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Nie M, Zhang J, Bal M, Duran C, An SW, Zigman JM, Baum M, Hiremath C, Marciano DK, Wolf MTF. Ghrelin enhances tubular magnesium absorption in the kidney. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1363708. [PMID: 38638279 PMCID: PMC11024433 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1363708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis after bariatric surgery is an increasing health concern as the rate of bariatric surgery has risen. In animal studies mimicking bariatric procedures, bone disease, together with decreased serum levels of Ca2+, Mg2+ and the gastric hormone Ghrelin were described. Ghrelin regulates metabolism by binding to and activating the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) which is also expressed in the kidney. As calcium and magnesium are key components of bone, we tested the hypothesis that Ghrelin-deficiency contributes to osteoporosis via reduced upregulation of the renal calcium channel TRPV5 and the heteromeric magnesium channel TRPM6/7. We expressed GHSR with TRPV5 or TRPM6/7 channel in HEK293 cells and treated them with purified Ghrelin. Whole-cell current density was analyzed by patch-clamp recording. Nephron-specific gene expression was performed by tubular microdissection followed by qPCR in wild-type (WT) mice, and immunofluorescent imaging of GHSR-eGFP mice. Tubular magnesium homeostasis was analyzed in GHSR-null and WT mice at baseline and after caloric restriction. After Ghrelin exposure, whole-cell current density did not change for TRPV5 but increased for TRPM6/7 in a dose-dependent fashion. Applying the Ghrelin-mimetic (D-Trp7, Ala8,D-Phe10)-α-MSH (6-11) amide without and with the GHSR antagonist (D-Lys3)-GHRP6, we confirmed the stimulatory role of Ghrelin towards TRPM6/7. As GHSR initiates downstream signaling via protein kinase A (PKA), we found that the PKA inhibitor H89 abrogated TRPM6/7 stimulation by Ghrelin. Similarly, transfected Gαs, but not the Gαs mutant Q227L, nor Gαi2, Gαq, or Gα13 upregulated TRPM6/7 current density. In microdissected TALs and DCTs similar levels of GHSR mRNA were detected. In contrast, TRPM6 mRNA was expressed in the DCT and also detected in the TAL at 25% expression compared to DCT. Immunofluorescent studies using reporter GHSR-eGFP mice showed a strong eGFP signal in the TAL but surprisingly displayed no eGFP signal in the DCT. In 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old GHSR-null and WT mice, baseline serum magnesium was not significantly different, but 24-h urinary magnesium excretion was elevated in 9-month-old GHSR-null mice. In calorically restricted GHSR-null mice, we detected excess urinary magnesium excretion and reduced serum magnesium levels compared to WT mice. The kidneys from calorically restricted WT mice showed upregulated gene expression of magnesiotropic genes Hnf1b, Cldn-16, Cldn-19, Fxyd-2b, and Parvalbumin compared to GHSR-null mice. Our in vitro studies show that Ghrelin stimulates TRPM6/7 via GHSR and Gαs-PKA signaling. The murine studies are consistent with Ghrelin-GHSR signaling inducing reduced urinary magnesium excretion, particularly in calorically restricted mice when Ghrelin levels are elevated. This effect may be mediated by Ghrelin-upregulation of TRPM6 in the TAL and/or upregulation of other magnesiotropic genes. We postulate that rising Ghrelin levels with hunger contribute to increased renal Mg2+ reabsorption to compensate for lack of enteral Mg2+ uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Nie
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Manjot Bal
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Claudia Duran
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sung Wan An
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michel Baum
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chitkale Hiremath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Department of Cell Biology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Denise K. Marciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Department of Cell Biology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Matthias T. F. Wolf
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Argov-Argaman N, Altman H, Janssen JN, Daeem S, Raz C, Mesilati-Stahy R, Penn S, Monsonego-Ornan E. Effect of milk fat globules on growth and metabolism in rats fed an unbalanced diet. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1270171. [PMID: 38274212 PMCID: PMC10808575 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1270171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of supplementing milk fat globules (MFG) on the growth and development of the skeleton in rats fed a Western unbalanced diet (UBD). The UBD is high in sugar and fat, low in protein, fiber, and micronutrients, and negatively impacts health. The MFG-a complex lipid-protein assembly secreted into milk-has a unique structure and composition, which differs significantly from isolated and processed dietary ingredients. Rats consuming the UBD exhibited growth retardation and disrupted bone structural and mechanical parameters; these were improved by supplementation with small MFG. The addition of small MFG increased the efficiency of protein utilization for growth, and improved trabecular and cortical bone parameters. Furthermore, consumption of UBD led to a decreased concentration of saturated fatty acids and increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-6 PUFA, in the serum, liver, and adipose tissue. The addition of small MFG restored PUFA concentration and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA in bone marrow and adipose tissue. Finally, large but not small MFG supplementation affected the cecal microbiome in rats. Overall, our results suggest that natural structure MFG supplementation can improve metabolism and bone development in rats fed an UBD, with the effects depending on MFG size. Moreover, the benefits of small MFG to bone development and metabolism were not mediated by the microbiome, as the detrimental effects of an UBD on the microbiome were not mitigated by MFG supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hodaya Altman
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Seman Daeem
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chen Raz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Mesilati-Stahy
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Svetlana Penn
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- School of Nutrition Science, Institute of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Figueroa CDN, Cruz FKDA, Kaneko IN, Basaglia RA, Oliveira CALDE, Iwaki LCV, Murakami AE, Santos TC. Growth of long bones in European and Japanese quail from the 13th day of incubation to day 35 post-hatch. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 95:e20220573. [PMID: 38198396 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study described the growth, morphometric, biomechanical, and chemical properties of the femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus of European and Japanese quail. Analyses were performed at 13 and 15 days of incubation, at hatch, and at 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post-hatch (n=6/subspecies/period). Bone specimens were analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography, biomechanical assays, chemical analyses, and histomorphometry. Variables were fitted by the Gompertz function and its derivative or assessed using the analysis of variance. Analysis of the derivative of Gompertz curves showed that the growth behavior of the tarsometatarsal bone was similar between quail subspecies, and the femur and tibiotarsus of European quail increased first in width and then in length, whereas the opposite occurred in Japanese quail. There was an interaction between quail subspecies and days of growth on femoral, tarsometatarsal, and tibiotarsal bone densities. Femoral and tibiotarsal cross-sectional areas were influenced by the interaction of quail subspecies and day of growth. Interaction effects were significant for breaking strength and phosphorus percentage. European and Japanese quail have different femoral and tibiotarsal growth patterns, especially in the first few days after hatching, whereas tarsometatarsal growth is similar between subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia K DA Cruz
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabelle N Kaneko
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Basaglia
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Cristina V Iwaki
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Odontologia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Alice E Murakami
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Antoniac I, Manescu (Paltanea) V, Antoniac A, Paltanea G. Magnesium-based alloys with adapted interfaces for bone implants and tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad095. [PMID: 38020233 PMCID: PMC10664085 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are one of the most used materials for bone implants and tissue engineering. They are characterized by numerous advantages such as biodegradability, high biocompatibility and mechanical properties with values close to the human bone. Unfortunately, the implant surface must be adequately tuned, or Mg-based alloys must be alloyed with other chemical elements due to their increased corrosion effect in physiological media. This article reviews the clinical challenges related to bone repair and regeneration, classifying bone defects and presenting some of the most used and modern therapies for bone injuries, such as Ilizarov or Masquelet techniques or stem cell treatments. The implant interface challenges are related to new bone formation and fracture healing, implant degradation and hydrogen release. A detailed analysis of mechanical properties during implant degradation is extensively described based on different literature studies that included in vitro and in vivo tests correlated with material properties' characterization. Mg-based trauma implants such as plates and screws, intramedullary nails, Herbert screws, spine cages, rings for joint treatment and regenerative scaffolds are presented, taking into consideration their manufacturing technology, the implant geometrical dimensions and shape, the type of in vivo or in vitro studies and fracture localization. Modern technologies that modify or adapt the Mg-based implant interfaces are described by presenting the main surface microstructural modifications, physical deposition and chemical conversion coatings. The last part of the article provides some recommendations from a translational perspective, identifies the challenges associated with Mg-based implants and presents some future opportunities. This review outlines the available literature on trauma and regenerative bone implants and describes the main techniques used to control the alloy corrosion rate and the cellular environment of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Manescu (Paltanea)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Ciriminna S, Pérez-Albela JL, Vásquez-López VF, Rodas-Regalado S, Di Bella G, Parisi A, Tagliaferri F, Barbagallo M. Association between Serum Magnesium and Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061304. [PMID: 36986033 PMCID: PMC10053795 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium, an essential cation for numerous cellular processes, is a major component of bone. However, its relationship with the risk of fractures is still uncertain. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aim to investigate the impact of serum Mg on the risk of incident fractures. A systematic search was conducted using several databases including PubMed/Medline and Scopus from inception to 24 May 2022, including observational studies investigating serum Mg and the incidence of fractures considered as outcomes. Abstract and full-text screenings, data extractions, and risk of bias assessments were conducted by two investigators independently. Any inconsistencies were resolved by consensus with a third author. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the study quality/risk of bias. Among 1332 records initially screened, 16 were retrieved as full-texts; of them, four papers were included in the systematic review with a total of 119,755 participants. We found that lower serum Mg concentrations were associated with a significantly higher risk of incident fractures (RR = 1.579; 95%CI: 1.216–2.051; p = 0.001; I2 = 46.9%). Our systematic review with meta-analysis suggests a strong association of serum Mg concentrations with incident fractures. Further research is needed to confirm our results among other populations and to assess whether serum Mg is potentially relevant in the prevention of fractures, which continue to increase and represent a significant health burden due to the associated disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J. Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciriminna
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giovanna Di Bella
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Parisi
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Tagliaferri
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Hypomagnesemia as a Risk Factor and Accelerator for Vascular Aging in Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020306. [PMID: 36837924 PMCID: PMC9959098 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The age-old axiom that one is as old as his or her vessels are, calls for ongoing critical re-examination of modifiable risk factors of accelerated vascular ageing in chronic kidney diseases. Attempts to modulate vascular risk with cholesterol-lowering agents have largely failed in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition to nitrogen waste products, many pathological biochemical processes also play a role in vascular calcification in chronic kidney damage. Magnesium, a cation vital for the body, may substantially reduce cardiovascular diseases' risk and progression. This narrative review aimed to address the relationship between hypomagnesemia and vascular calcification, which promotes further cardiovascular complications in diabetes, aging, and CKD. Articles with predefined keywords were searched for in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. We hypothesized that a decrease in serum magnesium levels contributes to increased vascular calcification and thereby increases cardiovascular mortality. In summary, based on existing evidence in the literature, it appears that simple and inexpensive oral magnesium supplementation may reduce the cardiovascular mortality of patients who are already severely affected by such diseases; in this context, the concept of 'normal' vs. 'ideal' serum magnesium levels should be carefully re-examined.
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Dong J, Wang W, Zhou W, Zhang S, Li M, Li N, Pan G, Zhang X, Bai J, Zhu C. Immunomodulatory biomaterials for implant-associated infections: from conventional to advanced therapeutic strategies. Biomater Res 2022; 26:72. [PMID: 36471454 PMCID: PMC9721013 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated infection (IAI) is increasingly emerging as a serious threat with the massive application of biomaterials. Bacteria attached to the surface of implants are often difficult to remove and exhibit high resistance to bactericides. In the quest for novel antimicrobial strategies, conventional antimicrobial materials often fail to exert their function because they tend to focus on direct bactericidal activity while neglecting the modulation of immune systems. The inflammatory response induced by host immune cells was thought to be a detrimental force impeding wound healing. However, the immune system has recently received increasing attention as a vital player in the host's defense against infection. Anti-infective strategies based on the modulation of host immune defenses are emerging as a field of interest. This review explains the importance of the immune system in combating infections and describes current advanced immune-enhanced anti-infection strategies. First, the characteristics of traditional/conventional implant biomaterials and the reasons for the difficulty of bacterial clearance in IAI were reviewed. Second, the importance of immune cells in the battle against bacteria is elucidated. Then, we discuss how to design biomaterials that activate the defense function of immune cells to enhance the antimicrobial potential. Based on the key premise of restoring proper host-protective immunity, varying advanced immune-enhanced antimicrobial strategies were discussed. Finally, current issues and perspectives in this field were offered. This review will provide scientific guidance to enhance the development of advanced anti-infective biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Dong
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Siming Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- grid.440785.a0000 0001 0743 511XInstitute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
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Divergent effects of sex and calcium/vitamin D supplementation on serum magnesium and markers of bone structure and function during initial military training. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1730-1737. [PMID: 34814952 PMCID: PMC9592948 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining Mg status may be important for military recruits, a population that experiences high rates of stress fracture during initial military training (IMT). The objectives of this secondary analysis were to (1) compare dietary Mg intake and serum Mg in female and male recruits pre- and post-IMT, (2) determine whether serum Mg was related to parameters of bone health pre-IMT, and (3) whether Ca and vitamin D supplementation (Ca/vitamin D) during IMT modified serum Mg. Females (n 62) and males (n 51) consumed 2000 mg of Ca and 25 μg of vitamin D/d or placebo during IMT (12 weeks). Dietary Mg intakes were estimated using FFQ, serum Mg was assessed and peripheral quantitative computed tomography was performed on the tibia. Dietary Mg intakes for females and males pre-IMT were below the estimated average requirement and did not change with training. Serum Mg increased during IMT in females (0·06 ± 0·08 mmol/l) compared with males (-0·02 ± 0·10 mmol/l; P < 0·001) and in those consuming Ca/vitamin D (0·05 ± 0·09 mmol/l) compared with placebo (0·001 ± 0·11 mmol/l; P = 0·015). In females, serum Mg was associated with total bone mineral content (BMC, β = 0·367, P = 0·004) and robustness (β = 0·393, P = 0·006) at the distal 4 % site, stress-strain index of the polaris axis (β = 0·334, P = 0·009) and robustness (β = 0·420, P = 0·004) at the 14 % diaphyseal site, and BMC (β = 0·309, P = 0·009) and stress-strain index of the polaris axis (β = 0·314, P = 0·006) at the 66 % diaphyseal site pre-IMT. No significant relationships between serum Mg and bone measures were observed in males. Findings suggest that serum Mg may be modulated by Ca/vitamin D intake and may impact tibial bone health during training in female military recruits.
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Oost LJ, Tack CJ, de Baaij JHF. Hypomagnesemia and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr Rev 2022; 44:357-378. [PMID: 36346820 PMCID: PMC10166267 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypomagnesemia is tenfold more common in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), compared to the healthy population. Factors that are involved in this high prevalence are low Mg2+ intake, gut microbiome composition, medication use and presumably genetics. Hypomagnesemia is associated with insulin resistance, which subsequently increases the risk to develop T2D or deteriorates glycaemic control in existing diabetes. Mg2+ supplementation decreases T2D associated features like dyslipidaemia and inflammation; which are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between serum Mg2+ and the risk to develop heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF) and microvascular disease in T2D. The potential protective effect of Mg2+ on HF and AF may be explained by reduced oxidative stress, fibrosis and electrical remodeling in the heart. In microvascular disease, Mg2+ reduces the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia and improves endothelial dysfunction. Though, clinical studies assessing the effect of long-term Mg2+ supplementation on CVD incidents are lacking and gaps remain on how Mg2+ may reduce CVD risk in T2D. Despite the high prevalence of hypomagnesemia in people with T2D, routine screening of Mg2+ deficiency to provide Mg2+ supplementation when needed is not implemented in clinical care as sufficient clinical evidence is lacking. In conclusion, hypomagnesemia is common in people with T2D and is both involved as cause, probably through molecular mechanisms leading to insulin resistance, and consequence and is prospectively associated with development of HF, AF and microvascular complications. Whether long-term supplementation of Mg2+ is beneficial, however, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette J Oost
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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A Review on the Recent Advancements on Therapeutic Effects of Ions in the Physiological Environments. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the therapeutic effects of ions when released in physiological environments. Recent studies have shown that metallic ions like Ag+, Sr2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, P+5, etc., have shown promising results in drug delivery systems and regenerative medicine. These metallic ions can be loaded in nanoparticles, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs), hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium phosphates, polymeric coatings, and salt solutions. The metallic ions can exhibit different functions in the physiological environment such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, bioactive, biocompatible, and angiogenic effects. Furthermore, the metals/metalloid ions can be loaded into scaffolds to improve osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, bone development, fibroblast growth, and improved wound healing efficacy. Moreover, different ions possess different therapeutic limits. Therefore, further mechanisms need to be developed for the highly controlled and sustained release of these ions. This review paper summarizes the recent progress in the use of metallic/metalloid ions in regenerative medicine and encourages further study of ions as a solution to cure diseases.
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Kazakova G, Safronova T, Golubchikov D, Shevtsova O, Rau JV. Resorbable Mg 2+-Containing Phosphates for Bone Tissue Repair. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4857. [PMID: 34500951 PMCID: PMC8432688 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on Mg2+-containing phosphates are gaining great relevance in the field of bone tissue repair via regenerative medicine methods. Magnesium ions, together with condensed phosphate ions, play substantial roles in the process of bone remodeling, affecting the early stage of bone regeneration through active participation in the process of osteosynthesis. In this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the usage of biomaterials based on magnesium phosphate and magnesium calcium phosphate in bone reconstruction. We consider the role of magnesium ions in angiogenesis, which is an important process associated with osteogenesis. Finally, we summarize the biological properties of calcium magnesium phosphates for regeneration of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilyana Kazakova
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory Building B, 1-73 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Safronova
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory Building B, 1-73 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Daniil Golubchikov
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory Building B, 1-73 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Olga Shevtsova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Julietta V. Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy;
- Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Build. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia
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12
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Rodelo-Haad C, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier MV, Díaz-Tocados JM, Martin-Malo A, Santamaria R, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Rodríguez M. The Role of Disturbed Mg Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease Comorbidities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:543099. [PMID: 33282857 PMCID: PMC7688914 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.543099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the critical mechanisms that mediate chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression are associated with vascular calcifications, disbalance of mineral metabolism, increased oxidative and metabolic stress, inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, or accumulation of uremic toxins. Also, it is widely accepted that pathologies with a strong influence in CKD progression are diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). A disbalance in magnesium (Mg) homeostasis, more specifically hypomagnesemia, is associated with the development and progression of the comorbidities mentioned above, and some mechanisms might explain why low serum Mg is associated with negative clinical outcomes such as major adverse cardiovascular and renal events. Furthermore, it is likely that hypomagnesemia causes the release of inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein and promotes insulin resistance. Animal models have shown that Mg supplementation reverses vascular calcifications; thus, clinicians have focused on the potential benefits that Mg supplementation may have in humans. Recent evidence suggests that Mg reduces coronary artery calcifications and facilitates peripheral vasodilation. Mg may reduce vascular calcification by direct inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, Mg deficiency worsens kidney injury induced by an increased tubular load of phosphate. One important consequence of excessive tubular load of phosphate is the reduction of renal tubule expression of α-Klotho in moderate CKD. Low Mg levels worsen the reduction of Klotho induced by the tubular load of phosphate. Evidence to support clinical translation is yet insufficient, and more clinical studies are required to claim enough evidence for decision-making in daily practice. Meanwhile, it seems reasonable to prevent and treat Mg deficiency. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of Mg homeostasis, the potential mechanisms that may mediate the effect of Mg deficiency on CKD progression, CVD, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodelo-Haad
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Victoria Pendón-Ruiz de Mier
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Díaz-Tocados
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin-Malo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Santamaria
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodríguez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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13
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The Coordination Chemistry of Bio-Relevant Ligands and Their Magnesium Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143172. [PMID: 32664540 PMCID: PMC7397051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of magnesium (Mg2+) was extensively explored. More recently; magnesium; which plays a role in over 80% of metabolic functions and governs over 350 enzymatic processes; is becoming increasingly linked to chronic disease—predominantly due to magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia). Supplemental dietary magnesium utilizing biorelevant chelate ligands is a proven method for counteracting hypomagnesemia. However, the coordination chemistry of such bio-relevant magnesium complexes is yet to be extensively explored or elucidated. It is the aim of this review to comprehensively describe what is currently known about common bio-relevant magnesium complexes from the perspective of coordination chemistry.
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14
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Uwitonze AM, Rahman S, Ojeh N, Grant WB, Kaur H, Haq A, Razzaque MS. Oral manifestations of magnesium and vitamin D inadequacy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105636. [PMID: 32084549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is essential for maintaining good oral health. Minerals such as magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus found in the diet constitute the main structural components of the tooth. Their inadequacy leads to absorption impairment, increased bleeding tendency, bone resorption, looseness, and premature tooth loss. Inadequacy of those essential minerals is associated with delayed tooth eruption and with enamel or dentin hypoplasia. Taking calcium without magnesium results in soft dental enamel, which cannot resist the acids causing tooth decay. In addition to magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus, adequate vitamin D is needed to maintain optimal oral health. Vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects and helps in calcium absorption and bone remodeling. Moreover, adequate vitamin D status could reduce formation of dental caries by delaying its onset and progression. Here we summarize the oral manifestations of vitamin D and magnesium inadequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Uwitonze
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Sayeeda Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology & Public Health, School of Medicine, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, & Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Afrozul Haq
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Advancing & Professional Studies (CAPS), University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA.
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15
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Severe magnesium deficiency compromises systemic bone mineral density and aggravates inflammatory bone resorption. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 77:108301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Pendón-Ruiz de Mier MV, Rodelo-Haad C, Díaz-Tocados JM, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Rodríguez M. Magnesium: An old player revisited in the context of CKD-MBD. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 501:53-59. [PMID: 31836501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a wide number of abnormalities in mineral metabolism. Often, these alterations are the leading players in the development of comorbidities associated with CKD, which are risk factors of mortality. In this context, mineral and bone disorder associated with CKD (CKD-MBD) are highlighted, connecting bone, renal, and cardiovascular disorders. Many studies have been led to propose strategies to avoid, reduce, or slow down CKD-MBD progression using different compositions of metallic elements-based P binders such as aluminum, magnesium, or calcium. Magnesium, the aim of this review, has been used by nephrologists to treat CKD-MBD with a variable acceptation due mainly to different results on bone homeostasis. Nowadays, we have new evidence about the efficacy of magnesium supplementation on vascular calcification, renal function, and bone disorders, suggesting potential beneficial effects of Magnesium in the management of CKD-MBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Pendón-Ruiz de Mier
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; University of Cordoba, Spain; Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Rodelo-Haad
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; University of Cordoba, Spain; Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Díaz-Tocados
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; University of Cordoba, Spain
| | - J R Muñoz-Castañeda
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; University of Cordoba, Spain; Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Rodríguez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; University of Cordoba, Spain; Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Bressendorff I, Hansen D, Pasch A, Holt SG, Schou M, Brandi L, Smith ER. The effect of increasing dialysate magnesium on calciprotein particles, inflammation and bone markers: post hoc analysis from a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 36:713-721. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The formation of calciprotein particles (CPPs) may be an important component of the humoral defences against ectopic calcification. Although magnesium (Mg) has been shown to delay the transition of amorphous calcium-/phosphate-containing primary CPP (CPP-1) to crystalline apatite-containing secondary CPP (CPP-2) ex vivo, effects on the endogenous CPP pool are unknown.
Methods
We used post hoc analyses from a randomized double-blind parallel-group controlled clinical trial of 28 days treatment with high dialysate Mg of 2.0 mEq/L versus standard dialysate Mg of 1.0 mEq/L in 57 subjects undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease. CPP load, markers of systemic inflammation and bone turnover were measured at baseline and follow-up.
Results
After 28 days of treatment with high dialysate Mg, serum total CPP (−52%), CPP-1 (−42%) and CPP-2 (−68%) were lower in the high Mg group (all P < 0.001) but were unchanged in the standard dialysate Mg group. Tumour necrosis factor-α (−20%) and interleukin-6 (−22%) were also reduced with high dialysate Mg treatment (both P < 0.01). High dialysate Mg resulted in higher levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (a marker of bone formation) (+17%) but lower levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 b (a marker of bone resorption; −33%) (both P < 0.01). Inflammatory cytokines and bone turnover markers were unchanged in the standard dialysate Mg group over the same period.
Conclusions
In this exploratory analysis, increasing dialysate Mg was associated with reduced CPP load and systemic inflammation and divergent changes in markers of bone formation and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Bressendorff
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ditte Hansen
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Calciscon AG, Nidau, Switzerland
- Insitute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Morten Schou
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lisbet Brandi
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Yu X, Huang W, Zhao D, Yang K, Tan L, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang M, Zhang S, Liu T, Wu B, Qu M, Duan R, Yuan Y. Study of engineered low-modulus Mg/PLLA composites as potential orthopaedic implants: An in vitro and in vivo study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:280-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Burrow K, Young W, McConnell M, Carne A, Bekhit AED. Do Dairy Minerals Have a Positive Effect on Bone Health? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:989-1005. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Burrow
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Otago; P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch Ltd.; Grasslands Research Centre; Private Bag 11008, Manawatu Mail Centre Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology; Univ. of Otago; P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Alan Carne
- Dept. of Biochemistry; Univ. of Otago; P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Alaa El-Din Bekhit
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Otago; P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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20
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Anti-nerve growth factor therapy attenuates cutaneous hypersensitivity and musculoskeletal discomfort in mice with osteoporosis. Pain Rep 2018; 3:e652. [PMID: 29922744 PMCID: PMC5999413 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prevalence of osteoporosis is increasing with the aging population and is associated with increased risk of fracture and chronic pain. Osteoporosis is currently treated with bisphosphonate therapy to attenuate bone loss. We previously reported that improvement in bone mineral density is not sufficient to reduce osteoporosis-related pain in an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced mouse model of osteoporosis, highlighting the need for new treatments. Targeting of nerve growth factor (NGF) with sequestering antibodies is a promising new direction for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain including back pain and arthritis. Its efficacy is currently unknown for osteoporotic pain. Objective To investigate the efficacy of anti-NGF antibody therapy on osteoporotic pain in an OVX-induced mouse model. Methods Ovariectomy- and sham-operated mice were injected with an anti-NGF antibody (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, administered 2×, 14 days apart), and the effect on behavioural indices of osteoporosis-related pain and on sensory neuron plasticity was evaluated. Results Treatment with anti-NGF antibodies attenuated OVX-induced hypersensitivity to mechanical, cold, and heat stimuli on the plantar surface of the hind paw. The OVX-induced impairment in grip force strength, used here as a measure of axial discomfort, was partially reversed by anti-NGF therapy. No changes were observed in the rotarod or open-field tests for overall motor function and activity. Finally, anti-NGF treatment attenuated the increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive dorsal root ganglia neurons observed in OVX mice. Conclusion Taken together, these data suggest that anti-NGF antibodies may be useful in the treatment of prefracture hypersensitivity that is reported in 10% of patients with osteoporosis.
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21
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Noma T, Takasugi S, Shioyama M, Yamaji T, Itou H, Suzuki Y, Sakuraba K, Sawaki K. Effects of dietary gelatin hydrolysates on bone mineral density in magnesium-deficient rats. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:385. [PMID: 28870199 PMCID: PMC5583763 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The major types of commercially available gelatin hydrolysates are prepared from mammals or fish. Dietary gelatin hydrolysates from mammals were reported to improve bone mineral density (BMD) in some animal models. In contrast, there is limited study showing the effects of dietary gelatin hydrolysates from fish on BMD. The quantity and structure of peptides in the plasma after oral administration of gelatin hydrolysates depend on the gelatin source, which suggests that the biological activity of gelatin hydrolysates depend on the gelatin source. This study examined the effects of fish-derived gelatin hydrolysate (FGH) or porcine-derived gelatin hydrolysate (PGH) intake on BMD and intrinsic biomechanical properties in magnesium (Mg)-deficient rats as a model showing the decrease in both BMD and intrinsic biomechanical properties. Methods Four-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: a normal group was fed a normal diet (48 mg Mg/100 g diet), a Mg-deficient (MgD) group was fed a MgD diet (7 mg Mg/100 g diet), a FGH group was fed a MgD + FGH diet (5% FGH), and a PGH group was fed a MgD + PGH diet (5% PGH) for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, BMD and intrinsic biomechanical properties of the femur were measured. Results The MgD group showed significantly lower Young’s modulus, an intrinsic biomechanical property, and trabecular BMD of the femur than the normal group; however, the MgD diet did not affect cortical BMD and cortical thickness. Both the FGH and the PGH groups showed significantly higher cortical thickness and ultimate displacement of the femur than the normal group, but neither type of gelatin hydrolysate affected Young’s modulus. Furthermore, the FGH group, but not the PGH group, showed significantly higher trabecular BMD than the MgD group. Conclusions This study indicates that FGH and PGH increase cortical thickness but only FGH prevents the decrease in trabecular BMD seen in Mg-deficient rats, while neither type of gelatin hydrolysate affect intrinsic biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Noma
- Division of Research and Development, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takasugi
- Division of Research and Development, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan.
| | - Miho Shioyama
- Division of Research and Development, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan
| | - Taketo Yamaji
- Division of Research and Development, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itou
- Division of Research and Development, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keishoku Sakuraba
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sawaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Kunutsor SK, Whitehouse MR, Blom AW, Laukkanen JA. Low serum magnesium levels are associated with increased risk of fractures: a long-term prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:593-603. [PMID: 28405867 PMCID: PMC5570773 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium, which is an essential trace element that plays a key role in several cellular processes, is a major component of bone; however, its relationship with risk of major bone fractures is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the association of baseline serum magnesium concentrations with risk of incident fractures. We analyzed data on 2245 men aged 42-61 years in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study, with the assessment of serum magnesium measurements and dietary intakes made at baseline. Hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for incident total (femoral, humeral, and forearm) and femoral fractures were assessed. During a median follow-up of 25.6 years, 123 total fractures were recorded. Serum magnesium was non-linearly associated with risk of total fractures. In age-adjusted Cox regression analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% CIs) for total fractures in a comparison of the bottom quartile versus top quartile of magnesium concentrations was 2.10 (1.30-3.41), which persisted on adjustment for several established risk factors 1.99 (1.23-3.24). The association remained consistent on further adjustment for renal function, socioeconomic status, total energy intake, and several trace elements 1.80 (1.10-2.94). The corresponding adjusted HRs for femoral fractures were 2.56 (1.38-4.76), 2.43 (1.30-4.53) and 2.13 (1.13-3.99) respectively. There was no evidence of an association of dietary magnesium intake with risk of any fractures. In middle-aged Caucasian men, low serum magnesium is strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of fractures. Further research is needed to assess the potential relevance of serum magnesium in the prevention of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor Kwadzo Kunutsor
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Michael Richard Whitehouse
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Ashley William Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jari Antero Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Internal Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
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23
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Tu SJ, Wang SP, Cheng FC, Weng CE, Huang WT, Chang WJ, Chen YJ. Attenuating trabecular morphology associated with low magnesium diet evaluated using micro computed tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174806. [PMID: 28369124 PMCID: PMC5378393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature shows that bone mineral density (BMD) and the geometric architecture of trabecular bone in the femur may be affected by inadequate dietary intake of Mg. In this study, we used microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) to characterize and quantify the impact of a low-Mg diet on femoral trabecular bones in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned to 2 groups and supplied either a normal or low-Mg diet for 8weeks. Samples of plasma and urine were collected for biochemical analysis, and femur tissues were removed for micro-CT imaging. In addition to considering standard parameters, we regarded trabecular bone as a cylindrical rod and used computational algorithms for a technical assessment of the morphological characteristics of the bones. BMD (mg-HA/cm3) was obtained using a standard phantom. RESULTS We observed a decline in the total tissue volume, bone volume, percent bone volume, fractal dimension, number of trabecular segments, number of connecting nodes, bone mineral content (mg-HA), and BMD, as well as an increase in the structural model index and surface-area-to-volume ratio in low-Mg mice. Subsequently, we examined the distributions of the trabecular segment length and radius, and a series of specific local maximums were identified. The biochemical analysis revealed a 43% (96%) decrease in Mg and a 40% (71%) decrease in Ca in plasma (urine excretion). CONCLUSIONS This technical assessment performed using micro-CT revealed a lower population of femoral trabecular bones and a decrease in BMD at the distal metaphysis in the low-Mg mice. Examining the distributions of the length and radius of trabecular segments showed that the average length and radius of the trabecular segments in low-Mg mice are similar to those in normal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ju Tu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chou Cheng
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-En Weng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tzu Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jeng Chang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Islam MT, Felfel RM, Abou Neel EA, Grant DM, Ahmed I, Hossain KMZ. Bioactive calcium phosphate-based glasses and ceramics and their biomedical applications: A review. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417719170. [PMID: 28794848 PMCID: PMC5524250 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417719170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An overview of the formation of calcium phosphate under in vitro environment on the surface of a range of bioactive materials (e.g. from silicate, borate, and phosphate glasses, glass-ceramics, bioceramics to metals) based on recent literature is presented in this review. The mechanism of bone-like calcium phosphate (i.e. hydroxyapatite) formation and the test protocols that are either already in use or currently being investigated for the evaluation of the bioactivity of biomaterials are discussed. This review also highlights the effect of chemical composition and surface charge of materials, types of medium (e.g. simulated body fluid, phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture medium) and test parameters on their bioactivity performance. Finally, a brief summary of the biomedical applications of these newly formed calcium phosphate (either in the form of amorphous or apatite) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Towhidul Islam
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Reda M Felfel
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ensanya A Abou Neel
- Division of Biomaterials, Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Division, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kazi M Zakir Hossain
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Chronic Osteoporotic Pain in Mice: Cutaneous and Deep Musculoskeletal Pain Are Partially Independent of Bone Resorption and Differentially Sensitive to Pharmacological Interventions. J Osteoporos 2017; 2017:7582716. [PMID: 28299231 PMCID: PMC5337358 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7582716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the pathological changes in osteoporotic bones are well established, the characterization of the osteoporotic pain and its appropriate treatment are not fully elucidated. We investigated the behavioral signs of cutaneous and deep musculoskeletal pain and physical function; time-dependent changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and the emergence of the behavioral phenotype; and the effects of pharmacological interventions having different mechanisms of action (chronic intraperitoneal administration of pamidronate [0.25 mg/kg, 5x/week for 5 weeks] versus acute treatment with intraperitoneal morphine [10 mg/kg] and pregabalin [100 mg/kg]) in a mouse model of ovariectomized or sham-operated mice 6 months following surgery. We observed reduced BMD associated with weight gain, referred cutaneous hypersensitivity, and deep musculoskeletal pain that persisted for 6 months. Chronic bisphosphonate treatment, 6 months after ovariectomy, reversed bone loss and hypersensitivity to cold, but other behavioral indices of osteoporotic pain were unchanged. While the efficacy of acute morphine on cutaneous pain was weak, pregabalin was highly effective; deep musculoskeletal pain was intractable. In conclusion, the reversal of bone loss alone is insufficient to manage pain in chronic osteoporosis. Additional treatments, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, should be implemented to improve quality of life for osteoporosis patients.
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Nakano Y, Le MH, Abduweli D, Ho SP, Ryazanova LV, Hu Z, Ryazanov AG, Den Besten PK, Zhang Y. A Critical Role of TRPM7 As an Ion Channel Protein in Mediating the Mineralization of the Craniofacial Hard Tissues. Front Physiol 2016; 7:258. [PMID: 27458382 PMCID: PMC4934143 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium ion (Mg(2+)) is the fourth most common cation in the human body, and has a crucial role in many physiological functions. Mg(2+) homeostasis is an important contributor to bone development, however, its roles in the development of dental mineralized tissues have not yet been well known. We identified that transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7), was significantly upregulated in the mature ameloblasts as compared to other ameloblasts through our whole transcript microarray analyses of the ameloblasts. TRPM7, an ion channel for divalent metal cations with an intrinsic serine/threonine protein kinase activity, has been characterized as a key regulator of whole body Mg(2+) homeostasis. Semi-quantitative PCR and immunostaining for TRMP7 confirmed its upregulation during the maturation stage of enamel formation, at which ameloblasts direct rapid mineralization of the enamel matrix. The significantly hypomineralized craniofacial structures, including incisors, molars, and cranial bones were demonstrated by microCT analysis, von Kossa and trichrome staining in Trpm7 (Δkinase∕+) mice. A previously generated heterozygous mouse model with the deletion of the TRPM7 kinase domain. Interestingly, the skeletal phenotype of Trpm7 (Δkinase∕+) mice resembled those found in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) KO mice, thus we further examined whether ALPL protein content and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity in ameloblasts, odontoblasts and osteoblasts were affected in those mice. While ALPL protein in Trpm7 (Δkinase∕+) mice remained at the similar level as that in wt mice, ALPase activities in the Trpm7 (Δkinase∕+) mice were almost nonexistent. Supplemented magnesium successfully rescued the activities of ALPase in ameloblasts, odontoblasts and osteoblasts of Trpm7 (Δkinase∕+) mice. These results suggested that TRPM7 is essential for mineralization of enamel as well as dentin and bone by providing sufficient Mg(2+) for the ALPL activity, underlining the key importance of ALPL for biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Children's Oral Health Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael H Le
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dawud Abduweli
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunita P Ho
- Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lillia V Ryazanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Zhixian Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Alexey G Ryazanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Pamela K Den Besten
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Children's Oral Health Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Children's Oral Health Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
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Biodegradable Mg-Cu alloys with enhanced osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and long-lasting antibacterial effects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27374. [PMID: 27271057 PMCID: PMC4895436 DOI: 10.1038/srep27374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of biodegradable Mg-Cu alloys is designed to induce osteogenesis, stimulate angiogenesis, and provide long-lasting antibacterial performance at the same time. The Mg-Cu alloys with precipitated Mg2Cu intermetallic phases exhibit accelerated degradation in the physiological environment due to galvanic corrosion and the alkaline environment combined with Cu release endows the Mg-Cu alloys with prolonged antibacterial effects. In addition to no cytotoxicity towards HUVECs and MC3T3-E1 cells, the Mg-Cu alloys, particularly Mg-0.03Cu, enhance the cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, collagen secretion, osteogenesis-related gene and protein expressions of MC3T3-E1 cells, cell proliferation, migration, endothelial tubule forming, angiogenesis-related gene, and protein expressions of HUVECs compared to pure Mg. The favorable osteogenesis and angiogenesis are believed to arise from the release of bioactive Mg and Cu ions into the biological environment and the biodegradable Mg-Cu alloys with osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and long-term antibacterial ability are very promising in orthopedic applications.
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Inhibition of substance P signaling aggravates the bone loss in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:112-121. [PMID: 27237582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance P signaling regulates the functions of both osteoblast and osteoclast. Available reports on the effects of substance P on bone mass are contradictory. The objective of this study was to determine the change of substance P expression in the osteoporotic bone of OVX mice. The effects of substance P signaling blockade by using its specific receptor antagonist L-703606 on bone remodeling in sham-operated mice and OVX mice were also investigated. METHODS Forty-eight nine-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were evenly distributed into three groups with sham surgery, OVX or OVX with estrogen replacement. Substance P expression in the bones of each group of mice was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay. Another thirty-two nine-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were divided into a SHAM group (sham surgery followed by vehicle treatment with DMSO), a SHAM + L group (sham surgery followed by 15 mg/kg/d L-703606 repeated intraperitoneal injections), an OVX group (ovariectomy with the same vehicle treatment) and an OVX + L group (ovariectomy with the same L-703606 injections), with 8 mice in each group. Treatment started 3 weeks after surgery and last for 3 weeks. A 2 × 2 factorial experimental design was used to detect the effects of substance P signaling blockade on bone remodeling in sham-operated mice and OVX mice. Techniques including micro-computed tomography, biomechanical testing, histomorphometric analysis, enzyme immunoassay, and real-time PCR were employed. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay revealed that substance P expression significantly decreased in the bones of OVX mice both at 3 weeks and 6 weeks after surgery. Micro-CT tomography demonstrated that application of L-703606 led to bone loss in sham-operated mice, and aggravated the micro-structural deterioration of bones in OVX mice. This was shown by reduced BV/TV (Mean bone volume fraction), Tb.N (Mean trabecular number) and Tb.Th (Mean trabecular thickness), and increased Tb.Sp (Mean trabecular separation). Biomechanical analysis demonstrated that blockade of substance P signaling reduced the maximum stress and maximum load of L3 vertebrae and tibiae. Inhibited recruitment of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to bone remodeling sites, which was evidenced by increased number of osteoclasts, decreased number of osteoblasts and increased osteoid volume in the secondary spongiosa, was observed in the mice treated with L-703606. A significant decrease of OPG/RANKL ratio was also found in the bones of mice treated with L-703606. Body weight, uterine weight and serum estradiol level were not significantly different between the mice treated with L-703606 and those treated with vehicle. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that blocking substance P signaling led to bone loss in sham-operated mice, and exacerbated the bone loss in OVX mice. Substance P signaling had an important role in the maintenance of bone mass.
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Bertinato J, Lavergne C, Rahimi S, Rachid H, Vu NA, Plouffe LJ, Swist E. Moderately Low Magnesium Intake Impairs Growth of Lean Body Mass in Obese-Prone and Obese-Resistant Rats Fed a High-Energy Diet. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050253. [PMID: 27136580 PMCID: PMC4882666 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical and biochemical changes resulting from moderately low magnesium (Mg) intake are not fully understood. Obesity and associated co-morbidities affect Mg metabolism and may exacerbate Mg deficiency and physiological effects. Male rats selectively bred for diet-induced obesity (OP, obese-prone) or resistance (OR, obese-resistant) were fed a high-fat, high-energy diet containing moderately low (LMg, 0.116 ± 0.001 g/kg) or normal (NMg, 0.516 ± 0.007 g/kg) Mg for 13 weeks. The growth, body composition, mineral homeostasis, bone development, and glucose metabolism of the rats were examined. OP and OR rats showed differences (p < 0.05) in many physical and biochemical measures regardless of diet. OP and OR rats fed the LMg diet had decreased body weight, lean body mass, decreased femoral size (width, weight, and volume), and serum Mg and potassium concentrations compared to rats fed the NMg diet. The LMg diet increased serum calcium (Ca) concentration in both rat strains with a concomitant decrease in serum parathyroid hormone concentration only in the OR strain. In the femur, Mg concentration was reduced, whereas concentrations of Ca and sodium were increased in both strains fed the LMg diet. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in an oral glucose tolerance test were similar in rats fed the LMg or NMg diets. These results show that a moderately low Mg diet impairs the growth of lean body mass and alters femoral geometry and mineral metabolism in OP and OR rats fed a high-energy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bertinato
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Christopher Lavergne
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Sophia Rahimi
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Hiba Rachid
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Nina A Vu
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Louise J Plouffe
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Eleonora Swist
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Xiao J, Yu W, Wang X, Wang B, Chen J, Liu Y, Li Z. Correlation between neuropeptide distribution, cancellous bone microstructure and joint pain in postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Neuropeptides 2016; 56:97-104. [PMID: 26706183 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between the distribution of neuropeptides, cancellous bone microstructure and joint pain in postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP). METHODS Cancellous bone of the femoral head was obtained at the time of hip arthroplasty from 20 postmenopausal women, 10 with OA and 10 with OP. Pain intensity was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) before the operation. The microstructural parameters were measured with micro-CT and the neuropeptides of the cancellous bone were stained by an immunohistochemical method. RESULTS We observed that BV/TV, Tb.Th and Th.N values in the OP were significantly decreased compared to those in the OA. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the mean optical density (MOD) values for SP, CGRP, and VIP in the OA group were significantly higher than those in the OP, and the MOD value for NPY in the OA was significantly lower than that in the OP. We also observed that the MOD values for SP were positively correlated with AD, BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N and Conn.D and negatively with MD, Tb.Sp and SMI in all patients. The MOD values for CGRP were positively correlated with AD, BV/TV and Tb.Th. MOD values for VIP were positively correlated with BV/TV and Tb.Th and negatively with SMI. The VAS score was correlated positively with the MOD values for SP, CGRP, VIP and negatively with NPY in all patients. CONCLUSIONS Neuropeptides play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA and OP, which may cause pain and influence the bone microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiangrui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhanchun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Abundant experimental evidence suggests a physiological role of magnesium in cardiovascular function, and clinical evidence suggests a role of the cation in cardiovascular disease in the general population. The role of magnesium in CKD-mineral and bone disorder, and in particular its impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD, is however not well understood. Experimental studies have shown that magnesium inhibits vascular calcification, both by direct effects on the vessel wall and by indirect, systemic effects. Moreover, an increasing number of epidemiologic studies in patients with CKD have shown associations of serum magnesium levels with intermediate and hard outcomes, including vascular calcification, cardiovascular events and mortality. Intervention trials in these patients conducted to date have had small sample sizes and have been limited to the study of surrogate parameters, such as arterial stiffness, vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. Randomized controlled trials are clearly needed to determine the effects of magnesium supplementation on hard outcomes in patients with CKD.
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de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1-46. [PMID: 25540137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 885] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is an essential ion to the human body, playing an instrumental role in supporting and sustaining health and life. As the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium, it is involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Although Mg(2+) availability has been proven to be disturbed during several clinical situations, serum Mg(2+) values are not generally determined in patients. This review aims to provide an overview of the function of Mg(2+) in human health and disease. In short, Mg(2+) plays an important physiological role particularly in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. Moreover, Mg(2+) supplementation has been shown to be beneficial in treatment of, among others, preeclampsia, migraine, depression, coronary artery disease, and asthma. Over the last decade, several hereditary forms of hypomagnesemia have been deciphered, including mutations in transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 (TRPM6), claudin 16, and cyclin M2 (CNNM2). Recently, mutations in Mg(2+) transporter 1 (MagT1) were linked to T-cell deficiency underlining the important role of Mg(2+) in cell viability. Moreover, hypomagnesemia can be the consequence of the use of certain types of drugs, such as diuretics, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and proton pump inhibitors. This review provides an extensive and comprehensive overview of Mg(2+) research over the last few decades, focusing on the regulation of Mg(2+) homeostasis in the intestine, kidney, and bone and disturbances which may result in hypomagnesemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Humphrey S, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Magnesium physiology and clinical therapy in veterinary critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 25:210-25. [PMID: 25427407 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review magnesium physiology including absorption, excretion, and function within the body, causes of magnesium abnormalities, and the current applications of magnesium monitoring and therapy in people and animals. ETIOLOGY Magnesium plays a pivotal role in energy production and specific functions in every cell in the body. Disorders of magnesium can be correlated with severity of disease, length of hospital stay, and recovery of the septic patient. Hypermagnesemia is seen infrequently in people and animals with significant consequences reported. Hypomagnesemia is more common in critically ill people and animals, and can be associated with platelet, immune system, neurological, and cardiovascular dysfunction as well as alterations in insulin responsiveness and electrolyte imbalance. DIAGNOSIS Measurement of serum ionized magnesium in critically or chronically ill veterinary patients is practical and provides information necessary for stabilization and treatment. Tissue magnesium concentrations may be assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as through the application of fluorescent dye techniques. THERAPY Magnesium infusions may play a therapeutic role in reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemia, cerebral infarcts, systemic inflammatory response syndromes, tetanus, digitalis toxicity, bronchospasms, hypercoagulable states, and as an adjunct to specific anesthetic or analgesic protocols. Further veterinary studies are needed to establish the frequency and importance of magnesium disorders in animals and the potential benefit of magnesium infusions as a therapeutic adjunct to specific diseases. PROGNOSIS The prognosis for most patients with magnesium disorders is variable and largely dependent on the underlying cause of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Humphrey
- From the Animal Emergency Center and Specialty Services, Glendale, WI 52309
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Gupta M, Solanki MH, Chatterjee PK, Xue X, Roman A, Desai N, Rochelson B, Metz CN. Maternal magnesium deficiency in mice leads to maternal metabolic dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism with fetal growth restriction. Mol Med 2014; 20:332-40. [PMID: 25025397 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate magnesium (Mg) intake is a widespread problem, with over 50% of women of reproductive age consuming less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Because pregnancy increases the requirement for Mg and the beneficial effects of magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia/eclampsia and fetal neuroprotection are well described, we examined the outcomes of Mg deficiency during pregnancy. Briefly, pregnant Swiss Webster mice were fed either control or Mg-deficient diets starting on gestational day (GD) 6 through euthanasia on GD17. Mg-deficient dams had significantly reduced weight gain and higher plasma adipokines, in the absence of inflammation. Livers of Mg-deficient dams had significantly higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (P < 0.0001) and arachidonic acid (AA) (P < 0.0001). Mechanistically, Mg deficiency was accompanied by enhanced desaturase and elongase mRNA expression in maternal livers along with higher circulating insulin and glucose concentrations (P < 0.05) and increased mRNA expression of Srebf1 and Chrebp, regulators of fatty acid synthesis (P < 0.05). Fetal pups exposed to Mg deficiency were growth-restricted and exhibited reduced survival. Mg-deficient fetal livers showed lower MUFAs and higher PUFAs, with lower desaturase and elongase mRNA expression than controls. In addition, DHA concentrations were lower in Mg-deficient fetal brains (P < 0.05). These results indicate that Mg deficiency during pregnancy influences both maternal and fetal fatty acid metabolism, fetal growth and fetal survival, and support better understanding maternal Mg status before and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Gupta
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Malvika H Solanki
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Prodyot K Chatterjee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiangying Xue
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda Roman
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Desai
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Burton Rochelson
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine N Metz
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
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Zheng J, Mao X, Ling J, He Q, Quan J, Jiang H. Association between serum level of magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:8-14. [PMID: 24728877 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports as to the association between serum level of magnesium (Mg) and postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP). The purpose of the present study is to clarify the association between serum level of Mg and postmenopausal OP using a meta-analysis approach. We searched articles indexed in Pubmed and the Chinese Journal Full-text Database (CJFD) published as of October 2013 that met our predefined criteria. Seven eligible studies involving 1,349 postmenopausal women from 12 case-control study arms were identified. Overall, pooled analysis indicated that postmenopausal osteoporotic women had a lower serum level of Mg than the healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD]=-0.55, 95 % confidence interval [CI]=-0.83 to -0.26). Further subgroup analysis found a similar pattern in Turkey (SMD=-0.66, 95% CI=-0.99 to -0.32) and Belgium (SMD=-0.98, 95% CI=-1.91 to -0.05), but not in China (SMD=0.02, 95% CI=-0.21 to 0.26). And the difference of serum level of Mg between postmenopausal osteoporotic women and healthy controls below the age of 60 years (SMD=-0.61, 95% CI=-1.09 to -0.13) was similar to that among the population over 60 years (SMD=-0.49, 95% CI=-0.80 to -0.18).In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that the low serum level of Mg seems to be a risk factor for OP among the postmenopausal women. However, the subgroup analysis found that there was contradiction regarding races and geography, like China and Turkey. Thus, this finding needs further confirmation by trans-regional multicenter study to obtain better understanding of causal relationships between serum Mg and postmenopausal OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmao Zheng
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
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Blockade of substance P receptor attenuates osteoporotic pain, but not bone loss, in ovariectomized mice. Menopause 2014; 20:1074-83. [PMID: 23549442 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31828837a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a substance P (SP) receptor (NK1 receptor [NK1-R]) antagonist on hyperalgesia and bone metabolism in ovariectomized mice. METHODS Thirty-six 9-week-old mice were subjected to either bilateral ovariectomy or sham surgery. Three weeks after the operation, the mice were treated with either a single-dose injection or 2-week repeated daily administration of L-703606, an NK1-R antagonist. Behavioral tests were performed for pain assessment; tibiae and the third lumbar vertebrae were dissected and assessed for microarchitectural or biomechanical properties. The expressions of SP and NK1-R in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord were also evaluated. RESULTS Both single-dose injection and 2-week repeated injections of L-703606 led to a significant increase in nociceptive threshold in ovariectomized mice. However, the antihyperalgesic effect faded at 2 hours and almost disappeared at 5 hours after a single-dose injection. With the 14-day repeated treatment of ovariectomized mice, the effect was not detectable at 24 hours after the first injection but was obvious at 24 hours after 1-week and 2-week administrations and still existed at 48 hours after the last injection. Ovariectomized mice at the hyperalgesic state had enhanced SP immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia and up-regulated SP and NK1-R expressions in the spinal cord. However, no significant change in serum SP level was detected. Two-week treatment with L-703606 could down-regulate these expressions but failed to salvage the deteriorated trabecular microstructure and reduced compressive strength in ovariectomized mice. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen deficiency-induced hyperalgesia is achieved through up-regulation of SP and NK1-R expressions. Blockade of SP receptor can alleviate pain but cannot ameliorate bone loss. NK1-R antagonist is not recommended for the treatment of estrogen deficiency osteoporosis.
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Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD. Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:926-33. [PMID: 24500155 PMCID: PMC3953885 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium is a necessary component of bone, but its relation to osteoporotic fractures is unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined magnesium intake as a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures and altered bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN This prospective cohort study included 73,684 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Total daily magnesium intake was estimated from baseline food-frequency questionnaires plus supplements. Hip fractures were confirmed by a medical record review; other fractures were identified by self-report. A baseline BMD analysis was performed in 4778 participants. RESULTS Baseline hip BMD was 3% higher (P < 0.001), and whole-body BMD was 2% higher (P < 0.001), in women who consumed >422.5 compared with <206.5 mg Mg/d. However, the incidence and RR of hip and total fractures did not differ across quintiles of magnesium. In contrast, risk of lower-arm or wrist fractures increased with higher magnesium intake [multivariate-adjusted HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.32) and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.42) for quintiles 4 and 5, respectively, compared with quintile 1; P-trend = 0.002]. In addition, women with the highest magnesium intakes were more physically active and at increased risk of falls [HR for quintile 4: 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.16); HR for quintile 5: 1.15 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.20); P-trend < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Lower magnesium intake is associated with lower BMD of the hip and whole body, but this result does not translate into increased risk of fractures. A magnesium consumption slightly greater than the Recommended Dietary Allowance is associated with increased lower-arm and wrist fractures that are possibly related to more physical activity and falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya S Orchard
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Education and Human Ecology (TSO) and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine (NA and RDJ), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (TSO); the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (JCL and AZL); the Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (SB-T); the Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (JAC); the Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (ZC); and the Departments of Social and Preventive Medicine and Gynecology-Obstetrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY (JW-W)
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Bae YJ, Kim MH. The effects of Mg supplementation in diets with different calcium levels on the bone status and bone metabolism in growing female rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:431-8. [PMID: 24046258 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that magnesium (Mg) plays a significant role in bone health; however, few studies have investigated the effects of Mg supplementation in diets with different calcium (Ca) levels on the bone status and bone metabolism in a growing stage. In this present study, we tested the effects of Mg supplementation on bone status in growing female rats, relative to Ca intake levels. A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley female rats aged 6 weeks were divided into the following four groups and fed for 12 weeks as indicated: (1) LCaAMg: low Ca (Ca, 0.1 % of total diet) and adequate Mg (Mg, 0.05 % of total diet), (2) LCaHMg: low Ca and high Mg ( Mg, 0.1 % of total diet), (3) ACaAMg: adequate Ca (Ca, 0.5 % of total diet) and adequate Mg, and (4) ACaHMg: adequate Ca and high Mg. Our results showed that Mg supplementation with the adequate Ca diet significantly increased the bone mineral contents, bone size (bone area and bone thickness), and bone mineral density of femur or tibia by improving bone metabolism without changing Ca absorption. Mg supplementation significantly increased the serum osteocalcin in the adequate-Ca-diet group (p < 0.05), while the Mg supplementation significantly decreased the serum level of C-telopeptide cross-links of type I collagen in the adequate-Ca-diet group (p < 0.001). This study suggests that Mg supplementation with adequate Ca intake in the growing stage may increase the bone mineral density and bone size by improving bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jung Bae
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Hanbuk University, Dongducheon, 483-120, South Korea
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Vos M, Tökési K, Benkö I. The potential of materials analysis by electron rutherford backscattering as illustrated by a case study of mouse bones and related compounds. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:576-586. [PMID: 23642665 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761300041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electron Rutherford backscattering (ERBS) is a new technique that could be developed into a tool for materials analysis. Here we try to establish a methodology for the use of ERBS for materials analysis of more complex samples using bone minerals as a test case. For this purpose, we also studied several reference samples containing Ca: calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) and hydroxyapatite and mouse bone powder. A very good understanding of the spectra of CaCO(3) and hydroxyapatite was obtained. Quantitative interpretation of the bone spectrum is more challenging. A good fit of these spectra is only obtained with the same peak widths as used for the hydroxyapatite sample, if one allows for the presence of impurity atoms with a mass close to that of Na and Mg. Our conclusion is that a meaningful interpretation of spectra of more complex samples in terms of composition is indeed possible, but only if widths of the peaks contributing to the spectra are known. Knowledge of the peak widths can either be developed by the study of reference samples (as was done here) or potentially be derived from theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Vos
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Belluci MM, Schoenmaker T, Rossa-Junior C, Orrico SR, de Vries TJ, Everts V. Magnesium deficiency results in an increased formation of osteoclasts. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1488-98. [PMID: 23517915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg(2+)) deficiency is a frequently occurring disorder that leads to loss of bone mass, abnormal bone growth and skeletal weakness. It is not clear whether Mg(2+) deficiency affects the formation and/or activity of osteoclasts. We evaluated the effect of Mg(2+) restriction on these parameters. Bone marrow cells from long bone and jaw of mice were seeded on plastic and on bone in medium containing different concentrations of Mg(2+) (0.8 mM which is 100% of the normal value, 0.4, 0.08 and 0 mM). The effect of Mg(2+) deficiency was evaluated on osteoclast precursors for their viability after 3 days and proliferation rate after 3 and 6 days, as was mRNA expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes and Mg(2+)-related genes. After 6 days of incubation, the number of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRACP(+)) multinucleated cells was determined, and the TRACP activity of the medium was measured. Osteoclastic activity was assessed at 8 days by resorption pit analysis. Mg(2+) deficiency resulted in increased numbers of osteoclast-like cells, a phenomenon found for both types of marrow. Mg(2+) deficiency had no effect on cell viability and proliferation. Increased osteoclastogenesis due to Mg(2+) deficiency was reflected in higher expression of osteoclast-related genes. However, resorption per osteoclast and TRACP activity were lower in the absence of Mg(2+). In conclusion, Mg(2+) deficiency augmented osteoclastogenesis but appeared to inhibit the activity of these cells. Together, our in vitro data suggest that altered osteoclast numbers and activity may contribute to the skeletal phenotype as seen in Mg(2+) deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Belluci
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara-UNESP-Universidad Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Lim J, Teoh SH. Review: development of clinically relevant scaffolds for vascularised bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:688-705. [PMID: 23142624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical translation of scaffold-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) therapy still faces many challenges despite intense investigations and advancement over the years. To address these clinical barriers, it is important to analyse the current technical challenges in constructing a clinically relevant scaffold and subsequent clinical issues relating to bone repair. This review highlights the key challenges hampering widespread clinical translation of scaffold-based vascularised BTE, with a focus on the repair of large non-union defects. The main limitations of current scaffolds include the lack of sufficient vascularisation, insufficient mechanical strength as well as issues relating to the osseointegration of the bioresorbable scaffold and bone infection management. Critical insights on the current trends of scaffold technologies and future directions for advancing next-generation BTE scaffolds into the clinical realm are discussed. Considerations concerning regulatory approval and the route towards commercialisation of the scaffolds for widespread clinical utility will also be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Liu
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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Opuntia humifusa supplementation increased bone density by regulating parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin in male growing rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6747-6756. [PMID: 22837661 PMCID: PMC3397493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of Opuntia humifusa (O. humifusa) supplementation on bone density and related hormone secretion in growing male rats. Sixteen six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups; control diet group (CG, n = 8), and experimental diet group (EG, n = 8). The rats in the CG were given a control diet and those in the EG were given 5% O. humifusa added to the control diet for eight weeks. The serum OC level of the EG was significantly higher than that of the CG, and the serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of EG was significantly lower than that of the CG. In addition, the femoral and tibial BMD of the EG were significantly higher values than those of the CG, and the tibial BMC of the EG was significantly higher than that of the CG. These results suggest that O. humifusa supplementation has a positive effect on bone density by suppressing PTH and increasing the OC level in growing male rats.
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Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? Nutr Rev 2012; 70:153-64. [PMID: 22364157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison with calcium, magnesium is an "orphan nutrient" that has been studied considerably less heavily. Low magnesium intakes and blood levels have been associated with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, elevated C-reactive protein, hypertension, atherosclerotic vascular disease, sudden cardiac death, osteoporosis, migraine headache, asthma, and colon cancer. Almost half (48%) of the US population consumed less than the required amount of magnesium from food in 2005-2006, and the figure was down from 56% in 2001-2002. Surveys conducted over 30 years indicate rising calcium-to-magnesium food-intake ratios among adults and the elderly in the United States, excluding intake from supplements, which favor calcium over magnesium. The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in the United States increased sharply between 1994 and 2001 as the ratio of calcium-to-magnesium intake from food rose from <3.0 to >3.0. Dietary Reference Intakes determined by balance studies may be misleading if subjects have chronic latent magnesium deficiency but are assumed to be healthy. Cellular magnesium deficit, perhaps involving TRPM6/7 channels, elicits calcium-activated inflammatory cascades independent of injury or pathogens. Refining the magnesium requirements and understanding how low magnesium status and rising calcium-to-magnesium ratios influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and other inflammation-related disorders are research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rosanoff
- Center for Magnesium Education & Research, 13-1255 Malama Street, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA.
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Mouriño V, Cattalini JP, Boccaccini AR. Metallic ions as therapeutic agents in tissue engineering scaffolds: an overview of their biological applications and strategies for new developments. J R Soc Interface 2011; 9:401-19. [PMID: 22158843 PMCID: PMC3262432 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview on the application of metallic ions in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, focusing on their therapeutic applications and the need to design strategies for controlling the release of loaded ions from biomaterial scaffolds. A detailed summary of relevant metallic ions with potential use in tissue engineering approaches is presented. Remaining challenges in the field and directions for future research efforts with focus on the key variables needed to be taken into account when considering the controlled release of metallic ions in tissue engineering therapeutics are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Mouriño
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, 956 Junín Street, Sixth Floor, Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina
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45
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Yoshihara A, Iwasaki M, Miyazaki H. Mineral content of calcium and magnesium in the serum and longitudinal periodontal progression in Japanese elderly smokers. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:992-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fukada T, Asada Y, Mishima K, Shimoda S, Saito I. Slc39a13/Zip13: A Crucial Zinc Transporter Involved in Tooth Development and Inherited Disorders. J Oral Biosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(11)80030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Belluci MM, Giro G, Del Barrio RAL, Pereira RMR, Marcantonio E, Orrico SRP. Effects of magnesium intake deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010; 22:716-721. [PMID: 21143536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of magnesium dietary deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around implants with established osseointegration. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this, 30 rats received an implant in the right tibial metaphysis. After 60 days for healing of the implants, the animals were divided into groups according to the diet received. Control group (CTL) received a standard diet with adequate magnesium content, while test group (Mg) received the same diet except for a 90% reduction of magnesium. The animals were sacrificed after 90 days for evaluation of calcium, magnesium, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels and the deoxypyridinoline (DPD) level in the urine. The effect of magnesium deficiency on skeletal bone tissue was evaluated by densitometry of the lumbar vertebrae, while the effect of bone tissue around titanium implants was evaluated by radiographic measurement of cortical bone thickness and bone density. The effect on biomechanical characteristics was verified by implant removal torque testing. RESULTS Magnesium dietary deficiency resulted in a decrease of the magnesium serum level and an increase of PTH and DPD levels (P ≤ 0.05). The Mg group also presented a loss of systemic bone mass, decreased cortical bone thickness and lower values of removal torque of the implants (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present study concluded that magnesium-deficient diet had a negative influence on bone metabolism as well as on the bone tissue around the implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Montosa Belluci
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School - UNESP, University of Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilBone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Giro
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School - UNESP, University of Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilBone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrés Landazuri Del Barrio
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School - UNESP, University of Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilBone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School - UNESP, University of Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilBone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elcio Marcantonio
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School - UNESP, University of Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilBone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Regina Perez Orrico
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School - UNESP, University of Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilBone Metabolism Laboratory of Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bae YJ, Kim MH. Calcium and Magnesium Supplementation Improves Serum OPG/RANKL in Calcium-Deficient Ovariectomized Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 87:365-72. [PMID: 20811796 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency has been reported to result in increases in bone resorption through changes in the cytokine system, such as decreases in serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentrations and increases in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) concentrations. However, there are few data about the effects of Mg supplementation on OPG and RANKL. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Mg supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), serum OPG, and RANKL in ovariectomized (OVX) rats relative to calcium (Ca) intake levels. Fifty-five Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into the following five groups and fed for 12 weeks as indicated: sham-operated control group (sham), OVX Ca-deficient group (OLCa, 0.1% Ca and 0.05% Mg), OVX Ca-deficient and Mg-supplemented group (OLCaMg, 0.1% Ca and 0.1% Mg), OVX Ca-adequate group (OACa, 0.5% Ca and 0.05% Mg), and OVX Ca-adequate and Mg-supplemented group (OACaMg, 0.5% Ca and 0.1% Mg). The BMD of the lumbar spine, femur, and tibia in the OVX groups was significantly lower than that in the sham group. The OVX group with an adequate-Ca diet showed significantly higher BMC of the lumbar spine compared to the low Ca-diet group regardless of Mg supplementation. The OACaMg group had significantly higher levels of OPG and OPG/RANKL ratio than did the OLCa group. From the above results, it is still unclear whether Mg supplementation can improve bone mineral status, while Mg supplementation with an adequate-Ca diet resulted in a change in cytokines that may promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jung Bae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
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He H, Tan Y, Yang M. Effect of Substance P in Mandibular Osteotomies After Amputation of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 68:2047-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Aydin H, Deyneli O, Yavuz D, Gözü H, Mutlu N, Kaygusuz I, Akalin S. Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 133:136-43. [PMID: 19488681 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium has been shown to increase bone mineral density when used in the treatment of osteoporosis, yet its mechanism of action is obscure. In this study, the effects of daily oral magnesium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone turnover were investigated. Twenty postmenopausal women have been divided into two groups. Ten patients were given magnesium citrate (1,830 mg/day) orally for 30 days. Ten postmenopausal women of matching age, menopause duration, and BMI were recruited as the control group and followed without any medication. Fasting blood and first-void urine samples were collected on days 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30, respectively. Total magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iPTH and osteocalcin were determined in blood samples. Deoxypyridinoline levels adjusted for creatinine were measured in urine samples. Thirty consecutive days of oral magnesium supplementation caused significantly decrease in serum iPTH levels in the Mg-supplemented group (p < 0.05). Serum osteocalcin levels were significantly increased (p < 0.001) and urinary deoxypyridinoline levels were decreased (p < 0.001) in the Mg-supplemented group. This study has demonstrated that oral magnesium supplementation in postmenopausal osteoporotic women suppresses bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Aydin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yeditepe University Hospital, Devlet Yolu Ankara Cad. No: 102, Kozyatagi, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey.
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