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Overexpression of notch signaling in renin cells leads to a polycystic kidney phenotype. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:35-45. [PMID: 36503993 PMCID: PMC10052804 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder that results in large kidneys, numerous fluid-filled cysts, and ultimately end-stage kidney disease. PKD is either autosomal dominant caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 genes or autosomal recessive caused by mutations in the PKHD1 or DZIP1L genes. While the genetic basis of PKD is known, the downstream molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that lead to deregulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation are not completely understood. The Notch pathway plays critical roles during kidney development including directing differentiation of various progenitor cells, and aberrant Notch signaling results in gross alternations in cell fate. In the present study, we generated and studied transgenic mice that have overexpression of an intracellular fragment of mouse Notch1 ('NotchIC') in renin-expressing cells. Mice with overexpression of NotchIC in renin-expressing cells developed numerous fluid-filled cysts, enlarged kidneys, anemia, renal insufficiency, and early death. Cysts developed in both glomeruli and proximal tubules, had increased proliferation marks, and had increased levels of Myc. The present work implicates the Notch signaling pathway as a central player in PKD pathogenesis and suggests that the Notch-Myc axis may be an important target for therapeutic intervention.
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Braude S, Holtze S, Begall S, Brenmoehl J, Burda H, Dammann P, Marmol D, Gorshkova E, Henning Y, Hoeflich A, Höhn A, Jung T, Hamo D, Sahm A, Shebzukhov Y, Šumbera R, Miwa S, Vyssokikh MY, Zglinicki T, Averina O, Hildebrandt TB. Surprisingly long survival of premature conclusions about naked mole‐rat biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:376-393. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stan Braude
- Biology Department Washington University, One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 U.S.A
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management Leibniz‐Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin 10315 Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen, Universitätsstr Essen 45147 Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute for Genome Biology Leibniz‐Institute for Farm Animal Biology Dummerstorf 18196 Germany
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Praha 16500 Czech Republic
| | - Philip Dammann
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen, Universitätsstr Essen 45147 Germany
- University Hospital Essen Hufelandstr Essen 45141 Germany
| | - Delphine Marmol
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit (URPhyM), NARILIS University of Namur Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Gorshkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 32 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Faculty of Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yoshiyuki Henning
- University Hospital Essen Hufelandstr Essen 45141 Germany
- Institute of Physiology Department of General Zoology University of Duisburg Essen Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Division Signal Transduction Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz‐Institute for Farm Animal Biology, FBN Dummerstorf, Wilhelm‐Stahl‐Allee 2 Dummerstorf 18196 Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam‐Rehbrücke Nuthetal 14558 Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) München‐Neuherberg 85764 Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam‐Rehbrücke Nuthetal 14558 Germany
| | - Dania Hamo
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin 13353 Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ) Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Arne Sahm
- Computational Biology Group Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Yury Shebzukhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 32 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin 13353 Germany
| | - Radim Šumbera
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice 37005 Czech Republic
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Biosciences Institute, Edwardson building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL U.K
| | - Mikhail Y. Vyssokikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Thomas Zglinicki
- Biosciences Institute, Edwardson building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL U.K
| | - Olga Averina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Thomas B. Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management Leibniz‐Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin 10315 Germany
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Manskikh VN, Averina OA, Nikiforova AI. Spontaneous and Experimentally Induced Pathologies in the Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus glaber). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 82:1504-1512. [PMID: 29486700 PMCID: PMC7088389 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917120094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber, Rüppell, 1842) is a unique eusocial rodent with unusually long lifespan. Therefore, the study of spontaneous and experimentally induced pathologies in these animals is one of the most important tasks of gerontology. Various infections, noninfectious pathologies (including age-dependent changes), and tumors have been described in the naked mole rat. The most frequent pathologies are traumas (bite wounds), purulent and septic complications of traumatic injuries, renal tubular calcinosis, chronic progressive nephropathy, hepatic hemosiderosis, testicular interstitial cell hyperplasia, calcinosis cutis, cardiomyopathy, and dysbiosis-related infectious lesions of the digestive system. However, the summarized data on pathology (including tumor incidence) and on the causes of mortality are insufficient. There are only few publications about the results of experiments where pathologies were induced in the naked mole rat. All these problems could be subjects for promising future studies without which adequate studies on mechanisms providing the long lifespan of the naked mole rat are impossible, as well as the elucidation of causes of tumor resistance of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Manskikh
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Abstract
The phylum Microspora contains a diverse group of single-celled, obligate intracellular protozoa sharing a unique organelle, the polar filament, and parasitizing a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, including insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is the classic microsporidial parasite of mammals, and encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and rodents has been and continues to be recognized as a confounding variable in animal-based biomedical research. Although contemporary research colonies are screened for infection with this parasite, E. cuniculi remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in pet and conventionally raised rabbits. In addition, E. cuniculi is a potential pathogen of immature domestic dogs and farm-raised foxes. The recent discovery and identification of Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, in addition to E. cuniculi, as opportunistic pathogens of humans have renewed interest in the Microspora. Veterinary pathologists, trained in the comparative anatomy of multiple animal species and infectious disease processes, are in a unique position to contribute to the diagnosis and knowledge of the pathogenesis of these parasitic diseases. This review article covers the life cycle, ultrastructure, and biology of mammalian microsporaidia and the clinical disease and lesions seen in laboratory and domestic animals, particularly as they relate to Encephalitozoon species. Human microsporidial disease and animal models of human infection are also addressed. Often thought of as rabbit pathogens of historical importance, E. cuniculi and the related mammalian microsporidia are emerging as significant opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wasson
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Abstract
Immunological memory is a hallmark of the immune system. Evolution can teach us which effector arms of immunological memory are biologically relevant against which virus. Antibodies appear to be the critical protective mechanism against cytopathic viruses. Since these viruses cause cell damage and disease directly, particularly in the absence of an immune response, mothers protect their offspring during a critical immunoincompetent period (a consequence of MHC- restricted T cell recognition) by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, CTL appear to be the crucial effector mechanism against noncytopathic viruses. Since MHC polymorphism has made vertical transmission of T cell memory impossible, immunoincompetent offspring are not, and need not be, protected against such noncytopathic viruses. During the primary response and again during secondary infection, the most important function of CTL is to eliminate noncytopathic viruses, which may otherwise cause lethal immunopathology. Increased precursor frequencies of B and T cells appear to remain in the host independent of antigen persistence. However, in order to protect against cytopathic viruses, memory B cells have to produce antibody to maintain protective elevated levels of antibody; B cell differentiation into plasma cells is driven by persisting antigen. Similarly, to protect against infection with a noncytopathic virus, CTL have to recirculate through peripheral organs. Activation and capacity to emigrate into solid tissues as well as cytolytic effector function are also dependent upon, and driven by, persisting antigen. Because no convincing evidence is available yet of the existence of identifiable B or T cells with specialized memory characteristics, the phenotype of immunological memory correlates best with antigen-driven activation of low frequency effector T cells and plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Abstract
Different populations of wild mice (Mus musculus domesticus) in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties were observed over their lifespan in captivity for expression of infectious murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and for the occurrence of cancer and other diseases. In most populations of feral mice these indigenous retroviruses were infrequently expressed and cancer seldom occurred until later in life (> 2 years old). MMTV was found in the milk of about 50% of wild mice, but was associated with only a low incidence (> 1%) of breast cancer after one year of age. By contrast, in several populations, most notably at a squab farm near Lake Casitas (LC), infectious MuLV acquired at birth via milk was highly prevalent, and the infected mice were prone to leukemia and a lower motor neuron paralytic disease after one year of age. These two diseases were both caused by the same infectious (ecotropic) strain of MuLV and were the principal cause of premature death in these aging LC mice. A dominant gene called FV-4R restricting the infection with ecotropic MuLV was found segregating in LC mice. Mice inheriting this FV-4R allele were resistant to the ecotropic MuLV associated lymphoma and paralysis. The FV-4R allele represents a defective endogenous MuLV provirus DNA segment that expresses an ecotropic MuLV envelope-related glycoprotein (gp70) on the cell surface. This FV-4R encoded gp70 presumably occupies the receptor for ecotropic MuLV and blocks entry of the virus. The FV-4R gene was probably acquired by the naturally occurring crossbreeding of LC feral mice with another species of feral mice (Mus castaneus) from Southeast Asia. The FV-4R gp70 does not block entry of the amphotropic MuLV that uses a separate cell surface receptor. Therefore LC mice continued to be susceptible to the highly prevalent but weakly lymphogenic and nonparalytogenic amphotropic strain of MuLV. The study points out the potential of feral populations to reveal genes associated with specific disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis 95616
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Portis JL, Czub S, Garon CF, McAtee FJ. Neurodegenerative disease induced by the wild mouse ecotropic retrovirus is markedly accelerated by long terminal repeat and gag-pol sequences from nondefective Friend murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1990; 64:1648-56. [PMID: 2181155 PMCID: PMC249301 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.4.1648-1656.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The wild mouse ecotropic retrovirus (WM-E) induces a spongiform neurodegenerative disease in mice after a variable incubation period of 2 months to as long as 1 year. We isolated a molecular clone of WM-E (15-1) which was weakly neurovirulent (incidence, 8%) but was highly leukemogenic (incidence, 45%). Both lymphoid and granulocytic leukemias were observed, and these leukemias were often neuroinvasive. A chimeric virus was constructed containing the env and 3' pol sequences of 15-1 and long terminal repeat (LTR), gag, and 5' pol sequences from a clone of Friend murine leukemia virus (FB29). FB29 has been shown previously to replicate to high levels in the central nervous system (CNS) but is not itself neurovirulent. This finding was confirmed at the DNA level in the current study. Surprisingly, intraperitoneal inoculation of neonatal IRW mice with the chimeric virus (FrCasE) caused an accelerated neurodegenerative disease with an incubation period of only 16 days and was uniformly fatal by 23 days postinoculation. Introduction of the LTR of 15-1 into the FrCasE genome yielded a virus (FrCasEL) with a degree of neurovirulence intermediate between those of 15-1 and FrCasE. No differences were found in the levels of viremia or the relative levels of viral DNA in the spleens of mice inoculated with 15-1, FrCasE, or FrCasEL. However, the levels of viral DNA in the CNS correlated with the relative degrees of neurovirulence of the respective viruses (FrCasE greater than FrCasEL greater than 15-1). Thus, the env and 3' pol sequences of WM-E (15-1) were required for neurovirulence, but elements within the LTR and gag-pol regions of FB29 had a profound influence on the level of CNS infection and the rate of development of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Portis
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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Abstract
This is the first of two papers describing the naturally occurring retroviruses (RNA tumor viruses). Here, the general properties of these viruses and the biology of the fish, reptilian, chicken, and mouse retroviruses are described. In the next issue of Cancer Investigation the biologic properties of the cat, cattle, primate, and newly discovered human retroviruses will be discussed.
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Heicklen J, Lundgard R, Partymiller K, Ferguson F, Putman C, Sapanski W, Tankard J, Billups L. Chronic inhalation study of mice subjected to diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1982; 27:277-289. [PMID: 7084159 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(82)90083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Scott JL, Pal BK, Rasheed S, Gardner MB. Natural killer cell activity in a population of leukemia-prone wild mice (Mus musculus). Int J Cancer 1981; 28:241-7. [PMID: 6274813 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910280219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against YAC-I targets was measured in splenocytes from leukemia-prone wild mice trapped near Lake Casitas (LC) in southern California. Cytotoxicity was mediated by cells that were non-adherent to nylon wool, non-phagocytic and resistant to thy-1.2 antiserum plus complement. Natural MuLV viremia in LC mice did not impair splenic cytotoxicity against TAC-I target cells, Cells infected with amphotropic and ecotropic MuLV of wild mouse origin were not appreciably lysed by LC splenic effectors. Although variable levels of cytotoxicity were detected against TAC-1 by normal spleen cells, consistently low levels of cytotoxicity against allogenic LC lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma targets were found using the same splenocytes. These results indicate that LC mice possess splenocytes with the characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells as defined in inbred mice. The resistance of LC-derived targets to lysis by LC NK cells suggests that NK cells may not be involved in natural tumor immunosurveillance or that the development of spontaneous tumors may involve escape from NK-mediated effector mechanisms.
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Rice MC, Gardner MB, O'Brien SJ. Genetic diversity in leukemia-prone feral house mice infected with murine leukemia virus. Biochem Genet 1980; 18:915-28. [PMID: 6261732 DOI: 10.1007/bf00500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Lake Casitas (LC) mouse population located in south western Ventura county in California is unusual insofar as 85% of these mice are persistently viremic with congenitally transmitted murine leukemia virus (MuLV). The virus has been identified as the etiological agent responsible for lymphoma and neuromotor paralysis in large numbers of the mice. The majority of other wild mouse populations are generally free of infectious MuLV despite the presence of endogenous cellular DNA sequences homologous to infectious virus isolated from wild mice. Electrophoretic variation in 46 gene-enzyme systems was surveyed using mice from Lake Casitas and from a virus-negative population located in Bouquet Canyon (BC) approximately 40 miles from Lake Casitas. The LC and BC populations are genetically very similar to each other and to feral mouse populations previously studied in California and Europe. In the LC population 24% of the loci are polymorphic compared to 17% in the BC population. The average heterozygosities for the LC and Bc populations are 0.094 and 0.073, respectively. The large amount of genic variation in LC fails to support the concept of the derivation of the colony from a small number of founders. Tests for linkage disequilibrium and/or selective association of viremia and polymorphism at 15 loci located on nine mouse chromosomes did not reveal any nonrandom assortments. The viremic LC population, then, appears indistinguishable within the limits of experimental resolution from the virus-negative BC population in its population genetic structure.
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Gleichmann E, Melief CJ, Gleichmann H. Lymphomagenesis and autoimmunization caused by reactions of T-lymphocytes to incompatible structures of the major histocompatibility complex: a concept of pathogenesis. Recent Results Cancer Res 1978; 64:292-315. [PMID: 32585 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81246-0_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gardner MB. Type C viruses of wild mice: characterization and natural history of amphotropic, ecotropic, and xenotropic MuLv. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1978; 79:215-59. [PMID: 206407 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66853-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lieber MM, Benveniste RE, Sherr CJ, Todaro GJ. Isolation of a type C virus (FS-1) from the European Wildcat (Felis sylvestris). Virology 1975; 66:117-27. [PMID: 49122 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lieber M, Sherr C, Potter M, Todaro G. Isolation of type-C viruses from the Asian feral mouse Mus musculus molossinus. Int J Cancer 1975; 15:211-20. [PMID: 47844 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910150206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-tropic and xenotropic type-C viruses have been isolated from the wild Asian mouse subspecies M. musculus molossinus. By host range, morphologic and some immunologic criteria these viruses appear closely related to the previously studied murine type-C viruses isolated from highly inbred laboratory strains of mice.
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Gardner MB, Officer JE, Parker J, Estes JD, Rongey RW. Induction of disseminated virulent cytomegalovirus infection by immunosuppression of naturally chronically infected wild mice. Infect Immun 1974; 10:966-9. [PMID: 4372183 PMCID: PMC423045 DOI: 10.1128/iai.10.4.966-969.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild mice immunosuppressed with antithymocytic sera show a high incidence of disseminated virulent cytomegalovirus infection.
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Abstract
An endogenous virus (GPV) was induced after 5-bromodeoxyuridine treatment of cultured guinea pig cells. Compared to Gross murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV) GPV has a reproducibly heterogenous density of about 1.16 to 1.18 g/ml. The virion-associated RNA is slightly larger than that in G-MuLV. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of dissociated GPV resolved five major structural proteins: I (molecular weight 70,000), II (molecular weight 36,000), III (molecular weight 24,000), IV (molecular weight 18,000), and V (molecular weight 16,000) which are similar to but distinct from G-MuLV proteins. Proteins I and II were demonstrated to be glycoproteins by incorporation of [(3)H]glucosamine. GPV and G-MuLV did not have any appreciable genetic homology or any common group-specific antigens when analyzed by immunodiffusion, radioimmunoassay, and indirect immunofluorescence. Morphogenesis of GPV also differed from that of a typical type C oncornavirus and proceeded via two pathways: (i) a majority of virus particles were formed in cytoplasmic vacuoles and were released after cellular disruption; and (ii) a minor population of particles were assembled in the cytoplasmic matrix and then migrated to the plasma membrane where they budded into the extracellular space. To date, GPV has been unable to initiate or maintain a productive replication in any cell line tested.
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