A High-Fiber Diet Decreases Postabsorptive Protein Turnover but Does Not Alter Insulin Sensitivity in Men with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Fiber Intake with Glycated Hemoglobin and Estimated Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes

Dietary fiber, an essential bioactive compound in plant-based diets, is of public health concern based on habitual low intakes in the general population. Not much data are available on how habitual dietary fiber is associated with glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) as well as in prediabetes and normoglycemic adults. To address this gap, we conducted a six-year longitudinal analysis of an original cohort in adults with and without T1D (n = 1255; T1D: n = 563; non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM): n = 692). Dietary data were collected from a validated food frequency questionnaire, biochemical measures were obtained after an overnight fast, and anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline as well as after three and six years for the follow-up study. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated insulin sensitivity (eIS) were the main outcomes examined. In adjusted analyses, dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with HbA1c in a minimally adjusted model, but it was positively associated with eIS in a model involving all relevant covariates in non-DM adults. These associations were not significant in the T1D group. Furthermore, when examined by HbA1c cut-offs for glycemic control, an inverse association with dietary fiber was only observed in adults with prediabetes (all p < 0.05). At a six-year mean (±SD) dietary fiber intake of 17.4 ± 8.8 g for non-DM and 17.0 ± 8.2 g for the T1D group, protective associations against poor glycemic control were observed in those without diabetes and in prediabetes.

Effects of Insect Consumption on Human Health: A Systematic Review of Human Studies

Insects have been consumed as food in diverse cultures worldwide, gaining recognition as a sustainable and nutritious food source. This systematic review aims to update information on the impact of insect consumption on human health based on human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and allergenicity assessment studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published in the last 10 years were analyzed. From one-thousand and sixty-three retrieved references, nine RCTs and five allergenicity studies were analyzed. Post-prandial amino acid levels increased after insect protein consumption. In comparison with other protein sources, insect protein showed no significant differences in the area under the curve (AUC) values for essential amino acids but tended to have lower peaks and peak later. In terms of muscle protein synthesis, there were no significant differences between insect protein and other protein sources. Glucose levels did not differ; however, insulin levels were lower after the consumption of insect-based products. The effects on inflammatory markers and microbiota composition were inconclusive and the studies did not show significant effects on appetite regulation. Allergenicity assessments revealed a sensitisation and cross-reactivity between insect allergens and known allergens. A partial reduction of cross-allergenicity was observed via thermal processing. Insect protein is an adequate protein source with promising health benefits; however, further research is needed to fully understand its potential and optimise its inclusion into the human diet.

The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes

The autoimmune disease, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), results in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, and the International Diabetes Federation reports that its incidence is increasing worldwide. T1DM is a complex disease due to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Certain dietary patterns and nutrients are known to cause epigenetic modifications in physiological conditions and diseases. However, the interplay between diet and epigenetics is not yet well-understood in the context of T1DM. Several studies have described epigenetic mechanisms involved in the autoimmune reactions that destroy the β-cells, but few explored diet components as potential triggers for epigenetic modifications. Clarifying the link between diet and epigenome can provide new insights into the pathogenesis of T1DM, potentially leading to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this mini review, we shed light on the influence of the diet-epigenome axis on the pathophysiology of T1DM.

Effects of high-fiber rice Dodamssal (Oryza sativa L.) on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet

We investigated the effects of high amylose rice variety, Dodamssal (DO) (Oryza sativa L.), on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in mice. Experiment 1: Oral administration of DO for 1 week significantly improved glucose and insulin tolerance (p < .001) and reduced plasma triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Experiment 2: Administration of DO-containing diet for 5 weeks also significantly reduced fasting glucose concentrations and hepatic lipid accumulation. DO induced GLP-1, adiponectin, and PYY levels. In the liver, DO suppressed the gene expression of G6pc, key gene in gluconeogenesis and induced AKT phosphorylation. DO increased fecal bile acid excretion regulating the expression in key genes in bile acid metabolism. DO suppressed plasma Trimethylamine N-oxide and intestinal lipopolysaccharide concentrations. DO may be achieved the hypolipidemic effects by direct activation of hepatic Pparα expression and its responsive genes regulating hepatic fatty acid uptake and β-oxidation, while downregulating the hepatic fatty acid synthesis Our results demonstrate that high-fiber rice, DO, might be a potential supplement for the amelioration of insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results from the present study suggest that newly developed DO (Oryza sativa L.) high amylose rice strain may improve insulin sensitivity and activates the Akt pathway. DO consumption tends to counteract the deleterious effects characterized during the intake of high-fat-diet related to plasma TG, ALT, and AST concentrations. Therefore, DO supplementation might be a potential adjuvant to ameliorate dyslipidemia and adiposity.