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Deo C, Biswas A, Sharma D, Agashe JL, Tiwari AK. Effects of Various Copper Sources and Concentrations on Performance, Skeletal Growth, and Mineral Content of Excreta in Broiler Chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5786-5793. [PMID: 36892690 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was designed to study the effect of supplemental sources and concentrations of copper on the performance and development and mineralization of tibia bones in broiler chickens. A 42-day feeding experiment was conducted utilising three copper sources, including copper sulphate (CuS), copper chloride (CuCl), and copper propionate (CuP), each with four different concentrations, i.e. 8, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg. The body weight gain with 200 mg Cu/kg food was noticeably higher during the first 4-6 weeks of age. Due to the interaction between Cu sources and levels, there was no significant change in the body weight gained. The feed intake during various growing phases did differ significantly neither the main effect nor the interaction between different copper sources and levels. A CuP-supplemented diet (200 mg/kg food) considerably (P ≤ 0.05) improved the feed conversion ratio between 4-6 and 0-6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, a total of 72 tibia bones, i.e. six for each treatment were collected. A metabolic trial was conducted to look into mineral retention in broiler chickens on the final 3 days of the trial (40-42 days). Increased tibia bone zinc (Zn) levels were seen with the addition of 8 mg Cu/kg of Cu chloride, 100 mg Cu/kg of Cu propionate, 8 mg Cu/kg of Cu sulphate, and 8 mg/kg of Cu propionate to the diet. At higher levels of Cu (150 and 200 mg/kg diet), there was a significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced tibia Zn content. Cu sulphate treatment group had higher (P ≤ 0.01) tibia Cu content (8 mg Cu/kg diet). Cu sulphate supplemented diet had a greater excreta Zn content (P ≤ 0.01) than Cu chloride supplemented diet, and Cu propionate supplemented diet had the lowest excreta Zn content. Excreta with a higher Fe concentration were found in diets supplemented with copper sulphate and copper chloride (P ≤ 0.05) than in diets supplied with copper propionate. Thus, it may be concluded that feeding dietary Cu concentrations up to 200 mg Cu/kg diet, regardless of the different sources, had no negative effects on bone morphometry and mineralization parameters with the exception of a decrease in the tibia's zinc content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Deo
- Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly-243 122, Izatnagar, India
| | - Avishek Biswas
- Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly-243 122, Izatnagar, India.
| | - Divya Sharma
- Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly-243 122, Izatnagar, India
| | - Jayanti L Agashe
- Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly-243 122, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly-243 122, Izatnagar, India
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2
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Soster P, Vieira SL, Feijo JC, Altevogt WE, Tormes GB. Dietary phytase effects on copper requirements of broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1170488. [PMID: 37781289 PMCID: PMC10535567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1170488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on the availability of Cu from plant feedstuffs for broilers in the presence of phytase is scarce. The present research has been conducted with the objective of evaluating the Cu requirements of broilers when fed corn-soy diets with or without phytase. A total of 640 one-day-old male Cobb x Cobb 500, allocated into 80 battery cages with 8 chicks in each, were fed a low Cu content diet (formulated with 8.58 ± 0.21 mg/kg Cu) without phytase from placement to day 7. Starting on day 8, battery cages were distributed into a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (phytase-added diets X 5 with graded increases of supplemental Cu) until day 28. Feeding treatments (feeds added or not with phytase and 5 graded increases of Cu) were randomly distributed with 8 cages of 8 chicks. The basal non-supplemented feeds were formulated with corn and soybean meal (SBM) without any other significant Cu contributors. Supplemental Cu was from laboratory-grade Cu sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO5H20) which was increasingly added to the feeds. Phytase was added in excess to the producer recommendation (2,500 FYT) and had average analyzed values of 2,768 ± 135.2 FYT/kg whereas analyzed Cu values were: 8.05 ± 0.25, 11.25 ± 0.15, 14.20 ± 0.40, 16.55 ± 0.05, and 19.45 ± 0.45 mg/kg. Statistics were conducted using linear and quadratic polynomial regression models. No interactions occurred between dietary Cu and phytase (p > 0.05) for any response and no effects were found for the individual factors (phytase or dietary Cu) for Ht, Hb, varus, valgus, rotated tibia, and tibia breaking strength, as well as for Cu contents in breast, gastrocnemius tendon, and kidney (p > 0.05). However, the phytase-added diets led to higher BWG, lower FCR, and increased ileal digestible Cu (p < 0.05). The gradual increase in dietary Cu produced linear increases in Cu content in livers, as well as in excreta and retention (p < 0.05). Supplementing phytase at levels expected to maximize phytate degradation was demonstrated to improve BWG and FCR; however, no effects were observed when dietary Cu was increased to a maximum of 19.45 mg/kg. An increase of 8.8% in ileal digestible Cu was observed when birds were fed phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Luiz Vieira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Uchino K, Quang LV, Enomoto M, Nakano Y, Yamada S, Matsumura S, Kanasugi J, Takasugi S, Nakamura A, Horio T, Murakami S, Goto M, Mizuno S, Yamamoto H, Watarai M, Hanamura I, Takami A. Cytopenia associated with copper deficiency. EJHAEM 2021; 2:729-737. [PMID: 35845195 PMCID: PMC9175927 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Uchino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Lam Vu Quang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
| | - Megumi Enomoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Yuta Nakano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Saki Yamada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Saori Matsumura
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Jo Kanasugi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Soichi Takasugi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Ayano Nakamura
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Tomohiro Horio
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Satsuki Murakami
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Mineaki Goto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Keyaki Clinic Hashima‐gun Gifu Japan
| | - Shohei Mizuno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Hidesuke Yamamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Masaya Watarai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Division of Hematology/chemotherapy Daido Hospital Nagoya Japan
| | - Ichiro Hanamura
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takami
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Nagakute Japan
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Center Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
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Jończy A, Mazgaj R, Starzyński RR, Poznański P, Szudzik M, Smuda E, Kamyczek M, Lipiński P. Relationship between Down-Regulation of Copper-Related Genes and Decreased Ferroportin Protein Level in the Duodenum of Iron-Deficient Piglets. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010104. [PMID: 33396831 PMCID: PMC7823587 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, 2 × 1012 red blood cells (RBCs) are produced every day in the bone marrow to ensure a constant supply of iron to maintain effective erythropoiesis. Impaired iron absorption in the duodenum and inefficient iron reutilization from senescent RBCs by macrophages contribute to the development of anemia. Ferroportin (Fpn), the only known cellular iron exporter, as well as hephaestin (Heph) and ceruloplasmin, two copper-dependent ferroxidases involved in the above-mentioned processes, are key elements of the interaction between copper and iron metabolisms. Crosslinks between these metals have been known for many years, but metabolic effects of one on the other have not been elucidated to date. Neonatal iron deficiency anemia in piglets provides an interesting model for studying this interplay. In duodenal enterocytes of young anemic piglets, we identified iron deposits and demonstrated increased expression of ferritin with a concomitant decline in both Fpn and Heph expression. We postulated that the underlying mechanism involves changes in copper distribution within enterocytes as a result of decreased expression of the copper transporter—Atp7b. Obtained results strongly suggest that regulation of iron absorption within enterocytes is based on the interaction between proteins of copper and iron metabolisms and outcompetes systemic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (R.R.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (P.L.); Tel.: +48-227-367-058 (A.J.); +48-227-367-046 (P.L.)
| | - Rafał Mazgaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (R.R.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (R.R.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Piotr Poznański
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (R.R.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Ewa Smuda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (R.R.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Marian Kamyczek
- Pig Hybridization Centre, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 64-122 Pawłowice, Poland;
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (R.R.S.); (M.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (P.L.); Tel.: +48-227-367-058 (A.J.); +48-227-367-046 (P.L.)
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5
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Wu J, Meng QH. Current understanding of the metabolism of micronutrients in chronic alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4567-4578. [PMID: 32884217 PMCID: PMC7445863 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i31.4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains an important health problem worldwide. Perturbation of micronutrients has been broadly reported to be a common characteristic in patients with ALD, given the fact that micronutrients often act as composition or coenzymes of many biochemical enzymes responsible for the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation. Mapping the metabolic pattern and the function of these micronutrients is a prerequisite before targeted intervention can be delivered in clinical practice. Recent years have registered a significant improvement in our understanding of the role of micronutrients on the pathogenesis and progression of ALD. However, how and to what extent these micronutrients are involved in the pathophysiology of ALD remains largely unknown. In the current study, we provide a review of recent studies that investigated the imbalance of micronutrients in patients with ALD with a focus on zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, selenium, vitamin D and vitamin E, and determine how disturbances in micronutrients relates to the pathophysiology of ALD. Overall, zinc, selenium, vitamin D, and vitamin E uniformly exhibited a deficiency, and iron demonstrated an elevated trend. While for copper, both an elevation and deficiency were observed from existing literature. More importantly, we also highlight several challenges in terms of low sample size, study design discrepancies, sample heterogeneity across studies, and the use of machine learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qing-Hua Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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6
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Grzeszczak K, Kwiatkowski S, Kosik-Bogacka D. The Role of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Pregnancy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1176. [PMID: 32806787 PMCID: PMC7463674 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are microelements essential for the proper functioning of living organisms. These elements participatein many processes, including cellular metabolism and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses, and also influence enzyme activity, regulate gene expression, and take part in protein synthesis. Fe, Cu, and Zn have a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and in the development of the fetus, as well as on the health of the newborn. A proper concentration of these elements in the body of women during pregnancy reduces the risk of complications such as anemia, induced hypertension, low birth weight, preeclampsia, and postnatal complications. The interactions between Fe, Cu, and Zn influence their availability due to their similar physicochemical properties. This most often occurs during intestinal absorption, where metal ions compete for binding sites with transport compounds. Additionally, the relationships between these ions have a great influence on the course of reactions in the tissues, as well as on their excretion, which can be stimulated or delayed. This review aims to summarize reports on the influence of Fe, Cu, and Zn on the course of single and multiple pregnancies, and to discuss the interdependencies and mechanisms occurring between Fe, Cu, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Grzeszczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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7
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Zhang H, Qu Y, Zhao K, Wang C, Wu Y, Wu H. A fluorescence “on–off” sensor for the highly selective and sensitive detection of Cu
2+
ion. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- School of Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Defence Vocational & Technical College Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Qu
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Yancong Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Huilu Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
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8
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Berwanger E, Vieira SL, Angel CR, Kindlein L, Mayer AN, Ebbing MA, Lopes M. Copper requirements of broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2785-2797. [PMID: 29767800 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One-hundred-twenty Cobb 500 hens, 20 wk of age, were randomly allocated into individual cages with the objective of estimating Cu requirements. After being fed a Cu deficient diet for 4 wk, hens were fed diets with graded increments of supplemental Cu (0.0; 3.5; 7.0; 10.5; 14; and 17.5 ppm) from Cu sulfate (CuSO4 5H2O), totaling 2.67; 5.82; 9.38; 12.92; 16.83; and 20.19 ppm analyzed Cu in feeds for 20 weeks. Estimations of Cu requirements were done using exponential asymptotic (EA), broken line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP) models. Obtained Cu requirements for hen d egg production and total settable eggs per hen were 6.2, 7.3, and 12.9 ppm and 8.1, 9.0, and 13.4 ppm, respectively, using EA, BLQ, and QP models. The QP model was the only one having a fit for total eggs per hen with 13.1 ppm Cu as a requirement. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum Cu from hens had requirements estimated as 13.9, 11.3, and 18.5, ppm; 14.6, 13.0, and 19.0 ppm; and 16.2, 14.6, and 14.2 ppm, respectively, for EA, BLQ, and QP models. Hatching chick hemoglobin was not affected by dietary Cu, whereas requirements estimated for hatching chick hematocrit and body weight and length were 10.2, 12.3, and 13.3 ppm using EA, BLQ, and QP models; and 6.8 and 7.1 ppm, and 12.9 and 13.9 ppm Cu using EA and BLQ models, respectively. Maximum responses for egg weight, yolk Cu content, and eggshell membrane thickness were 14.9, 12.7, and 15.1 ppm; 15.0, 16.3, and 15.7 ppm; and 7.3, 7.8, and 14.0 ppm Cu, respectively, for EA, BLQ, and QP models. Yolk and albumen percentage were adjusted only with the QP model and had requirements estimated at 11.0 ppm and 11.3 ppm, respectively, whereas eggshell mammillary layer was maximized with 10.6, 10.1, and 14.4 ppm Cu using EA, BLQ, and QP models, respectively. The average of all Cu requirement estimates obtained in the present study was 12.5 ppm Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Berwanger
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - S L Vieira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - C R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - L Kindlein
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 8834, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - A N Mayer
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - M A Ebbing
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - M Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
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9
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Doguer C, Ha JH, Collins JF. Intersection of Iron and Copper Metabolism in the Mammalian Intestine and Liver. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1433-1461. [PMID: 30215866 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron and copper have similar physiochemical properties; thus, physiologically relevant interactions seem likely. Indeed, points of intersection between these two essential trace minerals have been recognized for many decades, but mechanistic details have been lacking. Investigations in recent years have revealed that copper may positively influence iron homeostasis, and also that iron may antagonize copper metabolism. For example, when body iron stores are low, copper is apparently redistributed to tissues important for regulating iron balance, including enterocytes of upper small bowel, the liver, and blood. Copper in enterocytes may positively influence iron transport, and hepatic copper may enhance biosynthesis of a circulating ferroxidase, ceruloplasmin, which potentiates iron release from stores. Moreover, many intestinal genes related to iron absorption are transactivated by a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α), during iron deficiency. Interestingly, copper influences the DNA-binding activity of the HIF factors, thus further exemplifying how copper may modulate intestinal iron homeostasis. Copper may also alter the activity of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Furthermore, copper depletion has been noted in iron-loading disorders, such as hereditary hemochromatosis. Copper depletion may also be caused by high-dose iron supplementation, raising concerns particularly in pregnancy when iron supplementation is widely recommended. This review will cover the basic physiology of intestinal iron and copper absorption as well as the metabolism of these minerals in the liver. Also considered in detail will be current experimental work in this field, with a focus on molecular aspects of intestinal and hepatic iron-copper interplay and how this relates to various disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1433-1461, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Doguer
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University Note: Caglar Doguer and Jung-Heun Ha have contributed equally to this work., Gwangju, Korea
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA
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10
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Cholewińska E, Juśkiewicz J, Ognik K. Comparison of the effect of dietary copper nanoparticles and one copper (II) salt on the metabolic and immune status in a rat model. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 48:111-117. [PMID: 29773169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a diet containing different levels of Cu in two different chemical forms (carbonate and nanoparticles) on metabolic, immune and antioxidant status in a rat model. Five experimental treatments (8 rats in each) were used to test different dosages of Cu added to the diet (standard -6.5 mg/kg, half the standard dosage -3.25 mg/kg, and no added Cu as a negative control) and two sources of added copper (standard -CuCO3 and copper nanoparticles -CuNPs). Blood and urine samples were collected from all the animals after four weeks of treatment. Metabolic and immune parameters were determined in blood and urine samples. The study has shown that a dietary Cu deficiency (negative control) decreases rat's plasma levels of Cu, Fe, CREAT, BIL and IL-6, whereas reducing the level of Cu from the recommended 6.5 mg/kg to 3.25 mg/kg decreases only the plasma concentration of TG, IgE and IL-6. Replacing CuCO3 with CuNPs in rat diets affects their metabolism, as indicated by decreased Ca, CREAT, BIL, ALB and IL-6 plasma levels. To sum up, CuNP added to a diet of rats have a more beneficial effect on metabolic indices (indicative of kidney and liver function) and inhibit inflammatory processes more effectively than CuCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Cholewińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy. University of Life Science in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Division of Food Science, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy. University of Life Science in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
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11
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Reeves PG, Demars LCS. Repletion of Copper-Deficient Rats with Dietary Copper Restores Duodenal Hephaestin Protein and Iron Absorption. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 230:320-5. [PMID: 15855298 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) deficiency in rats reduces the relative concentration of duodenal hephaestin (Hp), reduces Iron (Fe) absorption, and causes anemia. An experiment was conducted to determine whether these effects could be reversed by dietary Cu repletion. Five groups of eight weanling male rats each were used. Group 1 was fed a Cu-adequate diet (5.0 mg Cu/kg; CuA) and Group 2 was fed a Cu-deflcient diet (0.25 mg Cu/kg; CuD) for 28 days. The rats were fed 1.0 g each of their respective diets labeled with 59Fe (37 kBq/g), and the amount of label retained was measured one week later by whole-body-counting (WBC). Group 3 was fed a CuA diet and Groups 4 and 5 were fed a CuD diet for 28 days. Group 5 was then fed the CuA dlet for another week while Groups 3 and 4 continued on their previous regimens. Rats In Groups 3, 4, and 5 were fed 1.0 g of diet labeled with 59Fe, and the amount of label retained was measured by WBC one week later. Rats were killed and duodenal enterocytes Isolated for Hp protein analysis, whole blood was analyzed for hematological parameters, and various organs for 59Fe content. CuD rats absorbed less (P <0.05) Fe than CuA rats, the relative amount of duodenal Hp was less (P <0.05) In CuD rate, and the CuD rats developed anemia. After the CuD rats had been repleted with Cu for one week, Fe retention rose to values even higher (P <0.05) than those in CuA rats. After two weeks, the relative amount of duodenal Hp was higher (P <0.05) than normal, and most signs of anemia were reversed. Liver 59Fe was elevated In CuD rats, but was restored to normal upon Cu repletion. These findings suggest a strong association between duodenal Hp abundance and Fe absorption In the CuD rat, and that reduced Fe absorption Is an important factor in the cause of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Reeves
- USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 Second Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Nitric Oxide-cGMP Signaling Stimulates Erythropoiesis through Multiple Lineage-Specific Transcription Factors: Clinical Implications and a Novel Target for Erythropoiesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144561. [PMID: 26727002 PMCID: PMC4699757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has been directed to the physiological effects of nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling, but virtually nothing is known about its hematologic effects. We reported for the first time that cGMP signaling induces human γ-globin gene expression. Aiming at developing novel therapeutics for anemia, we examined here the hematologic effects of NO-cGMP signaling in vivo and in vitro. We treated wild-type mice with NO to activate soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a key enzyme of cGMP signaling. Compared to untreated mice, NO-treated mice had higher red blood cell counts and total hemoglobin but reduced leukocyte counts, demonstrating that when activated, NO-cGMP signaling exerts hematopoietic effects on multiple types of blood cells in vivo. We next generated mice which overexpressed rat sGC in erythroid and myeloid cells. The forced expression of sGCs activated cGMP signaling in both lineage cells. Compared with non-transgenic littermates, sGC mice exhibited hematologic changes similar to those of NO-treated mice. Consistently, a membrane-permeable cGMP enhanced the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors toward erythroid-lineage cells but inhibited them toward myeloid-lineage cells by controlling multiple lineage-specific transcription factors. Human γ-globin gene expression was induced at low but appreciable levels in sGC mice carrying the human β-globin locus. Together, these results demonstrate that NO-cGMP signaling is capable of stimulating erythropoiesis in both in vitro and vivo settings by controlling the expression of multiple lineage-specific transcription factors, suggesting that cGMP signaling upregulates erythropoiesis at the level of gene transcription. The NO-cGMP signaling axis may constitute a novel target to stimulate erythropoiesis in vivo.
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13
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Kramer M, Font E. Reducing sample size in experiments with animals: historical controls and related strategies. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:431-445. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kramer
- Statistics Group, Agricultural Research Service; United States Department of Agriculture; 10300 Baltimore Ave., Building 005 Beltsville MD 20705 U.S.A
| | - Enrique Font
- Laboratorio de Etología; Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia; c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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Gulec S, Anderson GJ, Collins JF. Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G397-409. [PMID: 24994858 PMCID: PMC4137115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace mineral that plays a number of important physiological roles in humans, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Iron absorption by the proximal small bowel is a critical checkpoint in the maintenance of whole-body iron levels since, unlike most other essential nutrients, no regulated excretory systems exist for iron in humans. Maintaining proper iron levels is critical to avoid the adverse physiological consequences of either low or high tissue iron concentrations, as commonly occurs in iron-deficiency anemia and hereditary hemochromatosis, respectively. Exquisite regulatory mechanisms have thus evolved to modulate how much iron is acquired from the diet. Systemic sensing of iron levels is accomplished by a network of molecules that regulate transcription of the HAMP gene in hepatocytes, thus modulating levels of the serum-borne, iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin decreases intestinal iron absorption by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 on the basolateral surface of duodenal enterocytes, causing its internalization and degradation. Mucosal regulation of iron transport also occurs during low-iron states, via transcriptional (by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α) and posttranscriptional (by the iron-sensing iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element system) mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrated that these regulatory loops function in tandem to control expression or activity of key modulators of iron homeostasis. In health, body iron levels are maintained at appropriate levels; however, in several inherited disorders and in other pathophysiological states, iron sensing is perturbed and intestinal iron absorption is dysregulated. The iron-related phenotypes of these diseases exemplify the necessity of precisely regulating iron absorption to meet body demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Gulec
- 1Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | | | - James F. Collins
- 1Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
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Liu Y, Ma YL, Zhao JM, Vazquez-Añón M, Stein HH. Digestibility and retention of zinc, copper, manganese, iron, calcium, and phosphorus in pigs fed diets containing inorganic or organic minerals. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3407-15. [PMID: 24948654 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to measure the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the retention rate of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in pigs fed either inorganic or organic sources of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. There were 2 types of diets (corn grits-based or corn-soybean meal [SBM]-based diets) and 3 micromineral treatments (basal micromineral premix [BMM], inorganic micromineral premix [IMM], and organic micromineral premix [OMM]). The BMM contained no added Zn, Cu, Mn, or Fe; the IMM microminerals were provided as sulfates of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe at 40, 50, 20, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The OMM contained the same levels of the 4 microminerals as IMM, but Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in this premix were provided by Zn(2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid [HMTBa])2, Cu(HMTBa)2, Mn(HMTBa)2, and FeGly, respectively. Forty-eight barrows (initial BW: 31.1 ± 4.2 kg) were housed individually and allowed ad libitum access to the corn grits diet with BMM for 2 wk. All pigs were then moved to metabolism cages and randomly assigned to 1 of the 6 treatment diets with 8 replicates per diet. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 5 d following a 5-d adaptation period. Compared with corn grits diets, pigs fed corn-SBM diets had greater (P < 0.05) absorption and retention of Zn, Cu, and Mn but less (P < 0.05) ATTD of Zn and Cu. Compared with BMM, supplementation of IMM or OMM increased (P < 0.05) absorption, retention, ATTD, and retention rate of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe. Compared with IMM, adding OMM to the corn-SBM diet improved (P < 0.05) the absorption and retention of Cu and Mn and the ATTD of Cu, but these differences were not observed in the corn grits diets (interaction, P < 0.05). In addition, adding OMM to the corn-SBM diet increased (P < 0.05) absorption and retention of Zn and Fe and ATTD of Zn, Mn, and Fe compared with adding IMM to the corn-SBM diet. Supplementation of OMM also increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD and retention rate of P in corn-SBM diets. Results indicate that Zn(HMTBa)2 has greater digestibility and Cu(HMTBa)2 and Mn(HMTBa)2 have greater digestibility and retention rates compared with their inorganic sulfates, if included in a corn-SBM diet. Supplementation of organic microminerals also improves the digestibility of P in a corn-SBM diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Y L Ma
- Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO 63304
| | - J M Zhao
- Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO 63304
| | | | - H H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Abstract
Given their similar physiochemical properties, it is a logical postulate that iron and copper metabolism are intertwined. Indeed, iron-copper interactions were first documented over a century ago, but the homeostatic effects of one on the other has not been elucidated at a molecular level to date. Recent experimental work has, however, begun to provide mechanistic insight into how copper influences iron metabolism. During iron deficiency, elevated copper levels are observed in the intestinal mucosa, liver, and blood. Copper accumulation and/or redistribution within enterocytes may influence iron transport, and high hepatic copper may enhance biosynthesis of a circulating ferroxidase, which potentiates iron release from stores. Moreover, emerging evidence has documented direct effects of copper on the expression and activity of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. This review summarizes current experimental work in this field, with a focus on molecular aspects of iron-copper interplay and how these interactions relate to various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Gulec
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
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Gulec S, Collins JF. Investigation of iron metabolism in mice expressing a mutant Menke's copper transporting ATPase (Atp7a) protein with diminished activity (Brindled; Mo (Br) (/y) ). PLoS One 2013; 8:e66010. [PMID: 23776592 PMCID: PMC3679098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During iron deficiency, perturbations in copper homeostasis have frequently been documented. Previous studies in iron-deprived rats demonstrated that enterocyte and hepatic copper levels increase and a copper transporter (the Menkes Copper ATPase; Atp7a) is induced in the duodenal epithelium in parallel to iron transport-related genes (e.g. Dmt1, Dcytb, Fpn1). Moreover, two ferroxidase proteins involved in iron homeostasis, hephaestin expressed in enterocytes and ceruloplasmin, produced and secreted into blood by the liver, are copper-dependent enzymes. We thus aimed to test the hypothesis that Atp7a function is important for the copper-related compensatory response of the intestinal epithelium to iron deficiency. Accordingly, iron homeostasis was studied for the first time in mice expressing a mutant Atp7a protein with minimal activity (Brindled [MoBr/y]). Mutant mice were rescued by perinatal copper injections, and, after a 7–8 week recovery period, were deprived of dietary iron for 3 weeks (along with WT littermates). Adult MoBr/y mice displayed copper-deficiency anemia but had normal iron status; in contrast, iron-deprived MoBr/y mice were iron deficient and more severely anemic with partial amelioration of the copper-deficient phenotype. Intestinal iron absorption in both genotypes (WT and MoBr/y) increased ∼3-fold when mice consumed a low-iron diet and ∼6-fold when mice were concurrently bled. WT mice exhibited no alterations in copper homeostasis in response to iron deprivation or phlebotomy. Conversely, upregulation of iron absorption was associated with increased enterocyte and liver copper levels and serum ferroxidase (ceruloplasmin) activity in MoBr/y mice, typifying the response to iron deprivation in many mammalian species. We thus speculate that a copper threshold exists that is necessary to allow appropriate regulate of iron absorption. In summary, MoBr/y mice were able to adequately regulate iron absorption, but unlike in WT mice, concurrent increases in enterocyte and liver copper levels and serum ferroxidase activity may have contributed to maintenance of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Gulec
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - James F. Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Copper deficiency has minimal impact on ferroportin expression or function. Biometals 2012; 25:633-42. [PMID: 22294464 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between copper and iron homeostasis have been known since the nineteenth century when anemia in humans was first described due to copper limitation. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Intestinal and liver iron concentrations are usually higher following copper deficiency (CuD). This may be due to impaired function of the multicopper oxidases hephaestin or ceruloplasmin (Cp), respectively. However, iron retention could be due to altered ferroportin (Fpn), the essential iron efflux transporter in enterocytes and macrophages. Fpn mRNA is controlled partially by intracellular iron and IRE dependence. CuD should augment Fpn based on iron level. Some argue that Fpn stability is controlled partially by membrane ferroxidase (GPI-Cp). CuD should result in lower Fpn since GPI-Cp expression and function is reduced. Fpn turnover is controlled by hepcidin. CuD results in variable Hamp (hepcidin) expression. Fpn mRNA and protein level were evaluated following dietary CuD in rats and mice. To correlate with Fpn expression, measurements of tissue iron were conducted in several rodent models. Following CuD there was little change in Fpn mRNA. Previous work indicated that under certain circumstances Fpn protein was augmented in liver and spleen following CuD. Fpn levels in CuD did not correlate with either total iron or non-heme iron (NHI), as iron levels in CuD liver were higher and in spleen lower than copper adequate controls. Fpn steady state levels appear to be regulated by a complex set of factors. Changes in Fpn do not explain the anemia of CuD.
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20
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Gybina AA, Prohaska JR. Variable response of selected cuproproteins in rat choroid plexus and cerebellum following perinatal copper deficiency. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 1:51-9. [PMID: 18850220 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent immunohistochemical characterization of the copper transport protein, Ctr1, reported enriched levels in mouse choroid plexus, and enhancement by copper deficiency. To extend and confirm this, experiments were conducted with Holtzman rats. Following perinatal copper deficiency there was an 80% reduction in brain copper of 24-27 day old copper-deficient (Cu-) rat pups compared to copper-adequate (Cu+) controls. Choroid plexus immunoblot analysis with rabbit anti-hCtr1 demonstrated a 50% higher Ctr1 protein expression in Cu-samples. However, levels of copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS) were unchanged, suggesting that Ctr1 buffers the choroid plexus against copper deficiency, since CCS normally is much higher in Cu-tissues. There were 13% lower levels of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) detected in Cuchoroid plexus. In contrast, in cerebellum of Cu-rats CCS was 2-fold higher and COXIV 1.7-fold lower than Cu+ rats consistent with severe copper deficiency. Brain mitochondria from Cu-rats had severe reductions in COXIV content and CCO activity and modest but significant elevations in CCS and reductions in Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase. COXIV may be a more sensitive marker for copper deficiency than CCS and may prove useful to assess copper status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Gybina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Drive, 55812, Duluth, MN
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21
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Tinkov AA, Ajsuvakova OP, Shehtman AM, Boev VM, Nikonorov AA. Influence of iron and copper consumption on weight gain and oxidative stress in adipose tissue of Wistar rats. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012; 5:127-32. [PMID: 23554552 PMCID: PMC3600512 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of iron and copper consumption on weight gain and development of oxidative stress in adipose tissue of rats. Control rats obtained pure drinking water. Iron-treated groups of animals obtained FeSO4•12H2O with drinking water in concentrations of 3 and 6 mg/l, while copper-treated rats obtained CuSO4 in concentrations of 4.88 and 9.76 mg/l. The animals of the 6th group received a mixture of FeSO4•12H2O and CuSO4 in the respective concentrations of 3 and 4.88 mg/l in drinking water. All animals received a standard chow. The final weight of rats from all the experimental groups, especially in those obtaining the combination of iron and cooper, exceeded the control values. Maximal weight of fat pads was observed in animals receiving drinking water with 3 mg/l FeSO4•12H2O, 4.88 and 9.76 mg/l CuSO4, and the mixture of FeSO4•12H2O and CuSO4. The maximal intensity of free radical processes, as estimated by the concentration of fluorescent modified amino acids and the intensity of chemiluminescence in adipose tissue homogenates, was observed in rats obtaining iron in the concentration of 3 mg/l in the drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Tinkov
- Department of Biochemistry, Orenburg State Medical Academy, Orenburg, Russia
- Interdepartmental Biochemical Laboratory, Orenburg State Medical Academy, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Olga P. Ajsuvakova
- Interdepartmental Biochemical Laboratory, Orenburg State Medical Academy, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr M. Shehtman
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Orenburg Regional Clinical Hospital, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Viktor M. Boev
- Department of general and communal hygiene and human ecology, Orenburg State Medical Academy, Orenburg, Russia
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Broderius M, Mostad E, Prohaska JR. Suppressed hepcidin expression correlates with hypotransferrinemia in copper-deficient rat pups but not dams. GENES & NUTRITION 2012; 7:405-14. [PMID: 22457245 PMCID: PMC3380187 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper deficiency leads to anemia but the mechanism is unknown. Copper deficiency also leads to hypoferremia, which may limit erythropoiesis. The hypoferremia may be due to limited function of multicopper oxidases (MCO) hephaestin in enterocytes or GPI-ceruloplasmin in macrophages of liver and spleen whose function as a ferroxidase is thought essential for iron transfer out of cells. Iron release may also be limited by ferroportin (Fpn), the iron efflux transporter. Fpn may be lower following copper deficiency because of impaired ferroxidase activity of MCO. Fpn is also dependent on the liver hormone hepcidin as Fpn is degraded when hepcidin binds to Fpn. Anemia and hypoferremia both down regulate hepcidin by separate mechanisms. Current studies confirmed and extended earlier studies with copper-deficient (CuD) rats that suggested low hepicidin resulted in augmented Fpn. However, current studies in CuD dams failed to confirm a correlation that hepcidin expression was associated with low transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) levels and also challenged the dogma that holotransferrin can explain the correlation with hepcidin. CuD dams exhibited hypoferremia, low liver TfR2, anemia in some rats, yet no depression in Hamp expression, the hepcidin gene. Normal levels of GDF-15, the putative erythroid cytokine that suppresses hepcidin, were detected in plasma of CuD and iron-deficient (FeD) dams. Importantly, FeD dams did display greatly lower Hamp expression. Normal hepcidin in these CuD dams is puzzling since these rats may need extra iron to meet needs of lactation and the impaired iron transfer noted previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Broderius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Elise Mostad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Joseph R. Prohaska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
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Pourvali K, Matak P, Latunde-Dada GO, Solomou S, Mastrogiannaki M, Peyssonnaux C, Sharp PA. Basal expression of copper transporter 1 in intestinal epithelial cells is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2423-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nevitt T, Ohrvik H, Thiele DJ. Charting the travels of copper in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1580-93. [PMID: 22387373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, all organisms have harnessed the redox properties of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) as a cofactor or structural determinant of proteins that perform critical functions in biology. At its most sobering stance to Earth's biome, Cu biochemistry allows photosynthetic organisms to harness solar energy and convert it into the organic energy that sustains the existence of all nonphotosynthetic life forms. The conversion of organic energy, in the form of nutrients that include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids, is subsequently released during cellular respiration, itself a Cu-dependent process, and stored as ATP that is used to drive a myriad of critical biological processes such as enzyme-catalyzed biosynthetic processes, transport of cargo around cells and across membranes, and protein degradation. The life-supporting properties of Cu incur a significant challenge to cells that must not only exquisitely balance intracellular Cu concentrations, but also chaperone this redox-active metal from its point of cellular entry to its ultimate destination so as to avert the potential for inappropriate biochemical interactions or generation of damaging reactive oxidative species (ROS). In this review we chart the travels of Cu from the extracellular milieu of fungal and mammalian cells, its path within the cytosol as inferred by the proteins and ligands that escort and deliver Cu to intracellular organelles and protein targets, and its journey throughout the body of mammals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Nevitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
Hephaestin (Heph), a membrane-bound multicopper ferroxidase (FOX) expressed in duodenal enterocytes, is required for optimal iron absorption. However, sex-linked anemia (sla) mice harboring a 194-amino acid deletion in the Heph protein are able to absorb dietary iron despite reduced expression and mislocalization of the mutant protein. Thus Heph may not be essential, and mice are able to compensate for the loss of its activity. The current studies were undertaken to search for undiscovered FOXs in rodent enterocytes. An experimental approach was developed to investigate intestinal FOXs in which separate membrane and cytosolic fractions were prepared and FOX activity was measured by a spectrophotometric transferrin-coupled assay. Unexpectedly, FOX activity was noted in membrane and cytosolic fractions of rat enterocytes. Different experimental approaches demonstrated that cytosolic FOX activity was not caused by contamination with membrane Heph or a method-induced artifact. Cytosolic FOX activity was abolished by SDS and heat (78 °C), suggesting protein-mediated iron oxidation, and was also sensitive to Triton X-100. Furthermore, cytosolic FOX activity increased ∼30% in iron-deficient rats (compared with controls) but was unchanged in copper-deficient rats (in contrast to the reported dramatic reduction of Heph expression and activity during copper deficiency). Additional studies done in sla, Heph-knockout, and ceruloplasmin-knockout mice proved that cytosolic FOX activity could not be fully explained by Heph or ceruloplasmin. Therefore rodent enterocytes contain a previously undescribed soluble cytosolic FOX that may function in transepithelial iron transport and complement membrane-bound Heph.
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Li YQ, Bai B, Cao XX, Yan H, Zhuang GH. Ferroportin 1 and hephaestin expression in BeWo cell line with different iron treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 30:249-55. [PMID: 22170436 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The process of placental iron transfer is an important physiological process during pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanism of placental iron transport has not been completely elucidated until now. Ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and hephaestin (Heph) have been identified as the important molecules involved in duodenal iron export. However, whether they participate in the placental iron efflux has been undefined until now. In this study, the BeWo cells were treated with desferrioxamine and Holo-transferrin human in different concentrations and harvested at 48 and 72 h. The mRNA expression of FPN1 and Heph was detected with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the protein expression was detected with western blots. The results showed an up-regulated FPN1 expression with desferrioxamine treatment and down-regulated expression with Holo-transferrin human supplementation. However, the change of FPN1 expression at protein level was limited. Heph expression enhanced when cells were treated with desferrioxamine although the quantity of Heph expression was low. Heph expression showed no significant change with Holo-transferrin human supplementation. It indicates that FPN1 may participate in placental iron transport, and placental FPN1 expression is obviously not dependent on the iron regular element/iron regular protein regulation. An alternatively spliced FPN1 isoform that lacks an iron regular element may be the predominant expression in BeWo cells. It also demonstrates that Heph is active in placenta but may not play a key role in placental iron transport because it is not the main part of placental copper oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qin Li
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Serum ceruloplasmin protein expression and activity increases in iron-deficient rats and is further enhanced by higher dietary copper intake. Blood 2011; 118:3146-53. [PMID: 21768302 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-352112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in serum and liver copper content are noted during iron deficiency in mammals, suggesting that copper-dependent processes participate during iron deprivation. One point of intersection between the 2 metals is the liver-derived, multicopper ferroxidase ceruloplasmin (Cp) that is important for iron release from certain tissues. The current study sought to explore Cp expression and activity during physiologic states in which hepatic copper loading occurs (eg, iron deficiency). Weanling rats were fed control or low iron diets containing low, normal, or high copper for ∼ 5 weeks, and parameters of iron homeostasis were measured. Liver copper increased in control and iron-deficient rats fed extra copper. Hepatic Cp mRNA levels did not change; however, serum Cp protein was higher during iron deprivation and with higher copper consumption. In-gel and spectrophotometric ferroxidase and amine oxidase assays demonstrated that Cp activity was enhanced when hepatic copper loading occurred. Interestingly, liver copper levels strongly correlated with Cp protein expression and activity. These observations support the possibility that liver copper loading increases metallation of the Cp protein, leading to increased production of the holo enzyme. Moreover, this phenomenon may play an important role in the compensatory response to maintain iron homeostasis during iron deficiency.
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Prohaska JR. Impact of copper limitation on expression and function of multicopper oxidases (ferroxidases). Adv Nutr 2011; 2:89-95. [PMID: 22332037 PMCID: PMC3065751 DOI: 10.3945/an.110.000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element whose recommended intake is met by most North American diets. However, incidence of new cases of secondary copper deficiency is rising due to complications of gastric bypass surgery and high zinc exposure. Patients frequently are ataxic and anemic. Anemia of copper deficiency was first described in the 19th century, but the underlying biochemistry remains unknown. Approximately one dozen cuproenzymes have been characterized in mammals. Four of these are referred to as multicopper oxidases (MCO) due to their copper binding geometries. They have iron oxidase activity (ferroxidase). These include the hepatic secreted protein ceruloplasmin representing ∼90% of plasma copper, a splice-variant of ceruloplasmin originally characterized in brain linked by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to membranes, an intestinal enriched MCO named hephaestin, and newly described MCO in placenta called zyklopen. Limitation in available copper appears to limit function of the MCO group exhibited as impaired iron flux due to the copper requirement of MCO for their ferroxidase activity. Dietary copper deficiency is associated with lower levels of ceruloplasmin, GPI-ceruloplasmin, and hephaestin. Limitation of copper does not appear to limit synthesis of MCO but rather their stability and turnover. However, there appears to be a disconnect between limitation in MCO function and anemia, because humans and mice missing ceruloplasmin are not anemic despite hepatic iron overload and hypoferremia. Furthermore, anemic copper-deficient mammals are not improved by iron replacement. This suggests that the anemia of copper deficiency is not caused by iron limitation but rather impairment in iron utilization.
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Chen H, Attieh ZK, Syed BA, Kuo Y, Stevens V, Fuqua BK, Andersen HS, Naylor CE, Evans RW, Gambling L, Danzeisen R, Bacouri‐Haidar M, Usta J, Vulpe CD, McArdle HJ. Identification of zyklopen, a new member of the vertebrate multicopper ferroxidase family, and characterization in rodents and human cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:1728-35. [PMID: 20685892 PMCID: PMC2937573 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.117531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously detected a membrane-bound, copper-containing oxidase that may be involved in iron efflux in BeWo cells, a human placental cell line. We have now identified a gene encoding a predicted multicopper ferroxidase (MCF) with a putative C-terminal membrane-spanning sequence and high sequence identity to hephaestin (Heph) and ceruloplasmin (Cp), the other known vertebrate MCF. Molecular modeling revealed conservation of all type I, II, and III copper-binding sites as well as a putative iron-binding site. Protein expression was observed in multiple diverse mouse tissues, including placenta and mammary gland, and the expression pattern was distinct from that of Cp and Heph. The protein possessed ferroxidase activity, and protein levels decreased in cellular copper deficiency. Knockdown with small interfering RNA in BeWo cells indicates that this gene represents the previously detected oxidase. We propose calling this new member of the MCF family "zyklopen."
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zouhair K. Attieh
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, American University of Science and Technology, Ashrafieh 1100, Lebanon
| | - Basharut A. Syed
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,Visiongain Ltd, London EC1V 2QY, UK
| | - Yien‐Ming Kuo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Valerie Stevens
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Brie K. Fuqua
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Henriette S. Andersen
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Claire E. Naylor
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Robert W. Evans
- Division of Biosciences, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Lorraine Gambling
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Ruth Danzeisen
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, AB21 9SB, UK,International Copper Association, Inc., New York, NY 10016
| | - Mhenia Bacouri‐Haidar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1500, Lebanon
| | - Julnar Usta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1103, Lebanon
| | - Chris D. Vulpe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Harry J. McArdle
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, AB21 9SB, UK
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30
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Broderius M, Mostad E, Wendroth K, Prohaska JR. Levels of plasma ceruloplasmin protein are markedly lower following dietary copper deficiency in rodents. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:473-9. [PMID: 20170749 PMCID: PMC2854028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a multicopper oxidase and the most abundant copper binding protein in vertebrate plasma. Loss of function mutations in humans or experimental deletion in mice result in iron overload consistent with a putative ferroxidase function. Prior work suggested plasma may contain multiple ferroxidases. Studies were conducted in Holtzman rats (Rattusnorvegicus), albino mice (Mus musculus), Cp-/- mice, and adult humans (Homo sapiens) to investigate the copper-iron interaction. Dietary copper-deficient (CuD) rats and mice were produced using a modified AIN-76A diet. Results confirmed that o-dianisidine is a better substrate than paraphenylene diamine (PPD) for assessing diamine oxidase activity of Cp. Plasma from CuD rat dams and pups, and CuD and Cp-/- mice contained no detectable Cp diamine oxidase activity. Importantly, no ferroxidase activity was detectable for CuD rats, mice, or Cp-/- mice compared to robust activity for copper-adequate (CuA) rodent controls using western membrane assay. Immunoblot protocols detected major reductions (60-90%) in Cp protein in plasma of CuD rodents but no alteration in liver mRNA levels by qRT-PCR. Data are consistent with apo-Cp being less stable than holo-Cp. Further research is needed to explain normal plasma iron in CuD mice. Reduction in Cp is a sensitive biomarker for copper deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph R. Prohaska
- Address correspondence to: Joseph R. Prohaska Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth 1035 University Drive Duluth, MN 55812, USA Phone: 218 726-7502 Fax: 218 726-8014
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31
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Jenkitkasemwong S, Broderius M, Nam H, Prohaska JR, Knutson MD. Anemic copper-deficient rats, but not mice, display low hepcidin expression and high ferroportin levels. J Nutr 2010; 140:723-30. [PMID: 20164366 PMCID: PMC2838621 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.117077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein ferroportin (Fpn) is essential for iron efflux from the liver, spleen, and duodenum. Fpn is regulated predominantly by the circulating iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, which binds to cell surface Fpn, initiating its degradation. Accordingly, when hepcidin concentrations decrease, Fpn levels increase. A previous study found that Fpn levels were not elevated in copper-deficient (CuD) mice that had anemia, a condition normally associated with dramatic reductions in hepcidin. Lack of change in Fpn levels may be because CuD mice do not display reduced concentrations of plasma iron (holotransferrin), a modulator of hepcidin expression. Here, we examined Fpn protein levels and hepcidin expression in CuD rats, which exhibit reduced plasma iron concentrations along with anemia. We also examined hepcidin expression in anemic CuD mice with normal plasma iron levels. We found that CuD rats had higher liver and spleen Fpn levels and markedly lower hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression than did copper-adequate (CuA) rats. In contrast, hepcidin levels did not differ between CuD and CuA mice. To examine potential mediators of the reduced hepcidin expression in CuD rats, we measured levels of hepatic transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), a putative iron sensor that links holotransferrin to hepcidin production, and transcript abundance of bone morphogenic protein 6 (BMP6), a key endogenous positive regulator of hepcidin production. Diminished hepcidin expression in CuD rats was associated with lower levels of TfR2, but not BMP6. Our data suggest that holotransferrin and TfR2, rather than anemia or BMP6, are signals for hepcidin synthesis during copper deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supak Jenkitkasemwong
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Margaret Broderius
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Hyeyoung Nam
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Joseph R. Prohaska
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Mitchell D. Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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32
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Abstract
Interactions between the essential dietary metals, iron and copper, have been known for many years. This review highlights recent advances in iron-copper interactions with a focus on tissues and cell types important for regulating whole-body iron and copper homeostasis. Cells that mediate dietary assimilation (enterocytes) and storage and distribution (hepatocytes) of iron and copper are considered, along with the principal users (erythroid cells) and recyclers of red cell iron (reticuloendothelial macrophages). Interactions between iron and copper in the brain are also discussed. Many unanswered questions regarding the role of these metals and their interactions in health and disease emerge from this synopsis, highlighting extensive future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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33
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Railey AM, Micheli TL, Wanschura PB, Flinn JM. Alterations in fear response and spatial memory in pre- and post-natal zinc supplemented rats: remediation by copper. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:95-100. [PMID: 20159028 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of zinc in the nervous system is receiving increased attention. At a time when dietary fortification and supplementation have increased the amount of zinc being consumed, little work has been done on the effects of enhanced zinc on behavior. Both zinc and copper are essential trace minerals that are acquired from the diet; under normal conditions the body protects against zinc overload, but at excessive dosages, copper deficiency has been seen. In order to examine the effect of enhanced metal administration on learning and memory, Sprague Dawley rats were given water supplemented with 10ppm Zn, 10ppm Zn+0.25ppm Cu, or normal lab water, during pre- and post-natal development. Fear conditioning tests at 4months showed significantly higher freezing rates during contextual retention and extinction and cued extinction for rats drinking water supplemented with zinc, suggesting increased anxiety compared to controls raised on lab water. During the MWM task at 9months, zinc-enhanced rats had significantly longer latencies to reach the platform compared to controls. The addition of copper to the zinc supplemented water brought freezing and latency levels closer to that of controls. These data demonstrate the importance of maintaining appropriate intake of both metals simultaneously, and show that long-term supplementation with zinc may cause alterations in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Railey
- George Mason University, Psychology Department, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States
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34
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Chen H, Attieh ZK, Dang T, Huang G, van der Hee RM, Vulpe C. Decreased hephaestin expression and activity leads to decreased iron efflux from differentiated Caco2 cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:803-8. [PMID: 19452451 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is transported across intestinal brush border cells into the circulation in at least two distinct steps. Iron can enter the enterocyte via the apical surface through several paths. However, iron egress from the basolateral side of enterocytes converges on a single export pathway requiring the iron transporter, ferroportin1, and hephaestin, a ferroxidase. Copper deficiency leads to reduced hephaestin protein expression and activity in mouse enterocytes and intestinal cell lines. We tested the effect of copper deficiency on differentiated Caco2 cells grown in transwells and found decreased hephaestin protein expression and activity as well as reduced ferroportin1 protein levels. Furthermore, the decrease in hephaestin levels correlates with a decrease of (55)Fe release from the basolateral side of Caco2 cells. Presence of ceruloplasmin, apo-transferrin or holo-transferrin did not significantly alter the results observed. Repletion of copper in Caco2 cells leads to reconstitution of hephaestin protein expression, activity, and transepithelial iron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3104, USA.
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35
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Yeh KY, Yeh M, Mims L, Glass J, Torre A. Iron feeding induces ferroportin 1 and hephaestin migration and interaction in rat duodenal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G55-65. [PMID: 18974313 PMCID: PMC3833992 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90298.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal iron absorption involves proteins located in the brush border membrane (BBM), cytoplasm, and basolateral membrane (BLM) of duodenal enterocytes. Ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and hephaestin (Heph) are necessary for transport of iron out of enterocytes, but it is not known whether these two proteins interact during iron absorption. We first examined colocalization of the proteins by cotransfection of HEK293 cells with pDsRed-FPN1 with pEmGFP-Heph or with the COOH-terminal truncated pEmGFP-HephDelta43 or -HephDelta685 and found that FPN1 and Heph with or without the COOH terminus colocalized. In rat duodenal enterocytes, within 1 h of iron feeding prominent migration of FPN1 from the apical subterminal zone to the basal subnuclear zone of the BLM occurred and increased to at least 4 h after feeding. Heph exhibited a similar though less prominent migration after iron ingestion. Analysis using rat duodenal epithelial cell sheets demonstrated that 1) by velocity sedimentation ultracentrifugation, FPN1 and Heph occupied vesicles of different sizes prior to iron feeding and migrated to similar fractions 1 h after iron feeding; 2) by blue native/SDS-PAGE, FPN1, and Heph interacted to form two complexes, one containing dimeric FPN1 and intact Heph and the other consisting of monomeric FPN1 and a Heph fragment; and 3) by immunoprecipitation, anti-Heph or anti-FPN1 antiserum coimmunoprecipitated FPN1 and Heph. Thus the data indicate that FPN1 and Heph migrate and interact during iron feeding and suggest that dimeric FPN1 is associated with intact Heph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwo-yih Yeh
- Departments of Medicine,Molecular and Cellular Physiology,the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Mary Yeh
- the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Laura Mims
- the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Jonathan Glass
- Departments of Medicine,the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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36
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Pyatskowit JW, Prohaska JR. Copper deficient rats and mice both develop anemia but only rats have lower plasma and brain iron levels. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:316-23. [PMID: 18178529 PMCID: PMC2295218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis depends on adequate dietary copper but the mechanisms are unknown. Mice (Mus musculus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus) offspring were compared to determine the effect of dietary copper deficiency (Cu-) on iron status of plasma, liver, brain and intestine. Holtzman rat and Hsd:ICR (CD-1) outbred albino mouse dams were fed a Cu- diet and drank deionized water or Cu supplemented water. Offspring were sampled at time points between postnatal ages 13 and 32. Cu- rat and mouse pups were both anemic, but only rat pups had lower plasma and brain iron levels. Plasma iron was lower throughout the suckling period in Cu- rats but not Cu- mice. Cu- mice derived from dams restricted of Cu only during lactation were also severely anemic without hypoferremia. Intestinal metal analysis confirmed that Cu- pups had major reductions in intestinal concentration of Cu, increased Fe, and normal Zn. However, whole mouse (less the intestine) analysis demonstrated normal content of Fe indicating that the limitation in iron transport by intestinal hephaestin had no consequence to total iron reserves of the mouse. Further research will be needed to determine the reason Cu- mice were anemic since the "ferroxidase" hypothesis does not explain this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Pyatskowit
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Joseph R. Prohaska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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37
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Halfdanarson TR, Kumar N, Li CY, Phyliky RL, Hogan WJ. Hematological manifestations of copper deficiency: a retrospective review. Eur J Haematol 2008; 80:523-31. [PMID: 18284630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Copper deficiency is an established cause of hematological abnormalities but is frequently misdiagnosed. Copper deficiency can present as a combination of hematological and neurological abnormalities and it may masquerade as a myelodysplastic syndrome. We reviewed the records of patients with hypocupremia and hematologic abnormalities identified between 1970 and 2005. Patients with hypocupremia unrelated to copper deficiency (e.g. Wilson's disease) were excluded. Forty patients with copper deficiency and hematological abnormalities were identified. Ten patients (25%) had undergone bariatric (weight reduction) surgery and an additional 14 patients (35%) had undergone surgery on the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly gastric resection. In 12 cases, no cause for copper deficiency was identified. Anemia and neutropenia were the most common hematologic abnormalities identified and the majority of the patients also had neurologic findings, most commonly due to myeloneuropathy. Abnormalities observed on bone marrow examination including vacuoles in myeloid precursors, iron-containing plasma cells, a decrease in granulocyte precursors and ring sideroblasts may be valuable clues to the diagnosis. Copper deficiency is an uncommon but very treatable cause of hematologic abnormalities.
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Rashtchizadeh N, Ettehad S, DiSilvestro RA, Mahdavi R. Antiatherogenic effects of zinc are associated with copper in iron-overloaded hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Nutr Res 2008; 28:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Daily Intake of Macronutrients and Selected Minerals in Physically Active Female Students in Comparison with Males of Matched Age and Physical Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/v10036-007-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Pyatskowit JW, Prohaska JR. Multiple mechanisms account for lower plasma iron in young copper deficient rats. Biometals 2007; 21:343-52. [PMID: 18038202 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-007-9123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Copper deficiency lowers brain copper and iron during development. The reduced iron content could be due to hypoferremia. Experiments were conducted to evaluate plasma iron and "ferroxidase" hypotheses by determining copper and iron status of Holtzman albino rats following gestational/lactational copper deficiency. Copper deficient (Cu-) dams on treatment for 5 weeks, two of gestation and three of lactation, had markedly lower copper content of milk and mammary tissue, and lower milk iron. Newborn pups from Cu- dams had lower copper and iron concentrations. Compared to Cu+ pups, Cu- pups, analyzed between postnatal age (P) 0 and P26, were smaller, anemic, had lower plasma iron, cardiac hypertrophy, and near zero ceruloplasmin activity. Liver copper in Cu+ pups increased then decreased during development and major reductions were evident in Cu- pups. Liver iron in Cu+ pups decreased with age while nursing but increased after eating solid food. Liver iron was lower in Cu- pups at P0 and P13 and normal at P20 and P26. Small intestinal copper decreased with age in Cu+ pups and was lower in Cu- pups. Intestinal iron levels in Cu- pups were higher than Cu+ pups postweaning in some experiments. Reduction in plasma iron in Cu- pups is likely due to a decreased "ferroxidase" function leading to lower placental iron transport, a lower milk iron diet, and partial block in iron uptake from intestine but is not due to failure to mobilize hepatic iron, in contrast to older rats eating diet with adequate iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Pyatskowit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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41
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Reeves PG, DeMars LC. Bovine hemoglobin as the sole source of dietary iron does not support adequate iron status in copper-adequate or copper-deficient rats. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Reeves PG, DeMars LCS. Signs of iron deficiency in copper-deficient rats are not affected by iron supplements administered by diet or by injection. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 17:635-42. [PMID: 16781861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the effects of Fe supplementation on the anemia of Cu deficiency in rats. In addition, we observed changes in serum and organ Cu and Fe during the development of Cu deficiency. In Experiment 1, weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93G diets containing either <0.3 mg Cu [Cu deficient (CuD)] or 6.0 mg Cu [Cu adequate (CuA)] per kilogram diet, and 35 mg Fe/kg. Five rats from each group were killed at intervals for the analysis of hematologic parameters and mineral content of various organs. In Experiment 2, two groups of 24 rats each were fed either the CuA diet or the CuD diet for 14 days. Then, three sets of eight rats in each group received three separate Fe treatments: (1) daily intraperitoneal injections of 400 mug Fe (Cu-free ferric citrate) per rat for another 14 days, (2) fed similar diets that contained three times the normal amount of Fe (105 mg/kg) for 14 days, or (3) received no further Fe treatment. At day 21, all rats were fed a 1-g meal labeled with (59)Fe to determine Fe absorption. After 28 days, rats were killed for the analyses of Fe and Cu status. Results of Experiment 1 showed that within 14 days, CuD rats had lower blood hemoglobin (Hgb), red blood cell count, and mean corpuscular volume than CuA rats. Copper concentrations in all tissues measured were lower in the CuD rats than in controls. Serum ceruloplasmin (Cp) activity in CuD rats was only 0.8% of CuA rats at day 7. During this period, enterocyte and liver Fe concentrations were elevated and serum Fe was reduced, but there was no change in spleen Fe. Results of Experiment 2 showed that CuD rats absorbed less Fe than CuA rats. Supplemental Fe by diet or by intraperitoneal injections did not prevent anemia in the CuD rats or affect other parameters of Cu status. Serum total iron binding capacity [transferrin (Tf)] was not changed by Cu deficiency or by Fe supplementation; however, percent Tf saturation was reduced in CuD rats but was not enhanced by Fe supplementation. These data suggest that anemia of Cu deficiency occurs because of reduced Fe absorption, and it inhibits release of Fe from the liver and inefficient loading of Fe into Tf because of very low plasma Cp activity. The latter then leads to inefficient delivery of Fe to the erythroid cells for heme and Hgb synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Reeves
- USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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43
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Chen H, Huang G, Su T, Gao H, Attieh ZK, McKie AT, Anderson GJ, Vulpe CD. Decreased hephaestin activity in the intestine of copper-deficient mice causes systemic iron deficiency. J Nutr 2006; 136:1236-41. [PMID: 16614410 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.5.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper and iron metabolism intersect in mammals. Copper deficiency simultaneously leads to decreased iron levels in some tissues and iron deficiency anemia, whereas it results in iron overload in other tissues such as the intestine and liver. The copper requirement of the multicopper ferroxidases hephaestin and ceruloplasmin likely explains this link between copper and iron homeostasis in mammals. We investigated the effect of in vivo and in vitro copper deficiency on hephaestin (Heph) expression and activity. C57BL/6J mice were separated into 2 groups on the day of parturition. One group was fed a copper-deficient diet and another was fed a control diet for 6 wk. Copper-deficient mice had significantly lower hephaestin and ceruloplasmin (approximately 50% of controls) ferroxidase activity. Liver hepcidin expression was significantly downregulated by copper deficiency (approximately 60% of controls), and enterocyte mRNA and protein levels of ferroportin1 were increased to 2.5 and 10 times, respectively, relative to controls, by copper deficiency, indicating a systemic iron deficiency in the copper-deficient mice. Interestingly, hephaestin protein levels were significantly decreased to approximately 40% of control, suggesting that decreased enterocyte copper content leads to decreased hephaestin synthesis and/or stability. We also examined the effect of copper deficiency on hephaestin in vitro in the HT29 cell line and found dramatically decreased hephaestin synthesis and activity. Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that copper is required for the proper processing and/or stability of hephaestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
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