Consumption of Coffee but Not of Other Caffeine-Containing Beverages Reduces the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study

Coffee consumption and cardiometabolic health: a comprehensive review of the evidence

This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of longitudinal observational and interventional studies on the cardiometabolic effects of coffee consumption. It explores biological mechanisms, and clinical and policy implications, and highlights gaps in the evidence while suggesting future research directions. It also reviews evidence on the causal relationships between coffee consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. Findings indicate that while coffee may cause short-term increases in blood pressure, it does not contribute to long-term hypertension risk. There is limited evidence indicating that coffee intake might reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, coffee consumption is consistently linked with reduced risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), showing dose-response relationships. The relationship between coffee and cardiovascular disease is complex, showing potential stroke prevention benefits but ambiguous effects on coronary heart disease. Moderate coffee consumption, typically ranging from 1 to 5 cups per day, is linked to a reduced risk of heart failure, while its impact on atrial fibrillation remains inconclusive. Furthermore, coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, following a U-shaped pattern, with the largest risk reduction observed at moderate consumption levels. Except for T2D and CKD, MR studies do not robustly support a causal link between coffee consumption and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. The potential beneficial effects of coffee on cardiometabolic health are consistent across age, sex, geographical regions, and coffee subtypes and are multi-dimensional, involving antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, lipid-modulating, insulin-sensitizing, and thermogenic effects. Based on its beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and fundamental biological processes involved in aging, moderate coffee consumption has the potential to contribute to extending the healthspan and increasing longevity. The findings underscore the need for future research to understand the underlying mechanisms and refine health recommendations regarding coffee consumption.

Exploring the Role of Phenolic Compounds in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a formidable global health concern, affecting one in six adults over 25. This review explores the potential of phenolic compounds in managing CKD and its complications. By examining the existing research, we highlight their diverse biological activities and potential to combat CKD-related issues. We analyze the nutritional benefits, bioavailability, and safety profile of these compounds. While the clinical evidence is promising, preclinical studies offer valuable insights into underlying mechanisms, optimal dosages, and potential side effects. Further research is crucial to validate the therapeutic efficacy of phenolic compounds for CKD. We advocate for continued exploration of their innovative applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. This review aims to catalyze the scientific community's efforts to leverage phenolic compounds against CKD-related challenges.

F. Coffee Intake, Plasma Caffeine Levels, and Kidney Function: Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Among East Asian and European Ancestries

Introduction

Previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies for the coffee-kidney association have reported inconsistent relationships in European populations and never examined mediators of this association. We aimed to evaluate this causal relationship using two-sample MR among both East Asian and European ancestries and to explore underlying mechanisms using plasma caffeine levels.

Methods

Among East Asians, the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for coffee intake, plasma caffeine levels, and kidney outcomes were obtained from 152,634; 8940; and 47,070 Japanese adults. Among Europeans, summary statistics were acquired from European GWAS with 428,860; 7719; and 564,470 adults for each trait. We applied different MR methods (inverse-variance weighted [IVW] with random effects, weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-Egger).

Results

After excluding possible pleiotropic variants, among East Asian ancestry, drinking an extra coffee intake per week showed a protective association on serum creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcre) (β = 0.077; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.003 to 0.150). Analysis in European ancestry also showed a causal relationship between drinking an extra coffee intake per day and eGFRcre (β = 0.052; 95% CI = 0.027 to 0.078). These results were consistent across different MR methods accounting for invalid instruments. Higher plasma caffeine levels were associated with lower eGFRcre among both East Asian (β = -0.071; 95% CI = -0.137 to -0.006) and European ancestries (β = -0.048; 95% CI = -0.057 to -0.040).

Conclusions

Our cross-ancestry MR study found beneficial effects of coffee intake on eGFRcre. However, given the possible adverse effects of plasma caffeine levels on eGFRcre, interpretation of the results should be carefully considered and further investigations on noncaffeine and biological pathways are needed.

Coffee consumption and risk of kidney function decline in a Dutch population-based cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Whether coffee consumption is associated with changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is unknown. We investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and annual eGFR change in a large Dutch population-based study.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study was performed in 78,346 participants without chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the population-based Lifelines Cohort Study. Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline using food frequency questionnaires. Outcomes were annual eGFR change and a composite kidney outcome (defined as eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or >20 % eGFR decline). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of coffee consumption (categories and cups/day) with kidney outcomes. Overall, 90 % of the participants drank coffee daily and 36 % drank >2-4 cups/day. Unadjusted mean ± SD annual eGFR change ranged from -2.86 ± 2.96 (for non-coffee drinkers) to -2.35 ± 2.62 (for participants consuming >6 cups/day) mL/min per 1.73 m2. During 3.6 ± 0.9 years follow-up, 11.1 % of participants reached the composite kidney outcome. As compared to non-coffee drinkers, higher coffee consumption was associated with less annual eGFR decline in multivariable models (β [95 % CIs] ranged from 0.15 [0.07, 0.22] for >0-2 cups/day to 0.29 [0.20, 0.38] for >6 cups/day, P-trend <0.001). Consumption of one more cup of coffee per day was associated with a 3 % lower risk of the composite kidney outcome (OR [95%CI], 0.97 [0.96, 0.99]). The inverse association was more pronounced in a subgroup of individuals with diabetes.

CONCLUSION

Coffee consumption was inversely associated with annual eGFR change and CKD risk in a large Dutch population-based cohort.

Causal Association between Tea Intake and Acute Cerebrovascular Events: A Multivariate Mendelian Randomized Study in European Populations

BACKGROUND

Numerous research works have investigated the association between tea consumption and the risk of acute cerebrovascular events; however, the results are inconsistent.

OBJECTIVES

We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate the causal association between tea intake and several acute cerebrovascular events, including any ischemic stroke, large atherosclerotic stroke (LAS), cardiogenic embolic stroke (CES), small vessel stroke (SVS), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

METHODS

We obtained summary genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on tea intake and acute cerebrovascular events in populations of European ancestry. The GWAS on tea intake is derived from the UK Biobank, where we have chosen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) closely associated with it as instrumental variables. We also obtained summary data on ischemic stroke from a GWAS meta-analysis, as well as summary data on ICH and SAH from the FinnGen study. We first explored the causal association between tea intake and several acute cerebrovascular events using univariate Mendelian randomization (UVMR), and then further assessed the causal association between tea intake and SVS using multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) corrected for multiple confounders.

RESULTS

In UVMR, genetically predicted increases in tea intake were linked to a lower risk of SVS (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.86). There was no causal association between tea intake and the risk of other acute cerebrovascular events. In the MVMR, our results show that there was still a significant causal association between drinking tea and SVS, after adjusting body mass index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSION

This MR study provides new genetic evidence that increased tea intake reduces the risk of SVS in the European population. However, possibly because of limited statistical power, the study did not find that tea consumption reduced the risk of several other acute cerebrovascular events.

Association of unsweetened and sweetened tea consumption with the risk of new-onset chronic kidney disease: Findings from UK Biobank and Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study

Background

The association between tea consumption and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remained inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the association of tea consumption with new-onset CKD and examine the effects of common additives (milk and sweeteners) and genetic variations in caffeine metabolism on the association.

Methods

176 038 and 3104 participants free of CKD at baseline in the United Kingdom Biobank (UK Biobank) and Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study were included, respectively. Dietary information was collected using 24-hour dietary recall questionnaires. The study outcome was new-onset CKD.

Results

In the UK Biobank, during a median follow-up of 12.13 years, 3535 (2.01%) participants developed CKD. Compared with tea non-consumers, the risk of new-onset CKD was significantly lower in unsweetened tea consumers (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.76-0.93), but not in sweetened tea consumers (HR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.85-1.08), regardless of whether milk was added to tea. Accordingly, relative to tea non-consumers, the adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of new-onset CKD for participants who reported drinking unsweetened tea 1.5 or fewer, >1.5 to 2.5, >2.5 to 3.5, >3.5 to 4.5, and >4.5 drinks/d were HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.99; HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78-1.00; HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73-0.94; HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.72-0.95; and HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.99. Moreover, the association of unsweetened tea consumption with new-onset CKD was stronger among those with faster genetically predicted caffeine metabolism levels, although the interaction was insignificant (P-value interaction = 0.768). Consistently, in the CARDIA study, compared with tea non-consumers, a significantly lower risk of new-onset CKD was found in unsweetened tea consumers (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65-0.98) but not in sweetened tea consumers (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.70-1.34).

Conclusions

Compared with tea non-consumers, consumption of unsweetened tea, but not sweetened tea, was significantly associated with a lower risk of new-onset CKD, regardless of whether milk was added.

Coffee intake and risk of diabetic nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study

Rationale and objective

A causal relationship concerning coffee intake and diabetic nephropathy (DN) is controversial. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to assess the causal nature of these associations.

Methods

40 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with coffee intake were selected from the UK Biobank study. Summary-level data for diabetic nephropathy were obtained from publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the FinnGen consortium. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median (WM) methods were used to examine a causal association. Sensitivity analyses included Cochran's Q test, the intercept of MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and the Outlier method. Leave-One-Out sensitivity analyses were also conducted to reduce the heterogeneity.

Results

Our current study demonstrated positive associations of genetically predicted coffee intake with diabetic nephropathy (OR=1.939; P = 0.045 and type 2 diabetes with renal complications (OR = 2.787, P= 0.047). These findings were robust across several sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

This study found a positive correlation between coffee consumption and the risk of diabetic nephropathy using genetic data. For a more accurate and trustworthy conclusion, subgroup analysis on coffee intake, including preparing method, variety of coffee, and quantity, is required.

The magical smell and taste: Can coffee be good to patients with cardiometabolic disease?

Coffee is a beverage consumed globally. Although few studies have indicated adverse effects, it is typically a beneficial health-promoting agent in a range of diseases, including depression, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Coffee is rich in caffeine, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds, which can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and mitigate both inflammation and oxidative stress, common features of the burden of lifestyle diseases. This review will discuss the possible benefits of coffee on complications present in patients with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, outwith the social and emotional benefits attributed to caffeine consumption.

Sex-specific association between coffee consumption and incident chronic kidney disease: a population-based analysis of 359,906 participants from the UK Biobank

BACKGROUND

The risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is influenced by genetic predisposition, sex, and lifestyle. Previous research indicates that coffee is a potentially protective factor in CKD. The current study aims to investigate whether sex disparity exists in the coffee-CKD association, and whether genetic risk of CKD or genetic polymorphisms of caffeine metabolism affect this association.

METHODS

A total of 359,906 participants from the UK Biobank who were enrolled between 2006 and 2010 were included in this prospective cohort study, which aimed to estimate the hazard ratios for coffee intake and incident CKD using a Cox proportional hazard model. Allele scores of CKD and caffeine metabolism were additionally adjusted for in a subsample with qualified genetic data ( n = 255,343). Analyses stratified by genetic predisposition, comorbidities, and sex hormones were performed. Tests based on Bayesian model averaging were conducted to ascertain the robustness of the results.

RESULTS

Coffee was inversely associated with CKD in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of coffee did not differ across different strata of genetic risk for CKD, but were more evident among slower genetically predicted caffeine metabolizers. Significant sex disparity was observed ( P value for interaction = 0.013), in that coffee drinking was only associated with the risk reduction of CKD in females. Subgroup analysis revealed that testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), but not estradiol, modified the coffee-CKD association.

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to the overall inverse coffee-CKD association that was observed in the general population, we could also establish that a sex disparity existed, in that females were more likely to experience the benefit of the association. Testosterone and SHBG may partly account for the sex disparity.

Relationship of coffee consumption with a decline in kidney function among patients with type 2 diabetes: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry

Aims/Introduction

The evidence regarding the effects of coffee consumption on incident chronic kidney disease is inconclusive, and no studies have investigated the relationship in patients with diabetes. We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and the decline in estimated glomerular function rate (eGFR) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

A total of 3,805 patients (2,112 men, 1,693 women) with type 2 diabetes (mean age 64.2 years) and eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m² were followed (completion of follow up, 97.6%; median 5.3 years). Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline. The end‐point was a decline in eGFR to <60 mL/min/1.73 m² during the follow‐up period.

Results

During follow up, 840 participants experienced a decline in eGFR to <60 mL/min/1.73 m². Higher coffee consumption reduced the risk of decline in eGFR. Compared with no coffee consumption, the multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.77 (0.63–0.93) for less than one cup per day, 0.77 (0.62–0.95) for one cup per day and 0.75 (0.62–0.91) for two or more cups per day (P for trend 0.01). This trend was unaffected by further adjustment for baseline eGFR and albuminuria. The mean eGFR change per year was −2.16 mL/min/1.73 m² with no coffee consumption, −1.89 mL/min/1.73 m² with less than one cup per day, −1.80 mL/min/1.73 m² with one cup per day and −1.78 mL/min/1.73 m² with two or more cups per day (P for trend 0.03).

Conclusions

Coffee consumption is significantly associated with a lower risk of decline in eGFR in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Causal Association Between Tea Consumption and Kidney Function: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background

Causal research concerning the consumption of tea and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. This study identified the potential causal effects of tea intake on CKD, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albuminuria.

Methods

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) from UK Biobank were able to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with an extra cup of tea each day. The summary statistics for the kidney function from the CKDGen consortium include 11,765 participants (12,385 cases of CKD) and 54,116 participants for the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio who were mostly of European descent. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to test the relationship between the selected SNPs and the risk of CKD.

Results

A total of 2,672 SNPs associated with tea consumption (p < 5 × 10^-8) were found, 45 of which were independent and usable in CKDGen. Drinking more cups of tea per day indicates a protective effect for CKD G3-G5 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.803; p = 0.004] and increases eGFR (β = 0.019 log ml/min/1.73 m² per cup per day; p = 2.21 × 10^-5). Excluding two SNPs responsible for directional heterogeneity (Cochran Q p = 0.02), a high consumption of tea was also negatively correlated with a lower risk of albuminuria (OR = 0.758; p = 0.002).

Conclusion

From the perspective of genes, causal relationships exist between daily extra cup of tea and the reduced risk of CKD and albuminuria and increased eGFR.

Consumption of caffeinated beverages and kidney function decline in an elderly Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome

It remains unclear whether caffeinated beverages could have deleterious renal effects in elderly population with underlying comorbid conditions. We investigated the associations between coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year changes in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a large Spanish cohort of overweight/obese elderly with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This prospective analysis includes 5851 overweight/obese adults (55-75 years) with MetS from the PREDIMED-Plus study. We assessed coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption from a validated food-frequency questionnaire and creatinine-based eGFR using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Multivariate-adjusted regression models were applied to test associations between baseline coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year eGFR changes. Caffeinated coffee (> 2 cups/day) and tea (at least 1 cup/day) drinkers had 0.88 and 0.93 mL/min/1.73 m² greater eGFR decrease respectively, compared to those with less than 1 cup/day of coffee consumption or non-tea drinkers. Furthermore, caffeinated coffee consumption of > 2 cups/day was associated with 1.19-fold increased risk of rapid eGFR decline > 3 mL/min/1.73 m² (95% CI 1.01-1.41). Similarly, individuals in the highest (median, 51.2 mg/day) tertile of caffeine intake had a 0.87 mL/min/1.73 m² greater eGFR decrease. Decaffeinated coffee was not associated with eGFR changes. In conclusion, higher consumption of caffeinated coffee, tea, and caffeine was associated with a greater 1-year eGFR decline in overweight/obese adults with MetS.

Sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverages and the risks of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Consumption of sugar or artificially-sweetened beverages (SASBs) has been linked to albuminuria, decline in kidney function, and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the results are controversial. We therefore aim to evaluate the effects of sugar or artificially-sweetened beverage consumption on CKD risk.

METHODS

Original observational studies reporting relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between sugar or artificially-sweetened beverage consumption and impaired renal function or CKD risk in adults were identified using a systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE from inception to 20 February, 2019. Random effects model was applied to derive summary RRs and 95% CIs. Linear and non-linear dose-response relationships were estimated using data from sugar or artificially-sweetened beverage consumption categories in each study.

RESULTS

The summary RR of CKD for high versus low sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was 1.30 (95% CI 0.88-1.94) according to six included studies with a total of 25,455 participants, while the pooled RR of CKD for high versus low artificially sweetened beverage consumption was 1.40 (95% CI 0.65-3.02) according to three studies with a total of 19,995 participants. For dose-response analysis, a significant, increased risk of CKD was observed with the sugar or artificially-sweetened beverage consumption above seven servings per week (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our study found a positive association between consumption of sugar or artificially-sweetened beverage consumption and CKD, though it did not reach statistical significance. However, the dose-response results suggest that more than seven servings per week should be avoided.

Modifiable Lifestyle Factors for Primary Prevention of CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Despite increasing incidence of CKD, no evidence-based lifestyle recommendations for CKD primary prevention apparently exist.

METHODS

To evaluate the consistency of evidence associating modifiable lifestyle factors and CKD incidence, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and references from eligible studies from database inception through June 2019. We included cohort studies of adults without CKD at baseline that reported lifestyle exposures (diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking). The primary outcome was incident CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m²). Secondary outcomes included other CKD surrogate measures (RRT, GFR decline, and albuminuria).

RESULTS

We identified 104 studies of 2,755,719 participants with generally a low risk of bias. Higher dietary potassium intake associated with significantly decreased odds of CKD (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.65 to 0.94), as did higher vegetable intake (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.90); higher salt intake associated with significantly increased odds of CKD (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.38). Being physically active versus sedentary associated with lower odds of CKD (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.98). Current and former smokers had significantly increased odds of CKD compared with never smokers (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.27). Compared with no consumption, moderate consumption of alcohol associated with reduced risk of CKD (relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.93). These associations were consistent, but evidence was predominantly of low to very low certainty. Results for secondary outcomes were consistent with the primary finding.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings identify modifiable lifestyle factors that consistently predict the incidence of CKD in the community and may inform both public health recommendations and clinical practice.

Healthful dietary patterns and risk of end-stage kidney disease: the Singapore Chinese Health Study

BACKGROUND

Although adherence to healthful dietary patterns has been associated with a lower risk of kidney function decline in Western populations, evidence in Asian populations remains scanty.

OBJECTIVES

We examined predefined dietary patterns, namely, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED), in relation to risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).

METHODS

We included 56,985 Chinese adults (aged 45-74 y) in the Singapore Chinese Health Study who were free of cancer, stroke, coronary artery disease, and ESKD at recruitment (1993-1998). Dietary pattern scores were calculated based on a validated 165-item FFQ. AHEI-2010 and aMED scores were modified by excluding the alcohol intake component because daily drinking has been associated with a higher risk of ESKD in our study population. We identified 1026 ESKD cases over a median follow-up of 17.5 y via linkage with the nationwide Singapore Renal Registry. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to compute HRs and their 95% CIs.

RESULTS

Higher scores of all 3 dietary patterns were associated with lower ESKD risk in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the lowest quintiles, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of ESKD were 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) for the highest quintile of AHEI-2010, 0.67 (0.54, 0.84) for DASH, and 0.73 (0.59, 0.91) for aMED (all P-trend ≤ 0.004). These inverse associations were stronger with increasing BMI (in kg/m2), and the HRs for the diet-ESKD association were lowest in the obese (BMI ≥ 27.5), followed by the overweight (BMI = 25 to <27.5) participants, compared with those in lower BMI categories; the P-interaction values between BMI and diet scores were 0.03 for AHEI-2010, 0.004 for aMED, and 0.06 for DASH.

CONCLUSIONS

Adherence to healthful dietary patterns was associated with a lower ESKD risk in an Asian population, especially in overweight or obese individuals.

Assessment of beverage consumption by young adults in Saudi Arabia

Objective

The primary objective was to assess beverage consumption pattern and calorie intake among undergraduate students on weekly and daily basis. Secondary objectives were to determine the relationship between demographic variables and beverage intake, assess mean differences in calorie intake between students’ groups and, report the predictors of beverage consumption.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months (January–March 2019) among currently enrolled undergraduate students studying in 8 colleges of a public sector university in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The study used the Arabic version of Beverage Frequency Questionnaire (BFQ) and collected data through purposive stratified sampling. Total intake in ml and calories in kcals were calculated. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 23 and the study was approved from ethics committee of the university (IRB‐2019‐05‐021).

Results

A total of 507 students responded to the survey. The average volume of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), caffeine containing beverage (CCBs) and carbonated beverages (CarBs) consumed was 4.2 L, 4 L and 1.5 L per week and 650.6 ml, 575.2 ml and 224.6 ml per day, respectively. Average daily calorie intake from SSBs, CCBs and CarBs was 187.6 kcals, 87.6 kcals and 52.5 kcals, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly related to CCB (ρ = 0.130) and CarBs (ρ = 0.100) intake (mL) (p < 0.05). Mean difference in calorie intake was mostly significant (p < 0.05) when accounted for students’ demographics, gender, BMI, residence, illness and, examination time, in case of SSBs, CCBs, CarBs and, all beverages. Averge % contribution towards total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) for SSBs, CCBs and CarBs were 10.2%, 6.3% and 2.8%, respectively. Year of study, BMI, residence and illness were predictors of SSBs consumption while BMI, residence and examination time were predictors of CCBs consumption. Gender and BMI were predictors of CarBs intake.

Conclusion

There was a high consumption of beverages in students that was related to their demographic characteristics. There is a need to create awareness among the students regarding the detrimental effects of chronic consumption of these beverages.

Effect of Coffee Consumption on Renal Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies

OBJECTIVE

Drinking coffee is one of the most common daily habits, especially in the developed world. Along with caffeine, coffee has various ingredients that have been suggested to have beneficial effects, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antithrombotic and antifibrotic effects. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated the relationship between coffee intake and chronic kidney disease (CKD) related outcomes.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Literature search was performed through PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase (Elsevier), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley) from 1960 to February 2020. Incidence of CKD, the progression of CKD, and CKD-associated mortality have been evaluated in relation to coffee consumption and the amount of consumption. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for quality assessment of included studies.

RESULTS

12 studies were included in the analysis (7 prospective, 5 cross-sectional) involving 505,841 subjects. 7 studies investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and incident CKD and showed that coffee consumption was associated with a significant decrease in the risk for incident CKD outcome (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.97, P = .01) with a greater decrease in individuals taking ≥2 cups/day compared to those who drank ≤1 cup/day. There was a significantly lower risk of incident end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in coffee users (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.94, P = .005). Coffee consumption was also associated with a lower risk of albuminuria (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.97, P = .02). Overall, the risk of death related to CKD was lower in coffee users (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.96, P = .02).

CONCLUSION

Coffee intake was dose-dependently associated with lower incident CKD, ESKD, and albuminuria.

Coffee Consumption is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have suggested a renal protective effect of coffee consumption against development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) although the results remain inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively investigate this association by summarizing all available data.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE database from inception to November 2019 to identify all cohort studies that compared the risk of developing CKD after index date among coffee-drinkers versus non-drinkers. Pooled risk ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random-effect, generic inverse-variance method of DerSimonian and Laird.

RESULTS

A total of 4 cohort studies comprising of 25,849 participants met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found a significantly decreased risk of incident CKD among coffee-drinkers compared with non-drinkers with the pooled risk ratio of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81-0.95; I² of 57%). The funnel plot of this study was relatively symmetric and was not indicative of publication bias CONCLUSIONS: A significant association between coffee consumption and a lower risk of incident CKD was demonstrated in this study.

A Healthy Beverage Score and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort

BACKGROUND

Beverages are a source of calories and other bioactive constituents but are an understudied aspect of the diet. Different beverages have varying effects on health outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

We created the Healthy Beverage Score (HBS) to characterize participants' beverage patterns and examined its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality among individuals with CKD.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective analysis of 2283 adults aged 21-74 y with a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate of 20-70 mL · min-1 · 1.73 m-2 from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort. Diet was assessed using a 124-item FFQ at visit 1 (2003-2008). The HBS, ranging from 7 to 28 possible points, consisted of 7 components, each scored from 1 to 4 based on rank distribution by quartile, except alcohol, which was based on sex-specific cutoffs. Participants were given more points for higher consumption of low-fat milk and of coffee/tea, for moderate alcohol, and for lower consumption of 100% fruit juice, whole-fat milk, artificially sweetened beverages, and sugar-sweetened beverages. CKD progression, incident CVD, and mortality were ascertained through January 2018. We conducted multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

There were 815 cases of CKD progression, 285 cases of incident CVD, and 725 deaths over a maximum of 14 y of follow-up. Compared with participants in the lowest tertile of the HBS, participants in the highest tertile had a 25% lower likelihood of CKD progression (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.89; P-trend = 0.001) and a 17% lower likelihood of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.69, 1.00; P-trend = 0.04) after adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical, and dietary factors. There was no significant trend for incident CVD.

CONCLUSIONS

Among individuals with CKD, a healthier beverage pattern was inversely associated with CKD progression and all-cause mortality. Beverage intake may be an important modifiable target in preventing adverse outcomes for individuals with CKD.

High sugar-sweetened beverage intake frequency is associated with smoking, irregular meal intake and higher serum uric acid in Taiwanese adolescents

Types of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) can differ greatly between countries, with greater consumption of sweetened tea in Asia. This study aimed to understand changes in SSB consumption by adolescents in Taiwan over 18 years and their association with demographic characteristics and clinical outcome. This study used survey data from the 1993-1996 and 2010-2011 Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan. Participants were high school students aged 13 to 18 years. Data were weighted and analysed using SUDAAN 11.0 and SAS 9.4. Participants were asked about intake frequencies of SSB and were grouped into four different SSB intake groups based on the combination of high or low frequency (including moderate frequency) of intake of sweetened tea and soda/sports/energy drinks. Results indicated over 99 % of teens reported having at least one SSB in the past week. Smoking status was significantly associated with SSB intake types with high tea intake (high tea and low soda (HL) group, OR 7·56, P < 0·001; high tea and high soda (HH) group, OR 9·96, P < 0·001). After adjustment for potential confounders, adolescents in the low tea and high soda (LH) group (β = 0·05, P = 0·034) had significantly higher mean serum uric acid values. In conclusion, sugary tea remains the SSB of choice for Taiwanese adolescents. Those with a frequent intake of soda/sports/energy drinks had a higher chance of being hyperuricaemic.