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Sensitivity of fatty acid desaturation and elongation to plasma zinc concentration: a randomised controlled trial in Beninese children. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:610-619. [PMID: 29352828 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451700366x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zn status may affect fatty acid (FA) metabolism because it acts as a cofactor in FA desaturase and elongase enzymes. Zn supplementation affects the FA desaturases of Zn-deficient rats, but whether this occurs in humans is unclear. We evaluated the associations between baseline plasma Zn (PZn) concentration and plasma total phospholipid FA composition, as well as the effect of daily consumption of Zn-fortified water on FA status in Beninese children. A 20-week, double-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted in 186 school age children. The children were randomly assigned to receive a daily portion of Zn-fortified, filtered water delivering on average 2·8 mg Zn/d or non-fortified filtered water. Plasma total phospholipid FA composition was determined using capillary GLC and PZn concentrations by atomic absorption spectrometry. At baseline, PZn correlated positively with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, r 0·182; P=0·024) and the DGLA:linoleic acid (LA) ratio (r 0·293; P<0·000), and negatively with LA (r -0·211; P=0·009) and the arachidonic acid:DGLA ratio (r -0·170; P=0·036). With the intervention, Zn fortification increased nervonic acid (B: 0·109; 95 % CI 0·001, 0·218) in all children (n 186) and more so in children who were Zn-deficient (n 60) at baseline (B: 0·230; 95 % CI 0·023, 0·488). In conclusion, in this study, Zn-fortified filtered water prevented the reduction of nervonic acid composition in the plasma total phospholipids of children, and this effect was stronger in Zn-deficient children. Thus, Zn status may play an important role in FA desaturation and/or elongation.
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Jeon Y, Yoon JD, Cai L, Hwang SU, Kim E, Zheng Z, Jeung E, Lee E, Hyun SH. Zinc deficiency during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes causes meiotic block and developmental failure. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5973-82. [PMID: 26238161 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of zinc deficiency during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes. Zinc deficiency was induced by administering the membrane‑permeable zinc chelator N,N,N',N'‑tetrakis‑(2‑pyridylmethyl)‑ethylendiamine (TPEN). First, the effects of zinc deficiency during IVM on a TPEN‑treated group and a TPEN+zinc-treated group compared with a control group were assessed. The oocyte maturation rates and subsequent embryonic developmental competence of the TPEN+zinc‑treated oocytes were similar to those of the control oocytes (metaphase II [MII] rate, 93.0 and 92.7%, respectively, and blastocyst [BL] formation rate, 42.0 and 40.0%, respectively). These results were significantly different from those obtained for the TPEN‑treated oocytes (MII rate, 0.61%; BL formation rate, 0%). Although the TPEN‑treated oocytes were arrested at metaphase I (MI), the distribution of microtubules was normal. However, microfilament formation was abnormal in the TPEN‑treated oocytes. Furthermore, the effect of a temporary zinc deficiency during IVM on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development was assessed. TPEN (10 µM) was added to the IVM medium for 0, 7, 15 or 22 h. The 0 h‑treated oocytes showed an 83.9% MII rate, while the 7 h‑treated oocytes had a significantly lower MII rate (44.8%). Most of the 15- and 22 h‑treated oocytes were arrested at MI (MI rate: 98.0 and 97.2%, respectively; MII rate, 0% in both groups). Reductions in the BL formation were dependent on the TPEN treatment duration (29.3, 9.2, 0, and 0% after 0, 7, 15 and 22 h, respectively). In conclusion, zinc is an essential element for successful oocyte maturation and embryonic development in pigs. Zinc deficiency caused a meiotic block and had lasting effects on early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubyeol Jeon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
| | - Junchul David Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
| | - Lian Cai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ung Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
| | - Euibae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsong Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361‑763, Republic of Korea
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Huynh M, Luiken JJJP, Coumans W, Bell RC. Dietary fructose during the suckling period increases body weight and fatty acid uptake into skeletal muscle in adult rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1755-62. [PMID: 18483476 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The suckling period is one potentially "critical" period during which nutritional intake may permanently "program" metabolism to promote increased adult body weight and insulin resistance in later life. This study determined whether fructose introduced during the suckling period altered body weight and induced changes in fatty acid transport leading to insulin resistance in adulthood in rats. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Pups were randomly assigned to one of four diets: suckle controls (SCs), rat milk substitute formula (Rat Milk Substitute), fructose-containing formula (Fructose), or galactose-containing formula (Galactose). Starting at weaning, all pups received the same diet; at 8 weeks of age, half of the SC rats began ingesting a diet containing 65% kcal fructose (SC-Fructose). This continued until animals were 12 weeks old and the study ended. RESULTS At weeks 8, 10, and 11, the Fructose group weighed more than SC and SC-Fructose groups (P < 0.05). At weeks 8 and 10 of age, the Fructose group had significantly higher insulin concentrations vs. rats in the SC-Fructose group. (3)H-Palmitate transport into vesicles from hind limb skeletal muscle was higher in Fructose vs. SC rats (P < 0.05). CD36 expression was increased in the sarcolemma but not in whole tissue homogenates from skeletal muscle from Fructose rats (P < 0.05) suggesting a redistribution of this protein associated with fatty acid uptake across the plasma membrane. This change in subcellular localization of CD36 is associated with insulin resistance in muscle. DISCUSSION Consuming fructose during suckling may result in lifelong changes in body weight, insulin secretion, and fatty acid transport involving CD36 in muscle and ultimately promote insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huynh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the published evidence for a role of zinc nutrition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A computer literature search was supplemented by the authors' knowledge. RESULTS Numerous controlled studies report cross-sectional evidence of lower zinc tissue levels (serum, red cells, hair, urine, nails) in children who have ADHD, compared to normal controls and population norms. A few studies show correlations of zinc level with either clinical severity or a change thereof in response to stimulant or chemical challenge. Two placebo-controlled trials--one of zinc monotherapy, the other of zinc supplementation of methylphenidate--reported significant benefit. However, diagnostic procedures and sample representativeness were often not clear, and most such reports have come from countries and cultures with different diets and/or socioeconomic realities than are found in the United States (only one American sample in nine published reports). In particular, both positive clinical trials of zinc supplementation came from the Mid-East (Turkey and Iran), an area with suspected endemic zinc deficiency. The largest of these trials used zinc doses above the recommended upper tolerable limit and had a 2 in 3 dropout rate. CONCLUSION It is not clear how well the accumulating evidence for a possible role of zinc in ADHD applies to middle-class American children. However, the evidence appears strong enough to warrant further controlled study in well-diagnosed samples representative of the socioeconomic spectrum. Hypothesis-testing clinical trials are needed of this potential treatment that, if found effective, might become a relatively safe, cheap substitute for, or adjunct to, current treatments in some patients. At present, it should remain an investigational treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43074, USA.
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Abstract
There has been little research examining the link between dietary fat intake and the symptoms and consequences of anorexia nervosa. In this selective literature review, the potential significance of poly-unsaturated fatty acids is discussed. It is hypothesised that dietary restriction causes essential fatty acid deficiencies and poly-unsaturated fatty acid abnormalities, which might contribute to the physical and mental symptoms and the maintenance of the disorder. The examination of epidemiology, symptoms, co-morbidity, and consequences suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acid and phospholipid abnormalities are significant in anorexia nervosa. This will be an important area for future research, and may lead to the development of new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes K Ayton
- Eating Disorders Unit, Huntercombe Stafford Hospital, Ivetsey Bank, WheatonAston, Staffordshire, ST19 9QT UK.
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Hostetler CE, Kincaid RL, Mirando MA. The role of essential trace elements in embryonic and fetal development in livestock. Vet J 2003; 166:125-39. [PMID: 12902178 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the concept that essential trace minerals play a vital role in many enzymatic and metabolic pathways that are critical for conceptus development during pregnancy in livestock species. The conceptus relies entirely on the maternal system for a sufficient supply of trace minerals and other nutrients needed for normal development. If this supply is inadequate, growth and/or health of the conceptus can be affected adversely, and many of these effects carry over into the neonatal period. Information, accumulated in our laboratory and presented herein, indicates that zinc, copper and manganese are among the trace minerals that have the greatest impact on reproduction. For example, levels of zinc, copper and manganese were several fold greater in the conceptus than in other reproductive tissues, indicating that the conceptus preferentially accumulates these minerals, an action that may be important for conceptus development, growth and survival. Moreover, some recent results indicate that increasing the biological availability of zinc, copper and manganese, by attachment to short peptide chains (i.e., proteinated trace minerals) can enhance reproductive performance of swine. Mineral concentrations in conceptuses from female pigs consuming proteinated trace minerals were greater than those from females that consumed only inorganic mineral salts. Elucidating the mechanisms whereby conceptus development and survival are enhanced by essential trace minerals may lead to development of specific feeding programs to increase the number and health of offspring at parturition, thereby allowing for further improvements in production efficiency in animal agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Hostetler
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Stewart AJ, Blindauer CA, Berezenko S, Sleep D, Sadler PJ. Interdomain zinc site on human albumin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3701-6. [PMID: 12598656 PMCID: PMC152985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0436576100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin is the major transport protein in blood for Zn(2+), a metal ion required for physiological processes and recruited by various drugs and toxins. However, the Zn(2+)-binding site(s) on albumin is ill-defined. We have analyzed the 18 x-ray crystal structures of human albumin in the PDB and identified a potential five-coordinate Zn site at the interface of domains I and II consisting of N ligands from His-67 and His-247 and O ligands from Asn-99, Asp-249, and H(2)O, which are the same amino acid ligands as those in the zinc enzymes calcineurin, endonucleotidase, and purple acid phosphatase. The site is preformed in unliganded apo-albumin and highly conserved in mammalian albumins. We have used (111)Cd NMR as a probe for Zn(2+) binding to recombinant human albumin. We show that His-67 --> Ala (His67Ala) mutation strongly perturbs Cd(2+) binding, whereas the mutations Cys34Ala, or His39Leu and Tyr84Phe (residues which may H-bond to Cys-34) have no effect. Weak Cl(-) binding to the fifth coordination site of Cd(2+) was demonstrated. Cd(2+) binding was dramatically affected by high fatty acid loading of albumin. Analysis of the x-ray structures suggests that fatty acid binding to site 2 triggers a spring-lock mechanism, which disengages the upper (His-67Asn-99) and lower (His-247Asp-249) halves of the metal site. These findings provide a possible mechanism whereby fatty acids (and perhaps other small molecules) could influence the transport and delivery of zinc in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Stewart
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A substantial number of VLBW graduates of intensive care develop cognitive and behavioral problems, even in the absence of neuroimaging abnormalities. Although this article has highlighted the potential, important, contributing role of medical and stressful, neonatal, environmental conditions to the development of these deficits, it is not all-encompassing, and there are additional prenatal (ie, in utero stress, drug exposure) and neonatal (ie, infectious) contributing factors. The long-term, outcome data presented in this article are pertinent to the more mature, VLBW infant, and it remains unclear and critically important to delineate the long-term, neurobehavioral outcome of those extremely low birth-weight survivors born at the cutting limit of viability.
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MESH Headings
- Basal Ganglia/growth & development
- Basal Ganglia/injuries
- Brain/growth & development
- Causality
- Child Behavior Disorders/etiology
- Child Behavior Disorders/prevention & control
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Cognition Disorders/prevention & control
- Developmental Disabilities/etiology
- Developmental Disabilities/prevention & control
- Health Facility Environment/standards
- Hippocampus/growth & development
- Hippocampus/injuries
- Humans
- Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/psychology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/therapy
- Infant, Very Low Birth Weight
- Intensive Care, Neonatal/methods
- Intensive Care, Neonatal/standards
- Noise/adverse effects
- Psychology, Child
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA.
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Bell RC, Wauben IP, Ward GR, McCutcheon D, Wainwright PE. The effects of a marginal essential fatty acid diet in the early neonatal period on whole-body glucose tolerance in artificially reared rats. Nutr Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Perlman JM. Neurobehavioral deficits in premature graduates of intensive care--potential medical and neonatal environmental risk factors. Pediatrics 2001; 108:1339-48. [PMID: 11731657 DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.6.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that a large number of very low birth weight infants are exhibiting neurobehavioral problems in the absence of cerebral palsy at follow-up that has extended into school age and adolescence. Many clinical factors (ie, chronic lung disease, recurrent apnea and bradycardia, transient hypothyroxemia of prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, nutritional deficiencies, glucocorticoid exposure), as well as stressful environmental conditions, including infant-provider interaction, constant noise, and bright light, may act in combination to impact on the developing brain, even in the absence of overt hemorrhage and/or ischemia. Any potential intervention strategy designed to prevent cognitive and behavioral problems has to account for the numerous biological and clinical conditions and/or interventions, as well as postdischarge social and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA.
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Girard TA, Xing H, Ward GR, Nguyen H, Wainwright PE. Exposure to ethanol and nicotine during the brain growth spurt: spatial DMP performance in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 68:515-23. [PMID: 11325407 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Male Long-Evans rats were reared artificially and, using a 2x2 design, were exposed from postnatal days (PD) 6-9 to ethanol (ET: 6.5 g kg(-1) day(-1) "binge" exposure) and/or nicotine bitartrate (NIC: 6 mg kg(-1) day(-1) continuous exposure) via gastrostomy tubes. Controls were administered maltose-dextrin in amounts isocaloric to ET and/or sodium bitartrate. A fifth suckled-control group was reared normally. NIC accelerated eye opening on PD 14; whereas ET delayed eye opening and hindlimb support on PD 16. Beginning in postnatal week 7, rats were tested on a spatial delayed matching-to-place (DMP) version of the Morris water maze, which entailed a series of problems, each consisting of search and recall trials, that required the rats to use extra-maze cues to locate a hidden escape platform. In Phase 1 of testing, the ET-exposed groups were impaired in the recall trials, but there was no effect of NIC. A longer encoding time (45 vs. 10 s) improved performance across all groups. In contrast, acute administration of NIC (0.1 mg/kg ip) immediately prior to testing in Phase 2 failed to improve performance in any group. In conclusion, these results confirm previous findings of impaired spatial DMP-task performance in ET-exposed rats and further suggest that these memory deficits are amenable to amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Girard
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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