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Alghamdi BA. Alkaline Water Mitigates Bone Loss in Streptozotocin-Induced Type II Diabetic Rats. Cureus 2024; 16:e59833. [PMID: 38846188 PMCID: PMC11156442 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A decline in bone mineral density is a defining feature of osteoporosis, which is a prevalent bone complication associated with diabetes. This study aims to shed light on the protective effect of Zamzam water (ZW), a famous alkaline water, on diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Methodology Of a total of 40 male rats, 10 male rats each were divided into the following four groups: group I (normal control rats), group II (ZW group), group III (diabetic rats), and group IV (DM + ZW). Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays were taken of the rats in each group before the end of the experiment. The study assessed serum levels of inflammatory markers including interleukin 6, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha; bone formation markers including osteocalcin (OC); alkaline phosphatase (ALP); and bone resorption markers including the N-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (NTX-1), bone deoxypyridinoline (DPD), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b). Results Rats with diabetes who consumed ZW exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) increase in OC and ALP bone formation markers and a decrease in NTX-1, DPD, and TRAP-5b bone resorption markers, with improvements in the X-ray image of the vertebral column at the L6 vertebra level. Conclusions ZW improved diabetes-induced osteoporosis in rats by enhancing osteoblastic activity and downregulating osteoclastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar A Alghamdi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudhah, SAU
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2
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Vasileva R, Chaprazov T, Milanova A. Effects of Erythropoietin-Promoted Fracture Healing on Bone Turnover Markers in Cats. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:106. [PMID: 38667563 PMCID: PMC11051391 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In orthopaedics, erythropoietin (EPO) is applied in the preoperative management of anaemic patients, but also as a stimulating factor to assist bone regeneration due to its angiogenic and osteoinductive potential. Since orthopaedists mainly rely on their clinical experience to assess bone healing, additional and more objective methods such as studying the dynamics of bone markers are needed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma activity of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), the N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) during the first 2 months of healing of comminuted fractures in cats, either non-stimulated or locally stimulated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). The study included twelve cats of mixed breeds, aged 7.2 ± 4 months, weighing 2.11 ± 1.1 kg, with comminuted diaphyseal fractures of the femur. Surgical treatment with plate osteosynthesis was performed in all animals. The cats were randomly divided into two groups-a control (n = 6) and an EPO group (n = 6). The locally applied EPO leads to the increased activity of bone formation markers (BALP and PINP) during the second week after the osteosynthesis, preceding the peaks in the control group by two weeks. The studied bone resorption markers (DPD, CTX) varied insignificantly during the studied period. In conclusion, erythropoietin could serve as a promoter of bone healing in comminuted fractures in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radina Vasileva
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Tsvetan Chaprazov
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
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Ekici M, Koçkaya M, Baş-Ekici H. The influence of sex and age on bone turnover markers in the adult to geriatric Kangal shepherd dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:353-359. [PMID: 36740233 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this research was to learn more about bone metabolism in intact female and male Kangal shepherd dogs during the aging process following skeletal maturity. It also evaluated the potential application of biochemical bone indicators in veterinary clinical practice. METHODS Bone markers were determined as bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) in this study. Kangal shepherd dogs of different age (adult, senior, and geriatric) and sex (male and female) groups were split into six groups of equal numbers (n = 8/group). RESULTS In this study, the effect of age was observed on serum BALP, OC, CTX, and ICTP concentrations. Specifically, BALP was highest in geriatric female Kangal shepherd dogs, while serum OC, CTX, and ICTP concentrations were highest in geriatric male Kangal shepherd dogs. However, no effects of sex and age-sex interactions were identified. Moreover, the effects of age, sex, and age-sex interactions had no significant effect on serum creatinine, CK, LDH, Mg, and P concentrations or ALT activities. However, only sex was found to affect serum AST activities and gradually decreased with age in females. The effect of age and age-sex interactions on serum Ca concentrations was significant (the lowest serum Ca concentrations were in geriatric females), but the effect of sex was not. CONCLUSIONS These results show the effect of age and sex on bone turnover in Kangal shepherd dogs and provide information about bone biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ekici
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Koçkaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Hacer Baş-Ekici
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Selçuk University, Health Sciences Institute, Konya, Turkey
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Nunes F, Oliveira P, Bergamo E, Kjellin P, Novaes A, Ghiraldini B, Bezerra F, Scombatti de Souza S. Effect of Smoke Exposure on Gene Expression in Bone Healing around Implants Coated with Nanohydroxyapatite. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3737. [PMID: 36364513 PMCID: PMC9653954 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of smoke exposure on the expression of genes related to bone metabolism in implants coated with nanohydroxyapatite (NHA). A total of 36 rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 60 days. The animals were allocated into three groups: machined implants (MAC), dual acid-etched implants (DAE), and NHA-coated implants (NHA). Implants were installed in the left tibia of the rats after 30 days of smoke exposure. The implants were retrieved 7 and 30 days after implantation, and the adjacent bone analyzed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction for gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), the RANKL/OPG ratio, osteocalcin (OCN) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). After 7 days, Runx2, OPN and OPG expression demonstrated significantly higher levels for the NHA surface treatment relative to DAE and MAC surfaces. NHA presented the lowest RANKL and RANKL/OPG levels. After 30 days, NHA-coated implants showed significantly higher levels of Runx2, ALP, OPN, OPG, OC, RANKL and RANKL/OPG relative to DAE and MAC implants. The results indicated a greater osteogenic and high osteoclastic activity around NHA implants, in comparison to DAE and MAC implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Nunes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14021-630, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Oliveira
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University Center of State of Para, Belem 66060-575, PA, Brazil
| | - Edmara Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Per Kjellin
- Promimic AB, AstraZeneca BioventureHub, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Arthur Novaes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14021-630, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Ghiraldini
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14021-630, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Bezerra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14021-630, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Scombatti de Souza
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14021-630, SP, Brazil
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Elesawy BH, F. Sakr H, M. Abbas A. Synergistic Protective Effects of Resveratrol and Estradiol on Estrogen Deficiency-Induced Osteoporosis Through Attenuating RANK Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2021.217.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Impact of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Mineral Content in a Rat Model of Male Hypogonadism. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040185. [PMID: 33238425 PMCID: PMC7711937 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The present study examined the effect DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and biomarkers of bone remodeling in orchidectomized male rats. Material and Methods: A total of 32 male rats were divided equally into four groups (n = 8): (i) control group (C), (ii) control treated with DHEA (Control + DHEA), (iii) orchidectomized (ORCH) group that underwent bilateral orchidectomy and (iv) orchidectomized (ORCH) rats treated with DHEA (ORCH+DHEA). DHEA treatment started 4 weeks after orchidectomy and continued for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were assayed in the tibia and femur of the right hind limb of each rat. We also measured the serum levels of the bone turnover markers deoxypyridinoline (Dpd), N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b) and osteocalcin (OC) as well as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Results: Orchidectomy in rats caused significant reduction in BMD, BMC, serum levels of testosterone, PTH (parathyroid hormone), OPG, OC and ALP with significant rise in serum levels of TRAP-5B, RANK, Dpd and NTx1 (p < 0.05). On the other hand, DHEA therapy for 12 weeks caused significant improvement in all studied parameters except NTx1 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: DHEA corrected hypogonadism-induced osteoporosis in male rats probably via inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, stimulating the activity of osteoblasts and stimulating the secretion of PTH and testosterone.
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7
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Uçmak M, Yılmaz ÖT, Gündüz MC, Uçmak ZG, Duzgun O, Eskiyurt N, Oruç CU, Genç S, Erzengin ÖM, Karaçam E. Osteoporotic risk and physeal closure in prepubertal ovariohysterectomized cats. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 161:146-51. [PMID: 26386680 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the early effects of prepubertal ovariohysterectomy (P-OHE) on bone loss and proximal physeal closure in cats. Fourteen kittens randomly underwent P-OHE or sham operations (S-OP) at three months (mo) of age and were allocated to group I and group II. Each mo between four and nine mo of age, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were performed to determine the total body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). Proximal radial physeal closure and radial length were determined by radiography. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), carboxy-terminal collagen teleopeptide (CTX), 17-β estradiol, progesterone, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were measured in the serum samples. No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of BMD, BMC, BAP, BAP/CTX, P, progesterone and body weight (BW) (between 4 and 9mo) and for Ca (between 5 and 9mo) and for CTX levels (between 4 and 8mo). The 17-β estradiol was significantly higher at 6, 8 and 9mo of age in the S-OP group due to puberty (P=0.02, P=0.03 and P=0.02 respectively). Although there was a significant difference (P=0.0002) between the P-OHE and S-OP groups in terms of the proximal radial physeal closure times (7.43±0.20mo and 6.14±0.14mo, respectively), no significant difference was observed for the mean radius length (10.59±0.10cm and 10.06±0.27cm, respectively) at the last evaluation time. In conclusion, prepubertal ovariohysterectomized cats do not have any osteoporotic risks until nine mo of age and exhibit a delayed physeal closure time without a change in radius length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Uçmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Özge Turna Yılmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Can Gündüz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Günay Uçmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Oktay Duzgun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nurten Eskiyurt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Umut Oruç
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Genç
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Mehmet Erzengin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, 34303 Kocamustafapaşa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Karaçam
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, 34303 Kocamustafapaşa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Kobayashi T, Koie H, Watanabe A, Ino A, Watabe K, Kim M, Kanayama K, Otsuji K. Effects of food enriched with egg yolk hydrolysate (bone peptide) on bone metabolism in orchidectomized dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:503-6. [PMID: 25649521 PMCID: PMC4427756 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of chicken egg hydrolysate (also known as “bone peptide” or BP)
on bone metabolism in 5- to 8-month-old orchidectomized dogs. The bone formation marker
serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and the bone resorption marker urine
deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were used as indicators to measure changes in bone metabolism. The
following results were observed that Serum BAP was higher in dogs fed BP-enriched food
throughout the clinical investigation. Serum BAP was statistically significantly higher in
dogs fed BP-enriched food than in dogs fed non-BP-enriched food at 2 months after
orchidectomy. This suggests that BP promoted bone formation immediately after
orchidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyokazu Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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9
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Matsuo A, Togashi A, Sasaki K, Devkota B, Hirata TI, Yamagishi N. Diurnal variation of plasma bone markers in Japanese black calves. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1029-32. [PMID: 24646502 PMCID: PMC4143644 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate diurnal variation of plasma bone markers, blood samples were
collected from five calves at 2-hr intervals throughout a 24-hr period. Tartrate-resistant
acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b), carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks of type-I
collagen (CTX), hydroxyproline, bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin
were measured. Cosinor analysis showed a significant rhythm in all bone markers. The
acrophase of each bone marker appeared from the early to late morning. The percentage
ratio of the amplitude to mesor and the within-subject variability for CTx and osteocalcin
were significantly larger than those for TRAP5b and BALP. This marked diurnal variation in
five bone markers suggested that the time of blood sampling should be fixed when studying
bone marker concentrations in bovine plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Matsuo
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
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Enzymatically Synthesized Inorganic Polymers as Morphogenetically Active Bone Scaffolds. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:27-77. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Mestrinho LA, Runhau J, Bragança M, Niza MMRE. Risk assessment of feline tooth resorption: a Portuguese clinical case control study. J Vet Dent 2013; 30:78-83. [PMID: 24006716 DOI: 10.1177/089875641303000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tooth resorption (TR) is one of the most common dental diseases in cats. Determination of risk factors has not yet been fully assessed and, to the best knowledge of the authors, this disease has never been studied in Portuguese cats. The objective of this case-control study was to determine type and distribution of TR lesions, evaluate risk factors, and establish relationships between variables in this disease. The study included data from 71 cats admitted for general anesthesia for various reasons. The cats were randomly selected. The inclusion criteria were availability of clinical history and owner permission. Cats with known oral disease were not excluded from the study. All cats received ultrasonic scaling and polishing of the teeth, a thorough oral examination, and full-mouth radiographs. A strong statistical relation was found between age and TR. The age group of 10 to 15-years showed an increased risk of 6.56 times for TR occurrence compared with the group 0 to 4-years of age. Presence of gingivitis in all index levels was related to an increased risk for TR. No relation was found between age or gingivitis index and lesion type. Mandibular third premolar and molar teeth were most commonly affected by TR, especially for type 1 lesions. Canine teeth were statistically more likely to have type 2 lesions. The trend for the canine teeth to be more affected with type 2 lesions needs further verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Mestrinho
- Centre of Research in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.
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12
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Wang YH, Qiu Y, Han XD, Xiong J, Chen YX, Shi HF, Karaplis A. Haploinsufficiency of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide impairs bone fracture healing. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:715-23. [PMID: 23937065 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-He Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing; University Medical School; Nanjing China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing; University Medical School; Nanjing China
| | - Xiao-Dong Han
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Medicine School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Jin Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing; University Medical School; Nanjing China
| | - Yi-Xin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing; University Medical School; Nanjing China
| | - Hong-Fei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing; University Medical School; Nanjing China
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- The Department of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
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13
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The influence of sex on biochemical markers of bone turnover in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:918-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Müller WEG, Wang X, Diehl-Seifert B, Kropf K, Schlossmacher U, Lieberwirth I, Glasser G, Wiens M, Schröder HC. Inorganic polymeric phosphate/polyphosphate as an inducer of alkaline phosphatase and a modulator of intracellular Ca2+ level in osteoblasts (SaOS-2 cells) in vitro. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2661-71. [PMID: 21397057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polymeric phosphate is a physiological polymer that accumulates in bone cells. In the present study osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells were exposed to this polymer, complexed in a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio with Ca(2+), polyP (Ca(2+) salt). At a concentration of 100 μM, polyP (Ca(2+) salt) caused a strong increase in the activity of the alkaline phosphatase and also an induction of the steady-state expression of the gene encoding this enzyme. Comparative experiments showed that polyP (Ca(2+) salt) can efficiently replace β-glycerophosphate in the in vitro hydroxyapatite (HA) biomineralization assay. In the presence of polyP (Ca(2+) salt) the cells extensively form HA crystallites, which remain intimately associated with or covered by the plasma membrane. Only the tips of the crystallites are directly exposed to the extracellular space. Element mapping by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled to a silicon drift detector supported the finding that organic material was dispersed within the crystallites. Finally, polyP (Ca(2+) salt) was found to cause an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) level, while polyP, as well as inorganic phosphate (P(i)) or Ca(2+) alone, had no effect at the concentrations used. These findings are compatible with the assumption that polyP (Ca(2+) salt) is locally, on the surface of the SaOS-2 cells, hydrolyzed to P(i) and Ca(2+). We conclude that the inorganic polymer polyP (Ca(2+) salt) in concert with a second inorganic, and physiologically occurring, polymer, biosilica, activates osteoblasts and impairs the maturation of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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15
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Giorgetti APO, César Neto JB, Ruiz KGS, Casati MZ, Sallum EA, Nociti FH. Cigarette smoke inhalation modulates gene expression in sites of bone healing: a study in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:447-52. [PMID: 20573527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) on gene expression in alveolar bone healing sites. STUDY DESIGN Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the groups: control [animals not exposed to CSI (n = 20)] and test [animals exposed to CSI, starting 3 days before teeth extraction and maintained until killing them (n = 20)]. First mandibular molars were bilaterally extracted, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and 7, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and d2 isoform of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase V(0) domain were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the newly formed tissue in the sockets. RESULTS Overall, data analysis demonstrated that CSI significantly affected the expression pattern of all of the studied genes except BMP-7. CONCLUSION The expression of key genes for bone healing may be affected by CSI in tooth extraction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Oliveira Giorgetti
- Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Senn D, Schwalder P, Roux P, Bosshardt DD, Stoffel MH. Immunohistochemical Localization of Osteoclastogenic Cell Mediators in Feline Tooth Resorption and Healthy Teeth. J Vet Dent 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/089875641002700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tooth resorption is among the most common and most challenging problems in feline dentistry. It is a progressive disease eventually leading to tooth loss and often root replacement. The etiology of tooth resorption remains obscure and to date no effective therapeutic approach is known. The present study is aimed at assessing the reliability of radiographic imaging and addressing the possible involvement of receptor activator of NFκB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the process of tooth resorption. Teeth from 8 cats were investigated by means of radiographs and paraffin sections followed by immunolabeling. Six cats were diagnosed with tooth resorption based on histopathologic and radiographic findings. Samples were classified according to a four-stage diagnostic system. Radiologic assessment of tooth resorption correlated very strongly with histopathologic findings. Tooth resorption was accompanied by a strong staining with all three antibodies used, especially with anti-RANK and anti-RANKL antibodies. The presence of OPG and RANKL at the resorption site is indicative of repair attempts by fibroblasts and stromal cells. These findings should be extended by further investigations in order to elucidate the pathophysiologic processes underlying tooth resorption that might lead to prophylactic and/or therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Senn
- From the Division of Small Animal Surgery, and the Division of Veterinary Anatomy (Stoffel), University of Berne Veterinary School, POB 846, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; and, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology and Department of Periodontology (Bosshardt), University of Berne, School of Dental Medicine, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schwalder
- From the Division of Small Animal Surgery, and the Division of Veterinary Anatomy (Stoffel), University of Berne Veterinary School, POB 846, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; and, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology and Department of Periodontology (Bosshardt), University of Berne, School of Dental Medicine, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Roux
- From the Division of Small Animal Surgery, and the Division of Veterinary Anatomy (Stoffel), University of Berne Veterinary School, POB 846, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; and, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology and Department of Periodontology (Bosshardt), University of Berne, School of Dental Medicine, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dieter D. Bosshardt
- From the Division of Small Animal Surgery, and the Division of Veterinary Anatomy (Stoffel), University of Berne Veterinary School, POB 846, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; and, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology and Department of Periodontology (Bosshardt), University of Berne, School of Dental Medicine, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H. Stoffel
- From the Division of Small Animal Surgery, and the Division of Veterinary Anatomy (Stoffel), University of Berne Veterinary School, POB 846, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; and, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology and Department of Periodontology (Bosshardt), University of Berne, School of Dental Medicine, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Mohn KL, Jacks TM, Schleim KD, Harvey CE, Miller B, Halley B, Feeney WP, Hill SL, Hickey G. Alendronate binds to tooth root surfaces and inhibits progression of feline tooth resorption: a pilot proof-of-concept study. J Vet Dent 2009; 26:74-81. [PMID: 19718970 DOI: 10.1177/089875640902600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue distribution, bioavailability, and efficacy of alendronate in preventing progression of resorption of teeth were evaluated in cats. [Butyl-4-14C-]-alendronate accumulates on subgingival tooth and alveolar bone surfaces adjacent to vascularized tissue resulting in concentration of the drug around tooth roots. Three cats were treated with a 0.03 mg/kg i.v. bolus of [butyl-4-14C-]-alendronate followed by blood, urine, and feces collection and euthanasia 24-hours later. Drug tissue distribution was accessed by autoradiography and sample combustion. To assess bioavailability, 12 cats were administered alendronate orally (3.0 or 9.0 mg/kg in water or 9.0 mg/kg in tuna water) and urine was collected for 24-hours. In these formulations, alendronate oral bioavailability in cats was approximately 3%. In addition, 10 cats with radiographic evidence of pre-existing tooth resorption (14 affected teeth) were treated with vehicle or 3.0 mg/kg alendronate per os once weekly for 22-weeks and, then, 9.0 mg/kg per os twice weekly for 27-weeks in a random, masked study. Radiographic area of resorption was measured and progression scored every 3 to 4-months. In placebo-treated cats, resorption progressed in five of six teeth (+ 97% average increase in area of resorption), whereas progression of resorption was seen in only three of eight affected teeth in alendronate-treated cats with a -22% average change (decrease) in area (P < 0.01 difference in number of teeth showing progression; P < 0.001 difference in area of resorption). Alendronate accumulated preferentially on subgingival tooth surfaces and adjacent alveolar bone and, at a dose of 9 mg/kg twice weekly, effectively slowed or arrested the progression of resorption.
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Abstract
The alkaline phosphatases comprise a heterogeneous group of enzymes that are widely distributed in mammalian cells. They often are associated with cell membranes, but their exact physiologic function is unknown. Despite this, alkaline phosphatase activity is a very useful serum biochemical indicator of liver disease, particularly cholestatic disease. However, increases in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum and other body fluids may reflect physiologic or pathologic changes beyond those of hepatic origin. For example, nonhepatic increases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity are found in young animals, in pregnant and lactating females, and in association with high fat diets. Bone disease, endocrine disease, neoplasia, and other disorders can result in increased alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, alkaline phosphatase activity may be increased due to induction by certain drugs such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants. In this article, we will review the physiologic and pathologic factors influencing the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum and other body fluids, with an emphasis on disorders beyond liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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20
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Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase as a good indicator of bone formation in sheepdogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-007-0692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reiter AM, Lewis JR, Okuda A. Update on the etiology of tooth resorption in domestic cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2005; 35:913-42, vii. [PMID: 15979519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on recent findings of increased vitamin D activity in cats with feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL), the present article provides further clues on the possible etiology of FORL. Microscopic features of FORL and other peculiarities of feline permanent teeth are compared with pathologic findings obtained from experimental studies in other species. Administration of excess vitamin D or vitamin D metabolites in laboratory animals caused changes to dental and periodontal tissues that resemble histopathologic features of teeth from cats with FORL. Chronic excess dietary vitamin D may be the long-sought cause of multiple tooth resorption in domestic cats. It may also provide a basis for future research on idiopathic hypercalcemia and renal disease in the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Reiter
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA.
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Reiter AM, Lyon KF, Nachreiner RF, Shofer FS. Evaluation of calciotropic hormones in cats with odontoclastic resorptive lesions. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1446-52. [PMID: 16173492 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess associations between epidemiologic and laboratory variables and calciotropic hormones in cats with odontoclastic resorptive lesions (ORLs). ANIMALS 182 client-owned cats older than 1 year of age with oral disease. PROCEDURE Information on medical history, behavior, living environment, and feeding management was assessed by use of a questionnaire. After induction of general anesthesia, oral examination was performed following standardized protocols and included dental probing and full-mouth radiography. Laboratory analyses included evaluation of FeLV-FIV status, serum biochemical analyses, CBC, urinalysis, and serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), free thyroxine (fT4), and ionized calcium (iCa). RESULTS ORLs were identified in 72.5% of cats. Mandibular third premolars were the most commonly affected teeth. Cats with ORLs were significantly older (mean, 9.2 years) than cats without ORLs (mean, 6.6 years). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that 25-OHD, urine specific gravity, jaw-opening reflex on probing, and missing teeth were significant variables, even after accounting for age. Cats with ORLs had significantly higher mean serum concentration of 25-OHD (112.4 nmol/L) and significantly lower mean urine specific gravity (1.0263), compared with cats without ORLs (89.8 nmol/L and 1.0366, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results did not indicate associations between iPTH, PTHrP, or fT4 and development of ORLs. In affected cats, the importance of high serum 25-OHD and low urine specific gravity has not been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Reiter
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
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Abstract
Routine assessment of the skeleton's response to disease and injury traditionally has consisted of plain-film radiography supplemented with advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear scintigraphy, and bone densitometry. Although these techniques provide increased sensitivity as compared with radiography, they still are limited by the fact that they can only document the net results of past skeletal activity. In contrast, serum and urinary biomarkers of bone formation and resorption provide near real-time information about bone cell activity. In this review, I describe the scientific rationale behind the use of these markers in humans and detail the efforts that have been made to adapt this technology to veterinary medicine and animal research. Commercial assay kits that are applicable to different animal species are described, and the potential limitations of the technology are discussed. The goal of this review is to provide clinical pathologists and researchers with the information needed to decide whether the use of bone markers is likely to be helpful and to select the most appropriate marker (or panel of markers) to answer a particular question.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Allen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse 13210, USA.
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