administration the lengths of lag time correlated significantly with the plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentration and with the cholesterol adjusted beta-cryptoxanthin levels. The lag time did not differ significantly between volunteers who received esters and those who received the same dosage as free beta-cryptoxanthin. At both measuring points, smokers, male volunteers and women using oral contraceptives tended to exhibit lower beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations and lower cholesterol adjusted beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations as well as increased LDL oxidizability compared to nonsmokers and women not using oral contraceptives. CONCLUSION A single dose of beta-cryptoxanthin does not enhance the duration of LDL lag time ex vivo in healthy young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Wolters
- Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Thomsen AB, Hansen HB, Christiansen C, Green H, Berger A. Effect of free plant sterols in low-fat milk on serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:860-70. [PMID: 15164106 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of nonesterified, nonhydrogenated plant sterols solubilized in a partly vegetable oil-filled low-fat milk on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled three-arm crossover study. SETTING Outpatient clinical trial. SUBJECTS A total of 138 patients were screened, providing 81 patients for randomization; 71 patients completed the study. INTERVENTIONS The study product was a 500 ml milk blend with or without nonesterified, nonhydrogenated sterols. The daily consumption of sterols in the three groups was 0 g/day, control group (C); 1.2 g/day, (Lo); or 1.6 g/day, (Hi), respectively. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three different treatment sequences. Each intervention period was 4 weeks. The total study duration was 12 weeks. RESULTS The milk product was well tolerated. The placebo-adjusted mean reduction in LDL was 7.13+/-12.31 and 9.59+/-12.44% (mean+/-s.d.) for Lo and Hi groups, respectively (P<0.0001); there was no statistically significant difference in LDL lowering for the Lo and Hi groups. There were no significant changes in serum vitamin E or carotenoid concentrations after standardization with LDL cholesterol during the study period. CONCLUSION The present study shows for the first time a substantial reduction in LDL cholesterol with a new, partly vegetable oil-filled 1.2% low-fat milk product, containing nonesterified plant sterols from soybean oil, in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. This result encourages further development of novel low-fat dairy products containing free plant sterols for future use in cholesterol-lowering initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Thomsen
- Centre of Clinical and Basic Research, Ballerup Byvej, Ballerup, Denmark.
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15
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Berger A, Jones PJH, Abumweis SS. Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients. Lipids Health Dis 2004; 3:5. [PMID: 15070410 PMCID: PMC419367 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are naturally occurring molecules that humanity has evolved with. Herein, we have critically evaluated recent literature pertaining to the myriad of factors affecting efficacy and safety of plant sterols in free and esterified forms. We conclude that properly solubilized 4-desmetyl plant sterols, in ester or free form, in reasonable doses (0.8-1.0 g of equivalents per day) and in various vehicles including natural sources, and as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle, are important dietary components for lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and maintaining good heart health. In addition to their cholesterol lowering properties, plant sterols possess anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenicity, and anti-oxidation activities, and should thus be of clinical importance, even for those individuals without elevated LDL cholesterol. The carotenoid lowering effect of plant sterols should be corrected by increasing intake of food that is rich in carotenoids. In pregnant and lactating women and children, further study is needed to verify the dose required to decrease blood cholesterol without affecting fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Berger
- Head, Biochemical Profiling, Paradigm Genetics, P.O. Box 14528, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709-4528, USA
| | - Peter JH Jones
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Suhad S Abumweis
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
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Schnell JW, Anderson RA, Stegner JE, Schindler SP, Weinberg RB. Effects of a high polyunsaturated fat diet and vitamin E supplementation on high-density lipoprotein oxidation in humans. Atherosclerosis 2001; 159:459-66. [PMID: 11730827 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) impairs several biologic functions critical to its role in reverse cholesterol transport. We therefore investigated the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat and vitamin E on the kinetics of HDL oxidation. Ten subjects were fed sequentially: a baseline diet in which the major fat source was olive oil; a high polyunsaturated fat diet in which the major fat source was safflower oil; and the safflower oil diet plus 800 I.U. vitamin E per day. Plasma lipoprotein levels, vitamin E content, fatty acid composition, and oxidation lag time and rate were determined after 3 weeks on each diet. The polyunsaturated fat diet increased the mean HDL(2) lag time from 45.8+/-12.5 to 83.3+/-11.6 min with no change in oxidation rate. Addition of vitamin E further increased the HDL(2) lag time to 115.6+/-4.4 min and decreased the HDL(2) oxidation rate 10-fold. Neither the polyunsaturated diet alone nor the diet with vitamin E supplementation had any effect on HDL(3) oxidation. We conclude that under conditions of controlled dietary fat intake, a high polyunsaturated fat intake does not increase the oxidation susceptibility of HDL subfractions, and that in this setting, vitamin E supplementation reduces the oxidation susceptibility of HDL(2). These data suggest that antioxidants could influence HDL function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Schnell
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Cicero AF, Gaddi A. Rice bran oil and gamma-oryzanol in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemias and other conditions. Phytother Res 2001; 15:277-89. [PMID: 11406848 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diet is the first (and sometimes the only) therapeutic approach to hyperlipoproteinaemias. Rice bran oil and its main components (unsaturated fatty acids, triterpene alcohols, phytosterols, tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol) have demonstrated an ability to improve the plasma lipid pattern of rodents, rabbits, non-human primates and humans, reducing total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and increasing the high density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Other potential properties of rice bran oil and gamma-oryzanol, studied both in vitro and in animal models, include modulation of pituitary secretion, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, antioxidant action and inhibition of platelet aggregation. This paper reviews the available data on the pharmacology and toxicology of rice bran oil and its main components with particular attention to those studies relating to plasma lipid altering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Cicero
- Atherosclerosis and Dysmetabolic Disease Study Center 'G. Descovich', Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotechnology Dept. 'D. Campanacci', University of Bologna, Italy.
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Higashi K, Shige H, Ito T, Nakajima K, Ishikawa T, Nakamura H, Ohsuzu F. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched with oleic acid on postprandial lipemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids 2001; 36:1-6. [PMID: 11214722 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a low-fat diet enriched with oleic acid to those of a low-fat diet enriched with linoleic acid on fasting lipids, postprandial lipemia, and oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In a 3-wk randomized crossover study, eight patients with type 2 DM were given an experimental low-fat diet enriched with either oleic acid or linoleic acid. The oleic-acid-enriched diet contained 5, 15, and 5%, energy from saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the linoleic-acid-enriched diet contained 5, 5, and 15% energy from saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. In addition to evaluating the fasting lipids and oxidative susceptibility of LDL, we evaluated postprandial lipemia using an oral fat load at the end of each 3-wk dietary phase. There were no significant differences in fasting lipid profile or lag time of LDL oxidation between the two experimental dietary phases. The average and maximal increments of remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol levels during oral fat load were significantly higher after the oleic-acid-enriched dietary phase than after the linoleic-acid-enriched dietary phase. The area under the curve of RLP cholesterol was also significantly larger after the oleic-acid-enriched dietary phase than after the linoleic-acid-enriched dietary phase. These results suggest that the oleic-acid-enriched diet was associated with increased formation of postprandial chylomicron remnants compared with the linoleic-acid-enriched diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Higashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan,.
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Yu-Poth S, Etherton TD, Reddy CC, Pearson TA, Reed R, Zhao G, Jonnalagadda S, Wan Y, Kris-Etherton PM. Lowering dietary saturated fat and total fat reduces the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in healthy men and women. J Nutr 2000; 130:2228-37. [PMID: 10958817 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.9.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of reducing dietary total fat and saturated fat (SFA) on LDL oxidative susceptibility in 27 healthy men and women (age 24-65 y). Each subject consumed each of three diets for 8 wk: an average American diet (AAD, 34% energy from fat, 15% from SFA), a Step-1 diet (29% fat, 9% SFA) and a very low SFA diet (Low-Sat, 25% fat, 6% SFA). In vitro LDL oxidation was assessed by copper-mediated oxidation, as measured by the kinetics of conjugated diene formation and lipid peroxide formation. Compared with the AAD, plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol levels were 8% lower (P: = 0.16 and P: = 0.11, respectively), in subjects when they consumed the Step-1 diet and 11% (P: < 0.03) and 14% (P: < 0.057) lower, respectively, when they consumed the Low-Sat diet. Conjugated diene production and oxidation rate were 7% (P: < 0. 05) and 9% (P: < 0.05) lower, respectively. The reduction of lipid peroxide formation was 9% (P: < 0.05) in subjects when they consumed the Low-Sat diet vs. the AAD. In addition, lipid peroxide and conjugated diene formation were positively correlated with plasma total and LDL-C and apolipoprotein B (apo B) levels (r = 0.5-0.6, P: < 0.001), suggesting that quantity of LDL is an important determinant of oxidative modification. Furthermore, at the same level of apo B or LDL-C, LDL from subjects when they consumed either Step-1 or Low-Sat diets was less susceptible (P: < 0.05) to oxidation than those when they consumed the AAD, suggesting that qualitative changes also affect LDL oxidative susceptibility. Therefore, the benefits of lowering dietary SFA may extend beyond decreasing LDL-C levels and include favorable qualitative changes in LDL that further decrease risk of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu-Poth
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Lu SC, Wu WH, Lee CA, Chou HF, Lee HR, Huang PC. LDL of Taiwanese vegetarians are less oxidizable than those of omnivores. J Nutr 2000; 130:1591-6. [PMID: 10827215 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.6.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vegetarians in Taiwan consume diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. To investigate whether this dietary pattern results in high susceptibility of LDL to oxidation, 109 long-term (8 +/- 5 y) male and female vegans and lactovegetarians (ages 31-45 y) from Taipei and females from Hualien and matched omnivores were recruited to have 24-h-recall dietary assessments and blood lipid analysis. Body mass index and blood pressure were significantly lower in all vegetarian groups than in the matched omnivore groups (P < 0.05). Vegetarians consumed less energy except in the males and less protein, fat and cholesterol (P < 0.05). The mean polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio of 2.4 in vegetarian diet was about two times that in omnivore diet (P < 0. 001). The concentrations of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) but not HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) and resulting HDL-C/LDL-C ratio was 38, 46 and 30% higher (P < 0.01) in Taipei female, male and Hualien female vegetarians, respectively, than in the matched omnivores. Plasma triglyceride concentration was significantly lower only in the Hualien women vegetarians (31%, P < 0.001) than in the matched omnivores. The lag time of conjugated diene formation in LDL oxidized in vitro induced by copper was longer in Taipei female (62%, P < 0.001), male (29%, P < 0.05) and Hualien female (38%, P < 0.01), and the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in LDL after 2-4 h of oxidation was 22-32% less (P < 0.005) in Taipei male and Hualien female vegetarians than the matched omnivores. Lag time of LDL oxidation was negatively related to LDL arachidonic (r = -0.55, P = 0.0003) and eicosapentaenoic (r = -0.47, P = 0.003) acid contents. LDL-TBARS production was negatively related to LDL linoleic acid content (r = -0.36, P = 0.023), but positively related to LDL arachidonic (r = 0.56, P = 0.0002) and eicosapentaenoic (r = 0.45, P = 0.004) acids. No significant differences were found in dietary vitamins C and E intakes and plasma LDL alpha-tocopherol concentrations between vegetarians and omnivores. Our results suggest that vegetarian diets decrease the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation despite their higher dietary P/S ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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