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Koo B, Choi J, Holanda DM, Yang C, Nyachoti CM. Comparative effects of dietary methionine and cysteine supplementation on redox status and intestinal integrity in immunologically challenged-weaned pigs. Amino Acids 2023; 55:139-152. [PMID: 36371728 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine play critical roles in immune system and redox status. A body of evidence shows that metabolic aspects of supplemented Met and Cys may differ in the body. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Met and Cys supplementation in immunologically challenged weaned pigs. Forty weaned piglets (6.5 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly allocated to five treatment groups. The treatment included: (1) sham-challenged control (SCC), (2) challenged control (CC), (3) MET (CC + 0.1% DL-Met), (4) CYS (CC + 0.1% L-Cys), and (5) MET + CYS (CC + 0.1% DL-Met + 0.1% L-Cys). On day 7, all pigs were intramuscularly injected with either Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or phosphate-buffered saline. Blood, liver, and jejunum samples were analyzed for immune response and redox status. The CC group had lower (P < 0.05) villus surface area and higher (P < 0.05) flux of 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) than the SCC group. A lower (P < 0.05) glutathione (GSH) concentration was observed in the jejunum of pigs in the CC group than those in the SCC group. Dietary Cys supplementation increased (P < 0.05) villus surface area, GSH levels, and reduced (P < 0.05) the flux of FD4 in the jejunum of LPS-challenged pigs. Dietary Met supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) hepatic GSH content. Pigs challenged with LPS in the MET group had lower serum IL-8 concentration than those in the CC group. There was a Met × Cys interaction (P < 0.05) in serum IL-4 and IL-8 concentrations, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. Dietary L-Cys supplementation restored intestinal integrity and GSH levels that were damaged by lipopolysaccharides administration. Dietary DL-Met supplementation improved hepatic GSH and reduced systemic inflammatory response, but antagonistic interaction with dietary L-Cys supplementation was observed in the inflammatory response and redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonjin Koo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Janghan Choi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Pedre B, Barayeu U, Ezeriņa D, Dick TP. The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC): The emerging role of H 2S and sulfane sulfur species. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107916. [PMID: 34171332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Initially adopted as a mucolytic about 60 years ago, the cysteine prodrug N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the standard of care to treat paracetamol intoxication, and is included on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines. Additionally, NAC increasingly became the epitome of an "antioxidant". Arguably, it is the most widely used "antioxidant" in experimental cell and animal biology, as well as clinical studies. Most investigators use and test NAC with the idea that it prevents or attenuates oxidative stress. Conventionally, it is assumed that NAC acts as (i) a reductant of disulfide bonds, (ii) a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and/or (iii) a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis. While these mechanisms may apply under specific circumstances, they cannot be generalized to explain the effects of NAC in a majority of settings and situations. In most cases the mechanism of action has remained unclear and untested. In this review, we discuss the validity of conventional assumptions and the scope of a newly discovered mechanism of action, namely the conversion of NAC into hydrogen sulfide and sulfane sulfur species. The antioxidative and cytoprotective activities of per- and polysulfides may explain many of the effects that have previously been ascribed to NAC or NAC-derived glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandán Pedre
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uladzimir Barayeu
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mitchell SC. Nutrition and sulfur. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 96:123-174. [PMID: 34112351 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is unusual in that it is a mineral that may be taken into the body in both inorganic and organic combinations. It has been available within the environment throughout the development of lifeforms and as such has become integrated into virtually every aspect of biochemical function. It is essential for the nature and maintenance of structure, assists in communication within the organism, is vital as a catalytic assistant in intermediary metabolism and the mechanism of energy flow as well as being involved in internal defense against potentially damaging reactive species and invading foreign chemicals. Recent studies have suggested extended roles for sulfur-containing molecules within living systems. As such, questions have been raised as to whether or not humans are receiving sufficient sulfur within their diet. Sulfur appears to have been the "poor relation" with regards to mineral nutrition. This may be because of difficulties encountered over its multifarious functions, the many chemical guises in which it may be ingested and its complex biochemical interconversions once taken into the body. No established daily requirements have been determined, unlike many minerals, although suggestions have been proposed. Owing to its widespread distribution within dietary components its intake has almost been taken for granted. In the majority of individuals partaking of a balanced diet the supply is deemed adequate, but those opting for specialized or restrictive diets may experience occasional and low-level shortages. In these instances, the careful use of sulfur supplements may be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Mitchell
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
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Selle PH, Dorigam JCDP, Lemme A, Chrystal PV, Liu SY. Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E729. [PMID: 32331461 PMCID: PMC7222841 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
: This review explores the premise that non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids are alternatives to soybean meal, the dominant source of protein, in diets for broiler chickens. Non-bound essential and non-essential amino acids can partially replace soybean meal so that requirements are still met but dietary crude protein levels are reduced. This review considers the production of non-bound amino acids, soybeans, and soybean meal and discusses the concept of reduced-crude protein diets. There is a focus on specific amino acids, including glycine, serine, threonine, and branched-chain amino acids, because they may be pivotal to the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. Presently, moderate dietary crude protein reductions of approximately 30 g/kg are feasible, but more radical reductions compromise broiler performance. In theory, an 'ideal' amino acid profile would prevent this, but this is not necessarily the case in practice. The dependence of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal will be halved if crude protein reductions in the order of 50 g/kg are attained without compromising the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this event, synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will become viable alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
| | | | - Andreas Lemme
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany (A.L.)
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill NSW2145, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
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Dong Z, Gao X, Chinchilli VM, Sinha R, Muscat J, Winkels RM, Richie JP. Association of sulfur amino acid consumption with cardiometabolic risk factors: Cross-sectional findings from NHANES III. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 19:100248. [PMID: 32140669 PMCID: PMC7046517 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An average adult American consumes sulfur amino acids (SAA) at levels far above the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and recent preclinical data suggest that higher levels of SAA intake may be associated with a variety of aging-related chronic diseases. However, there are little data regarding the relationship between SAA intake and chronic disease risk in humans. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between consumption of SAA and risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS The sample included 11,576 adult participants of the Third National Examination and Nutritional Health Survey (NHANES III) Study (1988-1994). The primary outcome was cardiometabolic disease risk score (composite risk factor based on blood cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, C-reactive protein (CRP), uric acid, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glycated hemoglobin, insulin, and eGFR). Group differences in risk score by quintiles of energy-adjusted total SAA, methionine (Met), and cysteine (Cys) intake were determined by multiple linear regression after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and dietary factors. We further examined for associations between SAA intake and individual risk factors. FINDINGS Mean SAA consumption was > 2.5-fold higher than the EAR. After multivariable adjustment, higher intake of SAA, Met, and Cys were associated with significant increases in composite cardiometabolic disease risk scores, independent of protein intake, and with several individual risk factors including serum cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, BUN, and insulin and glycated hemoglobin (p < 0.01). INTERPRETATION Overall, our findings suggest that diets lower in SAA (close to the EAR) are associated with reduced risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Low SAA dietary patterns rely on plant-derived protein sources over meat derived foods. Given the high intake of SAA among most adults, our findings may have important public health implications for chronic disease prevention. FUNDING This study does not have any funding.
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Key Words
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- Cardiometabolic diseases
- Cys, cysteine
- Cysteine
- Diabetes
- Dietary sulfur amino acids
- EAR, estimated average requirement
- IR, insulin resistance
- MEC, mobile examination center
- Met, methionine
- Methionine
- NHANES III, Third National Examination and Nutritional Health Survey
- RDA, recommended dietary allowance
- SAA, sulfur amino acids
- SAAR, sulfur amino acid restriction
- Sulfur amino acids restriction
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Renate M. Winkels
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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Rodríguez‐Martínez S, Márquez R, Inácio Â, Galván I. Changes in melanocyte RNA and DNA methylation favour pheomelanin synthesis and may avoid systemic oxidative stress after dietary cysteine supplementation in birds. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1030-1042. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Márquez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Sevilla Spain
| | - Ângela Inácio
- Laboratório de GenéticaInstituto de Saúde AmbientalFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Sevilla Spain
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Brede A, Wecke C, Liebert F. Does the Optimal Dietary Methionine to Cysteine Ratio in Diets for Growing Chickens Respond to High Inclusion Rates of Insect Meal from Hermetia illucens? Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E187. [PMID: 30360513 PMCID: PMC6262416 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary methionine:cysteine (Met:Cys) ratio (MCR) is an important factor influencing the optimal growth of chickens. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the assessment of the optimal dietary MCR in diets with the complete replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by a partly defatted larvae meal of Hermetia illucens (HM). A growth study with 240 male meat-type chickens (Ross 308) was conducted, also assessing the body nutrient deposition both at the end of the starter (day 21) and the grower (day 35) period. Birds were fed experimental diets based on wheat, maize, and insect meal (23%/21% HM in starter/grower diets). Sulfur amino acids were created as the limiting AA in diets with graded MCR (40:60; 45:55; 50:50; 55:45; 60:40). The control diet contained SBM instead of HM with a MCR of 50:50. The current results based on growth parameters, dietary protein quality, and Met efficiency data gave support to the previous assumption of an ideal MCR of 50:50, which was also valid in diets with a high proportion of insect meal. The lowest MCR of 40:60 led to significantly impaired feed intake and growth of the birds, while the response to the highest MCR (60:40) was moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brede
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Wecke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Liebert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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Dong Z, Sinha R, Richie JP. Disease prevention and delayed aging by dietary sulfur amino acid restriction: translational implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1418:44-55. [PMID: 29399808 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur amino acids (SAAs) play numerous critical roles in metabolism and overall health maintenance. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that SAA-restricted diets have many beneficial effects, including extending life span and preventing the development of a variety of diseases. Dietary sulfur amino acid restriction (SAAR) is characterized by chronic restrictions of methionine and cysteine but not calories and is associated with reductions in body weight, adiposity and oxidative stress, and metabolic changes in adipose tissue and liver resulting in enhanced insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure. SAAR-induced changes in blood biomarkers include reductions in insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, glucose, and leptin and increases in adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21. On the basis of these preclinical data, SAAR may also have similar benefits in humans. While little is known of the translational significance of SAAR, its potential feasibility in humans is supported by findings of its effectiveness in rodents, even when initiated in adult animals. To date, there have been no controlled feeding studies of SAAR in humans; however, there have been numerous relevant epidemiologic and disease-based clinical investigations reported. Here, we summarize observations from these clinical investigations to provide insight into the potential effectiveness of SAAR for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Excessive L-cysteine induces vacuole-like cell death by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Amino Acids 2015; 48:149-56. [PMID: 26306843 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High intake of dietary cysteine is extremely toxic to animals and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that excessive L-cysteine induces cell death by activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Jejunal enterocytes were cultured in the presence of 0-10 mmol/L L-cysteine. Cell viability, morphologic alterations, mRNA levels for genes involved in ER stress, protein abundances for glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2α), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK1/2) were determined. The results showed that L-cysteine (5-10 mmol/L) reduced cell viability (P < 0.05) and led to vacuole-like cell death in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. These adverse effects of L-cysteine were not affected by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. The protein abundances for CHOP, phosphorylated (p)-eIF2α, p-JNK1/2, p-p38 MAPK, and the spliced form of XBP-1 mRNA were enhanced (P < 0.05), whereas those for p-ERK1/2 were reduced (P < 0.05). Collectively, excessive L-cysteine induces vacuole-like cell death via the activation of ER stress and MAPK signaling in small intestinal epithelial cells. These signaling pathways may be potential targets for developing effective strategies to prevent the toxicity of dietary cysteine.
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DietaryL-Cysteine Improves the Antioxidative Potential and Lipid Metabolism in Rats Fed a Normal Diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1430-4. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bungo T, Shiraishi JI. Effect of Centrally Administered Methionine or Related Compounds on Feeding Behavior in Chicks. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2010.10539510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Advances in protein–amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids 2008; 37:29-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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