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Guillin FM, Gaudichon C, Guérin-Deremaux L, Lefranc-Millot C, Airinei G, Khodorova N, Benamouzig R, Pomport PH, Martin J, Calvez J. Values for the Digestibility of Pea Protein Isolate or Casein Amino Acids Determined using the Dual Isotope Method Are Not Similar to Those Derived with the Standard Ileal Balance Method in Healthy Volunteers. J Nutr 2024; 154:516-525. [PMID: 38160805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility is invasive and inappropriate when applied to vulnerable populations. The dual isotope method has been developed over the past 5 y as an alternative method. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to compare the indispensable amino acid (IAA) digestibility values of 2 different proteins obtained using the dual isotope and the standard ileal balance methods in the same subjects. METHODS Fifteen healthy adults completed the study. Over 4 h, they ingested 9 successive portions of mashed potatoes containing the test protein (pea protein or casein) labeled intrinsically with 15N and 2H, and a 13C-free AA mixture as a reference for the dual isotope method. Plasma was sampled regularly over the 8-h postprandial period, whereas the ileal digesta was collected continuously via a naso-ileal tube. Isotopic enrichments (15N and 13C) were measured in the digesta for the direct determination of ileal IAA digestibility, whereas plasma enrichments (2H and 13C) were measured to determine IAA digestibility using the dual isotope method. RESULTS The 4-h repeated meal procedure enabled the almost complete digestion of test proteins at 8 h and the attainment of a plasma isotopic plateau between 2.5 and 4 h. These conditions were necessary to perform the ileal balance and dual isotope methods simultaneously. For pea protein, the mean IAA digestibility was similar between the 2 methods, but significant differences (from 10% to 20%) were observed for individual IAA values. For casein, IAA digestibility was significantly lower with the dual isotope method for all the IAA analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Under our experimental conditions, the degree of agreement between the dual isotope and ileal balance methods varied among AAs and depended on the protein source. Further research is needed to validate the dual isotope method. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04072770.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence M Guillin
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France; Roquette, Nutrition & Health R&D, Lestrem, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Juliette Martin
- Unité expérimentale du Domaine d'Epoisses, INRAE, U2E, Bretenière, France
| | - Juliane Calvez
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France.
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Ibrahim A, Kenéz Á, Rodehutscord M, Siegert W. The influence of substituting dietary peptide-bound with free amino acids on nitrogen metabolism and acid-base balance of broiler chickens depends on asparagine and glutamine supply. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:41-53. [PMID: 37469294 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration while maintaining adequate amino acid (AA) supply by free AA inclusion can contribute to attenuate the negative environmental effects of animal farming. This study investigated upper limits of dietary free AA inclusions without undesirable effects including the dependence on asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) supply. Ten broilers were allocated to sixty-three metabolism units each and offered nine experimental diets from day (d) 7-21 (n 7). One diet (167 g CP/kg) contained 80 g soya protein isolate (SPI)/kg. In the other diets, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the digestible AA from SPI were substituted with free AA. Digestible Asn+aspartic acid (Asp) and Gln+glutamic acid (Glu) were substituted with Asp/Glu or 50/50 mixes of Asp/Asn and Glu/Gln, respectively. Total excreta were collected from d 11-14 and from d 18-21. Growth and nitrogen accretion were unaffected by 25 and 50 % substitution without and with free Asn/Gln, respectively, but decreased at higher substitution (P ≤ 0·024). Circulating concentrations of Asp, Glu and Gln were unaffected by treatment, while Asn decreased at substitution higher than 50 % when Asn/Gln were not provided (P ≤ 0·005). Blood gas analysis on d 21 indicated a compensated metabolic acidosis at substitution higher than 50 and 75 % without and with free Asn/Gln, respectively (P ≤ 0·017). Results suggest that adding Asn/Gln increased an upper limit for proportion of dietary free AA from 10 to 19 % of dietary CP and enabled higher free AA inclusion without affecting the acid-base balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ibrahim
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Ákos Kenéz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
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Eugenio FA, van Milgen J, Duperray J, Sergheraert R, Le Floc'h N. Feeding pigs amino acids as protein-bound or in free form influences postprandial concentrations of amino acids, metabolites, and insulin. Animal 2023; 17:100684. [PMID: 36542911 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary proteins need to be digested first while free amino acids (AAs) and small peptides are readily available for absorption and rapidly appear in the blood. The rapid postprandial appearance of dietary AA in the systemic circulation may result in inefficient AA utilisation for protein synthesis of peripheral tissues if other nutrients implicated in AA and protein metabolism are not available at the same time. The objective of this experiment was to compare the postprandial concentrations of plasma AA and other metabolites after the ingestion of a diet that provided AA either as proteins or as free AA and small peptides. Twenty-four male growing pigs (38.8 ± 2.67 kg) fitted with a jugular catheter were assigned to one of three diets that provided AA either in protein form (INT), free AA and small peptides (HYD), or as free AA (FAA). After an overnight fast and initial blood sampling, a small meal was given to each pig followed by serial blood collection for 360 min. Postprandial concentrations of plasma AA, glucose, insulin, and urea were then measured from the collected blood. Non-linear regression was used to summarise the postprandial plasma AA kinetics. Fasting concentrations of urea and some AA were higher (P < 0.05) while postprandial plasma insulin and glucose were lower (P < 0.01) for INT than for HYD and FAA. The area under the curve of plasma concentration after meal distribution was lower for INT for most AAs (P < 0.05), resulting in a flatter curve compared to HYD and FAA. This was the result of the slower appearance of dietary AA in the plasma when proteins are fed instead of free AA and small peptides. The flatter curve may also result from more AAs being metabolised by the intestine and liver when INT was fed. The metabolism of AA of the intestine and liver was higher for HYD than FAA. Providing AA as proteins or as free AA and small peptides affected the postprandial plasma kinetics of AA, urea, insulin, and glucose. Whether the flat kinetics when feeding proteins has a positive or negative effect on AA metabolism still needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Eugenio
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - J van Milgen
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - J Duperray
- BCF Life Sciences, Boisel, 56140 Pleucadeuc, France
| | | | - N Le Floc'h
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
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Measurement of True Indispensable Amino Acid Digestibility by the Dual Isotope Tracer Technique: A Methodological Review. J Nutr 2023; 153:17-26. [PMID: 36913451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestible indispensable amino acid score uses ileal digestibility of each indispensable amino acid (IAA) of a dietary protein to calculate its protein quality. However, true ileal digestibility, which is the exclusive sum of digestion and absorption of a dietary protein up to the terminal ileum, is difficult to measure in humans. It is traditionally measured using invasive oro-ileal balance methods but can be confounded by endogenous secreted protein in the intestinal lumen, although the use of intrinsically labeled protein corrects for this. A recent, minimally invasive dual isotope tracer technique is now available to measure true IAA digestibility of dietary protein sources. This method involves simultaneous ingestion of 2 intrinsically but differently (stable) isotopically labeled proteins, a (2H or 15N-labeled) test protein and (13C-labeled) reference protein whose true IAA digestibility is known. Using a plateau-feeding protocol, the true IAA digestibility is determined by comparing the steady state ratio of blood to meal test protein IAA enrichment to the similar reference protein IAA ratio. The use of intrinsically labeled protein also distinguishes between IAA of endogenous and dietary origin. The collection of blood samples makes this method minimally invasive. As the α-15N and α-2H atoms of AAs of the intrinsically labeled protein are prone to label loss because of transamination, underestimation of digestibility, appropriate correction factors need to be employed when using 15N or 2H labeled test protein. The true IAA digestibility values of highly digestible animal protein by the dual isotope tracer technique are comparable to that measured by direct oro-ileal balance measurements, but no data are yet available for proteins with lower digestibility. A major advantage is that the minimally invasive method allows for true IAA digestibility measurement in humans across different age groups and physiological conditions.
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Prodhan UK, Milan AM, Shrestha A, Vickers MH, Cameron-Smith D, Barnett MPG. Circulatory amino acid responses to milk consumption in dairy and lactose intolerant individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1415-1422. [PMID: 35459911 PMCID: PMC9550627 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives Self-reported digestive intolerance to dairy foods is common. As dairy can be an important source of dietary protein, this study aimed to identify whether milk protein digestion is compromised in individuals with digestive intolerance. Subjects/methods Adult women (n = 40) were enroled in this double-blinded, randomised cross-over trial, with digestive symptoms characterised using a lactose challenge and self-reported digestive symptom questionnaire. Participants were classified as either lactose intolerant (LI, n = 10), non-lactose dairy intolerant (NLDI, n = 20) or dairy tolerant (DT, n = 10). In a randomised sequence, participants consumed three different kinds of milk (750 ml); conventional milk (CON), a2 Milk™ (A2M), and lactose-free conventional milk (LF-CON). Circulatory plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations were measured at baseline and every 30 min until 3 h post-ingestion. Results In all participants across all milk types, plasma AA concentrations (AUC0-180) increased after milk ingestion with no significant differences in responses observed between milk types or participants (P > 0.05), with the exception of the suppressed lysine response in the DT group following A2M ingestion, relative to the other two groups and milk types (P < 0.05). Conclusion Milk protein digestion, as determined by circulatory AAs, is largely unaffected by dairy- and lactose- intolerances. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Kumar Prodhan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Amber Marie Milan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Aahana Shrestha
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mark Hedley Vickers
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Matthew Philip Greig Barnett
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. .,Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. .,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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6
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Using the dual isotope method to assess cecal amino acid absorption of goat whey protein in rats, a pilot study. Amino Acids 2022; 54:811-821. [PMID: 35192060 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of ileal amino acids (AA) bioavailability is recommended to evaluate protein quality. A dual isotope tracer method, based on plasma isotopic enrichment ratios, has been proposed to determine true digestibility in humans. In a pilot study, we aimed to evaluate whether this method could be implemented in rats to determine AA bioavailability based on isotopic enrichment ratios measured in cecal digesta or plasma samples. Goat milk proteins were intrinsically labeled with 15N and 2H. Wistar rats were fed a meal containing the doubly labeled goat whey proteins and a tracer dose of 13C-spirulina. Blood samples were collected 0, 1 h and 3 h after meal ingestion from the tail vein. The rats were euthanized 4 h (n = 6) or 6 h (n = 6) after meal to collect plasma and intestinal contents. True orocecal protein digestibility and AA bioavailability were assessed by means of 15N and 2H enrichment in cecum content and compared with absorption indexes determined at the plasma or cecum level using isotopic ratios. Plasma kinetics of isotopic enrichment could not be completed due to the limited quantity of plasma obtained with sequential blood collection. However, the absorption indexes determined from cecal 15N or 2H/13C ratios gave coherent values with true orocecal AA bioavailability. This dual isotope approach with measurements of isotopic ratios in digestive content could be an interesting strategy to determine true AA bioavailability in ileal digesta of rats.
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7
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Zhou J, Wang L, Zhou J, Zeng X, Qiao S. Effects of using cassava as an amylopectin source in low protein diets on growth performance, nitrogen efficiency, and postprandial changes in plasma glucose and related hormones concentrations of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab332. [PMID: 34850908 PMCID: PMC8722424 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the effect of using cassava as an amylopectin source in low protein (LP) diets on growth performance, nitrogen efficiency, and postprandial changes in plasma glucose and related hormones concentrations of growing pigs. Three animal experiments were included in the present study. Treatments included corn-soybean meal LP (Corn LP), corn-cassava-soybean meal LP (Corn + Cassava LP), and cassava-soybean meal LP (Cassava LP). The in vitro digestion proved that Corn + Cassava LP and Cassava LP diets induced more rapid starch digestion and glucose release, compared with Corn LP diet. The results of animal experiments are as follows: Cassava LP diet caused the most rapid changes in plasma glucose and relevant hormones concentrations after a meal. It decreased the concentrations of fasting plasma insulin, glucagon, and leptin concentrations compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). These modulations above led to a strong desire to eat and increased feed intake and then weight gain in growing pigs fed Cassava LP diet. Besides, feeding Cassava LP diet caused diarrhea, increased noxious gas release from feces, and increased concentrations of fecal isobutyrate and isovalerate (P < 0.05). Compared with Corn LP group, Corn + Cassava LP group showed significantly decreased urinary nitrogen (P < 0.05) and improved post-absorptive amino acid utilization efficiency. In conclusion, the use of cassava as an amylopectin source in LP diets could modulate glucose absorption and related gut secreted hormones secretion, subsequently strengthened the desire to eat, improved growth performance, and enhanced nitrogen efficiency in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
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8
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Liu SY, Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Selle PH. Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:20. [PMID: 33678187 PMCID: PMC7938486 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry's dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called "non-essential" amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Shemil P Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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9
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Manta-Vogli PD, Dotsikas Y, Loukas YL, Schulpis KH. The phenylketonuria patient: A recent dietetic therapeutic approach. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 23:628-639. [PMID: 30359206 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1538196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency, commonly named phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism inherited with an autosomal recessive trait. It is characterized by high blood and cerebral Phe levels, resulting in intellectual disabilities, seizures, etc. Early diagnosis and treatment of the patients prevent major neuro-cognitive deficits. Treatment consists of a lifelong restriction of Phe intake, combined with the supplementation of special medical foods, such as Amino Acid medical food (AA-mf), enriched in tyrosine (Tyr) and other amino acids and nutrients to avoid nutritional deficits. Developmental and neurocognitive outcomes for patients, however, remain suboptimal, especially when adherence to the demanding diet is poor. Additions to treatment include new, more palatable foods, based on Glycomacropeptide that contains limited amounts of Phe, the administration of large neutral amino acids to prevent phenylalanine entry into the brain and tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor capable of increasing residual PAH activity. Moreover, further efforts are underway to develop an oral therapy containing phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Nutritional support of PKU future mothers (maternal PKU) is also discussed. This review aims to summarize the current literature on new PKU treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope D Manta-Vogli
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis Dotsikas
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharm. Analysis, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, GR 157 71, Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis L Loukas
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharm. Analysis, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, GR 157 71, Athens, Greece
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10
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Yoshikawa M, Morita S, Sonoki H, Iwamoto H, Takeda Y. Evaluation of Protein Requirements Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:54-59. [PMID: 32115454 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method is a novel method for determining protein requirements. Recently, the protein requirement of healthy young men was reevaluated using this method, and the currently recommended protein requirement based on nitrogen balance study was found to be deficient. Similarly, with respect to experimental animals, the protein concentration used widely in the experimental diets was assumed to be deficient. However, only a few studies have tested the IAAO method in experimental animals. In particular, there are no studies on the protein requirement of adult rats measured using this method. Therefore, we applied the IAAO method to adult rats, to determine their casein protein requirement. Male Wistar/ST rats (15-18 wk old, housed in lighting (lights on from 23:00 to 11:00) conditions) were provided with the test diet including graded casein (5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 25%) every 2 h from 11:00 to 17:00. Tracer administration of 13C-phenylalanine was performed hourly from 14:00 to 17:00. Breath 13CO2 was measured every 30 min after the first tracer administration. There were significant differences between the 13CO2 concentration of the 5% and 17% casein groups at 17:00 and 18:00 (p<0.05). The mean casein protein requirement and recommended dietary allowance (RDA) were estimated to be 5.2 g/kg BW/d and 7.0 g/kg BW/d using the mixed-effect change point regression model, respectively. Our results indicated that the recommended casein value may be slightly deficient to satisfy the protein metabolic demand of some adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Yoshikawa
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Shunsuke Morita
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Hirofumi Sonoki
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Iwamoto
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
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11
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The Strong Antioxidant Sheep/Goat Whey Protein Protects Against mTOR Overactivation in Rats: A Mode of Action Mimicking Fasting. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030071. [PMID: 30909557 PMCID: PMC6466539 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein, a by-product of the cheese industry, can be putatively used as a functional food due to its beneficial health properties. The main objective of the present study was to assess in vivo the effect of a sheep/goat whey protein on the plasma amino acid profile and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a regulator of skeletal myogenesis. A control group was fed with a standard commercial diet while the experimental group received a standard commercial diet plus sheep/goat whey protein for 28 days. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was conducted to determine plasma amino acid levels while the expression of p70-S6 Kinase 1 (p70-S6K1) in liver and quadriceps muscles was quantified and used as a biomarker of mTOR activity. The results obtained showed a decrease in the levels of essential and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in the experimental group. Furthermore, p70-S6K1 expression was decreased in the liver of rats consumed whey protein. In conclusion, the reduction of amino acid levels and the concomitant inactivation of mTOR imply that whey could potentially act protectively against disorders induced by mTOR overactivation. Intriguingly, this mode of action mimics fasting, an approach with established advantageous health effects.
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12
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Pena MJ, Guerreiro SG, Rocha JC, Morais T, Pereira SS, Monteiro MP, Borges N. Acute effect of an amino acid mixture in the rat glycemic profile. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13056-13065. [PMID: 30873675 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid mixtures (AAM) are protein substitutes used for phenylketonuria treatment, but their metabolic effects have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to compare the acute glycemic response to free amino acids (free AA) from AAM with the response to intact protein (iProtein). Male Wistar rats (n = 14) were administered by gavage a bolus of free AA (n = 7) or iProtein as albumin (n = 7) containing equivalent amounts of nitrogen. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured at baseline and 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes later, when gut GLP-1 content and pancreatic insulin, GLP-1 receptor and Ki67 expression were quantified at 120 minutes time point. After AAM, glucose area under the curve (free AA vs iProtein; P < 0.01), serum insulin levels at 120 minutes (free AA vs iProtein; P < 0.05), colon GLP-1 content (free AA vs iProtein; P < 0.01), pancreatic GLP-1 receptor (free AA vs iProtein; P < 0.01) and insulin expression (free AA vs iProtein; p < 0.01) were significantly lower as compared with iProtein. AAM increased Ki67 expression in pancreatic islets (free AA vs iProtein; P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that acute response to AAM differs from iProtein and is characterized by a lower glucose excursion, along with a decrease in gut GLP-1 and pancreatic GLP-1 receptor and insulin. This data suggests the modulation of glycemia by free AA is mediated by the incretin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pena
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto de Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - CHUP, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana G Guerreiro
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlio C Rocha
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto de Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - CHUP, Porto, Portugal.,Centro de Referência na área de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - CHUP, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Morais
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Borges
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
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13
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Worsøe PS, Sangild PT, van Goudoever JB, Koletzko B, van der Beek EM, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Burrin DG, van de Heijning BJM, Thymann T. Growth and Clinical Variables in Nitrogen-Restricted Piglets Fed an Adjusted Essential Amino Acid Mix: Effects of Partially Intact Protein-Based Diets. J Nutr 2018; 148:1118-1125. [PMID: 29901723 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current recommendations for protein levels in infant formula are intended to ensure that growth matches or exceeds growth of breastfed infants, but may provide a surplus of amino acids (AAs). Recent infant studies with AA-based formulas support specific adjustment of the essential amino acid (EAA) composition allowing for potential lowering of total protein levels. With the use of a combination of intact protein and free EAAs, we designed a formula that meets these adjusted EAA requirements for infants. Objective Our objective was to test whether this adjusted formula is safe and supports growth in a protein-restricted piglet model, and whether it shows better growth than an isonitrogenous formula based on free AAs. Methods Term piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, n = 72) were fed 1 of 4 isoenergetic formulas containing 70% intact protein and 30% of an EAA mixture or a complete AA-based control for 20 d: standard formula (ST-100), ST-100 with 25% reduction in proteinaceous nitrogen (ST-75), ST-75 with an adjusted EAA composition (O-75), or a diet as O-75, given as a complete AA-based diet (O-75AA). Results After an initial adaptation period, ST-75 and O-75 pigs showed similar growth rates, both lower than ST-100 pigs (∼25 compared with 31 g · kg-1 · d-1, respectively). The O-75AA pigs showed further reduced growth rate (15 g · kg-1 · d-1) and fat proportion (both P < 0.05, relative to O-75). Conclusions Formula based partly on intact protein is superior to AA-based formula in this experimental setting. The 25% lower, but EAA-adjusted, partially intact protein-based formula resulted in similar weight gain with a concomitant increased AA catabolism, compared with the standard 25% lower standard formula in artificially reared, protein-restricted piglets. Further studies should investigate if and how the specific EAA adjustments that allow for lowering of total protein levels will affect growth and body composition development in formula-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi S Worsøe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Eline M van der Beek
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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van Wegberg AMJ, MacDonald A, Ahring K, Bélanger-Quintana A, Blau N, Bosch AM, Burlina A, Campistol J, Feillet F, Giżewska M, Huijbregts SC, Kearney S, Leuzzi V, Maillot F, Muntau AC, van Rijn M, Trefz F, Walter JH, van Spronsen FJ. The complete European guidelines on phenylketonuria: diagnosis and treatment. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:162. [PMID: 29025426 PMCID: PMC5639803 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism caused by deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. If left untreated, PKU results in increased phenylalanine concentrations in blood and brain, which cause severe intellectual disability, epilepsy and behavioural problems. PKU management differs widely across Europe and therefore these guidelines have been developed aiming to optimize and standardize PKU care. Professionals from 10 different European countries developed the guidelines according to the AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) method. Literature search, critical appraisal and evidence grading were conducted according to the SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) method. The Delphi-method was used when there was no or little evidence available. External consultants reviewed the guidelines. Using these methods 70 statements were formulated based on the highest quality evidence available. The level of evidence of most recommendations is C or D. Although study designs and patient numbers are sub-optimal, many statements are convincing, important and relevant. In addition, knowledge gaps are identified which require further research in order to direct better care for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. J. van Wegberg
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, PO BOX 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. MacDonald
- Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - K. Ahring
- Department of PKU, Kennedy Centre, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - A. Bélanger-Quintana
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Ramon y Cajal Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Blau
- University Children’s Hospital, Dietmar-Hoppe Metabolic Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. M. Bosch
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Metabolic Disorders, Academic Medical Centre, University Hospital of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Burlina
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - J. Campistol
- Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Feillet
- Department of Paediatrics, Hôpital d’Enfants Brabois, CHU Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - M. Giżewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - S. C. Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies-Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S. Kearney
- Clinical Psychology Department, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - V. Leuzzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Maillot
- CHRU de Tours, Université François Rabelais, INSERM U1069, Tours, France
| | - A. C. Muntau
- University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. van Rijn
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, PO BOX 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Trefz
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. H. Walter
- Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - F. J. van Spronsen
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, PO BOX 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Che LQ, Peng X, Hu L, Wu C, Xu Q, Fang ZF, Lin Y, Xu SY, Li J, Feng B, Tian G, Zhang RN, Sun H, Wu D, Chen DW. The addition of protein-bound amino acids in low-protein diets improves the metabolic and immunological characteristics in fifteen- to thirty-five-kg pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1277-1287. [PMID: 28380520 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of AA form (crystalline vs. protein bound) in low-protein diets on growth, metabolic, and immunological characteristics of pigs. A total of 80 barrows (PIC 327 × 1050; 15.57 ± 0.13 kg BW and 48 ± 2 d of age), housed in 4 pigs per pen with 5 pens per treatment, were assigned to 4 dietary treatments of 17, 15, and 13% CP and 13% CP plus casein for 28 d. The crystalline AA were supplemented to meet the requirement of indispensable AA in pigs. Results showed that pigs fed the 13% CP diet or the 13% CP plus casein diet had lower ( < 0.01) ADG and ADFI and a greater ( < 0.01) feed:gain ratio than pigs fed the 17% CP or 15% CP diets over the 4-wk study period. Compared with other diets, pigs fed the 13% CP diet had decreased concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen, albumin ( < 0.01), and mRNA expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (), nuclear factor kappa B (; < 0.05), and Toll-interacting protein (; < 0.01) in the ileum and also increased activity of plasma glutamate-pyruvate transaminase ( < 0.05) and concentrations of IL-1β ( < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor-α ( < 0.01); however, these characteristics were partly normalized by feeding the 13% CP plus casein diet. Furthermore, the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; < 0.01) and mRNA expressions of protein kinase B (), mammalian target of rapamycin (), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase () in longissimus muscle were increased ( < 0.05) in pigs fed the 13% CP plus casein diet relative to pigs fed the 17% CP or 15% CP diets. In summary, reducing dietary CP level from 17% to 15% had no effect on growth, metabolic, and immunological characteristics of 15- to 35-kg pigs. A further reduction of dietary CP level up to 13% would lead to poor growth performance, but metabolic and immunological characteristics were partly normalized using protein-bound AA to replace synthesized AA in the 13% CP diet.
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16
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Jani R, Coakley K, Douglas T, Singh R. Protein intake and physical activity are associated with body composition in individuals with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:104-110. [PMID: 28465125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine whether body composition as it relates to dietary protein in patients with phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is associated with genotype, dietary factors, and lifestyle choices. METHODS We examined associations between protein intake (intact and medical foods: MF) and body composition in PAH-deficient patients along with, physical activity, and genotype. Protein intakes (total, intact, and MF) were analysed from three-day food records with Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) in 59 children and 27 adults (N=86, median age=16.0years). The severity of PAH deficiency was classified using the genotype assigned value method (AV sum). Physical activity was assessed using a study-developed question (light vs. intense activity). Body composition was measured by DXA, including android:gynoid ratio (A:G), fat-free mass index (FFMI), fat mass index (FMI), and FMI:FFMI ratio. RESULTS High intact protein intake was associated with high FFMI (rs=0.75, p=0.008) and low FMI:FFMI (rs=-0.59, p=0.04) in adults. Only in children, MF protein (rs=0.38, p=0.04) was directly proportional to FFMI. Median intact protein intakes of adults (25.1 vs. 9.9g/d, p<0.001) and children (11 vs. 6g/d, p<0.001) were higher than prescribed. Only in adults, the actual median MF protein intake was lower than prescribed (53 vs. 60g/d, p=0.03). In adults and children, light activity was associated with higher fat mass indices compared to intense activity (adults: FMI:FFMI: β=1.1, p=0.001, children: FMI:FFMI: β=1.1, p=0.007; FMI β=2.1, p=0.01; A:G β=1.1, p=0.04). All associations remained significant after covariate adjustment. Genotype was not associated with body composition. CONCLUSIONS Although fat-free mass in adults was positively associated with intact protein intake, it should be consumed as prescribed per individual tolerance to maintain plasma Phe concentrations within treatment range. In children, total protein maximized with MF should be encouraged to promote lean mass. Nutrition counselling could be complemented with physical activity recommendations for optimal clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Jani
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Kathryn Coakley
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Teresa Douglas
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rani Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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17
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Fuller BT, Petzke KJ. The dietary protein paradox and threonine 15 N-depletion: Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ 15 N trophic level effect. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:705-718. [PMID: 28181729 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ15 N values) are used to reconstruct dietary patterns, but the biochemical mechanism(s) responsible for the diet to tissue trophic level effect and its variability are not fully understood. Here δ15 N amino acid (AA) values and physiological measurements (nitrogen intake, plasma albumin concentrations, liver-reduced glutathione concentrations and leucine oxidation rates) are used to investigate increased dietary protein consumption and oxidative stress (vitamin E deficiency) in rat total plasma protein. METHODS Using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry, the δ15 N values from N-pivaloyl-i-propyl esters of 15 AAs are reported for rats (n = 40) fed casein-based diets with: adequate protein (AP, 13.8%; n = 10), medium protein (MP, 25.7%; n = 10), high protein (HP, 51.3%; n = 10) or HP without vitamin E (HP-E; n = 10) for 18 weeks. RESULTS Between the HP and AP groups, the δ15 NAA values of threonine (-4.0‰), serine (+1.4‰) and glycine (+1.2‰) display the largest differences and show significant correlations with: nitrogen intake, plasma albumin concentrations, liver-reduced glutathione concentrations and leucine oxidation rates. This indicates increased AA catabolism by the dietary induction of shared common metabolic pathways involving the enzymes threonine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.19), serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) and the glycine cleavage system (EC 2.1.2.10). The δ15 NAA values of the HP-E and HP groups were not found to be significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The 15 N-depleted results of threonine are linked to increased activity of threonine ammonia-lyase, and show potential as a possible biomarker for protein intake and/or gluconeogenesis. We hypothesize that the inverse nitrogen equilibrium isotope effects of Schiff base formation, between AAs and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate cofactor enzymes, play a key role in the bioaccumulation and depletion of 15 N in the biomolecules of living organisms and contributes to the variability in the nitrogen trophic level effect. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Fuller
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Klaus J Petzke
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
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18
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Nutritional status in patients with phenylketonuria using glycomacropeptide as their major protein source. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1230-1234. [PMID: 28402322 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Low phenylalanine (PHE), glycomacropeptide-based protein substitute (GMP) is an alternative to traditional L-amino acid supplements (AA) used in the dietary management of phenylketonuria (PKU). In a retrospective, longitudinal study, we report the nutritional status of PKU patients taking AA and GMP. SUBJECTS/METHODS Eleven PKU patients aged 27±10 years (1 HPA, 4 mild and 6 classical PKU) on dietary treatment were evaluated (anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure measurements, biochemical markers including vitamin, mineral, lipids, carbohydrates and protein status/metabolism, and nutritional intake assessment) at two different annual reviews. The mean time taking AA was 13±5 months and GMP 13±7 months. Blood phenylalanine (PHE) and tyrosine (TYR) were analysed before and after GMP introduction. RESULTS Both GMP and AA protein substitutes provided similar protein equivalent intake (0.85 vs 0.75 g/kg/day, P=0.182). In the GMP group, it contributed 57% (27-100%) of the protein substitute intake (with AA delivering the rest of protein substitute intake), providing an additional 34±12 mg/day PHE. Nutritional intake, anthropometry and body composition measurements were similar in both the groups. Median blood PHE did not change (P=0.594), although values within target range improved (36 vs 46%), but this was not statistically significant. Mean blood TYR increased (52.0±19.2 vs 63.2±25.6 μmol/l, P=0.033), and all biochemical markers remained stable, except for a lower A1C haemoglobin (P=0.011). CONCLUSIONS Partial GMP contribution to total protein substitute intake did not affect nutritional status in patients with PKU. Blood PHE control was not adversely affected. The increased blood TYR after GMP introduction necessitates further study.
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19
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Roy SS, Mukherjee S, Ballard BR, Das SK. Protection Against Dimethylbenz[a] Anthracene-Induced Breast Cancer in Female Rats by α-Lactalbumin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER AND ONCOLOGY 2016; 3:1-6. [PMID: 27517093 PMCID: PMC4978184 DOI: 10.15436/2377-0902.16.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of α-lactalbumin as dietary protein offers a beneficial effect on breast cancer development. Breast cancer was developed by gavage administration of single dose of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in female rats, maintained on AIN-76A diet with either 20% casein or α-lactalbumin (a component of whey protein). All tumors were detected by palpation. After approximately 130 days of DMBA administration, the animals were euthanized. There was a delay in the development of breast tumor in the α-lactalbumin group in comparison to the casein group. The number of tumors per rat was less in the α-lactalbumin group than that in the casein group at any time point up to 130 days after DMBA administration. Also the incidence of tumors and tumor volume was less in the α-lactalbumin group than those in the casein group. The casein group had a mixture of grade I, grade II and grade III tumors whereas the α-lactalbumin group had mostly grade I tumor. Furthermore, the proliferative index was significantly lower in the α-lactalbumin group than that in the casein group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdutta Sinha Roy
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shyamali Mukherjee
- Department of Professional Education, Neurosciences & Pharmacology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Billy R Ballard
- Department of Pathology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Salil K Das
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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McCue MD, Welch KC. (13)C-Breath testing in animals: theory, applications, and future directions. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:265-85. [PMID: 26660654 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The carbon isotope values in the exhaled breath of an animal mirror the carbon isotope values of the metabolic fuels being oxidized. The measurement of stable carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide is called (13)C-breath testing and offers a minimally invasive method to study substrate oxidation in vivo. (13)C-breath testing has been broadly used to study human exercise, nutrition, and pathologies since the 1970s. Owing to reduced use of radioactive isotopes and the increased convenience and affordability of (13)C-analyzers, the past decade has witnessed a sharp increase in the use of breath testing throughout comparative physiology--especially to answer questions about how and when animals oxidize particular nutrients. Here, we review the practical aspects of (13)C-breath testing and identify the strengths and weaknesses of different methodological approaches including the use of natural abundance versus artificially-enriched (13)C tracers. We critically compare the information that can be obtained using different experimental protocols such as diet-switching versus fuel-switching. We also discuss several factors that should be considered when designing breath testing experiments including extrinsic versus intrinsic (13)C-labelling and different approaches to model nutrient oxidation. We use case studies to highlight the myriad applications of (13)C-breath testing in basic and clinical human studies as well as comparative studies of fuel use, energetics, and carbon turnover in multiple vertebrate and invertebrate groups. Lastly, we call for increased and rigorous use of (13)C-breath testing to explore a variety of new research areas and potentially answer long standing questions related to thermobiology, locomotion, and nutrition.
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21
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Choopani R, Mehrbani M, Fekri A, Mehrabani M. Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis From the Perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine: Presentation of a Novel Therapeutic Approach. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 22:5-11. [PMID: 26260045 DOI: 10.1177/2156587215598610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong current trend for using complementary and alternative medications to treat atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis is a common, chronic, pruritic, and inflammatory skin disease. It can have a profound, negative effect on patients' quality of life. Mild cases of atopic dermatitis can be controlled by the application of moisturizers and topical corticosteroids. However, in severe cases, application of immunosuppressive medication is unavoidable but it can have adverse effects. In traditional Persian medicine, diseases similar to resistant atopic dermatitis are treated with whey in combination with decoction of field dodder. Both whey and field dodder have anti-inflammatory properties. Consumption of whey can also aid skin repair, mitigate pruritus, and help combat the high level of stress experienced by patients. Therefore, it is hypothesized that consumption of traditional medicinal treatment of whey with decoction of field dodder can be applied as a complementary treatment for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Choopani
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Mehrbani
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Fekri
- Department of Dermatology, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mitra Mehrabani
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Aguiar A, Ahring K, Almeida MF, Assoun M, Belanger Quintana A, Bigot S, Bihet G, Blom Malmberg K, Burlina A, Bushueva T, Caris A, Chan H, Clark A, Clark S, Cochrane B, Corthouts K, Dalmau J, Dassy M, De Meyer A, Didycz B, Diels M, Dokupil K, Dubois S, Eftring K, Ekengren J, Ellerton C, Evans S, Faria A, Fischer A, Ford S, Freisinger P, Giżewska M, Gokmen-Ozel H, Gribben J, Gunden F, Heddrich-Ellerbrok M, Heiber S, Heidenborg C, Jankowski C, Janssen-Regelink R, Jones I, Jonkers C, Joerg-Streller M, Kaalund-Hansen K, Kiss E, Lammardo AM, Lang K, Lier D, Lilje R, Lowry S, Luyten K, MacDonald A, Meyer U, Moor D, Pal A, Robert M, Robertson L, Rocha JC, Rohde C, Ross K, Saruhan S, Sjöqvist E, Skeath R, Stoelen L, Ter Horst NM, Terry A, Timmer C, Tuncer N, Vande Kerckhove K, van der Ploeg L, van Rijn M, van Spronsen FJ, van Teeffelen-Heithoff A, van Wegberg A, van Wyk K, Vasconcelos C, Vitoria I, Wildgoose J, Webster D, White FJ, Zweers H. Practices in prescribing protein substitutes for PKU in Europe: No uniformity of approach. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 115:17-22. [PMID: 25862610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There appears little consensus concerning protein requirements in phenylketonuria (PKU). METHODS A questionnaire completed by 63 European and Turkish IMD centres from 18 countries collected data on prescribed total protein intake (natural/intact protein and phenylalanine-free protein substitute [PS]) by age, administration frequency and method, monitoring, and type of protein substitute. Data were analysed by European region using descriptive statistics. RESULTS The amount of total protein (from PS and natural/intact protein) varied according to the European region. Higher median amounts of total protein were prescribed in infants and children in Northern Europe (n=24 centres) (infants <1 year, >2-3g/kg/day; 1-3 years of age, >2-3 g/kg/day; 4-10 years of age, >1.5-2.5 g/kg/day) and Southern Europe (n=10 centres) (infants <1 year, 2.5 g/kg/day, 1-3 years of age, 2 g/kg/day; 4-10 years of age, 1.5-2 g/kg/day), than by Eastern Europe (n=4 centres) (infants <1 year, 2.5 g/kg/day, 1-3 years of age, >2-2.5 g/kg/day; 4-10 years of age, >1.5-2 g/kg/day) and with Western Europe (n=25 centres) giving the least (infants <1 year, >2-2.5 g/kg/day, 1-3 years of age, 1.5-2 g/kg/day; 4-10 years of age, 1-1.5 g/kg/day). Total protein prescription was similar in patients aged >10 years (1-1.5 g/kg/day) and maternal patients (1-1.5 g/kg/day). CONCLUSIONS The amounts of total protein prescribed varied between European countries and appeared to be influenced by geographical region. In PKU, all gave higher than the recommended 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU safe levels of protein intake for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aguiar
- Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, Portugal
| | - K Ahring
- Kennedy Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - M F Almeida
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto de Magalhães, CHP EPE, Porto, Portugal; Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research, UMIB-FCT, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Assoun
- Service des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - S Bigot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, France
| | - G Bihet
- Centre Hospitalier Chrétien, Centre Pinocchio Liège, Belgium
| | | | - A Burlina
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Padova, Italy
| | - T Bushueva
- Scientific Center of Children's Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A Caris
- Centre Wallon de Génétique Humaine, Maladies Métaboliques, CHU de Liège Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - H Chan
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Clark
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Clark
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Cochrane
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - K Corthouts
- University Hospitals Leuven, Center of Metabolic Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - M Dassy
- Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A De Meyer
- Center of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B Didycz
- University Children's Hospital, Cracow, Poland
| | - M Diels
- University Hospitals Leuven, Center of Metabolic Diseases, ZOL, Genk, Belgium
| | - K Dokupil
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - S Dubois
- Service des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - K Eftring
- Queen Silvia's Children Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Ekengren
- Queen Silvia's Children Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - S Evans
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Faria
- Hospital Pediatrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Portugal
| | - A Fischer
- Klinikum am Steinenberg, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Reutlingen, Germany
| | - S Ford
- North Bristol NHS Trust Southmead and Frenchay, UK
| | - P Freisinger
- Klinikum am Steinenberg, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Reutlingen, Germany
| | - M Giżewska
- Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - H Gokmen-Ozel
- Haccettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - J Gribben
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - F Gunden
- Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - S Heiber
- University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Heidenborg
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Jankowski
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - I Jones
- Center of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Jonkers
- Academic Medical Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Joerg-Streller
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Clinic for Pediatrics, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Austria
| | | | - E Kiss
- Semmelweis University, Hungary
| | | | - K Lang
- Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - D Lier
- Klinikum am Steinenberg, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Reutlingen, Germany
| | - R Lilje
- Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - S Lowry
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Luyten
- Center of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A MacDonald
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
| | - U Meyer
- Clinic of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - D Moor
- Kinderspital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Pal
- Akademiska University Hospital (Children's Centre), Sweden
| | - M Robert
- Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Reine Fabiola, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - J C Rocha
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto de Magalhães, CHP EPE, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Portugal
| | - C Rohde
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Hospitals, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Ross
- Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Scotland, UK
| | - S Saruhan
- Haccettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Sjöqvist
- Children's Hospital, University Hospital Skåne, Sweden
| | - R Skeath
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - L Stoelen
- Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | | | - A Terry
- Alderhey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - N Tuncer
- Dokuz Eylül University Nevvar-Salih İşgören Children Hospital, Turkey
| | - K Vande Kerckhove
- University Hospitals Leuven, Center of Metabolic Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - M van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - F J van Spronsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - A van Wegberg
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands
| | - K van Wyk
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C Vasconcelos
- Centro Hospitalar São João - Unidade de Doenças Metabólicas, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - D Webster
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - F J White
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - H Zweers
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands
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Schönhusen U, Junghans P, Flöter A, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Görs S, Schneider F, Metges CC, Hammon HM. First-pass uptake and oxidation of glucose by the splanchnic tissue in young goats fed soy protein-based milk diets with or without amino acid supplementation: glucose metabolism in goat kids after soy feeding. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2400-2412. [PMID: 23415525 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to examine whether feeding soy protein isolate as partial replacement of casein (CN) affects glucose metabolism in young goats and whether effects may be ameliorated by supplementation of those AA known to be lower concentrated in soy than in CN. Goat kids (d 20 of age) were fed comparable milk protein diets, in which 50% of the crude protein was either CN (control, CON), soy protein isolate (SPI), or soy protein isolate supplemented with AA (SPIA) for 43 d (n=8 per group). On d 62 of age, a single bolus dose of d-[(13)C6]glucose (10mg/kg of BW) was given with the morning diet, and simultaneously, a single bolus dose of d-[6,6-(2)H2]glucose (5mg/kg of BW) was injected into a jugular vein. Blood samples were collected between -30 and +420 min relative to the tracer administration to measure the (13)C and (2)H enrichments of plasma glucose and the (13)C enrichment of blood CO2. Glucose first-pass uptake by the splanchnic tissues was calculated from the rate of appearance of differentially labeled glucose tracer in plasma. Glucose oxidation was calculated from (13)C enrichment in blood CO2. In addition, plasma concentrations of triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured. On d 63 of age, kids were killed and jejunal mucosa and liver samples were collected to measure lactase mRNA levels and lactase and maltase activities in the jejunum and activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver. Basal plasma glucose concentration tended to be higher in the CON than the SPIA group, whereas basal insulin was higher in the CON group than the SPI and SPIA groups, and glucagon was higher in the CON than the SPIA group. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations increased during the first hour after feeding, whereas plasma glucagon increased immediately after feeding and after 1h of feeding. First-pass uptake and glucose oxidation were not affected by diet. Maltase activities in proximal and mid jejunum and lactase activities in mid jejunum were lower in the CON than in the SPIA group. Activities of PEPCK were higher in the SPIA than in the SPI group. In conclusion, feeding milk diets with soy protein isolate seems to affect glucose status in kids, but has no effect on first-pass uptake and oxidation of glucose. The highest activities of lactase and maltase were observed after supplementation with AA. Higher PEPCK activities in the liver may point at elevated gluconeogenic activities after AA supplementation in soy-fed kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schönhusen
- Department of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," and.
| | - P Junghans
- Department of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," and
| | - A Flöter
- Department of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," and
| | | | - S Görs
- Department of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," and
| | - F Schneider
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C C Metges
- Department of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," and
| | - H M Hammon
- Department of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," and
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses the mechanisms of the dysfunctional gut during the critical illness and the possibility that an immunonutrient such as whey protein can play a role in better tolerance of enteral nutrition, also decreasing inflammation and increasing anti-inflammatory defenses. RECENT FINDINGS Impaired gastric motor function and associated feed intolerance are common issues in critically ill patients. Some studies have been published with enteral nutrition enriched with whey protein as a dietary protein supplement that provides antimicrobial activity, immune modulation, improving muscle strength and body composition, and preventing cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. SUMMARY Early enteral feeding will enhance patient recovery and the use of enteral diets enriched with whey protein may play a role in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Abrahão
- ETERNU Multidisciplinary Nutritional Team/Rio de Janeiro - Casa de Saúde São José, Hospital Badim, Hospital Pasteur, Hospital Israelita Albert Sabin, Hospital Cardiotrauma, Casa de Saúde Santa Lúcia, Brazil.
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Huemer M, Simma B, Mayr D, Möslinger D, Mühl A, Schmid I, Ulmer H, Bodamer OA. Free asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is low in children and adolescents with classical phenylketonuria (PKU). J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:817-21. [PMID: 22290024 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Free asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a competitive inhibitor of the nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Suppression of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, in the condition of oxidative stress, NOS blockade by ADMA may exert protective effects. Protein metabolism is altered in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) on dietary treatment and as shown recently, oxidative stress is high in PKU. Since free ADMA concentrations are determined by both protein metabolism and oxidative stress we hypothesized, that free ADMA levels may be elevated in PKU patients. DESIGN Sixteen patientswith PKU on dietary treatment (mean age 10.1 ± 5.2 yrs), and 91 healthy children (mean age 11.6 ± 3.7 yrs) participated in a cross sectional study. RESULTS ADMA, total homocysteine (tHcy) and blood glucose were lower and the L-arginine/ADMA ratio was higher in PKU patients compared to controls. No significant correlation was present between phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations, protein intake, and lipid profile, history of cardiovascular disease or ADMA. DISCUSSION In contrast to our hypothesis, ADMAwas lower and the L-arginine/ADMA ratio was higher in PKU patients. Therefore, in PKU patients, the regulating function of ADMA on NO synthesis is altered and may thus contribute to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huemer
- Department of Pediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Carl Pedenz Str. 2, 6900 Bregenz, Austria.
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26
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Glutamine and whey protein improve intestinal permeability and morphology in patients with Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1000-12. [PMID: 22038507 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased intestinal permeability (IP) has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis, disease activity and relapse of Crohn's disease (CD). Glutamine, the major fuel for the enterocytes, may improve IP. AIM We evaluated the effect of oral glutamine on IP and intestinal morphology in patients with CD. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, consecutive patients with CD in remission phase with an abnormal IP were randomized to a glutamine group (GG) or active control group (ACG) and were given oral glutamine or whey protein, respectively, as 0.5 g/kg ideal body weight/day for 2 months. IP was assessed by the lactulose mannitol excretion ratio (LMR) in urine, and morphometry was performed by computerized image analysis system. RESULTS Patients (age 34.5 ± 10.5 years; 20 males) were assigned to the GG (n = 15) or ACG (n = 15). Fourteen patients in each group completed the trial. The LMR [median (range)] in GG and ACG at 2 months was 0.029 (0.006-0.090) and 0.033 (0.009-0.077), respectively, with P = 0.6133. IP normalized in 8 (57.1%) patients in each group (P = 1.000). The villous crypt ratio (VCR) [mean (SD)] in GG and ACG at 2 months was 2.68 (1.02) and 2.49 (0.67), respectively, (P = 0.347). At the end of 2 months LMR improved significantly in GG from 0.071 (0.041-0.254) to 0.029 (0.006-0.090) (P = 0.0012) and in ACG from 0.067 (0.040-0.136) to 0.033 (0.009-0.077) (P = 0.0063). VCR improved in the GG from 2.33 (0.77) to 2.68 (1.02) (P = 0.001), and in ACG from 2.26 (0.57) to 2.49 (0.67) (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Intestinal permeability and morphology improved significantly in both glutamine and ACG.
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Rubio LA. Differences in portal flow rates of amino acids and liver composition between rats fed casein or lactalbumin. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 65:497-511. [PMID: 22256679 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2011.609754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The portal appearance rates and net rates of amino acids' absorption were studied in rats fed semi-synthetic diets containing either casein or lactalbumin (CAS and LA, respectively) as the only protein sources. Rats were pre-adapted to the experimental diets for 5 days prior to the absorption studies. Rats fed the LA diet had higher (p < 0.05) portal vein concentrations of free essential amino acids than those fed the CAS diet at 0, 60, 105 and 150 min after feeding. Portal and arterial concentrations of arginine, leucine, tryptophan, lysine and methionine were higher (p < 0.05) in rats fed LA at most time points tested, while concentrations of tyrosine were higher (p < 0.05) in CAS fed rats. When portal flow rates were compared, values for arginine, threonine, alanine, leucine, tryptophan and lysine were higher (p < 0.05) in LA at most time points tested, while proline, tyrosine and valine were higher (p < 0.05) for CAS fed rats after 60 and 105 min feeding. Portal blood flow varied (p < 0.05) with time in rats fed protein-free or LA diets, and was higher (p < 0.05) than that of CAS at 105 min. Intestinal net rates of absorption of tyrosine, valine, leucine and lysine were higher (p < 0.05) for LA fed rats as compared to those fed CAS at most time points tested, while alanine and proline net rates were higher (p < 0.05) for CAS fed rats at 60, 105 and 150 min. Amounts of protein in stomach contents of rats fed the CAS diet were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in LA fed rats at 60, 105 and 150 min after feeding. The relative liver weight of the rats fed the CAS diet was lower (p < 0.05) than that of animals fed the LA diet. Lower (p < 0.05) liver glycogen and lipid contents were determined in rats fed CAS diet respect to LA or protein-free fed rats. Results indicate that dietary and plasma amino acids profile are only partially related, and that under normal feeding conditions amino acids from CAS and LA are absorbed at different rates, which is likely to affect liver composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Rubio
- Departamento Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INA, EEZ, CSIC), Instituto de Nutrición Animal, Granada, Spain.
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Fromentin C, Sanders P, Nau F, Anton M, Fromentin G, Tomé D, Thibault JN, Gaudichon C. A pilot study for the intrinsic labeling of egg proteins with 15N and 13C. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:43-48. [PMID: 22215577 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce intrinsically and uniformly doubly (15)N-(13)C-labeled proteins. These proteins can be used as intrinsic tracers of dietary amino acids, both α-amino groups and carbon skeletons, during postprandial metabolic utilization. Two (Rhodes) laying hens were fed for 16 days with a standard poultry diet supplemented with 0, 0.2% or 0.4% of a mixture of 20 doubly (15)N-(13)C-labeled AAs. A third hen was given a non-enriched diet, as the control. The eggs laid were collected over 24 days, from 3 days before to 4 days after supplementation. The (15)N and (13)C enrichments in proteins from white and yolk were measured by EA-IRMS and GC-C-IRMS for enrichment in individual amino acids. After 10 days of supplementation, the (15)N enrichment reached an isotopic plateau at 1500 to 3000 ‰, depending on the supplementation level, in both white and yolk while the (13)C enrichment was 220 to 650 ‰ in white and was 100 to 250 ‰ in yolk. The (15)N enrichment was similar among the amino acids, except for the aromatic ones in which the enrichment was lower. The δ(13)C values were variable among amino acids in both white and yolk, ranging from 77 ‰ for tyrosine to 555 ‰ for proline with the 0.2 % supplementation level. In conclusion, the incorporation of 0.2 % labeled amino acids in the hen diet allowed us to achieve sufficient enrichment for metabolic studies. However, due to the non-homogeneity of the (13)C labeling, adequate (13)C enrichment of individual amino acids must be considered depending on the investigated metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Fromentin
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
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Belanger-Quintana A, Martínez-Pardo M. Physical development in patients with phenylketonuria on dietary treatment: a retrospective study. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:480-4. [PMID: 21878401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the growth and physical development in patients with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency who follow exclusively dietary treatment. METHODS Anthropometric measurements of 160 patients with hyperphenylalaninemia who were followed at our center over a 25 year period were obtained. Only patients treated exclusively with a protein-restrictive diet supplemented with amino acid mixtures were included. Height, weight and body mass index were measured at birth, at diagnosis, at 6 and 12 months of age, and annually until 18 years of age in patients with phenylketonuria or until 9 years of age in patients with mild hyperphenylalaninemia and compared to official national reference values. The final height of PKU patients was also compared to their expected family height. RESULTS The analysis of z scores suggested no significant differences in physical development between PKU patients and the healthy population during the study period. The final height of PKU patients revealed that they were 2 to 4 cm taller than expected when compared to the mean family height (p<0.001). The mean weight and BMI at puberty suggested that many patients with severe PKU, but not other phenotypes, were overweight during this period. CONCLUSION Physical development can be optimal in PKU patients regardless of their phenotype and the severity of the diet. A tendency to excessive weight gain is seen in adolescence in the most severe phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Belanger-Quintana
- Unidad de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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Nolles JA, Verreijen AM, Koopmanschap RE, Verstegen MWA, Schreurs VVAM. Postprandial oxidative losses of free and protein-bound amino acids in the diet: interactions and adaptation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 93:431-8. [PMID: 19141108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial oxidation of dietary free amino acids or egg white protein was studied using the [13CO2] breath test in rats, as well as in humans. Thirty-eight male rats were assigned to four dietary test groups. Two diets only differed in their protein fraction. Diet I contained 21% egg white protein. For the breath test egg white protein, intrinsically labelled with [1-13C]-leucine, was used as a substrate. Diet II contained the same amino acids as diet I, though not as egg white protein but in free form. Free [1-13C]-leucine was used to label this diet. In addition, two 1:1 mixtures of both diets were used. During the breath test either the free amino acid or the protein fraction was labelled as in diets I or II. The animals were breath-tested following short-term (day 5) and long-term adaptation (day 20) to their experimental diet. For all diets, including the mixed diets, postprandial oxidative losses on day 5 were significantly higher for the free leucine compared with the protein-derived leucine. Differences between free and protein-derived leucine oxidation had, however, largely disappeared on day 20. The human subjects were breath-tested without any adaptation period to the diets. The oxidative losses of free leucine were also higher than those of protein-derived leucine. None of the studies showed any indication for an interaction between the oxidation of protein-derived amino acids and free amino acids. It is concluded that free and protein-derived amino acids in the diet are mainly metabolized independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Nolles
- Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Adechian S, Rémond D, Gaudichon C, Dardevet D, Mosoni L. The nature of the ingested protein has no effect on lean body mass during energy restriction in overweight rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1137-44. [PMID: 20966913 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Severe energy restriction in obesity not only leads to fat mass loss but also to lean mass loss. The aim of this study was to compare the capacity of casein, a slowly digested protein, and milk soluble proteins (MSP; rapidly digested) to limit the loss of lean mass induced by energy restriction. Obesity was first induced in male Wistar rats by a 5-week feeding with a high-fat high-sucrose diet. The impact of energy restriction was then studied with high-protein (32%) diets containing either casein, MSP, or a 50/50 mixture of both proteins for 3 weeks (n = 10 per group). Food intake, body weight, nitrogen balance, creatinine, and 3-methyl-histidine excretion were measured during energy restriction. Then, tissue weights, plasma metabolic parameters (amino acids, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides), and in vivo liver and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle protein synthesis rates were measured in postabsorptive state at the end of the experimental period. Although significant differences relevant to protein metabolism were observed between groups (protein intake, plasma amino acid concentrations, fecal nitrogen excretion, muscle protein synthesis rates), week per week, there were no significant differences in nitrogen balance whatever the protein used. In conclusion, our results show that in young overweight energy restricted rats, using a high-protein diet, the nature of protein intake has no influence on body protein retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Adechian
- INRA, UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, F-63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Tracking the Oxidative and Nonoxidative Fates of Isotopically Labeled Nutrients in Animals. Bioscience 2011. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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MacDonald A, Rocha JC, van Rijn M, Feillet F. Nutrition in phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104 Suppl:S10-8. [PMID: 21944460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The same basic principles are used to deliver dietary treatment in PKU that was developed sixty years ago. Dietary treatment is undoubtedly very successful, but it has gradually evolved and been guided commonly by individual experience and expert opinion only. There is little international consensus about dietary practice with improvements in specialist dietary products concentrating on taste and presentation rather than nutritional composition. Many areas of dietary treatment have not been rigorously examined. In particular, the amino acid and micronutrient profile of Phenylalanine-free (phe-free) amino acids requires further study. In different formulations of phe-free amino acids, there are variations in the amino acid patterns as well the amount of essential and non essential amino acids per 100g/amino acids. The amount of added tyrosine and branch chain amino varies substantially, and in PKU specifically, there is little data about their relative absorption rates and bioavailability. In phe-free amino acids, there is evidence suggesting that some of the added micronutrients may be excessive and so the source and amount of each micronutrient should be scrutinized, with a need for the development of international nutritional composition standards exclusively for these products. There is a dearth of data about the life-long phenylalanine tolerance of patients or the nutritional state of adult patients treated with diet. There is a growing need to measure body composition routinely in children with PKU and with the rise in childhood obesity, it is important to measure body fatness and identify those who are at greatest risk of 'co-morbidities' of obesity. There is necessity for international collaboration to ensure robust data is collected on many basic aspects of nutritional care to guarantee that diet therapy is delivered to the highest standard.
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van Rijn M, Hoeksma M, Sauer PJ, Modderman P, Reijngoud DJ, van Spronsen FJ. Adult Patients with Well-Controlled Phenylketonuria Tolerate Incidental Additional Intake of Phenylalanine. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 58:94-100. [DOI: 10.1159/000324924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Noatsch A, Petzke KJ, Millrose MK, Klaus S. Body weight and energy homeostasis was not affected in C57BL/6 mice fed high whey protein or leucine-supplemented low-fat diets. Eur J Nutr 2010; 50:479-88. [PMID: 21170537 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine is suggested to act as nutrient signal of high-protein diets regulating pathways associated with an alleviation of metabolic syndrome parameters. However, the subject remains controversial. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to assess and to compare the effects of high-protein diets with dietary leucine supplementation in mice, particularly on energy homeostasis, body composition, and expression of uncoupling protein (UCP), which are suggested to decrease food energy efficiency. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed for 14 weeks to semi-synthetic diets containing either 20% (adequate protein content, AP) or 50% whey protein (high-protein content, HP). A third group was fed the AP diet supplemented with L-leucine (AP + L) corresponding to the leucine content of the HP diet. The total fat content was 5% (w/w). RESULTS Body weight gain, body composition, energy expenditure, and protein expression of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle were not different between groups. In HP-fed mice, a stronger increase in blood glucose levels was detected during glucose tolerance tests compared to AP and AP + L, whereas plasma insulin was similar in all groups. Leucine supplementation did not affect glucose tolerance. Plasma cholesterol was significantly decreased in HP and AP + L when compared to AP. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were increased twofold in HP-fed mice when compared to AP + L and AP groups. Liver and skeletal muscle triglyceride and glycogen concentrations were similar in all groups. Postabsorptive plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids were not significantly increased after exposure to HP and AP + L diets, whereas those of lysine were decreased in HP and AP + L mice when compared to AP (P < 0.001). Plasma methionine concentrations were lower after HP intake when compared to AP and AP + L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that an exposure of mice to HP diets or a corresponding leucine supplementation has no significant effect on energy homeostasis and UCP expression compared with AP diets when feeding a low-fat diet. The use of high-quality whey protein might at least in part explain the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Noatsch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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The postprandial use of dietary amino acids as an energy substrate is delayed after the deamination process in rats adapted for 2 weeks to a high protein diet. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1461-72. [PMID: 20890620 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of dietary amino acids (AA) to energy metabolism under high protein (HP) diets, using a double tracer method to follow simultaneously the metabolic fate of α-amino groups and carbon skeletons. Sixty-seven male Wistar rats were fed a normal (NP) or HP diet for 14 days. Fifteen of them were equipped with a permanent catheter. On day 15, after fasting overnight, they received a 4-g meal extrinsically labeled with a mixture of 20 U-[(15)N]-[(13)C] AA. Energy metabolism, dietary AA deamination and oxidation and their transfer to plasma glucose were measured kinetically for 4 h in the catheterized rats. The transfer of dietary AA to liver glycogen was determined at 4 h. The digestive kinetics of dietary AA, their transfer into liver AA and proteins and the liver glycogen content were measured in the 52 other rats that were killed sequentially hourly over a 4-h period. [(15)N] and [(13)C] kinetics in the splanchnic protein pools were perfectly similar. Deamination increased fivefold in HP rats compared to NP rats. In the latter, all deaminated AA were oxidized. In HP rats, the oxidation rate was slower than deamination, so that half of the deaminated AA was non-oxidized within 4 h. Non-oxidized carbon skeletons were poorly sequestrated in glycogen, although there was a significant postprandial production of hepatic glycogen. Our results strongly suggest that excess dietary AA-derived carbon skeletons above the ATP production capacity, are temporarily retained in intermediate metabolic pools until the oxidative capacities of the liver are no longer overwhelmed by an excess of substrates.
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Schönhusen U, Flöter A, Junghans P, Albrecht E, Petzke K, Zitnan R, Guilloteau P, Metges C, Hammon H. Morphology, proliferation, and ribonucleic acid and fractional protein syntheses in the small intestinal mucosa of young goats fed soy protein-based diets with or without amino acid supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4165-79. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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MacLeod EL, Clayton MK, van Calcar SC, Ney DM. Breakfast with glycomacropeptide compared with amino acids suppresses plasma ghrelin levels in individuals with phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100:303-8. [PMID: 20466571 PMCID: PMC2906609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) requires a lifelong low-phenylalanine (phe) diet where protein needs are met by consumption of a phe-free amino acid (AA) formula; complaints of persistent hunger are common. Foods made with glycomacropeptide (GMP), an intact protein that contains minimal phe and may promote satiety, provide an alternative to AA formula. The objective was to assess the ability of a GMP breakfast to promote satiety and affect plasma concentrations of AAs, insulin, and the appetite stimulating hormone ghrelin in those with PKU, when compared to an AA-based breakfast. Eleven PKU subjects (8 adults and 3 boys ages 11-14) served as their own controls in an inpatient metabolic study with two 4-day treatments: an AA-based diet followed by a diet replacing all AA formula with GMP foods. Plasma concentrations of AAs, insulin and ghrelin were obtained before and/or 180 min after breakfast. Satiety was assessed using a visual analog scale before, immediately after and 150 min after breakfast. Postprandial ghrelin concentration was significantly lower (p=0.03) with GMP compared to an AA-based breakfast, with no difference in fasting ghrelin. Lower postprandial ghrelin concentrations were associated with greater feelings of fullness after breakfast suggesting greater satiety with GMP compared to AAs. Postprandial concentrations of insulin and total plasma AAs were higher after a GMP breakfast compared to an AA-based breakfast consistent with slower absorption and less degradation of AAs from GMP. These results show sustained ghrelin suppression, and suggest greater satiety with ingestion of a meal containing GMP compared with AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. MacLeod
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 1415 Linden Dr, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 USA
| | - Murray K. Clayton
- Departments of Statistics and Plant Pathology, 1210 W. Dayton St, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 USA
| | - Sandra C. van Calcar
- Waisman Center, 1500 Highland Ave, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 USA
| | - Denise M. Ney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 1415 Linden Dr, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 USA
- Waisman Center, 1500 Highland Ave, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 USA
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Rubio LA, Clemente A. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Molecular size distribution affects portal absorption rate of casein amino acids in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:e145-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McCue MD, Sivan O, McWilliams SR, Pinshow B. Tracking the oxidative kinetics of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids in the house sparrow using exhaled 13CO2. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:782-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Clinicians commonly measure the 13CO2 in exhaled breath samples following administration of a metabolic tracer (breath testing) to diagnose certain infections and metabolic disorders. We believe that breath testing can become a powerful tool to investigate novel questions about the influence of ecological and physiological factors on the oxidative fates of exogenous nutrients. Here we examined several predictions regarding the oxidative kinetics of specific carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids in a dietary generalist, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). After administering postprandial birds with 20 mg of one of seven 13C-labeled tracers, we measured rates of 13CO2 production every 15 min over 2 h. We found that sparrows oxidized exogenous amino acids far more rapidly than carbohydrates or fatty acids, and that different tracers belonging to the same class of physiological fuels had unique oxidative kinetics. Glycine had a mean maximum rate of oxidation (2021 nmol min−1) that was significantly higher than that of leucine (351 nmol min−1), supporting our prediction that nonessential amino acids are oxidized more rapidly than essential amino acids. Exogenous glucose and fructose were oxidized to a similar extent (5.9% of dose), but the time required to reach maximum rates of oxidation was longer for fructose. The maximum rates of oxidation were significantly higher when exogenous glucose was administered as an aqueous solution (122 nmol min−1), rather than as an oil suspension (93 nmol min−1), supporting our prediction that exogenous lipids negatively influence rates of exogenous glucose oxidation. Dietary fatty acids had the lowest maximum rates of oxidation (2-6 nmol min−1), and differed significantly in the extent to which each was oxidized, with 0.73%, 0.63% and 0.21% of palmitic, oleic and stearic acid tracers oxidized, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. McCue
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - O. Sivan
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - S. R. McWilliams
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - B. Pinshow
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Deglaire A, Fromentin C, Fouillet H, Airinei G, Gaudichon C, Boutry C, Benamouzig R, Moughan PJ, Tomé D, Bos C. Hydrolyzed dietary casein as compared with the intact protein reduces postprandial peripheral, but not whole-body, uptake of nitrogen in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1011-22. [PMID: 19692493 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with slow proteins, fast proteins are more completely extracted in the splanchnic bed but contribute less to peripheral protein accretion; however, the independent influence of absorption kinetics and the amino acid (AA) pattern of dietary protein on AA anabolism in individual tissues remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the postprandial regional utilization of proteins with similar AA profiles but different absorption kinetics by coupling clinical experiments with compartmental modeling. DESIGN Experimental data pertaining to the intestine, blood, and urine for dietary nitrogen kinetics after a 15N-labeled intact (IC) or hydrolyzed (HC) casein meal were obtained in parallel groups of healthy adults (n = 21) and were analyzed by using a 13-compartment model to predict the cascade of dietary nitrogen absorption and regional metabolism. RESULTS IC and HC elicited a similar whole-body postprandial retention of dietary nitrogen, but HC was associated with a faster rate of absorption than was IC, resulting in earlier and stronger hyperaminoacidemia and hyperinsulinemia. An enhancement of both catabolic (26%) and anabolic (37%) utilization of dietary nitrogen occurred in the splanchnic bed at the expense of its further peripheral availability, which reached 18% and 11% of ingested nitrogen 8 h after the IC and HC meals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The form of delivery of dietary AAs constituted an independent factor of modulation of their postprandial regional metabolism, with a fast supply favoring the splanchnic dietary nitrogen uptake over its peripheral anabolic use. These results question a possible effect of ingestion of protein hydrolysates on tissue nitrogen metabolism and accretion. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00873951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Deglaire
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
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Kim J, Park J, Hong S, Kim MK. Effect of corn gluten and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3:200-7. [PMID: 20090885 PMCID: PMC2808719 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of corn gluten (CG) and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calorie as fat) for 4 weeks. They were then randomly divided into four groups and fed the isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate A (CGHA group, 30% of protein as peptides and 70% as free amino acids) and CG hydrolysate P (CGHP group, 93% of protein as peptides and 7% as free amino acids). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, nitrogen balance, absorptions of energy, protein and fat, lipid profiles in plasma, liver and feces and hepatic activities of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were assessed. The CGHA diet had the highest amount of BCAAs, especially leucine, and most of them existed as free amino acid forms. The CGHA group showed significant weight reduction and negative nitrogen balance. Protein absorption and apparent protein digestibility in the CGHA group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Adipose tissue weights were the lowest in the CGHA group. Activity of CPT tended to be higher in the CGHA group than in other groups and those of FAS, ME and G6PDH were significantly lower in the CGHA group than in other groups. In conclusion, the CGHA diet which had relatively high amounts of free amino acids and BCAAs, especially leucine, had a weight reduction effect by lowering adipose tissue weight and the activities of FAS, ME and G6PDH in experimental animals, but it seemed to be a negative result induced by lowering protein absorption, increasing urinary nitrogen excretion and protein catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohee Kim
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Vaillancourt E, Haman F, Weber JM. Fuel selection in Wistar rats exposed to cold: shivering thermogenesis diverts fatty acids from re-esterification to oxidation. J Physiol 2009; 587:4349-59. [PMID: 19622609 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes the effects of shivering thermogenesis on metabolic fuel selection in Wistar rats. Because lipids account for most of the heat produced, we have investigated: (1) whether the rate of appearance of non-esterified fatty acids (R(a) NEFAs) is stimulated by shivering, (2) whether mono-unsaturated (oleate) and saturated fatty acids (palmitate) are affected similarly, and (3) whether the partitioning between fatty acid oxidation and re-esterification is altered by cold exposure. Fuel oxidation was measured by indirect calorimetry and fatty acid mobilization by continuous infusion of 9,10-[(3)H]oleate and 1-[(14)C]palmitate. During steady-state cold exposure, results show that total heat production is unequally shared by the oxidation of lipids (52% of metabolic rate), carbohydrates (35%) and proteins (13%), and that the same fuel selection pattern is observed at all shivering intensities. All previous research shows that mammals stimulate R(a) NEFA to support exercise or shivering. In contrast, results reveal that the R(a) NEFA of the rat remains constant during cold exposure (55 micromol kg(1) min(1)). No preferential use of mono-unsaturated over saturated fatty acids could be demonstrated. The rat decreases its rate of fatty acid re-esterification from 48.4 +/- 6.4 to 19.6 +/- 6.3 micromol kg(1) min(1) to provide energy to shivering muscles. This study is the first to show that mammals do not only increase fatty acid availability for oxidation by stimulating R(a) NEFA. Reallocation of fatty acids from re-esterification to oxidation is a novel, alternative strategy used by the rat to support shivering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vaillancourt
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, 30 Marie-Curie, PO Box 450, Station A, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
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Threonine metabolism in the intestine of mice: loss of mucin 2 induces the threonine catabolic pathway. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49:99-107. [PMID: 19502996 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181a23dbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that the intestine uses a major part of the dietary threonine intake for the synthesis of the structural component of the protective intestinal mucus layer, the secretory mucin Muc2. In this context, the high intestinal demand for dietary threonine probably results from its incorporation into secretory mucins rich in threonine residues. Therefore, we compared threonine utilization in the colon of Muc2 knockout (Muc2-/-) and wild-type (Muc2+/+) mice to investigate the intestinal dietary threonine metabolism in the absence of Muc2, which results in inflammation of the colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrations and isotopic enrichment of threonine were measured by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry in the serum, colon, and colonic content of mice given a bolus [U-(13)C]threonine enterally. RESULTS We retrieved 37.8% and 40.9% of dietary threonine in Muc2 +/+ and Muc2 -/- mice, respectively, either as free or incorporated threonine. There were no major differences in the availability and concentration of free or incorporated threonine recovered in both serum and colon in both types of mice. However, the Muc2 -/- mice did show overall significantly higher threonine oxidation rates compared with Muc2 +/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of Muc2, dietary threonine is mainly used for constitutive protein synthesis or becomes a substrate for metabolic oxidation. This indicates that inflammation also requires high threonine amounts.
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Katsanos CS, Chinkes DL, Paddon-Jones D, Zhang XJ, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. Whey protein ingestion in elderly persons results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid content. Nutr Res 2009; 28:651-8. [PMID: 19083472 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that both whey protein (WY) and essential amino acids (EAA) are stimuli for muscle protein anabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine if the effects of WY ingestion on muscle protein accrual in elderly persons are due solely to its constituent EAA content. Fifteen elderly persons were randomly assigned to ingest a bolus of either 15 g of WY, 6.72 g of EAA, or 7.57 g of nonessential amino acids (NEAA). We used the leg arteriovenous model to measure the leg phenylalanine balance, which is an index of muscle protein accrual. Phenylalanine balance (nmol x min(-1) kg lean leg mass(-1)) during the 3.5 hours after the bolus ingestion improved in the WY (-216 +/- 14 vs -105 +/- 19; P < .05) but not in the EAA (-203 +/- 21 vs -172 +/- 38; P > .05) or NEAA groups (-203 +/- 19 vs -204 +/- 21; P > .05). The insulin response (uIU x mL(-1) 210 min(-1)) during the same period was lower in both the NEAA (48 +/- 40) and EAA (213 +/- 127) when compared to the WY (1073 +/- 229; P < .05). In conclusion, WY ingestion improves skeletal muscle protein accrual through mechanisms that are beyond those attributed to its EAA content. This finding may have practical implications for the formulation of nutritional supplements to enhance muscle anabolism in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, PO Box 873704, Tempe, AZ 85287-3704, USA.
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Petzke KJ, Klaus S. Reduced postprandial energy expenditure and increased exogenous fat oxidation in young woman after ingestion of test meals with a low protein content. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008; 5:25. [PMID: 18928526 PMCID: PMC2576278 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macronutrient composition of diets can influence energy balance in humans. We tested the hypothesis whether low protein content in single meals may induce lower values of energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FO) as compared to adequate protein content. METHODS Indirect calorimetry was combined with a breath test using naturally 13C-enriched corn oil to differentiate between postprandial exogenous and endogenous FO. Young women ingested single meals containing either 3.9% (low protein, LP) or 11.4% (adequate protein, AP) of total energy (~3100 kJ) as protein. RESULTS Postprandial EE was 160 kJ/6 h lower (p < 0.01) after LP meals and diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) increased less (p < 0.001) as compared to AP meals. Total postprandial FO was not significantly different between meals (~17 g/6 h). However, exogenous postprandial FO was significantly (p < 0.01) higher (4.28 +/- 1.57 g/6 h) after exposure to LP meals as compared to AP meals (1.87 +/- 1.00 g/6 h). Less than 10% of ingested fat (50 g) was oxidized in the postprandial phase. The overall postprandial fat balance was approximately + 33 g. CONCLUSION Breath tests using naturally 13C-labeled corn oil mirror exogenous FO. Low protein meals resulted in reduced postprandial EE and increased exogenous FO as compared to adequate protein meals without differences in total FO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus J Petzke
- Group of Stable Isotopes and of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Nolles JA, Peeters IGS, Bremer BI, Moorman R, Koopmanschap RE, Verstegen MWA, Schreurs VVAM. Dietary amino acids fed in free form or as protein do differently affect amino acid absorption in a rat everted sac model. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:529-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huemer M, Huemer C, Möslinger D, Huter D, Stöckler-Ipsiroglu S. Growth and body composition in children with classical phenylketonuria: results in 34 patients and review of the literature. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:694-9. [PMID: 17628756 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) means a diet restricted in natural protein and supplemented with phenylalanine (Phe)-free L-amino acid mixtures. Growth impairment has been described even in patients with a total protein intake at or above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). In the present study, growth and body composition (fat-free mass (FFM) and fat) were recorded over 12 months in 34 treated PKU patients (mean age 8.7 years at baseline). Measurements were compared with those of healthy peers and with general population standard (Z-) scores calculated using the LMS method. In 28 PKU patients, data on birth weight and birth length were available and related to measurements at baseline of the study. Mean total protein intake in PKU patients was 124% (range 77-193%) of the RDA (DACH 2000). No significant differences in growth and body composition were present between PKU patients and healthy populations either at birth or during the study period. The significant correlation of FFM (representing muscle mass) with intake of natural protein--rather than total protein--indicates that the enhancement of tolerance to natural protein may be of value in PKU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huemer
- Department of Pediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Carl Pedenz Str. 2, 6900, Bregenz, Austria.
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Nguema GN, Debras E, Grizard J, Alliot J. Amino acid supplementation prevents the loss of appetite for casein in old Lou/Cjall rats. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:652-61. [PMID: 17376628 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A deleterious reduction of casein intake occurring earlier in males than in females had been previously observed in old Lou/Cjall rats. On the contrary, protein intake was observed to be maintained in old males when they were offered whey protein. Present studies were designed to investigate the effect of dietary casein modification on protein decrease. In two lifelong studies, male and female Lou/Cjall rats were tested every four months in order to study protein intake depending on the protein available: casein, whey protein or casein supplemented with an amino acid mixture (SC). In subsequent cross-sectional studies, young, adult, middle-aged and old rats were successively fed with casein, casein supplemented either with leucine or with alanine or with glycine. Supplementing casein with an amino acid mixture both globally increased protein intake and allowed old males to maintain a high rate of protein intake. In cross-sectional experiments, no effect of supplementation was seen in the young group. In older animals, the greatest effect was seen when casein was supplemented with alanine or glycine, independently of sex and age. We therefore, concluded that supplemented casein is more beneficial for old rats than casein alone, probably by increasing amino acid availability. We hypothesize that alanine could act through its effect on gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Nzang Nguema
- Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie du Vieillissement, Complexe Scientifique des Cézeaux, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Gaudichon C, Bos C, Lacroix M, Tomé D. Reply to AH Manninen. Am J Clin Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gaudichon
- Physiology of Nutrition and Feeding Control Unit INRA-AgroParisTech Paris Cedex 05
| | - Cécile Bos
- Physiology of Nutrition and Feeding Control Unit INRA-AgroParisTech Paris Cedex 05
| | - Magali Lacroix
- Physiology of Nutrition and Feeding Control Unit INRA-AgroParisTech Paris Cedex 05
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Physiology of Nutrition and Feeding Control Unit INRA-AgroParisTech Paris Cedex 05
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