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Liposomal Delivery of Cyclocreatine Impairs Cancer Cell Bioenergetics Mediating Apoptosis. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34118038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1262-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) enzyme overexpression has been suggested to play a role in the process of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cyclocreatine (CCR) is a substrate analog of creatine kinase (CK), where its phosphorylated form is a poor phosphate donor in comparison with native bioenergetic molecule, creatine phosphate (Cr-P). The compound CCR has been shown to markedly inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of cancers, both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellularly, CCR is phosphorylated by CK to yield a synthetic phosphagen [(N-phosphorylcyclocreatine (CCR ~P)], with thermodynamic and kinetic properties distinct from those of creatine phosphate (Cr-P). Distinct inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis has been attributed to CCR accumulation as CCR ~P in tumor cells, especially in those expressing a high level of CK protein, with minimal adverse effects. Unfortunately, the clinical use of CCR against malignancies is quite limited due to its amphoteric nature, which accounts for most of its extremely low membrane permeability, as well as limited oral bioavailability (BA) and poor systemic pharmacokinetics (PK).Our current work describes the encapsulation of CCR , utilizing freeze and thaw vesicles (FTV )-composed mostly of saturated PC, DOPE, and Chol-into stealth™ liposomes , postcoated with 4.5 M% PEG-PE. Following physicochemical characterization, in vitro release and cellular uptake kinetics confirmed efficient delivery of liposomal CCR (CCR-Lip), leading to intracellular accumulation of its CC-P metabolic product. Successful delivery of CCR to cancer cell effectively depleted low energetic cancer cells of ATP significantly mediating myc-induced metabolic changes. CCR-Lip showed significant antimetastatic and anticancer effectiveness against both MCF-7 and PC-3 human carcinoma models (p < 0.05-0.01), with 4- to 6-fold lower IC50 values vs. closest drug control. Such shift in bioenergetics was coupled via AMPK and phospho-p53 to the mitochondrial apoptosis effector Bak , thus inducing a cell-intrinsic mechanism to counteract uncontrolled neoplastic proliferation, in target cancer cells. Our novel liposomal delivery system of the CCR substrate analog demonstrated strong inhibition of malignant cell bioenergetics, leading to significant antineoplastic and proapoptotic actions, against different cancers.
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Kale VP, Wallery J, Novak J, Gibbs S, Bourdi M, Do MHT, McKew JC, Terse PS. Evaluation of chronic toxicity of cyclocreatine, a creatine analog, in Sprague Dawley rat after oral gavage administration for up to 26 weeks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104750. [PMID: 32745584 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocreatine (LUM-001), a creatine analog, was evaluated for its nonclinical toxicity in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Deionized water as a vehicle control article or cyclocreatine was administered by oral gavage twice daily (approximately 12 ± 1 h apart) at 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/dose levels in rats up to 26 weeks followed by a 28-day recovery period. Due to an increased incidence of seizures, the 600 mg/kg/day dose group males were dosed only for 16-weeks followed by a 14-week recovery period. Thirteen males and four females from 600 mg/kg/day dose group were sacrificed at interim on Day 113 to study plausible brain lesions and not due to moribundity. There was a dose dependent increase in the number of seizure incidences in ≥60 mg/kg/day males and 600 mg/kg/day females. Microscopically, higher incidences of vacuoles in the brain at 600 mg/kg/day in both sexes, thyroid follicular atrophy and follicular cell hypertrophy at ≥200 mg/kg/day in males and 600 mg/kg/day in females, and seminiferous tubular degeneration and/or interstitial edema in testes at ≥200 mg/kg/day were observed. Mean plasma half-life of cyclocreatine was between 3.5 and 6.5 h. In conclusion, chronic administration of cyclocreatine by oral gavage in Sprague Dawley rats induced the seizures and microscopic lesions in the brain, testes and thyroid. Based on the results of this study the highest tested dose of 600 mg/kg/day (mean Cmax of 151.5 μg/mL; AUC0-24 of 1970 h*μg/mL) was considered the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed Bourdi
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Pramod S Terse
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Chen ZY, Jiang N, Guo S, Li BB, Yang JQ, Chai SB, Yan HF, Sun PM, Zhang T, Sun HW, Yang HM, Zhou JL, Cui Y. Effect of simulated microgravity on metabolism of HGC-27 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3439-3450. [PMID: 32269617 PMCID: PMC7115135 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding into the pathogenesis and treatment of gastric cancer has improved in recent years; however, a number of limitations have delayed the development of effective treatment. Cancer cells can undergo glycolysis and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). Previous studies have demonstrated that a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) can induce glycolytic metabolism. In addition, the potential of regulating cancer cells by targeting their metabolites has led to the rapid development of metabolomics. In the present study, human HGC-27 gastric cancer cells were cultured in a RCCS bioreactor, simulating weightlessness. Subsequently, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on the metabolism of HGC-27 cells. A total of 67 differentially regulated metabolites were identified, including upregulated and downregulated metabolites. Compared with the normal gravity group, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, arachidonic acid and sphinganine were significantly upregulated in SMG conditions, whereas sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, L-proline, creatine, pantothenic acid, oxidized glutathione, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate were significantly downregulated. The Human Metabolome Database compound analysis revealed that lipids and lipid-like metabolites were primarily affected in an SMG environment in the present study. Overall, the findings of the present study may aid our understanding of gastric cancer by identifying the underlying mechanisms of metabolism of the disease under SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Clinical Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Bin Chai
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - He-Ming Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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Koch K, Hartmann R, Schröter F, Suwala AK, Maciaczyk D, Krüger AC, Willbold D, Kahlert UD, Maciaczyk J. Reciprocal regulation of the cholinic phenotype and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73414-73431. [PMID: 27705917 PMCID: PMC5341988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor with very limited therapeutic options. Standard multimodal treatments, including surgical resection and combined radio-chemotherapy do not target the most aggressive subtype of glioma cells, brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs). BTSCs are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, and relapse. Furthermore, they have been associated with the expression of mesenchymal features as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) thereby inducing tumor dissemination and chemo resistance. Using high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) on GBM cell cultures we provide evidence that the expression of well-known EMT activators of the ZEB, TWIST and SNAI families and EMT target genes N-cadherin and VIMENTIN is associated with aberrant choline metabolism. The cholinic phenotype is characterized by high intracellular levels of phosphocholine and total choline derivatives and was associated with malignancy in various cancers. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the cardinal choline metabolism regulator choline kinase alpha (CHKα) significantly reduces the cell viability, invasiveness, clonogenicity, and expression of EMT associated genes in GBM cells. Moreover, in some cell lines synergetic cytotoxic effects were observed when combining the standard of care chemotherapeutic temozolomide with the CHKα inhibitor V-11-0711. Taken together, specific inhibition of the enzymatic activity of CHKα is a powerful strategy to suppress EMT which opens the possibility to target chemo-resistant BTSCs through impairing their mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Moreover, the newly identified EMT-oncometabolic network may be helpful to monitor the invasive properties of glioblastomas and the success of anti-EMT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Koch
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Friederike Schröter
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Abigail Kora Suwala
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Donata Maciaczyk
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf Dietrich Kahlert
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Maciaczyk
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Exploratory studies of the potential anti-cancer effects of creatine. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Li XH, Chen XJ, Ou WB, Zhang Q, Lv ZR, Zhan Y, Ma L, Huang T, Yan YB, Zhou HM. Knockdown of creatine kinase B inhibits ovarian cancer progression by decreasing glycolysis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:979-86. [PMID: 23416112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Creatine kinase plays a key role in the energy homeostasis of vertebrate cells. Creatine kinase B (CKB), a cytosolic isoform of creatine kinase, shows upregulated expression in a variety of cancers. In this research, we confirmed that some ovarian cancer tissues had elevated CKB expression at the protein level. The functions of CKB in ovarian cancer progression were investigated in the ovarian cancer cell line Skov3, which has a high CKB expression. It was found that CKB knockdown inhibited Skov3 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis under hypoxia or hypoglycemia conditions. CKB depletion also sensitized Skov3 to chemotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, the CKB knockdown reduced glucose consumption and lactate production, and increased ROS production and oxygen consumption. This suggested that CKB knockdown decreased cytosolic glycolysis and resulted in a tumor suppressive metabolic state in Skov3 cells. Consequently, we found that the knockdown of CKB induced G2 arrest in cell cycle by elevating p21 expression and affected the PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways. These findings provide new insights in the role of CKB in cancer cell survival and tumor progression. Our results also suggest that CKB depletion/inhibition in combination with chemotherapeutic agents might have synergistic effects in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Qian XL, Li YQ, Gu F, Liu FF, Li WD, Zhang XM, Fu L. Overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) accelerates tumor growth by inhibiting apoptosis of breast cancer cells and is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:60-6. [PMID: 22982673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK), a mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK), is a central controller of cellular energy homeostasis. Overexpression of uMtCK has been reported to be associated with a poor prognosis for several tumors. The aim of this study was to assess its association with breast cancer (BCa) and to further investigate its underlying mechanisms. METHOD We first detected uMtCK expression by immunohistochemistry in human BCa tissues and assessed the association with the prognosis of patients. We then evaluated uMtCK expression in crowded and normal condition cultures of several human BCa cell lines. After two stable clones of the MDA-MB-231 cell line with high expression of uMtCK were established, cell growth, apoptosis and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway protein expression were measured in these clones. Finally, tumorigenicity of the above cells was assessed using nude mice to explore the relationship between uMtCK expression and tumor progression. RESULTS uMtCK expression was detected in 85.5% (47 of 55) of the invasive ductal carcinomas of breast tissue, not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS). Expression in BCa tissue was significantly associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS; P=0.019) and overall survival (OS; P=0.022) of the patients. Up-regulation of uMtCK expression was identified in crowded BCa cells in culture, and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased in uMtCK transfected MDA-MB-231 cell clones (P<0.01). Stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and down regulation of cytochrome c (cyt c) and activated caspase 9, two components of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway proteins, were also identified in the same clones when cells were crowded in culture. In vivo studies revealed that the transfected tumor cells with uMtCK overexpression induced faster tumor growth in nude mice, along with accelerated animal body weight loss and a significantly lower tumor apoptotic index (AI) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The results indicated that uMtCK expression is associated with a poor prognosis in BCa and might serve as a tumor marker. In vivo and In vitro evidence suggests that uMtCK overexpression promotes tumor growth by inhibiting apoptosis of tumor cells through stabilizing ΔΨm and down regulating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway proteins. Exploration of therapeutic agents targeting the expression of uMtCK may have practical value for BCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Qian
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
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8
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Perasso L, Spallarossa P, Gandolfo C, Ruggeri P, Balestrino M. Therapeutic Use of Creatine in Brain or Heart Ischemia: Available Data and Future Perspectives. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:336-63. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Perasso
- Department of Neuroscience, Opthalmology and Genetics; University of Genova; Genova Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Paolo Spallarossa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardionephrology; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Carlo Gandolfo
- Department of Neuroscience, Opthalmology and Genetics; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Maurizio Balestrino
- Department of Neuroscience, Opthalmology and Genetics; University of Genova; Genova Italy
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Thanusu J, Kanagarajan V, Gopalakrishnan M. Synthesis, spectral analysis, and in vitro microbiological evaluation of ethyl 7,9-diaryl-1, 4-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-9-ene-6- carboxylates as a new class of antibacterial and antifungal agents. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-011-0801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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A short review on creatine-creatine kinase system in relation to cancer and some experimental results on creatine as adjuvant in cancer therapy. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2319-30. [PMID: 21769499 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The creatine/creatine kinase (CK) system plays a key role in cellular energy buffering and transport. In vertebrates, CK has four isoforms expressed in a tissue-specific manner. In the process of creatine biosynthesis several other important metabolites are formed. The anticancer effect of creatine had been reported in the past, and recent literature has reported low creatine content in several types of malignant cells. Furthermore, creatine can protect cardiac mitochondria from the deleterious effects of some anticancer compounds. Previous work from our laboratory showed progressive decrease of phosphocreatine, creatine and CK upon transformation of skeletal muscle into sarcoma. It was convincingly demonstrated that prominent expression of creatine-synthesizing enzymes L-arginine: glycine amidinotransferase and N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase occurs in sarcoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and sarcoma 180 cells; whereas, both these enzymes are virtually undetectable in skeletal muscle. Creatine transporter also remained unaltered in malignant cells. The anticancer effect of methylglyoxal had been known for a long time. The present work shows that this anticancer effect of methylglyoxal is significantly augmented in presence of creatine. On creatine supplementation the effect of methylglyoxal plus ascorbic acid was further augmented and there was no visible sign of tumor. Moreover, creatine and CK, which were very low in sarcoma tissue, were significantly elevated with the concomitant regression of tumor.
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Kanagarajan V, Thanusu J, Gopalakrishnan M. Activated fly ash catalyzed facile synthesis of novel spiro imidazolidine derivatives as potential antibacterial and antifungal agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:280-7. [PMID: 20687790 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.503611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An array of novel spiro imidazolidine derivatives was synthesized in dry media and was screened for their anti-microbial activities. Structure-activity relationship results revealed that compounds 22, 23 against P.aeruginosa, 24 against S.aureus, 24, 25 against K.pneumonia, 27 against S.aureus, β-H.streptococcus, 29 against M.luteus, K.pneumonia, 29, 30 against P.vulgaris exhibited excellent antibacterial activity at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 6.25 µg/mL. Compound 23 against M.gypseum, 25, 29 against Candida 6 and 29, 30 against C.albicans revealed excellent antifungal activity at a MIC value of 6.25 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kanagarajan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Patra S, Bera S, SinhaRoy S, Ghoshal S, Ray S, Basu A, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Ray M. Progressive decrease of phosphocreatine, creatine and creatine kinase in skeletal muscle upon transformation to sarcoma. FEBS J 2008; 275:3236-47. [PMID: 18485002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, phosphocreatine and ATP are continuously interconverted by the reversible reaction of creatine kinase in accordance with cellular energy needs. Sarcoma tissue and its normal counterpart, creatine-rich skeletal muscle, are good source materials to study the status of creatine and creatine kinase with the progression of malignancy. We experimentally induced sarcoma in mouse leg muscle by injecting either 3-methylcholanthrene or live sarcoma 180 cells into one hind leg. Creatine, phosphocreatine and creatine kinase isoform levels decreased as malignancy progressed and reached very low levels in the final stage of sarcoma development; all these parameters remained unaltered in the unaffected contralateral leg muscle of the same animal. Creatine and creatine kinase levels were also reduced significantly in frank malignant portions of human sarcoma and gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma compared with the distal nonmalignant portions of the same samples. In mice, immunoblotting with antibodies against cytosolic muscle-type creatine kinase and sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase showed that both of these isoforms decreased as malignancy progressed. Expressions of mRNA of muscle-type creatine kinase and sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase were also severely downregulated. In human sarcoma these two isoforms were undetectable also. In human gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma, brain-type creatine kinase was found to be downregulated, whereas ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase was upregulated. These significantly decreased levels of creatine and creatine kinase isoforms in sarcoma suggest that: (a) the genuine muscle phenotype is lost during sarcoma progression, and (b) these parameters may be used as diagnostic marker and prognostic indicator of malignancy in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Sztanke K, Pasternak K, Rzymowska J, Sztanke M, Kandefer-Szerszeń M, Dybała I, Kozioł AE. Identification of antitumour activity of novel derivatives of 8-aryl-2,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3,4-dione and 8-aryl-4-imino-2,3,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-3(6H)-one. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2837-49. [PMID: 17331732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The series of 8-aryl-2,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3,4-diones (11-20) and 8-aryl-4-imino-2,3,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-3(6H)-ones (21-25) were designed and their in vitro cytotoxic activities against human LS180, HeLa, T47D, A549 and RPMI 8226 carcinoma cells are presented. In the crystalline state molecule 12 exists as the predominant tautomeric 3-oxo form, whereas the second possible 3-hydroxy tautomer is not observed. Compound 19 revealed a strong affection to LS180 cancer cells at lower tested concentration (37.9 microM) and simultaneously was found to be non-toxic towards the normal cell line investigated--GMK cells. Furthermore, this compound was proved to possess the efficiency for DNA strand breakage of the examined cancer cell lines. However, imidazotriazin-3,4-dione 20 was able to cause significant viability decreases in human RPMI 8226 peripheral blood myeloma cells. Compound 22 has exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects against LS180 and A549 carcinoma cells, whereas 24 revealed the highest growth inhibition against A549 cell line. Simultaneously, at lower tested concentration these compounds were proved to be completely non-toxic for GMK cells. Moreover, cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of starting, tautomeric 1-aryl-2-hydrazonoimidazolidines (1-6 and 8-9) are presented. Six of them (1-2, 4-6 and 9) proved active as antimicrobials. All these compounds revealed MIC values in the range of 15.0-78.6 microM. Their activities were compared to those of ampicillin and chloramphenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sztanke
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Professor Feliks Skubiszewski Medical University, 4 Staszica Street, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
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Mesa JLM, Ruiz JR, González-Gross MM, Gutiérrez Sáinz A, Castillo Garzón MJ. Oral creatine supplementation and skeletal muscle metabolism in physical exercise. Sports Med 2003; 32:903-44. [PMID: 12427051 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200232140-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is the object of growing interest in the scientific literature. This is because of the widespread use of creatine by athletes, on the one hand, and to some promising results regarding its therapeutic potential in neuromuscular disease on the other. In fact, since the late 1900s, many studies have examined the effects of creatine supplementation on exercise performance. This article reviews the literature on creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid, including some basic aspects relating to its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and side effects. The use of creatine supplements to increase muscle creatine content above approximately 20 mmol/kg dry muscle mass leads to improvements in high-intensity, intermittent high-intensity and even endurance exercise (mainly in nonweightbearing endurance activities). An effective supplementation scheme is a dosage of 20 g/day for 4-6 days, and 5 g/day thereafter. Based on recent pharmacokinetic data, new regimens of creatine supplementation could be used. Although there are opinion statements suggesting that creatine supplementation may be implicated in carcinogenesis, data to prove this effect are lacking, and indeed, several studies showing anticarcinogenic effects of creatine and its analogues have been published. There is a shortage of scientific evidence concerning the adverse effects following creatine supplementation in healthy individuals even with long-term dosage. Therefore, creatine may be considered as a widespread, effective and safe ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L M Mesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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15
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Kilian G, Jana AK, Grant GD, Milne PJ. The effects of creatine on the retrogradely perfused isolated rat heart. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:105-9. [PMID: 11829120 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021771805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of creatine in muscle metabolism is well understood, there is still uncertainty as to its effects at supplemented levels. With this in mind, this study was designed to investigate the direct effects of commercially available creatine on the isolated rat heart, retrogradely perfused and infused with varying concentrations of creatine (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM) to determine its effects on heart rate, coronary flow and ventricular pressure. Furthermore, tissue from these hearts was used to investigate the cardiotoxic potential of supplemented levels of creatine. Results indicate that creatine directly improves the functioning of the heart under normal conditions with respect to heart rate and ventricular pressure, but may be detrimental to the functioning of energy-deprived hearts. It also showed no cardiotoxic properties since it increased the baseline levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and decreased the levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (lCD), indicating a decrease in cellular death compared with non-supplemented control hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kilian
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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16
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Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a comprehensive survey of the many intriguing facets of creatine (Cr) and creatinine metabolism, encompassing the pathways and regulation of Cr biosynthesis and degradation, species and tissue distribution of the enzymes and metabolites involved, and of the inherent implications for physiology and human pathology. Very recently, a series of new discoveries have been made that are bound to have distinguished implications for bioenergetics, physiology, human pathology, and clinical diagnosis and that suggest that deregulation of the creatine kinase (CK) system is associated with a variety of diseases. Disturbances of the CK system have been observed in muscle, brain, cardiac, and renal diseases as well as in cancer. On the other hand, Cr and Cr analogs such as cyclocreatine were found to have antitumor, antiviral, and antidiabetic effects and to protect tissues from hypoxic, ischemic, neurodegenerative, or muscle damage. Oral Cr ingestion is used in sports as an ergogenic aid, and some data suggest that Cr and creatinine may be precursors of food mutagens and uremic toxins. These findings are discussed in depth, the interrelationships are outlined, and all is put into a broader context to provide a more detailed understanding of the biological functions of Cr and of the CK system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wyss
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Vitamins and Fine Chemicals Division, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Towler EM, Wilson LK, Zhou YC, Ma TS, Fisher RJ. A complete system for identifying inhibitors of creatine kinase B. Anal Biochem 2000; 279:96-9. [PMID: 10683236 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a complete system for discovery of lead compounds as inhibitors of creatine kinase B. In this article, we describe production and purification of the recombinant protein, conditions and features of an optimized high-throughput screening assay, and results of our implementation of the system using a diverse compound library.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Towler
- SAIC Frederick, NCI-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA.
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18
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Maril N, Degani H, Rushkin E, Sherry AD, Cohn M. Kinetics of cyclocreatine and Na(+) cotransport in human breast cancer cells: mechanism of activity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:C708-16. [PMID: 10516101 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.4.c708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The growth-inhibitory effect of cyclocreatine (CCr) and the kinetics of CCr and Na(+) cotransport were investigated in MCF7 human breast cancer cells and its adriamycin-resistant subline with use of (31)P- and (23)Na-NMR spectroscopy. The growth-inhibitory effect in the resistant line occurred at a lower CCr concentration and was more pronounced than in the wild-type line. This correlated with an approximately 10-fold higher affinity of CCr to the transporter in the resistant line. The passive diffusion coefficient of CCr was also higher in the resistant line by three- to fourfold. The transport of CCr was accompanied by a rapid increase in intracellular Na(+). This increase was found to depend on the rate of CCr transport and varied differently with CCr concentration in the two cell lines. It is proposed that the cotransport of CCr and Na(+) followed by increased Na(+) concentration, together with the accumulation of the highly charged phosphocyclocreatine, are responsible for cell swelling and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maril
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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19
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Abstract
Many athletes-especially those participating in sports that emphasize strength-are taking oral creatine. Creatine supplements appear to enhance performance in repeated short bursts of stationary cycling and weight lifting, but the data on running, swimming, and single cycle sprints are not convincing of an ergogenic effect. Commonly reported side effects include muscle cramping, GI disturbances, and renal dysfunction, but creatine's effect on the heart, brain, reproductive organs, and other organs has yet to be determined. Comprehensive studies with larger samples and crossover design are needed. If patients decide to take oral creatine, physicians need to provide guidance for proper dosing as well as education about potential harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Juhn
- Family Medicine Clinic and Sports Medicine Clinic, University of Washington's Hall Health Primary Care Center, Seattle, WA, 98195-4410, USA
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20
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Kristensen CA, Askenasy N, Jain RK, Koretsky AP. Creatine and cyclocreatine treatment of human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts: 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:278-85. [PMID: 9888469 PMCID: PMC2362210 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) and cyclocreatine (cyCr) have been shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of human and murine tumours. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumour effect of these molecules in relation to drug accumulation, energy metabolism, tumour water accumulation and toxicity. Nude mice carrying a human colon adenocarcinoma (LS174T) with a creatine kinase (CK) activity of 2.12 units mg(-1) protein were fed Cr (2.5% or 5%) or cyCr (0.025%, 0.1% or 0.5%) for 2 weeks and compared with controls fed standard diet. Cr concentrations of 2.5% and 5% significantly inhibited tumour growth, as did 0.1% and 0.5% cyCr. In vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) after 2 weeks of treatment showed an increase in [phosphocreatine (PCr)+phosphocyclocreatine (PcyCr)]/nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) with increasing concentrations of dietary Cr and cyCr, without changes in absolute NTP contents. The antiproliferative effect of the substrates of CK was not related to energy deficiency but was associated with acidosis. Intratumoral substrate concentrations (measured by 1H-MRS) of 4.8 micromol g(-1) wet weight Cr (mice fed 2.5% Cr) and 6.2 micromol g(-1) cyCr (mice fed 0.1% cyCr) induced a similar decrease in growth rate, indicating that both substrates were equally potent in tumour growth inhibition. The best correlant of growth inhibition was the total Cr or (cyCr+Cr) concentrations in the tissue. In vivo, these agents did not induce excessive water accumulation and had no systemic effects on the mice (weight loss, hypoglycaemia) that may have caused growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kristensen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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21
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Mulvaney PT, Stracke ML, Nam SW, Woodhouse E, O'Keefe M, Clair T, Liotta LA, Khaddurah-Daouk R, Schiffmann E. Cyclocreatine inhibits stimulated motility in tumor cells possessing creatine kinase. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:46-52. [PMID: 9724093 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980925)78:1<46::aid-ijc9>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocreatine (1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine), an analog of creatine and a substrate for creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), inhibits the stimulated motility of tumor cells which possess creatine kinase. A2058-055 human melanoma cells, transfected with a creatine kinase gene, showed an 80-90% reduction in chemotactic response to type IV collagen when incubated overnight in the presence of 10 mM cyclocreatine (p < 0.0001 for n = 8 experiments). This inhibitory effect of cyclocreatine can be partially reversed by addition of creatine to the overnight cell treatment. Non-transfected cells, with very low levels of creatine kinase, were not significantly inhibited. Further experiments utilizing type IV collagen as attractant demonstrated that cyclocreatine inhibited the chemokinetic (91%) and the haptotactic (73%) responses and the in vitro invasion of A2058-055 cells through Matrigel-coated membranes (88%). In addition, motility stimulation of A2058-055 cells by either autotaxin or fibronectin was markedly inhibited by cyclocreatine. DU-145 prostatic tumor cells, which express endogenous creatine kinase, also have a reduced motility response to either autotaxin or epidermal growth factor induced motility in the presence of cyclocreatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Mulvaney
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Jordan A, Hadfield JA, Lawrence NJ, McGown AT. Tubulin as a target for anticancer drugs: agents which interact with the mitotic spindle. Med Res Rev 1998; 18:259-96. [PMID: 9664292 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1128(199807)18:4<259::aid-med3>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is the biochemical target for several clinically used anticancer drugs, including paclitaxel and the vinca alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine. This review describes both the natural and synthetic agents which are known to interact with tubulin. Syntheses of the more complex agents are referenced and the potential clinical use of the compounds is discussed. This review describes the biochemistry of tubulin, microtubules, and the mitotic spindle. The agents are discussed in relation to the type of binding site on the protein with which they interact. These are the colchicine, vinca alkaloid, rhizoxin/maytansine, and tubulin sulfhydryl binding sites. Also included are the agents which either bind at other sites or unknown sites on tubulin. The literature is reviewed up to October 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK
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23
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Krezel I. New derivatives of imidazole as potential anticancer agents. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1998; 53:342-5. [PMID: 9679284 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of monocyclic amidinohydrazones 2a-h was prepared from the reaction of N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl) hydrazine hydroiodide 1 with various aromatic aldehydes. Some of them were subjected to an esterification with acetic anhydride to give 2a-d. Compounds 2a,c,d,e,f,h and 3c were tested for their anticancer and anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Krezel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lódz, Poland
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24
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Min KL, Steghens JP, Henry R, Doutheau A, Collombel C. Dichloroaromatic phosphoguanidines are potent inhibitors but very poor substrates for cytosolic creatine kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1357:49-56. [PMID: 9202174 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
New phosphorylated guanidines have been synthesized and examined as potential inhibitors for creatine kinase. These compounds show a significant increase of inhibitory activity in comparison with the corresponding guanidines. Unlike the guanidines, they are competitive inhibitors because of the phosphoryl group. N-Phospho-N'-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethylguanidine is a potent inhibitor (K(i) = 2.0 mM and 1.2 mM respectively for muscle and brain-type creatine kinase). Although these phosphorylated analogs of creatine phosphate have a very poor substrate activity in the reverse reaction, the phosphoryl group is important for binding to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Min
- Laboratoire de Biochimie C, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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25
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Synthesis and creatine kinase inhibitory activity of non-hydrolyzable analogs of phosphocreatine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Bosanquet AG, Burlton AR, Bell PB, Harris AL. Ex vivo cytotoxic drug evaluation by DiSC assay to expedite identification of clinical targets: results with 8-chloro-cAMP. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:511-8. [PMID: 9275029 PMCID: PMC2227987 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need to reduce the time and cost of developing new cytotoxic agents and to accurately identify clinically active agents at an early stage. In this study, the differential staining cytotoxicity (DiSC) assay was used to assess the efficacy of the novel antitumour cAMP analogue, 8-chloro-cAMP (8-Cl-cAMP) (and its metabolite 8-Cl-adenosine) against 107 fresh specimens of human neoplastic and normal cells. Diagnoses included chronic and acute leukaemias, myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and miscellaneous solid tumours. The aim was to identify targets for subsequent phase I, II and III trials. 8-Cl-cAMP was tested at 4-985 microM, along with standard chemotherapeutic drugs. 8-Cl-cAMP and its metabolite caused no morphologically observable cell differentiation but induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Compared with untreated patients, previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients showed no increase in ex vivo resistance to 8-Cl-cAMP (P = 0.878); minimal cross-resistance with other cytotoxic drugs was detected. Compared with normal cells (mean LC90 = 1803 microM), 8-Cl-cAMP showed significant ex vivo activity against CLL (117.0 microM; P < 0.0001) and NHL (140.0 microM; P < 0.0001), of which eight were mantle cell NHL (84.7 microM), and greatest activity against cells from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML; mean LC90 = 24.3 microM; in vitro therapeutic index 74-fold, P < 0.0001). Solid tumour specimens were comparatively resistant to 8-Cl-cAMP. The results highlight the clinical potential of 8-Cl-cAMP, point to several new phase I, II and III trial possibilities and provide a rationale for the inclusion of ex vivo cytotoxic drug evaluation in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Bosanquet
- Bath Cancer Research Unit, School of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Bath, Royal United Hospital, UK
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27
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Boehm EA, Radda GK, Tomlin H, Clark JF. The utilisation of creatine and its analogues by cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1274:119-28. [PMID: 8664304 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(96)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the utilisation of four analogues of creatine by cytosolic Creatine Kinase (CK), using 31P-NMR in the porcine carotid artery, and by mitochondrial CK (Mt-CK), using oxygen consumption studies in isolated heart mitochondria and skinned fibers. Porcine carotid arteries were superfused for 12 h with Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 22 degrees C, containing 11 mM glucose as substrate, and supplemented with either 20 mM beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA), methyl-guanidinopropionic acid (m-GPA), guanidinoacetic acid (GA) or cyclocreatine (cCr). All four analogues entered the tissue and became phosphorylated by CK as seen by 31 P-NMR, Inhibition of oxidative metabolism by 1 mM cyanide after accumulation of the phosphorylated analogue resulted in the utilisation of PCr, beta-GPA-P, GA-P and GA-P over a similar time course (approximately 2 h), despite very different kinetic properties of these analogues in vitro. cCr-P was utilised at a significantly slower rate, but was rapidly dephosphorylated in the presence of both 1 mM iodoacetate and cyanide (to inhibit both glycolysis and oxidative metabolism respectively). The technique of creatine stimulated respiration was used to investigate the phosphorylation of the analogues by Mt-CK, Isolated mitochondria were subjected to increasing [ATP], whereas skinned fibres received a similar protocol with increasing [ADP]. There was a significant stimulation of respiration by creatine and cCr in isolated mitochondria (decreased K(m) and increased Vmax vs control), but none by GA, mGPA or beta-GPA (also in skinned fibres), indicating that these latter analogues were not utilised by Mt-CK. These results demonstrate differences in the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of creatine and its analogues by cytosolic CK and Mt-CK in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Boehm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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28
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Zarghami N, Giai M, Yu H, Roagna R, Ponzone R, Katsaros D, Sismondi P, Diamandis EP. Creatine kinase BB isoenzyme levels in tumour cytosols and survival of breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:386-90. [PMID: 8562347 PMCID: PMC2074443 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatinine kinase BB (CK-BB) is elevated in many tumours including those of the breast. We have recently described a new, highly sensitive and specific method for measuring CK-BB, based on monoclonal antibodies and time-resolved fluorometry. Using this method, we quantitated CK-BB in 172 breast tumour cytosols and examined the associations between CK-BB and other clinicopathological variables and patient survival. High CK-BB levels were seen more frequently in tumours from patients who were younger (age < 50 years), patients who qualified for chemotherapy and patients with oestrogen receptor-positive tumours. No association was seen between CK-BB and tumour stage, grade, size, histological type or the progesterone receptor. In univariate analysis, the risk of relapse or death was higher in the group with tumours containing high CK-BB levels but the difference did not reach statistical significance. In multivariate analysis, the risk of death was statistically significantly higher in the high-CK-BB group. Analysis of subsets of patients revealed that patients with oestrogen receptor-negative cancer have higher risk of death if their tumours contain high levels of CK-BB. Our data suggest that, in general, CK-BB is associated with more aggressive tumours but its value as a prognostic indicator is limited. CK-BB content of breast tumours may be more useful as an aid in selecting therapy directed at inhibiting this enzyme activity and thus depriving tumour cells of their energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zarghami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Hanauske AR, Clark GM, Von Hoff DD. Adenocarcinoma of unknown primary: retrospective analysis of chemosensitivity of 313 freshly explanted tumors in a tumor cloning system. Invest New Drugs 1995; 13:43-9. [PMID: 7499107 DOI: 10.1007/bf02614219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary origin is the eighth most common form of malignancy and accounts for up to 10% of all neoplasms diagnosed. It is a set of heterogenous tumors with widely varying sensitivity to systemic chemotherapy. Over the past years progress has been made in identifying subsets of patients that can be effectively treated with chemotherapy and may achieve long-term survival even with metastatic disease. However, the large majority of cancers of unknown origin still is resistant to chemotherapy. In an attempt to identify conventional and investigational new agents with possible activity against cancers of unknown primary, we have retrospectively analyzed the results of chemosensitivity testing in a soft agar cloning system in vitro and have compared these data with published clinical trials. Between 1978 and 1993, a total of 19584 tumor specimens were studied using a variety of investigational or established antitumor agents. Of these, 615 (3.1%) were tumors of unknown origin and confirmed on pathology review. The largest histologic subgroup was adenocarcinoma (332, 54%). Sufficient numbers of cells for in vitro testing were obtained from 313 tumor specimens (94.3%). Of 278 agents tested in adenocarcinoma of unknown origin, borderline activity (< 20% in vitro response) was noted for 5-FU, doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitoxantrone, mitomycin-C, cisplatin, and etoposide. In vitro response rates of > or = 20% were observed for actinomycin-D, BCNU, melphalan, methotrexate, taxol, and vinblastine. In addition, several investigational agents including fludarabine, amira235, bisantrene, Dupont840, echinomycin, tiazofurin, LY104208 (vinzolidine), intoplicine, and topotecan had activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hanauske
- I. Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, FRG
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