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Kabiri-Samani N, Amini-Khoei H, Rahimi-Madiseh M, Sureda A, Lorigooini Z. Trigonelline as an anticonvulsant agent: mechanistic insights into NMDA receptor expression and oxidative stress balance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14239. [PMID: 38902338 PMCID: PMC11189925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress are involved in the pathophysiology of seizures. Some anticonvulsants exert their effects through modulation of these pathways. Trigonelline (TRG) has been shown to possess various pharmacological effects like neuroprotection. Therefore, this study was performed to determine TRG's anticonvulsant effects, focusing on its potential effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a type of glutamate receptor, and oxidative stress state in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in PTZ-induced seizure in mice. Seventy-two male mice were randomly divided into nine groups. The groups included mice that received normal saline, TRG at doses of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg, diazepam, NMDA (an agonist), ketamine (an antagonist), the effective dose of TRG with NMDA, as well as sub-effective dose of TRG with ketamine, respectively. All agents were administrated intraperitoneally 60 min before induction of seizures by PTZ. Latency to seizure, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and PFC were measured. Furthermore, the gene expression of NR2A and NR2B, subunits of NMDA receptors, was measured in the PFC. TRG administration increased the latency to seizure onset and enhanced TAC while reducing MDA levels in both the PFC and serum. TRG also decreased the gene expression of NR2B in the PFC. Unexpectedly, the findings revealed that the concurrent administration of ketamine amplified, whereas NMDA mitigated, the impact of TRG on latency to seizure. Furthermore, NMDA diminished the positive effects of TRG on antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress, while ketamine amplified these beneficial effects, indicating a complex interaction between TRG and NMDA receptor modulation. In the gene expression of NMDA receptors, results showed that ketamine significantly decreased the gene expression of NR2B when co-administrated with a sub-effective dose of TRG. It was found that, at least partially, the anticonvulsant effect of TRG in PTZ-induced seizures in male mice was mediated by the attenuation of glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as the reduction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastran Kabiri-Samani
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahimi-Madiseh
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Kanchi S, Meesala G. Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Wistar Male Albino Rats with Reference to Glutamate Metabolism. J Epilepsy Res 2024; 14:21-28. [PMID: 38978532 PMCID: PMC11227920 DOI: 10.14581/jer.24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Epilepsy is a common and heterogenous neurological disorder characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Animal models like rats play a crucial role in finding of mechanism of epilepsy in different brain regions. i.e., cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and pons medulla. Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and also glutamate plays a vital role in neuronal development and memory. The process of neuronal death evolved by glutamate receptor activation, has been hypothesized in both acute and chronic degenerative disorders including epilepsy. Considering the multifactorial neurochemical and neurophysiological malfunctions consequent to epileptic seizures, a few antiepileptic drugs are designed, to mitigate the debilitating aspects of epilepsy. Methods Rat model, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), an anticonvulsant drug, was selected for the present study. Induction of epilepsy/convulsions was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (60 mg/kg body weight) in saline. Biochemical assays performed through spectrophotometer. Results Glutamine and Glutamine synthetase levels were decreased in the epileptic rats brain regions i.e., hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and pons medulla; glutamate dehydrogenase and glutaminase levels were increased in all the regions of epilepsy induced rats. Highest values are recorded in hippocampus when compared to other brain regions. Conclusion PTZ suppresses the function of Glutamine and Glutamine synthetase activities in selected brain regions of rat and enhances the activities of the glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase when compared to control rats.
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Campbell IH, Campbell H. The metabolic overdrive hypothesis: hyperglycolysis and glutaminolysis in bipolar mania. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1521-1527. [PMID: 38273108 PMCID: PMC11189810 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Evidence from diverse areas of research including chronobiology, metabolomics and magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that energy dysregulation is a central feature of bipolar disorder pathophysiology. In this paper, we propose that mania represents a condition of heightened cerebral energy metabolism facilitated by hyperglycolysis and glutaminolysis. When oxidative glucose metabolism becomes impaired in the brain, neurons can utilize glutamate as an alternative substrate to generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis in astrocytes fuels the formation of denovo glutamate, which can be used as a mitochondrial fuel source in neurons via transamination to alpha-ketoglutarate and subsequent reductive carboxylation to replenish tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Upregulation of glycolysis and glutaminolysis in this manner causes the brain to enter a state of heightened metabolism and excitatory activity which we propose to underlie the subjective experience of mania. Under normal conditions, this mechanism serves an adaptive function to transiently upregulate brain metabolism in response to acute energy demand. However, when recruited in the long term to counteract impaired oxidative metabolism it may become a pathological process. In this article, we develop these ideas in detail, present supporting evidence and propose this as a novel avenue of investigation to understand the biological basis for mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain H Campbell
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, University of Edinburgh, Craigour House, 450 Old Dalkeith Rd, Edinburgh, EH16 4SS, UK
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Kumaria A, Ashkan K. Novel therapeutic strategies in glioma targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission. Brain Res 2023; 1818:148515. [PMID: 37543066 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
High grade gliomas carry a poor prognosis despite aggressive surgical and adjuvant approaches including chemoradiotherapy. Recent studies have demonstrated a mitogenic association between neuronal electrical activity and glioma growth involving the PI3K-mTOR pathway. As the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain, glutamate signalling in particular has been shown to promote glioma invasion and growth. The concept of the neurogliomal synapse has been established whereby glutamatergic receptors on glioma cells have been shown to promote tumour propagation. Targeting glutamatergic signalling is therefore a potential treatment option in glioma. Antiepileptic medications decrease excess neuronal electrical activity and some may possess anti-glutamate effects. Although antiepileptic medications continue to be investigated for an anti-glioma effect, good quality randomised trial evidence is lacking. Other pharmacological strategies that downregulate glutamatergic signalling include riluzole, memantine and anaesthetic agents. Neuromodulatory interventions possessing potential anti-glutamate activity include deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation - this contributes to the anti-seizure efficacy of the latter and the possible neuroprotective effect of the former. A possible role of neuromodulation as a novel anti-glioma modality has previously been proposed and that hypothesis is extended to include these modalities. Similarly, the significant survival benefit in glioblastoma attributable to alternating electrical fields (Tumour Treating Fields) may be a result of disruption to neurogliomal signalling. Further studies exploring excitatory neurotransmission and glutamatergic signalling and their role in glioma origin, growth and propagation are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.
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Guo Z, Zhong W, Zou Z. miR-98-5p Prevents Hippocampal Neurons from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Targeting STAT3 in Epilepsy in vitro. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:2319-2329. [PMID: 37928166 PMCID: PMC10624118 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s415597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epilepsy is a serious mental disease, for which oxidative stress and hippocampal neuron death after seizure is crucial. Numerous miRNAs are involved in epilepsy. However, the function of miR-98-5p in oxidative stress and hippocampal neuron death after seizure is unclear, which is the purpose of current study. Methods Magnesium ion (Mg2+)-free solution was used to establish the in vitro epilepsy model in hippocampal neurons. Oxidative stress was exhibited by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kits. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were applied for the examination of neuron viability and apoptosis, respectively. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein levels of miR-98-5p and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), respectively. The relationship between miR-98-5p and STAT3 was predicted by TargetScan 7.2, and identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Results miR-98-5p was decreased in the in vitro epileptic model of hippocampal neurons induced by Mg2+-free solution, whose overexpression rescued oxidative stress and neuron apoptosis in epileptic model. Moreover, overexpression of STAT3, one downstream target of miR-98-5p, partially eliminated the effects of miR-98-5p mimic. Conclusion We shed lights on a pivotal mechanism of miR-98-5p in regulating neuron oxidative stress and apoptosis after seizures, providing potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of epilepsy and therapeutic targets for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, People’s Republic of China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huangshi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Edong Medical Group, Huang Shi, Hubei, 435000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengshou Zou
- Department of Neurology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Edong Medical Group, Huangshi, Hubei, 435000, People’s Republic of China
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Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Dambrova M. Sigma-1 receptor and seizures. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106771. [PMID: 37068533 PMCID: PMC10176040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) has been recognized as a valid target for the treatment of seizure disorders and seizure-related comorbidities. Clinical trials with Sig1R ligands are underway testing therapies for the treatment of drug-resistant seizures, developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, and photosensitive epilepsy. However, the direct molecular mechanism by which Sig1R modulates seizures and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory pathways has not been fully elucidated. This review article aims to summarize existing knowledge of Sig1R and its involvement in seizures by focusing on the evidence obtained from Sig1R knockout animals and the anti-seizure effects of Sig1R ligands. In addition, this review article includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of existing compounds and describes the challenges and future perspectives on the use of Sig1R as a target for the treatment of seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edijs Vavers
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia; University of Tartu, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Liga Zvejniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia; Riga Stradiņš University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Konsula 21, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
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Korczowska-Łącka I, Hurła M, Banaszek N, Kobylarek D, Szymanowicz O, Kozubski W, Dorszewska J. Selected Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism Disorders in Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4132-4149. [PMID: 37039942 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases can be broadly divided according to causal factors into circulatory system disorders leading to ischemic stroke; degeneration of the nerve cells leading to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, and immune system disorders; bioelectric activity (epileptic) problems; and genetically determined conditions as well as viral and bacterial infections developing inflammation. Regardless of the cause of neurological diseases, they are usually accompanied by disturbances of the central energy in a completely unexplained mechanism. The brain makes up only 2% of the human body's weight; however, while working, it uses as much as 20% of the energy obtained by the body. The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and regulatory mechanisms in the brain operate to ensure adequate neuronal activity. Therefore, an understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a "neurocentric" view to a more integrated picture involving cooperativity between structural and molecular factors in the central nervous system. This article reviewed selected molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and energy metabolism disorders such as homocysteine, DNA damage such as 8-oxo2dG, genetic variants, and antioxidants such as glutathione in selected neurological diseases including ischemic stroke, AD, PD, and epilepsy. This review summarizes our and others' recent research on oxidative stress in neurological disorders. In the future, the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases may be substantially improved by identifying specific early markers of metabolic and energy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Korczowska-Łącka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Hurła
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Banaszek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dominik Kobylarek
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szymanowicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland.
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Implications of fractalkine on glial function, ablation and glial proteins/receptors/markers—understanding its therapeutic usefulness in neurological settings: a narrative review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine predominantly released by neurons. As a signaling molecule, CX3CL1 facilitates talk between neurons and glia. CX3CL1 is considered as a potential target which could alleviate neuroinflammation. However, certain controversial results and ambiguous role of CX3CL1 make it inexorable to decipher the overall effects of CX3CL1 on the physiopathology of glial cells.
Main body of the abstract
Implications of cross-talk between CX3CL1 and different glial proteins/receptors/markers will give a bird eye view of the therapeutic significance of CX3CL1. Keeping with the need, this review identifies the effects of CX3CL1 on glial physiopathology, glial ablation, and gives a wide coverage on the effects of CX3CL1 on certain glial proteins/receptors/markers.
Short conclusion
Pinpoint prediction of the therapeutic effect of CX3CL1 on neuroinflammation needs further research. This is owing to certain obscure roles and implications of CX3CL1 on different glial proteins/receptors/markers, which are crucial under neurological settings. Further challenges are imposed due to the dichotomous roles played by CX3CL1. The age-old chemokine shows many newer scopes of research in near future. Thus, overall assessment of the effect of CX3CL1 becomes crucial prior to its administration in neuroinflammation.
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Rane S, Elrahi S, Villarreal J, Zulfi H, Fang X, Graf D, Rodriguez R, Garza A, Thottempudi N, Rai P, Masel T. Low Serum Pyridoxine Levels Worsen Seizure Control in Adult Epilepsy Patients. Cureus 2022; 14:e25669. [PMID: 35812624 PMCID: PMC9256010 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is an important cofactor in the process by which glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) converts the excitatory, pro-epileptogenic neurotransmitter, glutamate, into the inhibitory, anti-epileptogenic neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This concept has been established in infants with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy as well as adult patients with other epilepsy subtypes who presented with medication-resistant status epilepticus, with both patient groups experiencing cessation of seizure activity following pyridoxine administration. Given our knowledge of the role of vitamin B6 in the conversion of glutamate to GABA, its effect on seizure control in infants with specific epilepsy subtypes, reports of adult-onset seizures associated with vitamin B6 deficiency, and vitamin B6’s role in terminating status epilepticus in adult patients with other types of epilepsy, we suspect that low vitamin B6 levels in adult epilepsy patients may correlate with poor seizure control across all epilepsy subtypes. This study seeks to determine whether there is a relationship between pyridoxine levels and the level of seizure control in adults with epilepsy, regardless of their seizure type. Methods: After obtaining institutional review board approval, we prospectively enrolled 32 patients (age range: 25-57 years) with epilepsy who presented to our clinic. Patients who did not meet the study criteria or who were diagnosed with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) were excluded from the study (n = 2). Patients were classified as well-controlled (WC) or poorly controlled (PC) based on the absence or presence of a seizure within the last three months, respectively. After classification as WC or PC, pyridoxine serum levels and anti-seizure medication (ASM) levels were drawn in that clinic visit, following patient consent. All patients were contacted regarding pyridoxine and serum ASM levels, and patients that were found to be deficient in pyridoxine were treated with appropriate supplementation. At the end of the recruitment period, we performed analyses to determine if there was a statistically significant relationship between PC status and serum pyridoxine levels. Results: Of 32 patients, two patients were diagnosed with psychogenic non-epileptic events and were subsequently excluded. Of 30 patients, 10 had PC epilepsy. Median (interquartile range) serum B6 levels were 35.8 (26.8-54.2) in patients with WC epilepsy and 17.5 (10.1-41.3) in patients with PC epilepsy (P = 0.11). In the PC group, 6/10 (60%) of the patients demonstrated low serum pyridoxine compared to 3/20 (15%) in the WC group (P = 0.03). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant relationship between serum pyridoxine levels and seizure control. If appropriate, pyridoxine supplementation should be considered, especially in critically ill adult patients with refractory or PC seizures despite good adherence to ASMs.
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Green JL, Dos Santos WF, Fontana ACK. Role of glutamate excitotoxicity and glutamate transporter EAAT2 in epilepsy: Opportunities for novel therapeutics development. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114786. [PMID: 34571003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological syndrome characterized by seizures resulting from neuronal hyperexcitability and sudden and synchronized bursts of electrical discharges. Impaired astrocyte function that results in glutamate excitotoxicity has been recognized to play a key role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. While there are 26 drugs marketed as anti-epileptic drugs no current treatments are disease modifying as they only suppress seizures rather than the development and progression of epilepsy. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are critical for maintaining low extracellular glutamate concentrations and preventing excitotoxicity. When extracellular glutamate concentrations rise to abnormal levels, glutamate receptor overactivation and the subsequent excessive influx of calcium into the post-synaptic neuron can trigger cell death pathways. In this review we discuss targeting EAAT2, the predominant glutamate transporter in the CNS, as a promising approach for developing therapies for epilepsy. EAAT2 upregulation via transcriptional and translational regulation has proven successful in vivo in reducing spontaneous recurrent seizures and offering neuroprotective effects. Another approach to regulate EAAT2 activity is through positive allosteric modulation (PAM). Novel PAMs of EAAT2 have recently been identified and are under development, representing a promising approach for the advance of novel therapeutics for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leigh Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, United States
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Gong T, Liu Y, Chen Y, Lin L, Lin Y, Wang G. Focal corticarl dysplasia in epilepsy is associated with GABA increase. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102763. [PMID: 34280836 PMCID: PMC8313738 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a major cause of drug-resistant epilepsy; however the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms of FCD metabolism in epilepsy patients remain unclear. The aim of this study is to detect alterations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutathione (GSH), and the composite of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in MRI-typical and neuropathologically confirmed FCD-associated epilepsy using Hadamard Encoding and Reconstruction of Mega-Edited Spectroscopy (HERMES). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen epileptic patients suspected to be caused by FCD and 14 healthy controls were enrolled prospectively in this study; all subjects underwent a 3 T MRI scan, including 3D T1 weighted imaging and HERMES. The GABA signal detected by HERMES also contains signals from macromolecules and homocarnosine, so it is referred as GABA+. Signals of GABA+, GSH and Glx detected by HERMES from tumor foci, contralateral cerebral regions, and healthy controls were quantified using Gannet. Fitting errors and signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of GABA + signals were also recorded. Differences of GABA+, GSH, Glx, fitting error and SNR of GABA + among three groups were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS Twelve FCD-associated epilepsy patients (7 females, aged 21.9 ± 9.3 years) and 12 matched healthy controls (7 females, aged 22.8 ± 9.8 years) were finally enrolled in this study. ANOVA results indicated that GABA levels were significantly increased in FCD foci compared with contralateral regions (p = 0.008) and with healthy controls (p = 0.003), while no difference was found in GSH and Glx levels. No difference of fitting errors or SNR of GABA + was found among FCD foci, contralateral regions and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Increased GABA levels were found in FCD foci that indicated GABA may play a central role in the pathophysiology of FCD patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; MSunSoft Health Group, Shandong, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | | | - Youting Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
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Classifying epilepsy pragmatically: Past, present, and future. J Neurol Sci 2021; 427:117515. [PMID: 34174531 PMCID: PMC7613525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The classification of epilepsy is essential for people with epilepsy and their families, healthcare providers, physicians and researchers. The International League Against Epilepsy proposed updated seizure and epilepsy classifications in 2017, while another four-dimensional epilepsy classification was updated in 2019. An Integrated Epilepsy Classification system was proposed in 2020. Existing classifications, however, lack consideration of important pragmatic factors relevant to the day-to-day life of people with epilepsy and stakeholders. Despite promising developments, consideration of comorbidities in brain development, genetic causes, and environmental triggers of epilepsy remains largely user-dependent in existing classifications. Demographics of epilepsy have changed over time, while existing classification schemes exhibit caveats. A pragmatic classification scheme should incorporate these factors to provide a nuanced classification. Validation across disparate contexts will ensure widespread applicability and ease of use. A team-based approach may simplify communication between healthcare personnel, while an individual-centred perspective may empower people with epilepsy. Together, incorporating these elements into a modern but pragmatic classification scheme may ensure optimal care for people with epilepsy by emphasising cohesiveness among its myriad users. Technological advancements such as 7T MRI, next-generation sequencing, and artificial intelligence may affect future classification efforts.
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Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Khan T, Devaraju KS, Singh P, Vaibhav K, Gaur P. Pharmacological and Therapeutic Approaches in the Treatment of Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:470. [PMID: 33923061 PMCID: PMC8146518 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects around 50 million people across the globe and is the third most common chronic brain disorder. It is a non-communicable disease of the brain that affects people of all ages. It is accompanied by depression, anxiety, and substantially increased morbidity and mortality. A large number of third-generation anti-epileptic drugs are available, but they have multiple side-effects causing a decline in the quality of life. The inheritance and etiology of epilepsy are complex with multiple underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Different neurotransmitters play intricate functions to maintain the normal physiology of various neurons. If there is any dysregulation of neurotransmission due to aberrant transmitter levels or their receptor biology, it can result in seizures. In this review, we have discussed the roles played by various neurotransmitters and their receptors in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) has remained one of the forefront areas of epilepsy research for a long time. Understanding the mechanisms underlying DRE is of utmost importance because of its high incidence rate among epilepsy patients and increased risks of psychosocial problems and premature death. Here we have enumerated various hypotheses of DRE. Further, we have discussed different non-conventional therapeutic strategies, including combination therapy and non-drug treatment. The recent studies supporting the modern approaches for the treatment of epilepsy have been deliberated with particular reference to the mTOR pathway, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Jitendra Kumar Sinha
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University UP, Noida 201303, India;
| | - Tarab Khan
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University UP, Noida 201303, India;
| | | | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Pankaj Gaur
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Halford JJ, Sperling MR, Arkilo D, Asgharnejad M, Zinger C, Xu R, During M, French JA. A phase 1b/2a study of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in participants with developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathies. Epilepsy Res 2021; 174:106646. [PMID: 33940389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of soticlestat, a first-in-class cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor, in adults with developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathies (DEE). METHODS The study comprised a 30-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase (Part A), followed by a 55-day open-label phase (Part B) (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03166215) . In Part A, patients with DEE and at least one bilateral motor seizure during the 4-week prospective baseline period were randomized 4:1 to receive soticlestat or placebo, in addition to their usual antiseizure medication. In Part B, all patients received open-label soticlestat. Soticlestat doses were titrated according to tolerability to a maximum of 300 mg twice daily (BID). Safety evaluations included the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Plasma soticlestat concentrations were measured at various times for determination of multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC). Efficacy was assessed by evaluation of changes in seizure frequency from baseline. RESULTS Eighteen patients (median age, 28.5 years) were enrolled and randomized, and 14 (78 %) completed the study. In Part A, TEAEs occurred in 71.4 % of soticlestat-treated patients and 100 % of placebo-treated patients. In Part B, the overall incidence of TEAEs was 68.8 %. In Part A, TEAEs that occurred in more than one patient in the soticlestat group were dysarthria (n = 3, 21.4 %), lethargy (n = 2, 14.3 %), upper respiratory tract infection (n = 2, 14.3 %), fatigue (n = 2, 14.3 %), and headache (n = 2, 14.3 %). Four patients discontinued treatment because of TEAEs, of whom two reported drug-related seizure clusters as serious TEAEs. There were no deaths. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed dose-dependent increases in systemic exposure and peak plasma soticlestat concentrations. At the end of Part B, the overall mean percent change from baseline in plasma 24HC was -80.97 %. Changes from baseline in median seizure frequency were +16.71 % and +22.16 % in the soticlestat and placebo groups, respectively, in Part A, and -36.38 % in all participants in Part B. CONCLUSION Soticlestat was well tolerated at doses of up to 300 mg BID and was associated with a reduction in median seizure frequency over the study duration. Further studies are warranted to assess the possible efficacy of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in patients with DEEs such as Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rengyi Xu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Bannockburn, IL, USA
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15
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Lo AC, Rajan N, Gastaldo D, Telley L, Hilal ML, Buzzi A, Simonato M, Achsel T, Bagni C. Absence of RNA-binding protein FXR2P prevents prolonged phase of kainate-induced seizures. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51404. [PMID: 33779029 PMCID: PMC8024897 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a condition in which seizures are not self-terminating and thereby pose a serious threat to the patient's life. The molecular mechanisms underlying SE are likely heterogeneous and not well understood. Here, we reveal a role for the RNA-binding protein Fragile X-Related Protein 2 (FXR2P) in SE. Fxr2 KO mice display reduced sensitivity specifically to kainic acid-induced SE. Immunoprecipitation of FXR2P coupled to next-generation sequencing of associated mRNAs shows that FXR2P targets are enriched in genes that encode glutamatergic post-synaptic components. Of note, the FXR2P target transcriptome has a significant overlap with epilepsy and SE risk genes. In addition, Fxr2 KO mice fail to show sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by KA and present reduced burst activity in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings show that the absence of FXR2P decreases the expression of glutamatergic proteins, and this decrease might prevent self-sustained seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Lo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Rajan
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denise Gastaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Telley
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muna L Hilal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Buzzi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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16
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Kim S, Choi BK, Park JA, Kim HJ, Oh TI, Kang WS, Kim JW, Park HJ. Identification of Brain Damage after Seizures Using an MR-Based Electrical Conductivity Imaging Method. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030569. [PMID: 33809992 PMCID: PMC8004663 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous imaging studies have shown the morphological malformation and the alterations of ionic mobility, water contents, electrical properties, or metabolites in seizure brains. Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) is a recently developed technique for the measurement of electrical tissue properties with a high frequency that provides cellular information regardless of the cell membrane. In this study, we examined the possibility of MREPT as an applicable technique to detect seizure-induced functional changes in the brain of rats. Ultra-high field (9.4 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, 2 h, 2 days, and 1 week after the injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 75 mg/kg). The conductivity images were reconstructed from B1 phase images using a magnetic resonance conductivity imaging (MRCI) toolbox. The high-frequency conductivity was significantly decreased in the hippocampus among various brain regions of NMDA-treated rats. Nissl staining showed shrunken cell bodies and condensed cytoplasm potently at 2 h after NMDA treatment, and neuronal cell loss at all time points in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the reduced electrical conductivity may be associated with seizure-induced neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Magnetic resonance (MR)-based electrical conductivity imaging may be an applicable technique to non-invasively identify brain damage after a seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanga Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Bup Kyung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.C.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Ji Ae Park
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Korea;
| | - Hyung Joong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.C.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Tong In Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.C.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.I.O.); (J.W.K.); (H.J.P.)
| | - Won Sub Kang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Jong Woo Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.I.O.); (J.W.K.); (H.J.P.)
| | - Hae Jeong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.I.O.); (J.W.K.); (H.J.P.)
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17
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Paudel YN, Othman I, Shaikh MF. Anti-High Mobility Group Box-1 Monoclonal Antibody Attenuates Seizure-Induced Cognitive Decline by Suppressing Neuroinflammation in an Adult Zebrafish Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:613009. [PMID: 33732146 PMCID: PMC7957017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.613009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease afflicting around 70 million global population and is characterized by persisting predisposition to generate epileptic seizures. The precise understanding of the etiopathology of seizure generation is still elusive, however, brain inflammation is considered as a major contributor to epileptogenesis. HMGB1 protein being an initiator and crucial contributor of inflammation is known to contribute significantly to seizure generation via activating its principal receptors namely RAGE and TLR4 reflecting a potential therapeutic target. Herein, we evaluated an anti-seizure and memory ameliorating potential of an anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, I.P.) in a second hit Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (80 mg/kg, I.P.) induced seizure model earlier stimulated with Pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, I.P.) in adult zebrafish. Pre-treatment with anti-HMGB1 mAb dose-dependently lowered the second hit PTZ-induced seizure but does not alter the disease progression. Moreover, anti-HMGB1 mAb also attenuated the second hit Pentylenetetrazol induced memory impairment in adult zebrafish as evidenced by an increased inflection ration at 3 and 24 h trail in T-maze test. Besides, decreased level of GABA and an upregulated Glutamate level was observed in the second hit PTZ induced group, which was modulated by pre-treatment with anti-HMGB1 mAb. Inflammatory responses occurred during the progression of seizures as evidenced by upregulated mRNA expression of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α, in a second hit PTZ group, which was in-turn downregulated upon pre-treatment with anti-HMGB1 mAb reflecting its anti-inflammatory potential. Anti-HMGB1 mAb modulates second hit PTZ induced changes in mRNA expression of CREB-1 and NPY. Our findings indicates anti-HMGB1 mAb attenuates second hit PTZ-induced seizures, ameliorates related memory impairment, and downregulates the seizure induced upregulation of inflammatory markers to possibly protect the zebrafish from the incidence of further seizures through via modulation of neuroinflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Platform, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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18
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Crespo M, León-Navarro DA, Martín M. Glutamatergic System is Affected in Brain from an Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures Rat Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1501-1512. [PMID: 33492599 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most frequent neurological disorders in children is febrile seizures (FS), a risk for epilepsy in adults. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS acting through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Excess of glutamate in the extracellular space elicits excitotoxicity and has been associated with neurological disorders, such as epilepsy. The removal of extracellular glutamate by excitatory amino acid transporters (EATT) plays an important neuroprotective role. GLT-1 is the main EAAT present in the cortex brain. On the other hand, an increase in metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGlu5R) levels or their overstimulation have been related to the appearance of seizure events in different animal models and in temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. In this work, the status of several components of the glutamatergic system has been analysed in the cortex brain from an FS rat model at short (48 h) and long (20 days) term after hyperthermia-induced seizures. At the short term, we detected increased GLT-1 levels, reduced glutamate concentration, and unchanged mGlu5R levels, without neuronal loss. However, at the long term, an increase in mGlu5R levels together with a decrease in both GLT-1 and glutamate levels were observed. These changes were associated with the appearance of an anxious phenotype. These results suggest a neuroprotective role of the glutamatergic components mGlu5R and GLT-1 at the short term. However, this neuroprotective effect seems to be lost at the long term, leading to an anxious phenotype and suggesting an increased vulnerability and propensity to epileptic events in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crespo
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D A León-Navarro
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - M Martín
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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19
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Pina LTS, Guimarães AG, Santos WBDR, Oliveira MA, Rabelo TK, Serafini MR. Monoterpenes as a perspective for the treatment of seizures: A Systematic Review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:153422. [PMID: 33310306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects more than 65 million people worldwide. Treatment for epileptic seizures is ineffective and has many adverse effects. For this reason, the search for new therapeutic options capable of filling these limitations is necessary. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE In this sense, natural products, such as monoterpenes, have been indicated as a new option to control neurological disorders such as epilepsy. STUDY DESIGN Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the monoterpenes that have anticonvulsive activity in animal models. METHODS The searches were performed in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases in September, 2020 and compiled studies using monoterpenes as an alternative to seizure. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, data extraction and methodological quality assessment using the Syrcle tool. RESULTS 51 articles that described the anticonvulsant activity of 35 monoterpenes were selected with action on the main pharmacological target, including GABAA receptors, glutamate, calcium channels, sodium and potassium. In addition, these compounds are capable of reducing neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress caused by seizure. CONCLUSION These compounds stand out as a promising alternative for acting through different pharmacological mechanisms, which may not only reduce seizure, but also promote neuroprotective effect by reducing toxicity in brain regions. However, further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of action and safety assessment of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lícia T S Pina
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Adriana G Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Wagner B da R Santos
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marlange A Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thallita K Rabelo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Mairim R Serafini
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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20
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Mitra AK. Oxytocin and vasopressin: the social networking buttons of the body. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2021003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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21
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, Alvarez-Arce A, López-Colomé AM. The PKC-ζ pseudosubstrate peptide induces glutamate release from retinal pigment epithelium cells through kinase- independent activation of Best1. Life Sci 2020; 265:118860. [PMID: 33301813 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized cell monolayer, that plays a key role in the maintenance of photoreceptor function and the blood-retina barrier (BRB). In this study, we found that a myristoylated pseudosubstrate of PKC-ζ (PKCζ PS), considered as a PKC-ζ inhibitor, plays a distinct role in RPE. MAIN METHODS We demonstrated that PKCζ PS stimulates the release of Glutamate (Glu) using in vitro3H-Glutamate release experiments. By western blot, kinase assays, and Fluoresence Ca+2 Concentration Measurements, we determined the cellular mechanisms involved in such release. KEY FINDINGS Surprisingly, PKCζ PS has no effect on either phosphorylation of T560, essential for catalytic activity, nor it has an effect on kinase activity. It induces the dose-dependent release of Glu by increasing intracellular Ca+2 levels. Interestingly, this release was not observed upon stimulation by other non-competitive PKC-ζ inhibitors. We here demonstrated that the PKCζ PS stimulates the release of Glutamate from RPE by activating the Ca2+-dependent Cl channel Bestrophin 1 (Best1). SIGNIFICANCE These results question PKCζ PS specificity as an inhibitor of this enzyme. Furthermore, the present results underline the relevance of clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in glutamate release from the retina under conditions derived from excitotoxic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lee-Rivera
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Edith López
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alvarez-Arce
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Ana María López-Colomé
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, CdMx, Mexico.
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22
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Kim YS, Choi J, Yoon BE. Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102176. [PMID: 32992620 PMCID: PMC7601502 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed synaptic dysfunction to be a hallmark of various psychiatric diseases, and that glial cells participate in synapse formation, development, and plasticity. Glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis, the latter being essential for maintaining the physiological function of the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, glial cells undergo gliotransmission and regulate neuronal activity in tripartite synapses via ion channels (gap junction hemichannel, volume regulated anion channel, and bestrophin-1), receptors (for neurotransmitters and cytokines), or transporters (GLT-1, GLAST, and GATs) that are expressed on glial cell membranes. In this review, we propose that dysfunction in neuron-glia interactions may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of neuron-glia interaction for synapse formation and maturation will contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (Y.S.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Juwon Choi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (Y.S.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (Y.S.K.); (J.C.)
- Department of Nanobiomedical science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-529-6085
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23
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Solati K, Rabiei Z, Asgharzade S, Amini-Khoei H, Hassanpour A, Abbasiyan Z, Anjomshoa M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The effect of pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Alpinia officinarum rhizome on seizure severity and memory impairment in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling model of seizure in rat. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 6:128-145. [PMID: 32341973 PMCID: PMC7179360 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2019.3.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study is to investigate pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Alpinia officinarum rhizome on the severity of epilepsy and memory impairment in rat. In this experimental study, rats were randomly assigned to seven groups. Control group and negative control group were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline and PTZ, respectively, for 10 days. The intervention groups received A. officinarum extract at different doses (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) 30 minutes before PTZ injection. A. officinarum extract treatment in rats with PTZ-induced kindling exerted significant increase in seizure latency and significant decrease in the frequency of total body seizure, frequent spinning, and jumping. Flumazenil significantly inhibited the antiepileptic effects of A. officinarum extract in the rat receiving the extract at 150 mg/kg. A. officinarum extract can inhibit PTZ-induced seizure and memory impairment, and therefore can be considered as a potent agent which warranted further research to clarify its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Solati
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Rabiei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Asgharzade
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanpour
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasiyan
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjomshoa
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Paudel YN, Kumari Y, Abidin SAZ, Othman I, Shaikh MF. Pilocarpine Induced Behavioral and Biochemical Alterations in Chronic Seizure-Like Condition in Adult Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072492. [PMID: 32260203 PMCID: PMC7178024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a devastating neurological condition exhibited by repeated spontaneous and unpredictable seizures afflicting around 70 million people globally. The basic pathophysiology of epileptic seizures is still elusive, reflecting an extensive need for further research. Developing a novel animal model is crucial in understanding disease mechanisms as well as in assessing the therapeutic target. Most of the pre-clinical epilepsy research has been focused on rodents. Nevertheless, zebrafish disease models are relevant to human disease pathophysiology hence are gaining increased attention nowadays. The current study for the very first time developed a pilocarpine-induced chronic seizure-like condition in adult zebrafish and investigated the modulation in several neuroinflammatory genes and neurotransmitters after pilocarpine exposures. Seizure score analysis suggests that compared to a single dose, repeated dose pilocarpine produces chronic seizure-like effects maintaining an average seizure score of above 2 each day for a minimum of 10 days. Compared to the single dose pilocarpine treated group, there was increased mRNA expression of HMGB1, TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1, BDNF, CREB-1, and NPY; whereas decreased expression of NF-κB was upon the repeated dose of pilocarpine administration. In addition, the epileptic group demonstrates modulation in neurotransmitters levels such as GABA, Glutamate, and Acetylcholine. Moreover, proteomic profiling of the zebrafish brain from the normal and epileptic groups from LCMS/MS quantification detected 77 and 13 proteins in the normal and epileptic group respectively. Summing up, the current investigation depicted that chemically induced seizures in zebrafish demonstrated behavioral and molecular alterations similar to classical rodent seizure models suggesting the usability of adult zebrafish as a robust model to investigate epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (Y.N.P.); (Y.K.); (I.O.)
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (Y.N.P.); (Y.K.); (I.O.)
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- LC-MS/MS Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (Y.N.P.); (Y.K.); (I.O.)
- LC-MS/MS Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (Y.N.P.); (Y.K.); (I.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603 5514 4483
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Fan C, Gao Y, Liang G, Huang L, Wang J, Yang X, Shi Y, Dräger UC, Zhong M, Gao TM, Yang X. Transcriptomics of Gabra4 knockout mice reveals common NMDAR pathways underlying autism, memory, and epilepsy. Mol Autism 2020; 11:13. [PMID: 32033586 PMCID: PMC7007694 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-0318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuronal developmental disorder with impaired social interaction and communication, often with abnormal intelligence and comorbidity with epilepsy. Disturbances in synaptic transmission, including the GABAergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic systems, are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder, yet we do not know if there is a common molecular mechanism. As mutations in the GABAergic receptor subunit gene GABRA4 are reported in patients with ASD, we eliminated the Gabra4 gene in mice and found that the Gabra4 knockout mice showed autistic-like behavior, enhanced spatial memory, and attenuated susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, a constellation of symptoms resembling human high-functioning autism. To search for potential molecular pathways involved in these phenotypes, we performed a hippocampal transcriptome profiling, constructed a hippocampal interactome network, and revealed an upregulation of the NMDAR system at the center of the converged pathways underlying high-functioning autism-like and anti-epilepsy phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 N. Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guanmei Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 N. Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yiwu Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Ursula C Dräger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 N. Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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26
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Morningstar M, Hung A, Mattson WI, Gedela S, Ostendorf AP, Nelson EE. Internalizing symptoms in intractable pediatric epilepsy: Structural and functional brain correlates. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103:106845. [PMID: 31882324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Internalizing disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety) are common comorbidities in people with epilepsy. In adults with epilepsy, comorbid depression or anxiety is associated with worse seizure control and reduced quality of life, and may be linked to specific neural biomarkers. Less is known about brain correlates of internalizing symptoms in pediatric populations. In the current study, we performed a retrospective analysis of 45 youth between the ages of 6 and 18 years old with intractable epilepsy. Individuals were evaluated for internalizing symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and underwent magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging as part of the clinical evaluation for surgical treatment of epilepsy. Forty-two percent of patients experienced clinically significant internalizing symptoms based on parent report. Compared with individuals who scored in the normal range, youth with clinical levels of internalizing problems showed overall reductions in cortex volume, as well as widespread reductions in cortical thickness and functional activation in the bilateral occipital/parietal lobe, left temporal regions, and left inferior frontal cortex on MR and PET scans. There were no group differences in amygdala or hippocampus volumes, nor other patient- or illness-related variables such as age, sex, or the type, lateralization, or duration of epilepsy. Results suggest that high rates of internalizing disorders are present in youth with refractory epilepsy. Multifocal reductions in cortical thickness and function may be nonspecific risk factors for clinically meaningful internalizing symptoms in youth with chronic epilepsy. As such, the presence of broad cortical thinning and reduced glucose uptake upon radiological examination may warrant more focused clinical evaluation of psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Morningstar
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
| | - Andy Hung
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Whitney I Mattson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Satyanarayana Gedela
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Emory University College of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Adam P Ostendorf
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Binaafar S, Razmara E, Mahdieh N, Sahebjame H, Tavasoli AR, Garshasbi M. A novel missense variant in GPT2 causes non-syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability in a consanguineous Iranian family. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103853. [PMID: 31978613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) affects 1-3% of the general population worldwide. Genetic factors play an undeniable role in the etiology of Non-Syndromic Intellectual disability (NS-ID). Nowadays, whole-exome sequencing (WES) technique is used frequently to identify the causative genes in such heterogeneous diseases. Herein, we subjected four patients with initial diagnostics of NS-ID in a consanguineous Iranian family. To find the possible genetic cause(s), Trio-WES was performed on the proband and his both healthy parents. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the identified variant by WES and also investigate whether it co-segregates with the patients' phenotype in the family. Using several online in-silico predictors, the probable impacts of the variant on structure and function of GPT2 protein were predicted. A novel variant, c.266A>G; p.(Glu89Gly), in exon 3 of GPT2 (NM_133443.3) was identified using Trio-WES. The candidate variant was also verified by Sanger sequencing. All affected members showed the common clinical features suffering from a non-progressive mild-to-severe ID. Also, different clinical observations compared to previously reported cases such as no facial features, no obvious structural malformations, ability to speak but with difficulty, and lack of any morphological defects were noted for the first time in this family. The c.266A>G; p.(Glu89Gly) variant reported here is the sixth variant identified up to now in the GPT2 gene, to be associated with NS-ID. Our data support the potential malfunction of the substituted GPT2 protein resulted from the novel variant, however, we strongly suggest confirming this finding more by doing functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Binaafar
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Sahebjame
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Golestan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses, including depression and anxiety, are highly comorbid with epilepsy (for review see Josephson and Jetté (Int Rev Psychiatry 29:409-424, 2017), Salpekar and Mula (Epilepsy Behav 98:293-297, 2019)). Psychiatric comorbidities negatively impact the quality of life of patients (Johnson et al., Epilepsia 45:544-550, 2004; Cramer et al., Epilepsy Behav 4:515-521, 2003) and present a significant challenge to treating patients with epilepsy (Hitiris et al., Epilepsy Res 75:192-196, 2007; Petrovski et al., Neurology 75:1015-1021, 2010; Fazel et al., Lancet 382:1646-1654, 2013) (for review see Kanner (Seizure 49:79-82, 2017)). It has long been acknowledged that there is an association between psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy. Hippocrates, in the fourth-fifth century B.C., considered epilepsy and melancholia to be closely related in which he writes that "melancholics ordinarily become epileptics, and epileptics, melancholics" (Lewis, J Ment Sci 80:1-42, 1934). The Babylonians also recognized the frequency of psychosis in patients with epilepsy (Reynolds and Kinnier Wilson, Epilepsia 49:1488-1490, 2008). Despite the fact that the relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and epilepsy has been recognized for thousands of years, psychiatric illnesses in people with epilepsy still commonly go undiagnosed and untreated (Hermann et al., Epilepsia 41(Suppl 2):S31-S41, 2000) and systematic research in this area is still lacking (Devinsky, Epilepsy Behav 4(Suppl 4):S2-S10, 2003). Thus, although it is clear that these are not new issues, there is a need for improvements in the screening and management of patients with psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy (Lopez et al., Epilepsy Behav 98:302-305, 2019) and progress is needed to understand the underlying neurobiology contributing to these comorbid conditions. To that end, this chapter will raise awareness regarding the scope of the problem as it relates to comorbid psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy and review our current understanding of the potential mechanisms contributing to these comorbidities, focusing on both basic science and clinical research findings.
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Lu CW, Lin TY, Wang SJ, Huang SK. Asiatic acid, an active substance of Centella asiatica, presynaptically depresses glutamate release in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172781. [PMID: 31706856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting glutamate release can reduce neuronal excitability and is recognized as a key mechanism of anti-epileptic drugs. In this study, by using isolated nerve terminal (synaptosome) and slice preparations, we investigated the effect of asiatic acid, a triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica with antiepileptic activity, on glutamate release in the hippocampus of rats. In hippocampal synaptosomes, application of asiatic acid resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of 4-aminopyridine-evoked glutamate release. This inhibitory action was dependent on extracellular calcium, blocked by inhibiting the vesicular transporter, but was unaffected by inhibiting the glutamate transporter. In addition, asiatic acid decreased the 4-aminopyridine-induced increase in the intraterminal calcium and failed to alter the synaptosomal potential. Furthermore, the asiatic acid-mediated release inhibition was significantly suppressed by the N- and P/Q-type calcium channel inhibitor ω-conotoxin MVIIC or protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Western blotting data in synaptosomes also revealed that asiatic acid reduced 4-aminopyridine-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase C. In hippocampal slices, asiatic acid decreased the frequencies of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents without changing their amplitudes and glutamate-activated currents in CA3 pyramidal neurons. We also observed that asiatic acid significantly suppressed 4-aminopyridine-induced burst firing. These data suggest that, in rat hippocampal nerve terminals, asiatic acid attenuates the calcium influx via N- and P/Q-type calcium channels, subsequently suppressing protein kinase C activity and decreasing glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 22060; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 320
| | - Tzu Yu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 22060; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 320
| | - Su Jane Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, Taiwan, 24205; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
| | - Shu Kuei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 22060
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A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9214719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters as electrochemical signaling molecules are essential for proper brain function and their dysfunction is involved in several mental disorders. Therefore, the accurate detection and monitoring of these substances are crucial in brain studies. Neurotransmitters are present in the nervous system at very low concentrations, and they mixed with many other biochemical molecules and minerals, thus making their selective detection and measurement difficult. Although numerous techniques to do so have been proposed in the literature, neurotransmitter monitoring in the brain is still a challenge and the subject of ongoing research. This article reviews the current advances and trends in neurotransmitters detection techniques, including in vivo sampling and imaging techniques, electrochemical and nano-object sensing techniques for in vitro and in vivo detection, as well as spectrometric, analytical and derivatization-based methods mainly used for in vitro research. The document analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with the aim to offer selection guidelines for neuro-engineering research.
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AL-Eitan LN, Al-Dalalah IM, Aljamal HA. Effects of GRM4, SCN2A and SCN3B polymorphisms on antiepileptic drugs responsiveness and epilepsy susceptibility. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:731-737. [PMID: 31297029 PMCID: PMC6598501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy including antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is one of the main treatment approaches. As a biological target, sodium channels (Nav channels) and glutamate receptor genes are playing a major role in the etiology and treatment of epilepsy. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the genetic associations of certain genetic polymorphisms with increased risk of epilepsy susceptibility and variability in response to AEDs treatment in a Jordanian Arab population. METHOD A pharmacogenetics and case-control study on 296 unrelated epileptic Jordanian patients recruited from the pediatric neurology clinic at the Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Hospital (QRAH) in Amman, Jordan and 299 healthy individuals was conducted. Children up to 15 years old which receiving AEDs for at least three months were scanned for genetic association of 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three candidate genes (SCN2A, SCN3B and GRM4) with epilepsy susceptibility. RESULTS SCN2A rs2304016 (P = 0.04) and GRM4 rs2499697 (P = 0.031) were statistically significant with generalized epilepsy. Haplotype of CAACG GRM4 was genetically associated with epilepsy and partial epilepsy (P = 0.036; P = 0.024, respectively). This study also found that TGTAA genetic haplotype formed within GRM4 gene was associated with generalized epilepsy susceptibility (P = 0.006). While, no significant linkage of SCN3B rs3851100 to either disease susceptibility or drug responsiveness was found. CONCLUSION This study identified no significant associations of allelic or genotypic SNPs with the susceptibility of epilepsy and medication response with an exception of rs2304016 and rs2499697 SNPs that were associated with the generalized type of epilepsy among Jordanian population. Further studies are required in different populations to confirm our results and identify genetic factors that involved in susceptibility and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith N. AL-Eitan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Islam M. Al-Dalalah
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Hanan A. Aljamal
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Godoy-Reyes TM, Llopis-Lorente A, García-Fernández A, Gaviña P, Costero AM, Villalonga R, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R. A l-glutamate-responsive delivery system based on enzyme-controlled self-immolative arylboronate-gated nanoparticles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00093c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Janus Au–mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized withl-glutamate oxidase and self-immolative arylboronate as al-glutamate-responsive delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Godoy-Reyes
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Univeritat de València
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Univeritat de València
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Alba García-Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Univeritat de València
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Pablo Gaviña
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Univeritat de València
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Ana M. Costero
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Univeritat de València
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Nanosensors & Nanomachines Group
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Complutense University of Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Univeritat de València
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Univeritat de València
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingenieria
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
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Cyanin Chloride Inhibits Hyperbaric Pressure-Induced Decrease of Intracellular Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter in Rat Retinal Müller Cells. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:6128470. [PMID: 30515320 PMCID: PMC6234450 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6128470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness throughout the world. The pathogenesis of glaucoma is complex, and neuroprotection is a crucial aspect of therapy. High concentrations of extracellular glutamate are toxic to the optic nerve. The glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) in retinal Müller cells is involved in the development of glaucoma. Anthocyanin has been reported to protect retinal neurons. We hypothesize that cyanin chloride, a type of anthocyanin, can inhibit hyperbaric pressure-induced GLAST decreases in cultured rat retinal Müller cells and may serve as a potential neuroprotective agent in glaucoma treatment. Materials and Methods Sprague Dawley rat Müller cells were cultured in a hyperbaric pressure device at 60 mmHg additional pressure and treated with cyanin chloride (10 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L, or 50 μmol/L) or vehicle for 2 hours. Cell survival rates (SRs) were evaluated by an MTT assay. GLAST mRNA and protein expression were determined by western blot and RT-PCR analyses, respectively. Results Cell SR was significantly decreased in the 60 mmHg additional hyperbaric pressure group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Cyanin chloride treatment significantly improved SR under 60 mmHg additional pressure (P < 0.01). GLAST mRNA and protein expression levels in Müller cells were significantly reduced in the 60 mmHg hyperbaric pressure group compared to the control group (P < 0.01), but cyanin chloride significantly inhibited hyperbaric pressure-induced decreases in GLAST expression (P < 0.01). Conclusion Our results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that cyanin chloride can protect rat retinal Müller cells from hyperbaric pressure-induced decreases of GLAST.
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Xu W, Gao L, Li T, Shao A, Zhang J. Neuroprotective Role of Agmatine in Neurological Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1296-1305. [PMID: 28786346 PMCID: PMC6251039 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170808120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurological diseases have always been one of the leading cause of mobility and mortality world-widely. However, it is still lacking efficient agents. Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine, exerts its diverse biological characteristics and therapeutic potential in varied aspects. Methods: This review would focus on the neuroprotective actions of agmatine and its potential mechanisms in the setting of neurological diseases. Results: Numerous studies had demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of agmatine in varied types of neurological diseases, including acute attack (stroke and trauma brain injury) and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alz-heimer’s disease). The potential mechanism of agmatine induced neuroprotection includes anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, brain blood barrier (BBB) protection and brain edema prevention. Conclusions: The safety and low incidence of adverse effects indicate the vast potential therapeutic value of agmatine in the treatment of neurological diseases. However, most of the available studies relate to the agmatine are conducted in experi-mental models, more clinical trials are needed before the agmatine could be extensively clinically used
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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35
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Effects of Modafinil on Clonic Seizure Threshold Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in Mice: Involvement of Glutamate, Nitric oxide, GABA, and Serotonin Pathways. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2025-2037. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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36
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Lu CW, Huang SK, Lin TY, Wang SJ. Echinacoside, an active constituent of Herba Cistanche, suppresses epileptiform activity in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:249-255. [PMID: 29719447 PMCID: PMC5928338 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Echinacoside, an active compound in the herb Herba Cistanche, has been reported to inhibit glutamate release. In this study, we investigated the effects of echinacoside on spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission changes induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), by using the in vitro rat hippocampal slice technique and whole-cell patch clamp recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons. Perfusion with echinacoside significantly suppressed the 4-AP-induced epileptiform activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Echinacoside reduced 4-AP-induced increase in frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) but it did not affect the amplitude of sEPSCs or glutamate-activated currents, implicating a presynaptic mechanism of action. Echinacoside also potently blocked sustained repetitive firing, which is a basic mechanism of antiepileptic drugs. These results suggest that echinacoside exerts an antiepileptic effect on hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons by simultaneously decreasing glutamate release and blocking abnormal firing synchronization. Accordingly, our study provides experimental evidence that echinacoside may represent an effective pharmacological agent for treating epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao District, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Kuei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao District, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao District, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Su-Jane Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
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37
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Wang X, Tian X, Yang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Lu S, Xu D, Xu X, Wang W, Wang X. POSH participates in epileptogenesis by increasing the surface expression of the NMDA receptor: a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1083-1094. [PMID: 29057721 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1394456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanlin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangshuo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Demei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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38
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Funada M, Takebayashi-Ohsawa M. Synthetic cannabinoid AM2201 induces seizures: Involvement of cannabinoid CB 1 receptors and glutamatergic transmission. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 338:1-8. [PMID: 29042214 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of synthetic cannabinoids is a serious social problem worldwide. Intentional ingestion of synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe toxicity, including seizures. Here we investigated the effects of acute administration of synthetic cannabinoids on the induction of epileptic seizures by monitoring electroencephalographic activity in freely moving mice. The synthetic cannabinoid, AM2201, induced abnormal, high-amplitude (>2-fold baseline amplitude), sharp-wave activity. The abnormal spike-wave discharges were accompanied by epileptiform behavior: rigid posture, tail extension, rearing with forepaws extended, jumping, and intermittent tonic-clonic jerking movements. The abnormal spike-wave discharges and behavioral changes were suppressed by pretreatment with the selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, but not with the selective CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 or the vanilloid receptor antagonist, capsazepine. Furthermore, the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist SIB1757 eliminated AM2201-induced spike-wave discharges and episodes of epileptiform behavior. AM2201 markedly increased the extracellular glutamate concentration in the hippocampus during periods of AM2201-induced abnormal spike-wave discharges and behavioral changes. These findings are the first evidence that AM2201 induces epileptic seizures by enhancing glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus. Our findings demonstrate that induction of epileptic seizures by synthetic cannabinoids is mediated by CB1 receptors, but not by CB2 receptors, and further suggest that rapid elevation of glutamatergic transmission may play an important role in the induction of seizures following intentional ingestion of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Funada
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
| | - Mika Takebayashi-Ohsawa
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
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39
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Paleologou E, Ismayilova N, Kinali M. Use of the Ketogenic Diet to Treat Intractable Epilepsy in Mitochondrial Disorders. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E56. [PMID: 28587136 PMCID: PMC5483866 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders that are caused by defects in the respiratory chain, the metabolic pathway of the adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) production system. Epilepsy is a common and important feature of these disorders and its management can be challenging. Epileptic seizures in the context of mitochondrial disease are usually treated with conventional anti-epileptic medication, apart from valproic acid. However, in accordance with the treatment of intractable epilepsy where there are limited treatment options, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been considered as an alternative therapy. The use of the KD and its more palatable formulations has shown promising results. It is especially indicated and effective in the treatment of mitochondrial disorders due to complex I deficiency. Further research into the mechanism of action and the neuroprotective properties of the KD will allow more targeted therapeutic strategies and thus optimize the treatment of both epilepsy in the context of mitochondrial disorders but also in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Paleologou
- Chelsea and Westmister Hospital, 369 Fulham road, Chelsea, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Naila Ismayilova
- Chelsea and Westmister Hospital, 369 Fulham road, Chelsea, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Maria Kinali
- Chelsea and Westmister Hospital, 369 Fulham road, Chelsea, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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40
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NMDA receptor antagonism with novel indolyl, 2-(1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e]indol-2-ylidene)-malonaldehyde, reduces seizures duration in a rat model of epilepsy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45540. [PMID: 28358047 PMCID: PMC5371989 DOI: 10.1038/srep45540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) play a central role in epileptogensis and NMDAR antagonists have been shown to have antiepileptic effects in animals and humans. Despite significant progress in the development of antiepileptic therapies over the previous 3 decades, a need still exists for novel therapies. We screened an in-house library of small molecules targeting the NMDA receptor. A novel indolyl compound, 2-(1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e]indol-2-ylidene)-malonaldehyde, (DDBM) showed the best binding with the NMDA receptor and computational docking data showed that DDBM antagonised the binding sites of the NMDA receptor at lower docking energies compared to other molecules. Using a rat electroconvulsive shock (ECS) model of epilepsy we showed that DDBM decreased seizure duration and improved the histological outcomes. Our data show for the first time that indolyls like DDBM have robust anticonvulsive activity and have the potential to be developed as novel anticonvulsants.
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41
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Divakaruni AS, Wallace M, Buren C, Martyniuk K, Andreyev AY, Li E, Fields JA, Cordes T, Reynolds IJ, Bloodgood BL, Raymond LA, Metallo CM, Murphy AN. Inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier protects from excitotoxic neuronal death. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1091-1105. [PMID: 28254829 PMCID: PMC5379957 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cortical neurons and hippocampal slice cultures, blocking mitochondrial pyruvate uptake rewires metabolism to increase reliance on glutamate to fuel the TCA cycle. This diminishes the readily releasable pool of neuronal glutamate and minimizes the positive-feedback cascade of excitotoxic injury. Glutamate is the dominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, but under conditions of metabolic stress it can accumulate to excitotoxic levels. Although pharmacologic modulation of excitatory amino acid receptors is well studied, minimal consideration has been given to targeting mitochondrial glutamate metabolism to control neurotransmitter levels. Here we demonstrate that chemical inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) protects primary cortical neurons from excitotoxic death. Reductions in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake do not compromise cellular energy metabolism, suggesting neuronal metabolic flexibility. Rather, MPC inhibition rewires mitochondrial substrate metabolism to preferentially increase reliance on glutamate to fuel energetics and anaplerosis. Mobilizing the neuronal glutamate pool for oxidation decreases the quantity of glutamate released upon depolarization and, in turn, limits the positive-feedback cascade of excitotoxic neuronal injury. The finding links mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism to glutamatergic neurotransmission and establishes the MPC as a therapeutic target to treat neurodegenerative diseases characterized by excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Caodu Buren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kelly Martyniuk
- Division of Biological Sciences, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexander Y Andreyev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Edward Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ian J Reynolds
- Discovery Research, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., West Chester, PA 19380
| | - Brenda L Bloodgood
- Division of Biological Sciences, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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42
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Epilepsy-associated gene Nedd4-2 mediates neuronal activity and seizure susceptibility through AMPA receptors. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006634. [PMID: 28212375 PMCID: PMC5338825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated gene 4–2, Nedd4-2, is an epilepsy-associated gene with at least three missense mutations identified in epileptic patients. Nedd4-2 encodes a ubiquitin E3 ligase that has high affinity toward binding and ubiquitinating membrane proteins. It is currently unknown how Nedd4-2 mediates neuronal circuit activity and how its dysfunction leads to seizures or epilepsies. In this study, we provide evidence to show that Nedd4-2 mediates neuronal activity and seizure susceptibility through ubiquitination of GluA1 subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, (AMPAR). Using a mouse model, termed Nedd4-2andi, in which one of the major forms of Nedd4-2 in the brain is selectively deficient, we found that the spontaneous neuronal activity in Nedd4-2andi cortical neuron cultures, measured by a multiunit extracellular electrophysiology system, was basally elevated, less responsive to AMPAR activation, and much more sensitive to AMPAR blockade when compared with wild-type cultures. When performing kainic acid-induced seizures in vivo, we showed that elevated seizure susceptibility in Nedd4-2andi mice was normalized when GluA1 is genetically reduced. Furthermore, when studying epilepsy-associated missense mutations of Nedd4-2, we found that all three mutations disrupt the ubiquitination of GluA1 and fail to reduce surface GluA1 and spontaneous neuronal activity when compared with wild-type Nedd4-2. Collectively, our data suggest that impaired GluA1 ubiquitination contributes to Nedd4-2-dependent neuronal hyperactivity and seizures. Our findings provide critical information to the future development of therapeutic strategies for patients who carry mutations of Nedd4-2. Many patients with neurological disorders suffer from an imbalance in neuronal and circuit excitability and present with seizure or epilepsy as the common comorbidity. Human genetic studies have identified many epilepsy-associated genes, but the pathways by which those genes are connected to brain circuit excitability are largely unknown. Our study focused on one of the epilepsy-associated genes, Nedd4-2, and aimed to dissect the molecular mechanism underlying Nedd4-2-associated epilepsy. Nedd4-2 encodes a ubiquitin E3 ligase. Several neuronal ion channels have been identified as its substrates, including the GluA1 subunit of AMPAR. Our results first demonstrate up-regulation of spontaneous neuronal activity and seizure susceptibility when Nedd4-2 is reduced in a mouse model. These deficits can be corrected when GluA1/AMPAR is pharmacologically or genetically inhibited. In addition, we found that three epilepsy-associated missense mutations of Nedd4-2 inhibit the ubiquitination of GluA1 and fail to reduce GluA1 surface expression or spontaneous neuronal activity when compared to wild-type Nedd4-2. These findings suggest the reduction of GluA1 ubiquitination as a crucial deficit underlying insufficient function of Nedd4-2 and provide critical information to the development of therapies for patients who carry mutations of Nedd4-2.
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43
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Malik R, Mehta P, Srivastava S, Choudhary BS, Sharma M. Structure-based screening, ADMET profiling, and molecular dynamic studies on mGlu2 receptor for identification of newer antiepileptic agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:3433-3448. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1257440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Pakhuri Mehta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Shubham Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Bhanwar Singh Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Manish Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur, Ambala, Haryana 134007, India
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44
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Anticonvulsant effect of dextrometrophan on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 65:49-55. [PMID: 27875784 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dextrometrophan (DM), widely used as an antitussive, has recently generated interest as an anticonvulsant drug. Some effects of dextrometrophan are associated with alterations in several pathways, such as inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of acute administration of dextrometrophan on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and the probable involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and NMDA receptors in this effect. For this purpose, seizures were induced by intravenous PTZ infusion. All drugs were administrated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route before PTZ injection. Our results demonstrate that acute DM treatment (10-100mg/kg) increased the seizure threshold. In addition, the nonselective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (10mg/kg) and the neural NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (40mg/kg), at doses that had no effect on seizure threshold, augmented the anticonvulsant effect of DM (3mg/kg), while the inducible NOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine (100mg/kg), did not affect the anticonvulsant effect of DM. Moreover, the NOS substrate l-arginine (60mg/kg) blunted the anticonvulsant effect of DM (100mg/kg). Also, NMDA antagonists, ketamine (0.5mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.05mg/kg), augmented the anticonvulsant effect of DM (3mg/kg). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the anticonvulsant effect of DM is mediated by a decline in neural nitric oxide activity and inhibition of NMDA receptors.
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45
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Twomey EC, Yelshanskaya MV, Grassucci RA, Frank J, Sobolevsky AI. Elucidation of AMPA receptor-stargazin complexes by cryo-electron microscopy. Science 2016; 353:83-6. [PMID: 27365450 PMCID: PMC5125255 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission and contribute to high cognitive processes such as learning and memory. In the brain, AMPAR trafficking, gating, and pharmacology is tightly controlled by transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the structural basis of AMPAR regulation by one of these auxiliary proteins, TARP γ2, or stargazin (STZ). Our structures illuminate the variable interaction stoichiometry of the AMPAR-TARP complex, with one or two TARP molecules binding one tetrameric AMPAR. Analysis of the AMPAR-STZ binding interfaces suggests that electrostatic interactions between the extracellular domains of AMPAR and STZ play an important role in modulating AMPAR function through contact surfaces that are conserved across AMPARs and TARPs. We propose a model explaining how TARPs stabilize the activated state of AMPARs and how the interactions between AMPARs and their auxiliary proteins control fast excitatory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Twomey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria V Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert A Grassucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joachim Frank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang C, Liu C, Zhao B, Wei N, Zhang JG, Zhang K. CB1 receptor antagonism prevents long-term hyperexcitability after head injury by regulation of dynorphin-KOR system and mGluR5 in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2016; 1646:174-181. [PMID: 27262683 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Both endocannabinoids and dynorphin are feedback messengers in nervous system that act at the presynaptic nerve terminal to inhibit transmitter release. Many studies showed the cannabinoid-opioid cross-modulation in antinociception, hypothermia, sedation and reward. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of early application of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonism SR141716A after brain injury on dynorphin-κ opioid receptor (KOR) system and the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in a rat model of fluid percussion injury (FPI). Firstly, seizure latency induced by pentylenetetrazole was significantly prolonged 6 weeks after brain injury in group of SR141716A treatment. Then, PCR and western blot showed that SR141716A inhibited the long-term up-regulation of CB1 receptors in hippocampus. However, SR141716A resulted in long-term potentiation of dynorphin release and did not influence the up-regulation of KOR in hippocampus after brain injury. Furthermore, SR141716A reverse the overexpression of mGluR5 in the late stage of brain injury. We propose that during the induction of epileptogenesis after brain injury, early application of CB1 receptor antagonism could prevent long-term hyperexcitability by up-regulation of dynorphin-KOR system and prevention of mGluR5 induced epileptogenesis in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital, Heishan Street 18, Mentougou, Beijing 102300, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baotian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naili Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Tiantan xili 6, Dongcheng, Beijing 100050, China.
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Kangxian capsules: Effects on convulsive injuries, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression, and free Ca(2+) concentration in a rat hippocampal neuron epileptic discharge model. Seizure 2016; 40:27-32. [PMID: 27323319 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects and mechanisms of Kangxian (KX) capsules on hippocampal neuron convulsive injuries. METHODS An epileptic discharge model was prepared with hippocampal neurons and divided into groups that were subjected to control, Mg-free, MK801, or anti-epilepsy (KX) interventions for 6 or 24h. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel current was recorded with a whole-cell patch-clamp technique, and the decay tau was determined from the receptor channel attenuation. The NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) were detected by immunoblot assays, and intracellular free Ca(2+) was detected by laser confocal microscopy. RESULTS The discharge times (6h: 100.66±36.51min, 24h: 134.42±86.43min) and tau values (6h: 934.0±564.9s, 24h: 846.6±488.0) of the Mg-free group were significantly increased (P<0.05) compared to the control group. All of the groups had similar levels of NR1 expression. NR2A and NR2B expression was significantly decreased in the Mg-free group and significantly increased most in the MK801 group, which was followed by the KX group (P<0.01). The free Ca(2+) concentrations in the control group were lower than those in the MK-801 and KX groups, the concentrations of which were significantly lower than those in the Mg-free group and which decreased with time. CONCLUSION Kangxian capsules played its antiepileptic and neuroprotective roles via multiple targets and the underlying mechanisms included acceleration of the attenuation time course of NMDA receptor channels, alterations in the expression of NMDA receptor subunits, and reductions in the concentration of intraneuronal Ca(2+).
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Chang P, Augustin K, Boddum K, Williams S, Sun M, Terschak JA, Hardege JD, Chen PE, Walker MC, Williams RSB. Seizure control by decanoic acid through direct AMPA receptor inhibition. Brain 2015; 139:431-43. [PMID: 26608744 PMCID: PMC4805082 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
See Rogawski (doi:10.1093/awv369) for a scientific commentary on this article. The medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet is an established treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy that increases plasma levels of decanoic acid and ketones. Recently, decanoic acid has been shown to provide seizure control in vivo, yet its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we show that decanoic acid, but not the ketones β-hydroxybutryate or acetone, shows antiseizure activity in two acute ex vivo rat hippocampal slice models of epileptiform activity. To search for a mechanism of decanoic acid, we show it has a strong inhibitory effect on excitatory, but not inhibitory, neurotransmission in hippocampal slices. Using heterologous expression of excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA subunits in Xenopus oocytes, we show that this effect is through direct AMPA receptor inhibition, a target shared by a recently introduced epilepsy treatment perampanel. Decanoic acid acts as a non-competitive antagonist at therapeutically relevant concentrations, in a voltage- and subunit-dependent manner, and this is sufficient to explain its antiseizure effects. This inhibitory effect is likely to be caused by binding to sites on the M3 helix of the AMPA-GluA2 transmembrane domain; independent from the binding site of perampanel. Together our results indicate that the direct inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission by decanoic acid in the brain contributes to the anti-convulsant effect of the medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pishan Chang
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Katrin Augustin
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kim Boddum
- 2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sophie Williams
- 2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Min Sun
- 2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John A Terschak
- 3 School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Jörg D Hardege
- 3 School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Philip E Chen
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Matthew C Walker
- 2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Robin S B Williams
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
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Rosa-Falero C, Torres-Rodríguez S, Jordán C, Licier R, Santiago Y, Toledo Z, Santiago M, Serrano K, Sosa J, Ortiz JG. Citrus aurantium increases seizure latency to PTZ induced seizures in zebrafish thru NMDA and mGluR's I and II. Front Pharmacol 2015; 5:284. [PMID: 25762932 PMCID: PMC4327740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurological condition and pharmacotherapy is not effective for all patients and causes serious adverse effects and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Natural products and ethnobotanical resources can help develop new therapeutic options for conditions like epilepsy. In Puerto Rico, ethnobotanical resources highlight the anxiolytic properties of a tea like preparation made from the leaves of the Citrus aurantium tree or bitter orange. Studies performed with essential oils from the peel of the fruit have shown to increase seizure latency to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock seizure in mice. We characterized the extract composition, and used a model of PTZ induces seizures in the zebrafish and a receptor-ligand binding assay to determine if this preparation has anticonvulsant properties and its mechanism of action. We determined that the aqueous extract made from the leaves of the C. aurantium tree contains hesperidin, neohesperidin, and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone. Using our zebrafish model, we determined that exposure to the C. aurantium 28 mg/mL extract in aquarium water increases seizure latency by 119% compared to controls. We ruled out a mechanism involving GABAA receptors using the selective antagonist gabazine. We used two approaches to study the role of glutamate in the mechanism of the C. aurantium extract. The ligand binding assay revealed C. aurantium extracts at concentrations of 0.42 to 5.6 mg/mL significantly reduced [3H]Glu binding indicating an interaction with glutamate receptors, in particular with NMDA receptors and mGluR II. This interaction was confirmed with our animal model using selective receptor antagonists and we identified an interaction with mGluR I, not observed in the ligand binding experiment. These study provide evidence of the anticonvulsant properties of the aqueous extract made from the leaves of the C. aurantium tree and a mechanism involving NMDA and mGluR's I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Rosa-Falero
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Stephanie Torres-Rodríguez
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Claudia Jordán
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Rígel Licier
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Yolimar Santiago
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Zuleyma Toledo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Marely Santiago
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Kiara Serrano
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sosa
- School of Science and Technology, Universidad del Este Carolina, PR, USA
| | - José G Ortiz
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR, USA
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Young D, Fong DM, Lawlor PA, Wu A, Mouravlev A, McRae M, Glass M, Dragunow M, During MJ. Adenosine kinase, glutamine synthetase and EAAT2 as gene therapy targets for temporal lobe epilepsy. Gene Ther 2014; 21:1029-40. [PMID: 25231174 PMCID: PMC4257851 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are an attractive cell target for gene therapy, but the validation of new therapeutic candidates is needed. We determined whether adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated overexpression of glutamine synthetase (GS) or excitatory amino-acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), or expression of microRNA targeting adenosine kinase (miR-ADK) in hippocampal astrocytes in the rat brain could modulate susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures and neuronal cell loss. Transgene expression was found predominantly in astrocytes following direct injection of glial-targeting AAV9 vectors by 3 weeks postinjection. ADK expression in miR-ADK vector-injected rats was reduced by 94-96% and was associated with an ~50% reduction in the duration of kainate-induced seizures and greater protection of dentate hilar neurons but not CA3 neurons compared with miR-control vector-injected rats. In contrast, infusion of AAV-GS and EAAT2 vectors did not afford any protection against seizures or neuronal damage as the level of transcriptional activity of the glial fibrillary acidic promoter was too low to drive any significant increase in transgenic GS or EAAT2 relative to the high endogenous levels of these proteins. Our findings support ADK as a prime therapeutic target for gene therapy of temporal lobe epilepsy and suggest that alternative approaches including the use of stronger glial promoters are needed to increase transgenic GS and EAAT2 expression to levels that may be required to affect seizure induction and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Young
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dahna M. Fong
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patricia A. Lawlor
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angela Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alexandre Mouravlev
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle McRae
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J. During
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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