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Seiki Y, Ikezawa K, Watsuji K, Urabe M, Kai Y, Takada R, Yamai T, Mukai K, Nakabori T, Uehara H, Ishibashi M, Ohkawa K. Zinc supplementation for dysgeusia in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2024; 29:1173-1181. [PMID: 38724773 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-024-02544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC) often experience dysgeusia with zinc deficiency during chemotherapy, data on zinc supplementation for dysgeusia and its effects on nutritional status are scarce. We aimed to examine the efficacy of zinc supplementation in patients with advanced PC. METHODS Thirty-three patients with unresectable PC who presented with dysgeusia and zinc deficiency during chemotherapy and received zinc acetate hydrate between January 2018 and December 2022 were included. We evaluated the changes in serum zinc levels and the improvement in dysgeusia. Among the 26 patients who received zinc supplementation for 12 weeks, we also compared patient characteristics and changes in serum zinc and albumin levels between patients who showed improvement in dysgeusia (effective group) and those who did not (non-effective group). RESULTS The serum zinc level increased significantly after zinc supplementation (median: 60 µg/dL at baseline, 99.5 µg/dL at 4 weeks, 101 µg/dL at 8 weeks and 101 µg/dL at 12 weeks). The rate of improvement in dysgeusia increased over time (18.2% at 4 weeks, 33.3% at 8 weeks, and 42.4% at 12 weeks). Comparing the effective group and non-effective group revealed that while the median serum albumin level of the effective group did not change, the non-effective group showed a significant decrease from baseline to 12 weeks (3.2 g/dL to 3.0 g/dL, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation significantly increased serum zinc levels, improving dysgeusia. Zinc supplementation might also contribute to maintaining nutritional status in patients with unresectable PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seiki
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Kenji Ikezawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
| | - Ko Watsuji
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Makiko Urabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yugo Kai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Ryoji Takada
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Takuo Yamai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakabori
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uehara
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Miki Ishibashi
- Department of Dentistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ohkawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
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McNeill RV, Mason AS, Hodson ME, Catto JWF, Southgate J. Specificity of the Metallothionein-1 Response by Cadmium-Exposed Normal Human Urothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1344. [PMID: 30884885 PMCID: PMC6471910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposure to cadmium is associated with the development of urothelial cancer. The metallothionein (MT) family of genes encodes proteins that sequester metal ions and modulate physiological processes, including zinc homeostasis. Little is known about the selectivity of expression of the different MT isoforms. Here, we examined the effect of cadmium exposure on MT gene and isoform expression by normal human urothelial (NHU) cell cultures. Baseline and cadmium-induced MT gene expression was characterized by next-generation sequencing and RT-PCR; protein expression was assessed by Western blotting using isoform-specific antibodies. Expression of the zinc transporter-1 (SLC30A1) gene was also assessed. NHU cells displayed transcription of MT-2A, but neither MT-3 nor MT-4 genes. Most striking was a highly inducer-specific expression of MT-1 genes, with cadmium inducing transcription of MT-1A, MT-1G, MT-1H, and MT-1M. Whereas MT-1G was also induced by zinc and nickel ions and MT-1H by iron, both MT-1A and MT-1M were highly cadmium-specific, which was confirmed for protein using isoform-specific antibodies. Protein but not transcript endured post-exposure, probably reflecting sequestration. SLC30A1 transcription was also affected by cadmium ion exposure, potentially reflecting perturbation of intracellular zinc homeostasis. We conclude that human urothelium displays a highly inductive profile of MT-1 gene expression, with two isoforms identified as highly specific to cadmium, providing candidate transcript and long-lived protein biomarkers of cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon V McNeill
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Andrew S Mason
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Mark E Hodson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Suppression of Placental Metallothionein 1 and Zinc Transporter 1 mRNA Expressions Contributes to Fetal Heart Malformations Caused by Maternal Zinc Deficiency. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 14:329-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is an essential element crucial for growth and development, and also plays a role in cell signaling for cellular processes like cell division and apoptosis. In the mammalian pancreas, Zn2+ is essential for the correct processing, storage, secretion, and action of insulin in beta (β)-cells. Insulin is stored inside secretory vesicles or granules, where two Zn2+ ions coordinate six insulin monomers to form the hexameric-structure on which maturated insulin crystals are based. The total Zn2+ content of the mammalian pancreas is among the highest in the body, and Zn2+ concentration reach millimolar levels in the interior of the dense-core granule. Changes in Zn2+ levels in the pancreas have been found to be associated with diabetes. Hence, the relationship between co-stored Zn2+ and insulin undoubtedly is critical to normal β-cell function. The advances in the field of Zn2+ biology over the last decade have facilitated our understanding of Zn2+ trafficking, its intracellular distribution and its storage. When exocytosis of insulin occurs, insulin granules fuse with the β-cell plasma membrane and release their contents, i.e., insulin as well as substantial amount of free Zn2+, into the extracellular space and the local circulation. Studies increasingly indicate that secreted Zn2+ has autocrine or paracrine signaling in β-cells or the neighboring cells. This review discusses the Zn2+ homeostasis in β-cells with emphasis on the potential signaling role of Zn2+ to islet biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang V Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, 346 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH, 45701, USA,
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5
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The zinc transporter Zip5 (Slc39a5) regulates intestinal zinc excretion and protects the pancreas against zinc toxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82149. [PMID: 24303081 PMCID: PMC3841122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ZIP5 localizes to the baso-lateral membranes of intestinal enterocytes and pancreatic acinar cells and is internalized and degraded coordinately in these cell-types during periods of dietary zinc deficiency. These cell-types are thought to control zinc excretion from the body. The baso-lateral localization and zinc-regulation of ZIP5 in these cells are unique among the 14 members of the Slc39a family and suggest that ZIP5 plays a role in zinc excretion. Methods/Principal Findings We created mice with floxed Zip5 genes and deleted this gene in the entire mouse or specifically in enterocytes or acinar cells and then examined the effects on zinc homeostasis. We found that ZIP5 is not essential for growth and viability but total knockout of ZIP5 led to increased zinc in the liver in mice fed a zinc-adequate (ZnA) diet but impaired accumulation of pancreatic zinc in mice fed a zinc-excess (ZnE) diet. Loss-of-function of enterocyte ZIP5, in contrast, led to increased pancreatic zinc in mice fed a ZnA diet and increased abundance of intestinal Zip4 mRNA. Finally, loss-of-function of acinar cell ZIP5 modestly reduced pancreatic zinc in mice fed a ZnA diet but did not impair zinc uptake as measured by the rapid accumulation of 67zinc. Retention of pancreatic 67zinc was impaired in these mice but the absence of pancreatic ZIP5 sensitized them to zinc-induced pancreatitis and exacerbated the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles containing secretory protein in acinar cells. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that ZIP5 participates in the control of zinc excretion in mice. Specifically, they reveal a paramount function of intestinal ZIP5 in zinc excretion but suggest a role for pancreatic ZIP5 in zinc accumulation/retention in acinar cells. ZIP5 functions in acinar cells to protect against zinc-induced acute pancreatitis and attenuate the process of zymophagy. This suggests that it may play a role in autophagy.
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Summers KL, Sutherland DEK, Stillman MJ. Single-domain metallothioneins: evidence of the onset of clustered metal binding domains in Zn-rhMT 1a. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2461-71. [PMID: 23506369 DOI: 10.1021/bi400021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian metallothioneins bind up to seven Zn(2+) ions in two distinct domains: an N-terminal β-domain that binds three Zn(2+) ions and a C-terminal α-domain that binds four Zn(2+) ions. Domain specificity has been invoked in the metalation mechanism with cluster formation and bridging of the 20 Cys residues taking place prior to saturation with seven Zn(2+) ions. We report a novel experiment that examines Zn(2+) metalation by exploiting the expected decrease in K(F) at the onset of clustering using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). During the titration with Zn(2+), the ESI-MS data show that several metalated species coexist until the fully saturated proteins are formed. The relative Zn binding affinities of the seven total sites in the α- and β-fragments were determined through direct competition for added Zn(2+). The K(F) values for each Zn(2+) are expected to decrease as a function of the remaining available sites and the onset of clustering. Analysis shows that Zn(2+) binds to β-rhMT with a greater affinity than α-rhMT. The incremental distribution of Zn(2+) between the competing fragments and apo-βα-rhMT (essentially three and four sites competing with seven sites) identifies the exact point at which clustering begins in the full protein. Analysis of the speciation data shows that Zn(5)-MT forms before clustering begins. This means that all 20 Cys residues of apo-βα-rhMT are bound terminally to Zn(2+) as [Zn(Cys)(4)](2-) units before clustering begins; there is no domain preference in this first metalation stage. Preferential binding of Zn(2+) to β- and α-rhMT at the point where βα-rhMT must form clusters is caused by a significant decrease in the affinity of βα-rhMT for further Zn(2+). The single-domain Zn(5)-rhMT, in which there are no exposed cysteine sulfurs, is a key component of the metalation pathway because the lower affinities of the two clustered Zn(2+) ions allow donation to apoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Summers
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5B7
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7
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Lewandowska H, Kalinowska M, Brzóska K, Wójciuk K, Wójciuk G, Kruszewski M. Nitrosyl iron complexes--synthesis, structure and biology. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:8273-89. [PMID: 21643591 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosyl complexes of iron are formed in living species in the presence of nitric oxide. They are considered a form in which NO can be stored and stabilized within a living cell. Upon entering a topic in bioinorganic chemistry the researcher faces a wide spectrum of issues concerning synthetic methods, the structure and chemical properties of the complex on the one hand, and its biological implications on the other. The aim of this review is to present the newest knowledge on nitrosyl iron complexes, summarizing the issues that are important for understanding the nature of nitrosyl iron complexes, their possible interactions, behavior in vitro and in vivo, handling of the preparations etc. in response to the growing interest in these compounds. Herein we focus mostly on the dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) due to their prevailing occurrence in NO-treated biological samples. This article reviews recent knowledge on the structure, chemical properties and biological action of DNICs and some mononitrosyls of heme proteins. Synthetic methods are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lewandowska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
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Belloni-Olivi L, Marshall C, Laal B, Andrews GK, Bressler J. Localization of zip1 and zip4 mRNA in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:3221-30. [PMID: 19530166 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The localization of two members of the Slc39a (zip1 and zip4) family of zinc transporters was examined in the brains of adult mice. Zip1 was highly enriched in brain regions with high densities of neuronal cell bodies, including the hippocampus, thalamus, and perifontal cortex. Zip1 was also expressed in commissural fiber tracts such as the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, but little was found in the internal and external capsules. Also, very low amounts of zip1 mRNA were detected in resting astrocytes and reactive astrocytes that were examined at 14 days after inflicting a stab wound. Zip1 mRNA was detected in ependymal cells lining the third and lateral ventricles and epithelium cells in the choroid plexus. Interestingly, zip4 mRNA was detected in the choroid plexus but not in the ependymal cells or other neural elements. Zip4 mRNA was also detected in brain capillaries, but zip1 mRNA was not. In zip4 knockout heterozygotes that express green fluorescent protein regulated by the zip4 promoter, green fluorescent protein was detected in brain capillaries. Because zip4 levels are regulated by dietary Zn, our studies suggest that the brain has the potential of adapting to changes in Zn status.
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Peters JL, Dufner-Beattie J, Xu W, Geiser J, Lahner B, Salt DE, Andrews GK. Targeting of the mouse Slc39a2 (Zip2) gene reveals highly cell-specific patterns of expression, and unique functions in zinc, iron, and calcium homeostasis. Genesis 2007; 45:339-52. [PMID: 17506078 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen members of the Slc39a superfamily of metal ion uptake transporters have been identified in mice and humans, but the physiological functions of most remain obscure. Herein, we created mice with Zip2 (Slc39a2) genes in which the open reading frame was replaced with that of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), to study temporal and spatial patterns of Zip2 gene expression and examine the physiological roles of this transporter. Expression of this gene was remarkably cell-type specific and developmentally regulated in pericentral hepatocytes, developing keratinocytes, and a subset of immature dendritic cells in the immune system. In addition, the Zip2 gene was transiently expressed in giant trophoblast cells in the placenta. Although the Zip2 gene was not essential under conditions of normal dietary zinc, it played an important role in adapting to dietary zinc deficiency during pregnancy, and in the homeostasis of iron in the liver as well as iron and calcium in developing embryos. These studies suggest that active expression of the Zip2 gene in these few specific cell types, aforementioned, plays a particularly important role during zinc deficiency. These studies further reveal novel interactions between zinc transporter function and the homeostasis of other essential metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Peters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7421, USA
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Dufner-Beattie J, Huang ZL, Geiser J, Xu W, Andrews GK. MouseZIP1 andZIP3 genes together are essential for adaptation to dietary zinc deficiency during pregnancy. Genesis 2006; 44:239-51. [PMID: 16652366 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Subfamily II of the solute-linked carrier 39A superfamily contains three well-conserved zinc transporters (ZIPs1, 2, 3) whose physiological functions are unknown. We generated mice homozygous for knockout alleles of ZIP1 and both ZIP1 and ZIP 3 (double-knockout). These mice were apparently normal when dietary zinc was replete, but when dietary zinc was limited during pregnancy embryos from ZIP1 or ZIP3 knockout mice were two to three times more likely to develop abnormally than those in wildtype mice, and 91% (71/78) of embryos developed abnormally in ZIP1, ZIP3 double-knockout mice. Analysis of the patterns of expression of these genes in mice revealed predominate expression in intestinal stromal cells, nephric-tubular epithelial cells, pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, and hepatocytes surrounding the central vein. This suggests that these zinc transporters function, at least in part, in the redistribution and/or retention of zinc rather than its acquisition from the diet. In conclusion, mutations in the ZIP1 and ZIP3 zinc transporter genes are silent when dietary intake of zinc is normal, but can dramatically compromise the success of pregnancy when dietary intake of zinc is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Dufner-Beattie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Dufner-Beattie J, Huang ZL, Geiser J, Xu W, Andrews GK. Generation and characterization of mice lacking the zinc uptake transporter ZIP3. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5607-15. [PMID: 15964816 PMCID: PMC1156975 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.13.5607-5615.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse ZIP3 (SLC39A3) gene encodes an eight-transmembrane-domain protein that has been conserved in mammals and can function to transport zinc. To analyze the expression of ZIP3 in the early embryo and neonate and to determine its in vivo function, we generated ZIP3 null mice in which the ZIP3 open reading frame was replaced with that of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter. EGFP fluorescence revealed that ZIP3 was expressed in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and later during embryonic development in many tissues. Elevated expression was apparent in the embryonic brain and neurotube and neonatal gonads. Homozygous knockout mice were viable and fertile and under normal growth conditions exhibited no obvious phenotypic abnormalities. Deletion of ZIP3 did not alter zinc homeostasis at the molecular level as assessed by essential metal levels and the expression of zinc-responsive genes. In knockout mice stressed with a zinc-deficient diet during pregnancy or at weaning, a subtle increase in the sensitivity to abnormal morphogenesis of the embryo and to depletion of thymic pre-T cells, respectively, was noted. These results suggest that this protein plays an ancillary role in zinc homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Dufner-Beattie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mail Stop 3030, University of Kansas Medical Center, 39th and Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7421, USA
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12
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Dufner-Beattie J, Kuo YM, Gitschier J, Andrews GK. The adaptive response to dietary zinc in mice involves the differential cellular localization and zinc regulation of the zinc transporters ZIP4 and ZIP5. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:49082-90. [PMID: 15358787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409962200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ZIP5 gene encodes a protein closely related to ZIP4, a zinc transporter mutated in the human genetic disorder acrodermatitis enteropathica. Herein, we demonstrate that mouse ZIP5 and ZIP4 genes are co-expressed in several tissues involved in zinc homeostasis (intestine, pancreas, embryonic yolk sac). However, unlike expression of the ZIP4 gene, which is induced during periods of zinc deficiency, ZIP5 gene expression is unaltered by dietary zinc. Immunohistochemistry localizes ZIP5 to the basolateral surfaces of enterocytes, acinar cells, and visceral endoderm cells in mice fed a zinc-adequate diet. However, this protein is removed from these cell surfaces and internalized during dietary zinc deficiency. In contrast, ZIP4 is induced and recruited to the apical surface of enterocytes and endoderm cells during zinc deficiency. In the pancreas, ZIP4 is expressed in beta-cells, whereas ZIP5 is expressed in acinar cells. These results suggest that the function of ZIP5 is antagonistic to that of ZIP4 in the control of zinc homeostasis; rather than functioning in the acquisition of dietary zinc, as does ZIP4, ZIP5 may function in the removal of zinc from the body. Thus, during periods when dietary zinc is replete, ZIP5 may function to remove zinc from the blood via the pancreas and intestine, the major sites of zinc excretion in mammals, whereas the acquisition of dietary zinc by intestinal ZIP4 would be minimal. In contrast, during periods of dietary zinc deficiency when secretion of zinc by the pancreas and intestine is minimized, ZIP5 is removed from the cell surface, and the intestinal uptake of zinc is augmented by induction of ZIP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Dufner-Beattie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7421, USA
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Kim J, Paik HY, Joung H, Woodhouse LR, Li S, King JC. Zinc Supplementation Reduces Fractional Zinc Absorption in Young and Elderly Korean Women. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23:309-15. [PMID: 15310734 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjustments in zinc losses and absorption are thought to maintain zinc homeostasis with changes in intake, but the capacity to make these adjustments appears to be affected by aging. Zinc status of the individual may also influence adjustments in fractional zinc absorption. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of changes in zinc status due to zinc supplementation on fractional zinc absorption in young and elderly Korean women. DESIGN Zinc status and absorption were measured initially in 15 young (20-24 yr) and 15 elderly women (64-75 yr) confined to a metabolic unit and consuming a typical Korean diet. Upon discharge from the unit the women were supplemented with 22 mg zinc/d for 28 days. On d 20, the women returned to the unit for measurement of zinc status and absorption. Fractional zinc absorption (FZA) was estimated from the same typical Korean breakfast at both time points using the dual isotopic tracer method. Zinc stable isotopic ratios were measured in urine samples collected for 3 days following isotope administration. RESULTS Plasma and urinary zinc concentrations increased significantly with zinc supplementation in the young but not the elderly women. FZA decreased following zinc supplementation in the young women from 22 to 8% (p < 0.0001) and in the elderly women from 19 to 10% (p < 0.0001). The decline in young women was greater than that in elderly women (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both young and elderly women reduced their efficiency of zinc absorption with zinc supplementation. But, plasma and urinary zinc concentrations did not increase in the elderly following zinc supplementation suggesting that age altered the use of the additional zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Groenen PMW, Klootwijk R, Schijvenaars MMVAP, Straatman H, Mariman ECM, Franke B, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. Spina bifida and genetic factors related to myo-inositol, glucose, and zinc. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 82:154-61. [PMID: 15172003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myo-inositol, glucose and zinc and related genetic factors are suggested to be implicated in the etiology of spina bifida. We investigated the biochemical concentrations of these nutrients and polymorphisms in the myo-inositol transporter SLC5A11, myo-inositol synthase ISYNA1, and zinc transporter SLC39A4 in association with spina bifida risk. METHODS Seventy-six spina bifida triads only were ascertained. In mothers, fathers, and spina bifida children polymorphisms determined were SLC5A11 (544C > T), ISYNA1 (1029A > G), and SLC39A4 (1069C > T). Serum myo-inositol and glucose, and red blood cell zinc concentrations were determined in mothers and spina bifida children. Transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) were applied to determine associations between the polymorphisms and spina bifida. Associations between biochemical values and genotypes were studied by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Interactions between alleles, biochemical values, and environmental factors were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS No association between SLC5A11, ISYNA1, and SLC39A4 and spina bifida was shown, chi2SLC5A11=0.016, P=0.90; chi2SYNA1=1.52, P=0.22; chi2SLC39A4=0.016, P=0.90; and degrees of freedom (df)=1. Maternal glucose concentrations were comparable for the SLC5A11 genotypes. Significantly lower myo-inositol concentrations were observed in mothers with SLC5A11 CC-genotype, mean (SD) 14.2 (2.6)micromol/L compared to SLC5A11 TT-genotype, 17.0 (3.4)micromol/L, P <0.05 . No significant associations were observed between ISYNA1 and myo-inositol and glucose, and between SLC39A4 and zinc. A significant interaction was demonstrated between a maternal glucose < 4.5 mmol/L and ISYNA1 1029A > G polymorphism on spina bifida risk. CONCLUSION The combination of maternal glucose < 4.5 mmol/L and ISYNA1 1029A > G polymorphism protects against spina bifida offspring. Moreover, maternal SLC5A11 544C > T polymorphism contributes to the serum myo-inositol concentration. Larger studies should confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M W Groenen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Andrews GK, Wang H, Dey SK, Palmiter RD. Mousezinc transporter 1 gene provides an essential function during early embryonic development. Genesis 2004; 40:74-81. [PMID: 15452870 DOI: 10.1002/gene.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SLC30 family of cation diffusion transporters includes at least nine members in mammals, most of which have been documented to play a role in zinc transport. The founding member of this family, Znt1, was discovered by virtue of its ability to efflux zinc from cells and to protect them from zinc toxicity. However, its physiological functions remain unknown. To address this issue, mice with targeted knockout of the Znt1 gene were generated by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Heterozygous Znt1 mice were viable. In contrast, homozygous Znt1 mice died in utero soon after implantation due to a catastrophic failure of embryonic development. Although extraembryonic membranes formed around these embryos, the embryo proper failed to undergo morphogenesis past the egg cylinder stage and was amorphous by d9 of pregnancy. Expression of the Znt1 gene was detected predominantly in trophoblasts and in the maternal deciduum during the postimplantation period (d5 to d8). The failure of homozygous Znt1 embryos to develop could not be rescued by manipulating maternal dietary zinc (either excess or deficiency) during pregnancy. However, embryos in Znt1 heterozygous females were approximately 3 times more likely to develop abnormally when exposed to maternal dietary zinc deficiency during later pregnancy than were those in wildtype females. These studies suggest that Znt1 serves an essential function of transporting maternal zinc into the embryonic environment during the egg cylinder stage of development, and further suggest that Znt1 plays a role in zinc homeostasis in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen K Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160-7421, USA.
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Dufner-Beattie J, Langmade SJ, Wang F, Eide D, Andrews GK. Structure, function, and regulation of a subfamily of mouse zinc transporter genes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:50142-50. [PMID: 14525987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304163200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential metal for all eukaryotes, and cells have evolved a complex system of proteins to maintain the precise balance of zinc uptake, intracellular storage, and efflux. In mammals, zinc uptake appears to be mediated by members of the Zrt/Irt-like protein (ZIP) superfamily of metal ion transporters. Herein, we have studied a subfamily of zip genes (zip1, zip2, and zip3) that is conserved in mice and humans. These eight-transmembrane domain proteins contain a conserved 12-amino acid signature sequence within the fourth transmembrane domain. All three of these mouse ZIP proteins function to specifically increase the uptake of zinc in transfected cultured cells, similar to the previously demonstrated functions of human ZIP1 and ZIP2 (Gaither, L. A., and Eide, D. J. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5560-5564; Gaither, L. A., and Eide, D. J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 22258-22264). No ZIP3 orthologs have been previously studied. Furthermore, this first systematic comparative study of the in vivo expression and dietary zinc regulation of this subfamily of zip genes revealed that 1) zip1 mRNA is abundant in many mouse tissues, whereas zip2 and zip3 mRNAs are very rare or moderately rare, respectively, and tissue-restricted in their accumulation; and 2) unlike mouse metallothionein I and zip4 mRNAs (Dufner-Beattie, J., Wang, F., Kuo, Y.-M., Gitschier, J., Eide, D., and Andrews, G. K. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 33474-33481), the abundance of zip1, zip2, and zip3 mRNAs is not regulated by dietary zinc in the intestine and visceral endoderm, tissues involved in nutrient absorption. These studies suggest that all three of these ZIP proteins may play cell-specific roles in zinc homeostasis rather than primary roles in the acquisition of dietary zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Dufner-Beattie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7421, USA
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