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Olsen RG, Mathes LE, Tarr MJ, Blakeslee JR. Oncogenic viruses of domestic animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1986; 16:1129-44. [PMID: 3024377 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this article is to review the relevant oncogenic viruses of small animals. Basic scientific principles that have been discovered by research into feline leukemia and other animal cancer viruses have enhanced our understanding of oncogenesis and have led to practical methods of cancer control and prophylaxis.
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Chen AP, Essex ME. Infection with feline leukemia virus associated with induction of humoral response to a normal cell protein. Cancer Invest 1984; 2:81-90. [PMID: 6329486 DOI: 10.3109/07357908409020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selected populations of cats that were naturally exposed to the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were found to have humoral antibodies to a normal cell protein designated NCP105. Earlier studies revealed that cats exposed to FeLV often had serum antibodies to the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane (FOCMA) as well as to a feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) -specific transforming protein designated gag-fes. Cats with no history of exposure to FeLV or FeSV lacked antibodies to all three antigens: NCP105, FOCMA, and gag-fes. Following exposure to FeLV, cats develop antibodies to either NCP105 or to gag-fes and FOCMA, but not to both groups of antigens. NCP105 is present in both normal and transformed cells from a wide variety of species. It lacks peptide homology with gag-fes and it is not a phosphoprotein. The presence of antibodies to NCP105 in cats exposed to FeLV but not in unexposed cats suggests that FeLV may activate the NCP105 gene or increase the relative immunogenicity of this protein in vivo.
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Snyder HW, Singhal MC, Zuckerman EE, Jones FR, Hardy WD. The feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) is related to, but distinguishable from, FeLV-C gp70. Virology 1983; 131:315-27. [PMID: 6318434 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) on the surface of feline lymphosarcoma (LSA) cells is defined as the target(s) recognized in immunofluorescence (IFA) tests by antibody in sera of cats relatively resistant to development of FeLV (feline leukemia virus) LSA and FeSV (feline sarcoma virus) fibrosarcoma. The specificities of antibodies in cat FOCMA-typing sera and the nature of the LSA antigens recognized were investigated in the present study. FOCMA sera obtained from viremic cats were separable into at least two classes : those which contained antibodies against the envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of subgroup C FeLV and those which did not contain antibodies against any subgroup of FeLV. The first class of sera could be further subdivided into three groups: those whose FOCMA reactivity could be completely absorbed, partially absorbed, or not absorbed by FeLV-C antigens. The second class of sera could be further subdivided into two groups: those whose FOCMA reactivity could be partially absorbed and those whose activity could not be absorbed by FeLV-C. The results indicate that the FOCMA reactivity exhibited by some viremic cat sera can be partially, if not entirely, attributed to antibodies not crossreactive with FeLV virion antigens. A consistent property of all FOCMA sera in this study is the ability to bind to 70-kDa proteins on the surface of LSA cells. Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease partial digest maps of 70-kDa proteins purified from 12 primary feline LSAs (five FeLV positive and seven FeLV negative) all showed 18-, 14-, and 10-kDa fragments. V8 maps of FeLV-C gp70 showed similarly sized fragments while the maps of the RD114, FeLV-A, and FeLV-B gp70s were distinct. However, in a subgroup-specific radioimmunoassay for FeLV-C gp70-related antigens, the LSA 70-kDa proteins were found to be serologically related to, but distinct from, FeLV-C gp70. The results on the antigenic variations among LSA 70-kDa proteins and the antibodies which bind them are entirely consistent with previous studies indicating heterogeneity among FOCMA determinants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/classification
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/classification
- Cats
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Peptides/classification
- Radioimmunoassay
- Retroviridae/immunology
- Sarcoma Viruses, Feline/immunology
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Abstract
This is the second of two papers describing the biology of the naturally occurring RNA tumor viruses (oncoviruses). It will appear in two parts. In the first paper [Cancer Investigation 1(1):67-83 (1983)] the general properties of this class of viruses and the biology of the retroviruses of the "lower" vertebrates was discussed. In this paper the oncoviruses of the "higher" animals are described. Part one deals with cat retroviruses.
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Neil JC, Smart JE, Hayman MJ, Jarrett O. Polypeptides of feline leukemia virus: a glycosylated gag-related protein is released into culture fluids. Virology 1980; 105:250-3. [PMID: 6251608 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sliski AH, Essex M. Sarcoma virus-induced transformation specific antigen: presence of antibodies in cats that were naturally exposed to leukemia virus. Virology 1979; 95:581-6. [PMID: 88797 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Essex M, Grant CK. Tumor immunology in domestic animals. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1979; 23:183-228. [PMID: 95155 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039223-0.50014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Essex M, Grant CK, Cotter SM, Sliski AH, Hardy WD. Leukemia specific antigens: FOCMA and immune surveillance. HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION 1979; 23:453-86. [PMID: 232469 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67057-2_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In cats, horizontally transmitted viruses cause leukemia and lymphoma under natural conditions. As with other retroviruses, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) contains products of 3 major genes; the virus core gag gene products, the polymerase, and the virus envelope glycoprotein. When cells are transformed in vitro by the related feline sarcoma virus (FeSV), an additional protein, FOCMA is expressed at the cell membrane. FOCMA, which is FeSV-coded, is transformation and/or tumor specific and expressed regardless of whether or not the cells make virus or contain virus structural antigens. Lymphoid leukemia cells also express FOCMA, both when FeLV is used to induce the disease in laboratory cats and when the tumors occur under natural conditions. FOCMA is expressed on both T and B lymphoid leukemia cells, but not expressed on non-malignant lymphoid cells, even when they are infected with FeLV. About one-third of the naturally occurring lymphoid tumors of cats lack detectable FeLV proteins and varying portions of the FeLV provirus. Despite this, they regularly express FOCMA, which is the target of an immuno-surveillance response that functions effectively under most conditions. FOCMA thus provides a useful model for antigens that might be expressed in "virus-negative" leukemias of man.
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Khan A, Deobagkar D, Stephenson J. Isolation and characterization of a feline sarcoma virus-coded precursor polyprotein. Competition immunoassay for nonstructural components. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Log T, Chang KS, Sarma PS. Production of antibodies against feline leukemia and sarcoma viruses and the feline oncovirus-associated cell membrane antigen in strain 2 guinea pigs. Virology 1978; 89:300-5. [PMID: 210573 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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de Noronha F, Schäfer W, Essex M, Bolognesi DP. Influence of antisera to oncornavirus glycoprotein (gp71) on infections of cats with feline leukemia virus. Virology 1978; 85:617-21. [PMID: 208242 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Parodi AL. [Feline leukemia: recent developments on the causes and immunoprevention of the disease (author's transl)]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1978; 1:21-30. [PMID: 230008 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(78)90006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Gardner MB, Brown JC, Charman HP, Stephenson JR, Rongey RW, Hauser DE, Diegmann F, Howard E, Dworsky R, Gilden RV, Huebner RJ. FeLV epidemiology in Los Angeles cats: Appraisal of detection methods. Int J Cancer 1977; 19:581-9. [PMID: 191415 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910190420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the reliability of the fixed cell indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) peripheral blood smear test as an index of systemic infection with FeLV. Positive results with this test were found to correlate well with detectable FeLV p30 antigen in bone-marrow smears by IFA, in serum and tissue by competition immunoassays, and with type-C particles in bone marrow or spleen by electron microscopy. Most cats with lymphoma, anemia or infectious peritonitis were positive for FeLV and showed a poor or absent antibody response to FeLV p30, gp70, and FOCMA antigens. Most older cats with lymphoma, carcinoma, or sarcoma were negative for FeLV expression and also lacked these FeLV-related antibodies. Detectable immunologic response to FeLV p30 and gp70 proteins and a high-titered FOCMA antibody response were generally restricted to certain healthy cats exposed to FeLV. Antibody to endogenous RD-114 viral p30 and gp70 was not detected in any of a large number of feline sera tested. The prevalence of FeLV-related diseases and immunologic responses to FeLV in healthy cats was directly correlated with the degree of FeLV exposure. By using the IFA blood smear and FOCMA antibody tests one can monitor the horizontal spread of FeLV in multi-cat household and accurately predict the FeLV disease susceptibilty or resistance of individual cats in each environments.
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Essex M, Cotter SM, Sliski AH, Hardy WD, Stephenson JR, Aaronson SA, Jarrett O. Horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus under natural conditions in a feline leukemia cluster household. Int J Cancer 1977; 19:90-6. [PMID: 188773 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910190113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ten post-weanling 4-month-old cats, designated "tracers", were placed in a feline leukemia cluster household to determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). The tracer cats were confirmed as negative for prior exposure to FeLV. Following the placement in the leukemia cluster environment, the tracer cats were serologically monitored at intervals of 3-6 weeks for a total period of 1 year. The tests employed included the detection of FeLV using fixed-cell immunofluorescence and the detection and titration of antibody to : (1) the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA), as detected by membrane immunofluorescence; (2) viable FeLV, using serum neutralization; (3) virion core protein p30, using radioimmunoprecipitation; and (4) virion glycoprotein gp70, using radioimmunoprecipitation. All of the tracers had evidence of horizontal infection by FeLV, by several criteria. Seven of the 10 had virus that could be isolated from plasma. All of these 7 developed a terminal illness within 18 months; 3 developed aplastic anemia, 3 infectious peritonitis, and 1 lymphoma. The remaining 3 were negative for FeLV by both virus isolation and fixed-cell immunofluorescence. These 3 did, however, develop high antibody titers by all four criteria and they remained healthy throughout the examination period. These results clearly indicate that unprotected pros-weanling cats brought into a leukemia exposure household environment have a high risk of becoming infected with FeLV. Furthermore, a large proportion of the cats are at risk for development of persistent viremia and FeLV-related diseases.
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Essex M. Immunity to leukemia, lymphoma, and fibrosarcoma in cats: a case for immunosurveillance. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1977; 6:71-106. [PMID: 194751 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3051-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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