(n-3) fatty acids and cancer therapy

Natural bioactive compounds targeting DNA methyltransferase enzymes in cancer: Mechanisms insights and efficiencies

The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to health and life and is essentially carried out at the promoter region of the DNA of each gene. Depending on the molecular context, this region may be accessible or non-accessible (possibility of integration of RNA polymerase or not at this region). Among enzymes that control this process, DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs), are responsible for DNA demethylation at the CpG islands, particularly at the promoter regions, to regulate transcription. The aberrant activity of these enzymes, i.e. their abnormal expression or activity, can result in the repression or overactivation of gene expression. Consequently, this can generate cellular dysregulation leading to instability and tumor development. Several reports highlighted the involvement of DNMTs in human cancers. The inhibition or activation of DNMTs is a promising therapeutic approach in many human cancers. In the present work, we provide a comprehensive and critical summary of natural bioactive molecules as primary inhibitors of DNMTs in human cancers. The active compounds hold the potential to be developed as anti-cancer epidrugs targeting DNMTs.

Fatty Acids and their Proteins in Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Chronic low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is associated with metabolic disorders. Inflammation results from the intertwined cross-talks of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the immune response of adipose tissue. In addition, adipose FABP4 levels and lipid droplet proteins are involved in systemic and tissue inflammation. Dysregulated adipocytes help infiltrate immune cells derived from bone marrow responsible for producing cytokines and chemokines. When adipose tissue expands in excess, adipocyte exhibits increased secretion of adipokines and is implicated in metabolic disturbances due to the release of free fatty acids. This review presents an emerging concept in adipose tissue fat metabolism, fatty acid handling and binding proteins, and lipid droplet proteins and their involvement in inflammatory disorders.

Targeting Underlying Inflammation in Carcinoma Is Essential for the Resolution of Depressiveness

In modern clinical practice and research on behavioral changes in patients with oncological problems, there are several one-sided approaches to these problems. Strategies for early detection of behavioral changes are considered, but they must take into account the specifics of the localization and phase in the course and treatment of somatic oncological disease. Behavioral changes, in particular, may correlate with systemic proinflammatory changes. In the up-to-date literature, there are a lot of useful pointers on the relationship between carcinoma and inflammation and between depression and inflammation. This review is intended to provide an overview of these similar underlying inflammatory disturbances in both oncological disease and depression. The specificities of acute and chronic inflammation are considered as a basis for causal current and future therapies. Modern therapeutic oncology protocols may also cause transient behavioral changes, so assessment of the quality, quantity, and duration of behavioral symptoms is necessary to prescribe adequate therapy. Conversely, antidepressant properties could be used to ameliorate inflammation. We will attempt to provide some impetus and present some unconventional potential treatment targets related to inflammation. It is certain that only an integrative oncology approach is justifiable in modern patient treatment.

Effects of Silage Diet on Meat Quality through Shaping Gut Microbiota in Finishing Pigs

With increasing demand for high-quality pork, development of green and healthy feed for finishing pigs is urgently needed. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of mulberry and paper mulberry silages on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health of finishing pigs were explored. Intestinal microbiota were profiled, and microbially produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate (FCR) with mulberry and paper mulberry silages were not significantly different from those of the control. Meat quality as measured by pork marbling and fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi was better with mulberry silage. The highest concentration of SCFAs was also with mulberry silage. According to 16S rRNA sequencing, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter, and Lachnospiraceae, which are important in SCFA production, were biomarkers of mulberry silage. PICRUSt functional analysis of intestinal microbes indicated that galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbohydrate digestion and absorption decreased significantly in silage treatments but increased in the control. Correlations between intestinal microbes and SCFAs and fatty acids indicated Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter, and Lachnospiraceae were closely associated with SCFA and fatty acid contents. The results indicated that mulberry silage could increase SCFA content through shaping intestinal microbes to affect the deposition of fatty acids, which laid a solid theoretical foundation for improving pork quality. IMPORTANCE To avoid competition between people and animals for food, it is essential to develop nontraditional feeds. In this study, the effects of the silages of the unconventional feed resources mulberry and paper mulberry on meat quality of finishing pigs were examined. With mulberry silage in the diet, meat quality improved as indicated by meat color, marbling score, and beneficial fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Pigs fed mulberry silage had the highest concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and 16S rRNA sequencing identified Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter, and Lachnospiraceae as biomarkers, which are important in SCFA production. Functions of intestinal microbes in the two silage groups primarily involved amino acid metabolism and SCFA production. Correlations between intestinal microbes and SCFAs and fatty acids indicated that Clostridium_sensu_stricto-1, Terrisporobacter, and Lachnospiraceae were closely associated with SCFA contents in the intestine and fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi.

Emerging roles of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway in colorectal cancer

The development of colorectal cancer typically involves the accumulated influences of genetic alterations, medical issues, lifestyle, and diet. Dietary fatty acids appear to affect the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. Despite conflicting results, the current consensus on the effects of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on colorectal cancer is that low levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and high levels of arachidonic acid are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Altered levels of arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids can change the levels of prostaglandin E₂, which affect the biological activities of cancer cells in multiple stages. Arachidonic acid and other very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids can affect tumorigenesis in prostaglandin E₂-independent manners as well, including stabilization of β-catenine, ferroptosis, ROS generation, regulation of transcription factors, and de novo lipogenesis. Recent studies have revealed an association between the activities of enzymes synthesizing very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and tumorigenesis and cancer progression, although the mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, PUFA effects on tumorigenesis, the endogenous very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway, metabolites of arachidonic acid and their effects on tumorigenesis and progression of CRC, and current knowledge that supports the association of the enzymes involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway with colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and progression are reviewed.

Omega 3 supplementation reduces C-reactive protein, prostaglandin E2 and the granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio in heavy smokers: An open-label randomized crossover trial

OBJECTIVES

Given the current controversy concerning the efficacy of omega 3 supplements at reducing inflammation, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of omega 3 on reducing inflammation in people with a 6-year lung cancer risk >1.5% and a C reactive protein (CRP) level >2 mg/L in a phase IIa cross-over study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-nine healthy participants ages 55 to 80, who were still smoking or had smoked in the past with ≥30 pack-years smoking history, living in British Columbia, Canada, were randomized in an open-label trial to receive 2.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/day for 6 months followed by observation for 6 months or observation for 6 months first and then active treatment for the next 6 months. Blood samples were collected over 1 year for measurement of plasma CRP, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane levels of EPA, DHA and other fatty acids, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and an inflammatory marker panel.

RESULTS

Twenty one participants who began the trial within the active arm completed the trial while 20 participants who started in the control arm completed the study. Taking omega 3 resulted in a significant decrease in plasma CRP and PGE2 but not LTB4 levels. Importantly, the effect size for the primary outcome, CRP values, at the end of the intervention relative to baseline was medium (Cohen's d = 0.56). DHA, but not EPA levels in RBC membranes inversely correlated with PGE2 levels. Omega 3 also led to a significant reduction in granulocytes and an increase in lymphocytes. These high-dose omega 3 supplements were well tolerated, with only minor gastrointestinal symptoms in a subset of participants.

CONCLUSION

Omega 3 fatty acids taken at 3.6 g/day significantly reduce systemic inflammation with negligible adverse health effects in people who smoke or have smoked and are at high risk of lung cancer.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT number: NCT03936621.

Cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in metabolic diseases and cancers

Cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are multipurpose proteins that can modulate lipid fluxes, trafficking, signaling, and metabolism. FABPs regulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways, its inhibition can improve type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. In addition, FABPs are involved in obesity, metabolic disease, cardiac dysfunction, and cancers. FABPs are promising tissue biomarkers in solid tumors for diagnostic and/or prognostic targets for novel therapeutic strategies. The signaling responsive elements of FABPs and determinants of FABP-mediated functions may be exploited in preventing or treating these diseases.

Dietary fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and cancer survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been suggested to play a role in improving cancer prognosis. However, results from epidemiological studies remain inconsistent. Here we assess the association between dietary fish and/or omega-3 PUFAs intake and cancer prognosis with meta-analysis of observational studies. A systematic search of related publications was performed using PubMed and Web of Science databases. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and then pooled using a random-effect model. Potential linear and non-linear dose-response relationships were explored using generalized least squares estimation and restricted cubic splines. As a result, 21 cohort studies were included in our analysis. Compared to the lowest category, the highest category of fish intake was associated with a significant lower mortality in patients with ovarian cancer (n = 1, HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57-0.95) and overall cancer (n = 12, HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81-0.94). Marine omega-3 PUFAs intake rather than total omega-3 PUFAs intake showed significant protective effects on survival of overall cancer (n = 8, HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.94), in particular prostate cancer (n = 2, HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46-0.82). Dose-response meta-analysis indicated a nonlinear and a linear relationship between fish intake, as well as marine omega-3 PUFAs intake, and overall cancer survival, respectively. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrated a protective effect of dietary fish and marine omega-3 PUFAs consumption on cancer survival.

Maternal Fatty Acid Metabolism in Pregnancy and Its Consequences in the Feto-Placental Development

During pregnancy, maternal plasma fatty acids are critically required for cell growth and development, cell signaling, and the development of critical structural and functional aspects of the feto-placental unit. In addition, the fatty acids modulate the early stages of placental development by regulating angiogenesis in the first-trimester human placenta. Preferential transport of maternal plasma long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the third trimester is critical for optimal fetal brain development. Maternal status such as obesity, diabetes, and dietary intakes may affect the functional changes in lipid metabolic processes in maternal-fetal lipid transport and metabolism. Fatty acids traverse the placental membranes via several plasma membrane fatty acid transport/binding proteins (FAT, FATP, p-FABPpm, and FFARs) and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs). This review discusses the maternal metabolism of fatty acids and their effects on early placentation, placental fatty acid transport and metabolism, and their roles in feto-placental growth and development. The review also highlights how maternal fat metabolism modulates lipid processing, including transportation, esterification, and oxidation of fatty acids.

Fatty acids and evolving roles of their proteins in neurological, cardiovascular disorders and cancers

The dysregulation of fat metabolism is involved in various disorders, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and cancers. The uptake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) with 14 or more carbons plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, the uptake and metabolism of LCFAs must constantly be in tune with the cellular, metabolic, and structural requirements of cells. Many metabolic diseases are thought to be driven by the abnormal flow of fatty acids either from the dietary origin and/or released from adipose stores. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of fatty acids are facilitated ubiquitously with unique combinations of fatty acid transport proteins and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in every tissue. Extensive data are emerging on the defective transporters and metabolism of LCFAs and their clinical implications. Uptake and metabolism of LCFAs are crucial for the brain's functional development and cardiovascular health and maintenance. In addition, data suggest fatty acid metabolic transporter can normalize activated inflammatory response by reprogramming lipid metabolism in cancers. Here we review the current understanding of how LCFAs and their proteins contribute to the pathophysiology of three crucial diseases and the mechanisms involved in the processes.

Comorbidity, Radiation Duration, and Pretreatment Body Muscle Mass Predict Early Treatment Failure in Taiwanese Patients with Locally Advanced Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Completion of Adjuvant Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy

Few prospective cohort trials have evaluated the potential risk factors of early treatment failure of locally advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (LAOCSCC) patients following the completion of postoperative adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). We collected clinicopathological variables, nutrition-inflammatory markers and total body composition data assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after CCRT. A factor analysis was used to reduce the number of DXA-derived parameters. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to determine the risk factors associated with early treatment failure defined as tumor progression or death within 180 days of CCRT completion. A total of 69 patients were eligible for analysis. After CCRT, the body weight, body mass index, nutritional markers, and muscle mass decreased, whereas C-reactive protein level increased. Five factors reflecting different body composition statuses were identified. A total of 21 patients (30.4%) developed early treatment failure. Comorbidities (hazard ratio ((HR)), 2.699; 95% confidence interval ((CI)), 1.005–7.913; p = 0.044), radiation duration (HR, 1.092; 95% CI, 1.015–1.174; p = 0.018) and the pretreatment body muscle mass (HR, 0.578; 95% CI, 0.345–0.957; p = 0.037) independently contributed to early treatment failure. Comorbidities, longer radiation duration, and lower pretreatment body muscle mass are predictive factors for early treatment failure in LAOCSCC patients following postoperative adjuvant CCRT completion.

Epigenetic Reprogramming Mediated by Maternal Diet Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids Protects From Breast Cancer Development in F1 Offspring

Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids (FA) have been associated with lowered risks of developing certain types of cancers. We earlier reported that in transgenic mice prone to develop breast cancer (BCa), a diet supplemented with canola oil, rich in omega-3-rich FA (as opposed to an omega-6-rich diet containing corn oil), reduced the risk of developing BCa, and also significantly reduced the incidence of BCa in F1 offspring. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the cancer protective effect of canola oil in the F1 generation, we designed and performed the present study with the same diets using BALB/c mice to remove any possible effect of the transgene. First, we observed epigenetic changes at the genome-wide scale in F1 offspring of mothers fed diets containing omega-3 FAs, including a significant increase in acetylation of H3K18 histone mark and a decrease in H3K4me2 mark on nucleosomes around transcription start sites. These epigenetic modifications contribute to differential gene expressions associated with various pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in preventing cancer development, including p53 pathway, G2M checkpoint, DNA repair, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. When offspring mice were exposed to 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), the group of mice exposed to a canola oil (with omega 3 FAs)-rich maternal diet showed delayed mortality, increased survival, reduced lateral tumor growth, and smaller tumor size. Remarkably, various genes, including BRCA genes, appear to be epigenetically re-programmed to poise genes to be ready for a rapid transcriptional activation due to the canola oil-rich maternal diet. This ability to respond rapidly due to epigenetic potentiation appeared to contribute to and promote protection against breast cancer after carcinogen exposure.

Low carbohydrate diets containing soy protein and fish oil slow the growth of established NNK-induced lung tumors

We recently found that a diet composed of 15% of total calories as carbohydrate (CHO), primarily as amylose, 35% soy protein and 50% fat, primarily as fish oil (FO) (15%Amylose/Soy/FO) was highly effective at preventing lung nodule formation in a nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)-induced lung cancer model. We asked herein whether adopting such a diet once cancers are established might also be beneficial. To test this, NNK-induced lung nodules were established in mice on a Western diet and the mice were then either kept on a Western diet or switched to various low CHO diets. Since we previously found that sedentary mice develop more lung nodules than active mice, we also compared the effect of exercise in this cancer progression model. We found that switching to a 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet reduced lung nodules and slowed tumor growth with both 'active' and 'sedentary' mice. Ki67, cleaved caspase 3 and Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assays suggested that the efficacy of the 15%Amylose/Soy/FO in lowering tumor nodule count and size was not due to a reduction in tumor cell proliferation, but to an increase in apoptosis. The 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet also significantly lowered liver fatty acid synthase and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 expression, pointing to a global metabolic switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation. Mice fed the 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet also had significantly reduced plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. These results suggest that the 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet may slow tumor growth by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, inducing a metabolic switch away from glycolysis and inducing apoptosis in tumors.

Endogenous production of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protects mice from carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis by regulating mTOR and Bcl-2/Bax signalling pathways

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? What is the protective benefit of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on liver fibrosis and what are the relevant signalling pathways in a transgenic mouse model overexpressing the mfat-1 enzyme? What is the main finding and its importance? n-3 PUFA elevation strongly prevented carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄ )-induced hepatic damage and inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells. n-3 PUFAs suppressed CCl₄ -induced activation of mTOR, elevated Bcl-2 expression, and reduced Bax level, suggesting that n-3 PUFAs can render strong protective effects against liver fibrosis and point to the potential of mfat-1 gene therapy as a treatment modality.

ABSTRACT

Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound healing response with excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. It is a globally prevalent disease with ultimately severe pathological consequences. However, very few current clinical therapeutic options are available. Nutritional addition of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can delay and lessen the development of liver fibrosis. Herein, this study examined the protective benefit of n-3 PUFAs on liver fibrosis and the relevant signalling pathways using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing the mfat-1 enzyme that converts n-6 to n-3 PUFAs. Male C57BL/6 wild-type and mfat-1 transgenic mice were administered carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄ ) or control corn oil by intraperitoneal injection. Blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were subsequently measured. CCl₄ -induced hepatic damage and fibrosis were assessed using haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Western blot assays were used to detect and quantify fibrosis-related proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) signalling components. The direct effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was also investigated in a co-culture experiment. n-3 PUFAs, as a result of mfat-1 activity, had a strong protective effect on liver fibrosis. The elevation of ALT and AST induced by CCl₄ was significantly lessened in the mfat-1 mice. Histological determination revealed the protective effects of n-3 PUFAs on liver inflammation and collagen deposition. Co-incubation with DHA reduced the expression of profibrogenic factors in the primary HSCs. Moreover, mfat-1 transgenic mice showed significant reduction of proteins that are involved in mTOR and Bcl-2/Bax signalling pathways. Collectively, these results suggest that n-3 PUFA elevation strongly prevents CCl₄ -induced hepatic damage by directly inhibiting the activation of HSCs and regulating the basal activity of the mTOR and Bcl-2/Bax signalling pathways. Gene therapy applying mfat-1 and elevating n-3 PUFAs represents a promising treatment strategy to prevent liver fibrosis.

Plant-based stearidonic acid as sustainable source of omega-3 fatty acid with functional outcomes on human health

Dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are known to be potent biological regulators with therapeutic and preventive effects on human health. Many global health organizations have recommended consuming marine based omega-3 sources for neonatal brain development and reducing the risk of various chronic diseases. However, due to concerns regarding the origin, sustainable supply and safety of the marine sources, alternative n-3 PUFA sources are being explored. Recently, plant-based omega-3 sources are gaining much importance because of their sustainable supply and dietary acceptance. α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) rich seed oils are the major omega-3 fatty acid source available for human consumption. But, efficiency of conversion of ALA to n-3 LC-PUFAs in humans is limited due to a rate-limiting step in the n-3 pathway catalyzed by Δ6-desaturase. Botanical stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) rich oils are emerging as a sustainable omega-3 source with efficient conversion rate to n-3 LC-PUFA especially to EPA, as it bypasses the Δ6-desaturase rate limiting step. Several recent studies have identified the major plant sources of SDA and explored its potential health benefits and preventive roles in inflammation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. This systematic review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the sources, nutraceutical roles, food-based applications and the future perspectives of botanical SDA.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Lung Cancer: nutrition or Pharmacology?

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplements for chemoprevention of different types of cancer including lung cancer has been investigated in recent years. ω-3 PUFAs are considered immunonutrients, commonly used in the nutritional therapy of cancer patients. ω-3 PUFAs play essential roles in cell signaling and in cell structure and fluidity of membranes. They participate in the resolution of inflammation and have anti-inflammatory effects. Lung cancer patients suffer complications, such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome, pain and depression. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) 2017 guidelines for cancer patients only discuss the use of ω-3 PUFAs for cancer-cachexia treatment, leaving aside other cancer-related complications that could potentially be managed by ω-3 PUFAs. This review aims to elucidate whether the effects of ω-3 PUFAs in lung cancer is supplementary, pharmacological or both. In addition, clinical studies, evidence in cell lines and animal models suggest how ω-3 PUFAs induce anticancer effects. ω-3 PUFAs and their metabolites are suggested to modulate pivotal pathways underlying the progression or complications of lung cancer, indicating that this is a promising field to be explored. Further investigation is still required to analyze the benefits of ω-3 PUFAs as supplementation or pharmacological treatment in lung cancer.

Maternal dietary fatty acids and their roles in human placental development

Fatty acids are essential for feto-placental growth and development. Maternal fatty acids and their metabolites are involved in every stage of pregnancy by supporting cell growth and development, cell signaling, and modulating other critical aspects of structural and functional processes. Early placentation process is critical for placental growth and function. Several fatty acids modulate angiogenesis as observed by increased tube formation and secretion of angiogenic growth factors in first-trimester human placental trophoblasts. Long-chain fatty acids stimulate angiogenesis in these cells via vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), or eicosanoids. Inadequate placental angiogenesis and trophoblast invasion of the maternal decidua and uterine spiral arterioles leads to structural and functional deficiency of placenta, which contributes to preeclampsia, pre-term intrauterine growth restriction, and spontaneous abortion and also affects overall fetal growth and development. During the third trimester of pregnancy, placental preferential transport of maternal plasma long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is of critical importance for fetal growth and development. Fatty acids cross the placental microvillous and basal membranes by mainly via plasma membrane fatty acid transport system (FAT, FATP, p-FABPpm, & FFARs) and cytoplasmic FABPs. Besides, a member of the major facilitator superfamily-MFSD2a, present in the placenta is involved in the supply of DHA to the fetus. Maternal factors such as diet, obesity, endocrine, inflammation can modulate the expression and activity of the placental fatty acid transport activity and thereby impact feto-placental growth and development. In this review, we discuss the maternal dietary fatty acids, and placental transport and metabolism, and their roles in placental growth and development.

Malva pseudolavatera Leaf Extract Promotes ROS Induction Leading to Apoptosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells In Vitro

Malva pseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. is a plant from the Malvaceae family that has long been included in the human diet due to its various curative effects. Many plant leaf extracts from the various species of Malva genus have been reported to possess anti-cancer properties, however, studies on M. pseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. leaves have documented anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects with no emphasis on their possible anti-cancer potential. The present study explores the anti-cancer properties of Malva pseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. leaf extract on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines in vitro and deciphers the underlying molecular mechanism. Treatment of AML cell lines with M. pseudolavatera methanolic leaf extract showed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation and a dose-dependent increase in apoptotic hallmarks such as an increase in phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane leaflet and membrane leakage in addition to DNA fragmentation. The pro-apoptotic effect was induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as an upregulation of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, andrelease of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria. Major compounds of the extract included methyl linolenate, phytol, γ-sitosterol, and stigmasterol as revealed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and amino acids, amino acid derivatives, tiliroside, 13-hydroxyperoxyoctadecadienoic, and quercitrin as detected by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

Coupling Phase Behavior of Fatty Acid Containing Membranes to Membrane Bio-Mechanics

Biological membranes constantly modulate their fluidity for proper functioning of the cell. Modulation of membrane properties via regulation of fatty acid composition has gained a renewed interest owing to its relevance in endocytosis, endoplasmic reticulum membrane homeostasis, and adaptation mechanisms in the deep sea. Endowed with significant degrees of freedom, the presence of free fatty acids can alter the curvature of membranes which in turn can alter the response of curvature sensing proteins, thus defining adaptive ways to reconfigure membranes. Most significantly, recent experiments demonstrated that polyunsaturated lipids facilitate membrane bending and fission by endocytic proteins – the first step in the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Despite the vital roles of fatty acids, a systematic study relating the interactions between fatty acids and membrane and the consequent effect on the bio-mechanics of membranes under the influence of fatty acids has been sparse. Of specific interest is the vast disparity in the properties of cis and trans fatty acids, that only differ in the orientation of the double bond and yet have entirely unique and opposing chemical properties. Here we demonstrate a combined X-ray diffraction and membrane fluctuation analysis method to couple the structural properties to the biophysical properties of fatty acid-laden membranes to address current gaps in our understanding. By systematically doping pure dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) membranes with cis fatty acid and trans fatty acid we demonstrate that the presence of fatty acids doesn’t always fluidize the membrane. Rather, an intricate balance between the curvature, molecular interactions, as well as the amount of specific fatty acid dictates the fluidity of membranes. Lower concentrations are dominated by the nature of interactions between the phospholipid and the fatty acids. Trans fatty acid increases the rigidity while decreasing the area per lipid similar to the properties depicted by the addition of saturated fatty acids to lipidic membranes. Cis fatty acid however displays the accepted view of having a fluidizing effect at small concentrations. At higher concentrations curvature frustration dominates, leading to increased rigidity irrespective of the type of fatty acid. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions as detailed in the manuscript.

The effect of diet and exercise on tobacco carcinogen-induced lung cancer

In previous studies, we found that low-carbohydrate (CHO) diets reduced the incidence of tumors in mice genetically predisposed to cancer. However, because >90% of human cancers arise via carcinogen-induced somatic mutations, we investigated, herein, the role that different types and levels of CHO, protein and lipid play in lung cancer induced by the tobacco-specific carcinogen, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) in A/J mice. We found lowering CHO levels significantly reduced lung nodules and blood glucose levels. We also found that soy protein was superior to casein and that coconut oil was ineffective at reducing lung nodules. Diets containing amylose or inulin (at 15% of total calories), soy protein (at 35%) and fat (at 50%, 30% being fish oil) were the most effective at reducing lung nodules. These fish oil-containing diets increased plasma levels of the ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate, while reducing both insulin and 8-isoprostane in plasma and bronchoalveolar interleukin-12 and lung PGE2 levels. After only 2 weeks on this diet, the levels of γ-H2AX were significantly reduced, 24 hours after NNK treatment. Housing these mice in two-tiered rat cages with exercise wheels led to similar mouse weights on the different diets, whereas keeping mice in standard mouse cages led to both significant weight differences between the low-CHO, soy protein, fish oil diet and Western diet and substantially more lung nodules than in the two-tiered cages. Our results suggest that low-CHO, soy protein, fish oil-containing diets, together with exercise, may reduce the incidence of lung cancer.

Treatment with DHA Modifies the Response of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells and Tumors from nu/nu Mice to Doxorubicin through Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest

Background

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to reduce growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo; it may also benefit the action of cytotoxic cancer drugs. The mechanisms for these observations are not completely understood.

Objectives

We sought to explore how pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with DHA alters gene expression with doxorubicin (DOX) treatment and confirm that feeding DHA to tumor-bearing nu/nu mice improves the efficacy of DOX.

Methods

MDA-MB-231 cells were subjected to 4 conditions: a control mixture of 40 μM linoleic and 40 μM oleic acid (OALA), DHA (60 μM plus OALA), OALA DOX (0.41 μM), or DHA DOX (plus OALA) and assessed for effects on viability and function. Female nu/nu mice (6 wk old) bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors were randomly assigned to a nutritionally complete diet (20 g ± 2.8 g DHA/100 g diet) containing a polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio of 0.5, with or without injections 2 times/wk of 5 mg DOX/kg for 4 wk.

Results

Microarray and protein analysis indicated that DHA DOX cells, compared with OALA DOX, had upregulated expression of apoptosis genes, Caspase-10 (1.3-fold), Caspase-9 (1.4-fold), and Receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) (1.2-fold), while downregulating cell cycle genes, Cyclin B1 (-2.1-fold), WEE1 (-1.6-fold), and cell division cycle 25 homolog C (CDC25C) (-1.8-fold) (P < 0.05). DHA DOX-treated mice had 50% smaller tumors than control mice (P < 0.05). Analysis of proapoptotic proteins from tumors of DHA DOX mice showed increased Caspase-10 (by 68%) and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) (by 50%), decreased B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) (by 24%), and decreased cell cycle proteins Cyclin B1 and Cdc25c (both by 42%), compared with control mice (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Supplementation with DHA facilitates the action of DOX in MDA-MB-231 cells and in nu/nu mice, which may occur via amplification of the effect of DOX on apoptosis and cell cycle genes.

Cytotoxic Activity of Fatty Acids From Antarctic Macroalgae on the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells

Macroalgae are a natural source of clinically relevant molecules such as polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The Antarctic environment, due to its cold climate, leads to high production of these bioactive molecules. Adenocystis utricularis, Curdiea racovitzae, and Georgiella confluens from three distinct islands in the Antarctic Peninsula were collected and analyzed for their fatty acid content by gas chromatography flame ionization detection. Results revealed that the algal extracts consisted of 22 fatty acids, of which 9 were saturated, 4 were monounsaturated, and 9 were polyunsaturated (PUFA). In addition, fucosterol was identified within the lipidic extracts. The cytotoxic activity of these fatty acids was evaluated in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The most notable result was the effect of PUFA on the growth inhibition of cancer cells ranging from 61.04 to 69.78% in comparison to control cells. Significant cytotoxic activity of fatty acids from A. utricularis was observed at 48 h, resulting in an inhibition of growth of more than 50% for breast cancer cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. A cell viability assay showed that the fatty acids from A. utricularis significantly reduced cell viability (68.7% in MCF-7 and 89% in MDA-MB-231 after 72 h of exposure). At the same time, DAPI staining demonstrated chromatin condensation, and apoptotic bodies formed in cells that were cultured with fatty acids from A. utricularis. These data indicate that fatty acids from Antarctic macroalgae have the potential to reduce the proliferation of and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

Hemp (Marijuana) reverted Copper-induced toxic effects on the essential fatty acid profile of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala

Heavy metals pollution affects the nutritive value of fish. This study examined if the inclusion of dietary hempseed (HS) and hempseed oil (HO) in the diet of the fish could revert the copper-induced toxic effects on muscle fatty acid profile of rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). Fingerlings of both species were exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of copper i.e., 20% of LC₅₀ (1.34 ppm for rohu and 1.52 ppm for mrigal) for 96 h for 30 days. Following exposure, fish were maintained on graded levels of HO (1, 2 and 3%) or on HS (5, 10 and 15%) for 50 days. Copper exposure showed a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of both species; increased their saturated (SFA) to unsaturated (USFA) and altered their omega-3/omega-6 (ω-3/ω-6) ratios. However, feeding graded levels of hempseed products reverted the toxic effects of copper on the fatty acid profile of both the species, significantly increased muscle total fatty acid contents, improved ω-3/ω-6 ratios, and decreased SFA / USFA ratio in % inclusion dependent manner. Furthermore, hempseed product showed a species-specific effect on USFA. The ω-3/ω-6 ratios decreased in the muscle of C. mrigala whereas an increasing trend with an increase in hempseed product % inclusion was observed in L. rohita. Moreover, HS showed a higher impact on both species as compared to HO. With the findings of this study, hempseed product could be recommended as a feed ingredient for enhancing the essential fatty acid contents of fish which in turn can have a good impact on consumer health.

The Combination of Omega-3 Stearidonic Acid and Docetaxel Enhances Cell Death over Docetaxel Alone in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

Background: Docetaxel (DOC), or Taxotere, is an anthracycline antibiotic used to treat multiple types of cancer. It is a first-line chemotherapy treatment for patients with metastasized, hormone-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) or for patients with high-risk, localized PCa that could benefit from early chemotherapy treatment. Previously, we showed that stearidonic acid (SDA), an omega-3 fatty acid, enhances the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) in human PCa cells. This observation suggests that PCa therapies using SDA and chemotherapeutic drugs in combination offer attractive possibilities for developing treatments that ameliorate toxic side effects of some commonly used chemotherapy drugs.

Objectives: We used androgen-resistant PC3 and DU 145 cells derived from human prostate cancer to quantify the effects of combined SDA and DOC on proliferation/viability and on the production of pro-apoptotic caspases 9 and 3. We also compared the effects of SDA with those of BAY, a pharmacological inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. Finally, we qualitatively and quantitatively assessed the drug combination on androgen receptor (AR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression in LNCaP and PC3 cells, respectively.

Methods: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and combination indices of SDA and DOC in PC3 and DU 145 cells were determined using the MTT cell viability assay. To quantify the effects of SDA and BAY on NF-ĸB activity, we used luciferase reporter assays in LNCaP cells that were stably transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying NF-ĸB response element sequence upstream of the luciferase gene sequence. AR and PPARγ expression were assessed by western blotting and immunocytochemistry. We considered caspase 9 and 3 cleavage to be apoptosis markers and determined the drug combination effect on the extent of that cleavage by western blot analysis.

Results: The cytotoxic effects of DOC were synergistically enhanced by SDA when the two were added to DU145 and PC3 cell cultures. Combination index (CI) analyses based on the Chou-Talalay method and mass action law showed synergistic interaction with CI <1. SDA suppressed TNFα-induced NF-κB activity similarly to BAY. The SDA/DOC combination down regulated testosterone (T)-induced AR and troglitazone-induced PPARγ protein expression when compared to using the drugs singly. Similarly, the SDA/DOC combination induced caspase 9 and 3 production and cleavage suggesting apoptosis induction. Like our DOX studies, this work provides proof-of-concept for using SDA and DOC in combination to reduce the dose, and therefore the toxicity, of DOC and possibly increasing the survival benefit in DOC clinical translation studies.

Eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates obesity-related hepatocellular carcinogenesis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic manifestation of obesity, is an emerging risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accumulating evidence has shown that chronic inflammation represents a plausible link between obesity and HCC and that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 contributes to the development of obesity-related HCC. In the present study, we aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which exerts anti-inflammatory effects. The results showed that the development of carcinogen-induced HCC was significantly less in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with EPA than in those fed HFD only, suggesting that EPA attenuates the development of obesity-related HCC. Although EPA did not appear to affect obesity-linked inflammation, it suppressed the activation of the pro-tumorigenic IL-6 effector STAT3, contributing to the inhibition of tumor growth. These findings suggest a clinical implication of EPA as a treatment for obesity-related HCC.

Basal level of autophagy and MAP1LC3B-II as potential biomarkers for DHA-induced cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells

The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known as an anticancer agent. Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells exhibit different sensitivity toward DHA, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Gene expression profiling of 10 CRC cell lines demonstrated a correlation between the level of DHA sensitivity and different biological stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The basal level of autophagy and MAP1LC3B-II protein correlated with DHA sensitivity in the cell lines studied. DHA induced oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy in DHA-sensitive DLD-1 cells, while the less sensitive LS411N cells were affected to a much lesser extent. Co-treatment with DHA and the autophagy inducer rapamycin reduced DHA sensitivity in DLD-1 and HCT-8 cells, while co-treatment with DHA and the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine and 3-methyladenine increased the DHA sensitivity in LS411N and LS513 cells. Differentially expressed genes correlating with DHA sensitivity and the level of autophagy demonstrated an overlap in biological pathways involved. Results indicate the basal level of autophagy and MAP1LC3B-II protein as potential biomarkers for DHA sensitivity in CRC cells.

DATABASES

Protocol and data for gene expression experiments have been submitted to ArrayExpress with accession number E-MTAB-5750.

The Effect of Flaxseed in Breast Cancer: A Literature Review

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second most responsible for cancer mortality worldwide. In 2014, in Portugal approximately 27,200 people died of cancer, of which 1,791 were women with breast cancer. Flaxseed has been one of the most studied foods, regarding possible relations to breast cancer, though mainly in experimental studies in animals, yet in few clinical trials. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, lignan, and fibers. One of the main components of flaxseed is the lignans, of which 95% are made of the predominant secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). SDG is converted into enterolactone and enterodiol, both with antiestrogen activity and structurally similar to estrogen; they can bind to cell receptors, decreasing cell growth. Some studies have shown that the intake of omega-3 fatty acids is related to the reduction of breast cancer risk. In animal studies, α-linolenic acids have been shown to be able to suppress growth, size, and proliferation of cancer cells and also to promote breast cancer cell death. Other animal studies found that the intake of flaxseed combined with tamoxifen can reduce tumor size to a greater extent than taking tamoxifen alone. Additionally, some clinical trials showed that flaxseed can have an important role in decreasing breast cancer risk, mainly in postmenopausal women. Further studies are needed, specifically clinical trials that may demonstrate the potential benefits of flaxseed in breast cancer.

Metabolome-wide association study identified the association between a circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids variant rs174548 and lung cancer

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are widely used as instruments to infer causal risk factors of diseases based on the idea of mendelian randomization. Plasma metabolites can serve as risk factors of cancer, and the heritability of many circulating metabolites was high. We conducted a metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) to systematically investigate the effects of genetic variants on metabolites and lung cancer based on published genome-wide association study (GWASs) and metabolic-QTL (mQTL) study. Then we confirmed the results by subsequent genetic and metabolic validations and inferred the causal relationship between identified metabolites and lung cancer through genetic variant(s). We firstly identified six polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) represented by rs174548-linked haplotype were significantly associated with lung cancer risk in a Chinese GWAS (2311 cases and 3077 controls). Rs174548 was further confirmed to be associated with lung cancer in 13 821 Europeans and 18 471 Asians (ORmeta = 0.87, Pmeta = 1.76 × 10-15) and the effect was much stronger in females (Pinteraction = 6.00 × 10-4). We next validated rs174548-plasma PUFA association in 253 Chinese subjects (β = -0.57, P = 1.68 × 10-3). Rs174548 was also found associated with FADS1 (the major fatty acid desaturase of identified PUFAs) expression in liver tissues. Taken together, we found that rs174548 was associated with both PUFAs and lung cancer. Because rs174548 was the only mQTL variant of PUFAs reported by previous GWASs and explained a large proportion of heritability, we proposed that plasma PUFAs could be causally associated with lung cancer based on the idea of mendelian randomization. These findings provide a diet-related risk factor and may have important implications for prevention on lung cancer.

ω-3 free fatty acids and all-trans retinoic acid synergistically induce growth inhibition of three subtypes of breast cancer cell lines

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), one of vitamin A derivatives, shows greater growth inhibition of breast cancer cell for ER-positive than ER-negative cells, while triple negative breast cancer cell such as MDA-MB-231 cell is poorly responsive to ATRA treatment. In this study, we found that combination of ω-3 free fatty acids (ω-3 FFAs) and ATRA exhibited synergistic inhibition of cell growth in three subtypes (ER⁺ MCF7, HER2⁺ SK-BR-3, Triple negative HCC1806 and MDA-MB-231 cells) of human breast cancer cell lines. The combined treatment of ω-3 FFAs and ATRA resulted in cell cycle arrest. ω-3 FFAs combined with ATRA synergistically provoked cell apoptosis via the caspase signals but not p53. These findings suggest that combined chemotherapy of ω-3 FFAs with ATRA is beneficial for improvement of ATRA sensitivity in breast cancer cells.

Oral fish oil positively influences nutritional-inflammatory risk in patients with haematological malignancies during chemotherapy with an impact on long-term survival: a randomised clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Studies suggest that the ingestion of fish oil (FO), a source of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), can reduce the deleterious side-effects of chemotherapy. The aim of this randomised clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with oral FO for 9 weeks on nutritional parameters and inflammatory nutritional risk in patients with haematological malignancies during the beginning of chemotherapy.

METHODS

Twenty-two patients with leukaemia or lymphoma were randomised to the unsupplemented group (UG) (n = 13) or supplemented group (SG) (n = 9). SG received 2 g/day of fish oil for 9 weeks. Nutritional status, serum acute-phase proteins and plasma fatty acids were evaluated before (T0) and after (T1) the intervention period. Data were analysed using two models; model 1, comprising data from all patients included in the study, and model 2, comprising data from UG patients with no increase in the proportions of EPA and DHA in plasma and data from SG patients showing an at least 100% increase in plasma EPA and DHA.

RESULTS

SG showed an increased plasma proportion of EPA and DHA in both models. In model 2, C-reactive protein (CRP) and CRP/albumin ratio showed larger reductions in the SG. Overall long-term survival in both models (465 days after the start of the chemotherapy) was higher in the group ingesting fish oil (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate an improved nutritional-inflammatory risk and potential effects on long-term survival in patients with haematological malignancies supplemented with FO during the beginning of chemotherapy.

Detailed Dietary Assessment in Patients with Inoperable Tumors: Potential Deficits for Nutrition Care Plans

Advanced cancer often results in reduced dietary intake; however, data on actual intake at the time of diagnosis are limited. In the present study, a detailed dietary intake assessment was performed in patients with metastatic lung and upper gastrointestinal cancer, before initiation of systemic therapy. Basic demographics and performance status (PS) were recorded. Nutritional status was evaluated through anthropometry, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and 3 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. Of the 84 patients enrolled, 61.4% were protein, energy, or protein-energy undernourished, regardless of body mass index (BMI) or MNA category. No differences in energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients intakes across BMI categories were recorded. Very low consumption of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), irrespective of energy intake, tumor site, BMI category, or PS was found. Suboptimal micronutrients intakes were recorded even in well-nourished and overweight/obese patients. Patients with adequate PS and better MNA score reported significantly higher intake of certain macro- and micronutrients (all P < 0.05). Most patients exhibited reduced dietary intake in terms of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient. Very low EPA and DHA intake was recorded for the whole sample, whereas micronutrient suboptimal intakes were also prevalent in well-nourished or overweight patients. All the above should be taken into account during patients' nutritional care.

Anti-inflammatory effects of docosahexaenoic acid: Implications for its cancer chemopreventive potential

The implication of inflammatory tissue damage in pathophysiology of human cancer as well as some metabolic disorders has been under intense investigation. Numerous studies have identified a series of critical signaling molecules involved in cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. These include nuclear factor κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. The proper regulation of these transcription factors mediating pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling hence provides an important strategy for the chemoprevention of inflammation-associated cancer. There is compelling evidence supporting that dietary supplementation with fish oil-derived ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ameliorates symptomatic inflammation associated with cancer as well as other divergent human disorders. Acute or physiologic inflammation is an essential body's first line of defence to microbial infection and tissue injuries, but it must be properly completed by a process termed 'resolution'. Failure of resolution mechanisms can result in persistence of inflammation, leading to chronic inflammatory conditions and related malignancies. The phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils and clearance of their potentially histotoxic contents by macrophages, called efferocytosis is an essential component in resolving inflammation. Of note, DHA is a precursor of endogenous proresolving lipid mediators which regulate the leukocyte trafficking and recruitment and thereby facilitate efferocytosis. Therefore, DHA and its metabolites may have a preventive potential in the management of human cancer which arises as a consequence of impaired resolution of inflammation as well as chronic inflammation.

An Involvement of PI3-K/Akt Activation and Inhibition of AIF Translocation in Neuroprotective Effects of Undecylenic Acid (UDA) Against Pro-Apoptotic Factors-Induced Cell Death in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells

Undecylenic acid (UDA), a naturally occurring 11-carbon unsaturated fatty acid, has been used for several years as an economical antifungal agent and a nutritional supplement. Recently, the potential usefulness of UDA as a neuroprotective drug has been suggested based on the ability of this agent to inhibit μ-calpain activity. In order to verify neuroprotective potential of UDA, we tested protective efficacy of this compound against cell damage evoked by pro-apoptotic factors (staurosporine and doxorubicin) and oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We showed that UDA partially protected SH-SY5Y cells against the staurosporine- and doxorubicin-evoked cell death; however, this effect was not connected with its influence on caspase-3 activity. UDA decreased the St-induced changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic AIF level, whereas in Dox-model it affected only the cytosolic AIF content. Moreover, UDA (1-40 μM) decreased the hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage which was connected with attenuation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated necrotic (PI staining, ADP/ATP ratio) and apoptotic (mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, AIF translocation) changes. Finally, we demonstrated that an inhibitor of PI3-K/Akt (LY294002) but not MAPK/ERK1/2 (U0126) pathway blocked the protection mediated by UDA in all tested models of SH-SY5Y cell injury. These in vitro data point to UDA as potentially effective neuroprotectant the utility of which should be further validated in animal studies.

Protein-structure-guided discovery of functional mutations across 19 cancer types

Local concentrations of mutations are well known in human cancers. However, their three-dimensional spatial relationships in the encoded protein have yet to be systematically explored. We developed a computational tool, HotSpot3D, to identify such spatial hotspots (clusters) and to interpret the potential function of variants within them. We applied HotSpot3D to >4,400 TCGA tumors across 19 cancer types, discovering >6,000 intra- and intermolecular clusters, some of which showed tumor and/or tissue specificity. In addition, we identified 369 rare mutations in genes including TP53, PTEN, VHL, EGFR, and FBXW7 and 99 medium-recurrence mutations in genes such as RUNX1, MTOR, CA3, PI3, and PTPN11, all mapping within clusters having potential functional implications. As a proof of concept, we validated our predictions in EGFR using high-throughput phosphorylation data and cell-line-based experimental evaluation. Finally, mutation-drug cluster and network analysis predicted over 800 promising candidates for druggable mutations, raising new possibilities for designing personalized treatments for patients carrying specific mutations.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials

Over the past decades, extensive studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) against different human diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, etc. A growing body of scientific research shows the pharmacokinetic information and safety of these natural occurring substances. Moreover, during recent years, a plethora of studies has demonstrated that omega-3 FAs possess therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that omega-3 FAs can improve efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports showed that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of antineoplastic effect of omega-3 FAs. In this review, we have collected the available clinical data on the therapeutic role of omega-3 FAs against breast cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, as well as cancer cachexia. We also discussed the chemistry, dietary source, and bioavailability of omega-3 FAs, and the potential molecular mechanisms of anticancer and adverse effects.

Dietary Fatty Acids from Leaves of Clerodendrum Volubile Induce Cell Cycle Arrest, Downregulate Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression, and Modulate Redox Status in Human Breast Cancer

The antiproliferative effect of the fatty acid components of Clerodendrum volubile leaves as well as its antioxidant effect on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines were investigated. Fatty acids extracted from C. volubile leaf oil were subjected to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. The cells were cultured and treated with the fatty acids for 48 h, after which the antiproliferation effect was ascertained via MTT assay and cell viability analysis using BD fluorescence activated cells sorting (FACS) Calibur. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry on FACS Calibur. Western blotting was used in determining expression of proteins in the cell lines. The treated cell lines were assessed for reduced glutathione level, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation. The fatty acids significantly inhibited cell proliferation, arrested G0/G1 phase, downregulated the expression of MMP-9, and attenuated oxidative stress in of MCF-7 cell lines but had little or no effect on MDA-MB-231 cell lines. These results indicate the therapeutic potential of the fatty acids components of the leaves of C. volubile on human breast cancer, which may be explored further in drug development.

Omega-3 prevents myelin degeneration in rat foetuses exposed to radiation

The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of antioxidant omega-3 fatty acid (FA) on demyelinisation and degeneration of nerves in central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS) of rat foetuses. 38 pregnant rats weighing 140-155 g were used. Rats were divided into five groups. Group 1: 7 rats exposed to radiation treatment (RT) for 1 hour/day only; Group 2: 7 rats exposed to RT + Omega-3 FA (p.o.) for 1 hour/day; Group 3: 7 rats exposed to RT for 4 hours/day; Group 4: 7 rats exposed to RT + Omega-3 FA (p.o.) for 4 hours/day; and Group 5: 10 rats with no treatment. Nerve injury was induced by whole-body exposure to 20-μT magnetic field. Omega-3 FA was given orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg. After 18 days, foetuses were delivered by the milking method; CNS and PNS were taken out for pathological examination. The degeneration scores of Group 2 were significantly lower than those of Group 1, whereas the degeneration scores of Group 4 were significantly higher than those of Groups 1 and 3. In conclusion, radiation increases demyelinisation and degeneration of nerves in the rat foetuses' CNS and PNS. Omega-3 FA prevents myelin and nerve degeneration in rat foetuses in low-dose radiation exposure.

Fat-1 gene inhibits human oral squamous carcinoma cell proliferation through downregulation of β-catenin signaling pathways

The ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (fat-1) gene encodes the enzyme that converts ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to ω-3 PUFAs. Numerous studies have suggested that the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs has an impact on tumorigenesis. To investigate the biological function of the fat-1 gene in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the fat-1 gene was introduced into OSCC cells by transfection. The uptake of the gene was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and analyzed using gas chromatography. The antitumor effects and mechanisms of the fat-1 gene were evaluated by studying cell survival and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Gas chromatography results revealed that the cells transfected with the fat-1 gene had a higher ω-3/ω-6 PUFA ratio than cells transfected with the control vector. An MTT and DNA fragmentation assay indicated that the presence of the fat-1 gene in vitro significantly decreased OSCC cell proliferation and significantly increased the rate of apoptosis. Similar antitumor effects of the fat-1 gene were also observed in vivo. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed that Tca8113 cell tumors displayed a significant reduction in cell growth and cell survival following the introduction of the fat-1 gene. The current study suggests that the inhibitory effect of the fat-1 gene on tumor growth may be a result of a reduction in the expression of the tumor survival protein β-catenin. The results also support the theory that the ratio of ω-3/ω-6 PUFAs has an impact on OSCC tumor growth. The findings of the study provide notable molecular insight into the theory suggesting that ω-3 PUFAs are an intermediate for the chemoprevention and treatment of human OSCC.

Nutrition Modulation of Cardiotoxicity and Anticancer Efficacy Related to Doxorubicin Chemotherapy by Glutamine and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (DOX) has been one of the most effective antitumor agents against a broad spectrum of malignancies. However, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity forms the major cumulative dose-limiting factor. Glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are putatively cardioprotective during various stresses and/or have potential chemosensitizing effects during cancer chemotherapy.

METHODS

Antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity of DOX treatment were evaluated simultaneously in a MatBIII mammary adenocarcinoma tumor-bearing rat model treated with DOX (cumulative dose 12 mg/kg). Single or combined treatment of parenteral glutamine (0.35 g/kg) and ω-3 PUFAs (0.19 g/kg eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.18 g/kg docosahexaenoic acid) was administered every other day, starting 6 days before chemotherapy initiation until the end of study (day 50).

RESULTS

Glutamine alone significantly prevented DOX-related deterioration of cardiac function, reduced serum cardiac troponin I levels, and diminished cardiac lipid peroxidation while not affecting tumor inhibition kinetics. Single ω-3 PUFA treatment significantly enhanced antitumor activity of DOX associated with intensified tumoral oxidative stress and enhanced tumoral DOX concentration while not potentiating cardiac dysfunction or increasing cardiac oxidative stress. Intriguingly, providing glutamine and ω-3 PUFAs together did not consistently confer a greater benefit; conversely, individual benefits on cardiotoxicity and chemosensitization were mostly attenuated or completely lost when combined.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrate an interesting differentiality or even dichotomy in the response of tumor and host to single parenteral glutamine and ω-3 PUFA treatments. The intriguing glutamine × ω-3 PUFA interaction observed draws into question the common assumption that there are additive benefits of combinations of nutrients that are beneficial on an individual basis.