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Knowledge and Attitude of Iranian University Students toward Genital Warts. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6730476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the well-known causes of cervical cancer and one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Since cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in women, this study was performed to investigate Iranian medical students’ knowledge and attitudes towards genital warts. This cross-sectional study assessed the perception and attitudes of 385 students at Babol University of Medical Sciences using a preconceived questionnaire. The participants’ mean age was 23.70 ± 3.27 years, with a range of 20–50 years. Evaluation of these students’ level of general information about HPV showed that 7 (1.8%) students had inadequate general information, 34 (8.8%) had moderate knowledge, and 344 (89.4%) had good general knowledge in this regard. There was also a significant association between students’ general knowledge of HPV and their field of study. Based on our results, the knowledge of the majority of Babol University of Medical Sciences students about genital warts was in a good range, and their knowledge about HPV routes of transmission was of moderate level. Moreover, the majority had an appropriate attitude to interact with people infected with HPV.
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McCree DH, Daley EM, Gorbach P, Hamm RM, Sharpe PA, Brandt HM, McFarlane M, Kerndt P, McDermott RJ, Perrin KMK, Lawrence JSS. Awareness of Diagnosis and Knowledge of HPV in Women Patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2010.10599146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen M. Daley
- b University of South Florida, College of Public Health , Tampa , FL , 33612
| | - Pamina Gorbach
- c University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health , Los Angeles , CA , 90089
| | - Robert M. Hamm
- d University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , 73104
| | - Patricia A. Sharpe
- e University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health , Columbia , SC , 29208
| | - Heather M. Brandt
- f University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health , Columbia , SC , 29208
| | - Mary McFarlane
- g Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta , GA , 30333
| | - Peter Kerndt
- h Los Angeles County Health Department , Los Angeles , CA , 90012
| | - Robert J. McDermott
- i University of South Florida, College of Public Health , Tampa , FL , 33612
| | - Karen M. Kay Perrin
- j University of South Florida, College of Public Health , Tampa , FL , 33612
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Ntova CK, Kottaridi C, Chranioti A, Spathis A, Kassanos D, Paraskevaidis E, Karakitsos P. Genetic variability and phylogeny of high risk HPV type 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45 L1 gene in Greek women. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:1-17. [PMID: 22312235 PMCID: PMC3269669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores nucleotide variability, phylogeny and association with cervical neoplasia in high risk HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45 collected from Greek women. Of the 1894 women undergoing routine cervical cytology examination, 160 samples test positive for single infections of HPV type 16 (n = 104), HPV 31 (n = 40), HPV 33 (n = 7), HPV 18 (n = 5), and HPV 45 (n = 4) were typed by microarrays method, amplified by PCR then sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. For HPV 16, 9 variants with nucleotide variations were included into the study. For HPV 31, 33, 18 and 45, nucleotide variations were identified in 6, 4, 2 and 3 variants, respectively. The Bayesian inference and Maximum Parsimony methods were used in order to construct the phylogenetic trees. When types were analyzed independently HPV 16 (European and non-European) and HPV 18 (African and non-African) formed distinct clades. The genomic characterization of HPV variants will be important for illuminating the geographical relatedness and biological differences and for the determination of their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Kleio Ntova
- Department of Cytopathology, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Chaidari, 12462, Greece; E-Mails: (C.K.N.); (C.K.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Department of Cytopathology, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Chaidari, 12462, Greece; E-Mails: (C.K.N.); (C.K.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Aikaterini Chranioti
- Department of Cytopathology, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Chaidari, 12462, Greece; E-Mails: (C.K.N.); (C.K.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Aris Spathis
- Department of Cytopathology, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Chaidari, 12462, Greece; E-Mails: (C.K.N.); (C.K.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Kassanos
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Chaidari, 12462, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Evangelos Paraskevaidis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Petros Karakitsos
- Department of Cytopathology, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Chaidari, 12462, Greece; E-Mails: (C.K.N.); (C.K.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +30-210-5831952; Fax: +30-210-5831942
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Onon TS. History of human papillomavirus, warts and cancer: what do we know today? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 25:565-74. [PMID: 21708487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus has been a cause of infection in humans for thousands of years. The history of papillomaviruses, knowledge of their causative role in benign and malignant disease, and their structural characteristics have led to the development of vaccines to prevent cervical and anogenital cancers. Many questions remain unanswered before HPV vaccines can be optimised; however, the concept of virtual eradication of cervical cancer is not impossible, and remains a realistic aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toli S Onon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
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McCree DH, Sharpe PA, Brandt HM, Robertson R. Preferences for sources of information about abnormal Pap tests and HPV in women tested for HPV. Prev Med 2006; 43:165-70. [PMID: 16701815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is important because of its association with cervical cancer. There has been a recent upsurge of coverage in the media concerning HPV, but little research exists on women's preferences and opinions regarding sources of information and education on HPV and abnormal Pap tests. The purpose of this paper is to describe women's preferences and opinions about various sources/channels of information on abnormal Pap test results and HPV. METHODS Forty-four in-depth, in-person interviews were conducted with low-income, high-risk HPV positive women. Women responded to open-ended questions addressing their preferences for sources of health and medical information related to HPV and abnormal Pap tests. The audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analyzed for content themes related to provision of information and education. RESULTS Women preferred sources that were trustworthy, accessible, and convenient, could be viewed in a private location, and were written in easily understood language. Women also preferred obtaining information from other women with HPV. The most trusted source was face-to-face interaction with the health care provider; however, the nature of this interaction had both strengths and weaknesses. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of channel, women want information that they can understand about abnormal Pap tests and HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Hubbard McCree
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road Mailstop MS E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Brandt HM, McCree DH, Lindley LL, Sharpe PA, Hutto BE. An evaluation of printed HPV educational materials. Cancer Control 2006; 12 Suppl 2:103-6. [PMID: 16327760 DOI: 10.1177/1073274805012004s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Brandt
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Prevention Research Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Wu Y, Chen Y, Li L, Yu G, He Y, Zhang Y. Analysis of mutations in the E6/E7 oncogenes and L1 gene of human papillomavirus 16 cervical cancer isolates from China. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1181-1188. [PMID: 16603519 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) has a number of intratypic variants; each has a different geographical distribution and some are associated with enhanced oncogenic potential. Cervical samples were collected from 223 cervical cancer patients and from 196 age-matched control subjects in China. DNA samples were amplified by using primers specific for the E6, E7 and partial L1 regions. Products were sequenced and analysed. It was found by using a PCR-sequence-based typing method that HPV infection rates in China were 92.8 % in cervical cancer patients and 15.8 % in healthy controls. HPV16 was detected in 70.4 % of cervical cancer patients and in 6.1 % of controls. In HPV16-positive cervical cancers, 23.6 % belonged to the prototype, 65.5 % were of the Asian variant, 5.5 % were of African type 1 and 3.6 % were European variants, whilst only one was a new variant that differed from any variant published so far. Prevalences of HPV16 E6 D25E and E113D variants were 67.3 and 9 %, respectively. In addition to D25E and E113D, the following E6 variations were found in this study: R129K, E89Q, S138C, H78Y, L83V and F69L. The results also showed that the prevalences of three hot spots of E7 nucleotide variation, N29S, S63F and a silent variation, nt T846C, were 70.2 % (33/47), 51.1 % (24/47) and 61.7 % (29/47), respectively. The following L1 variations were found in this study: S377A, K387E, E378D, K382E and T379P. It was also found that the average age of Asian variant-positive cervical cancer patients (42.98+/-10.43 years) was 7.56 years lower than that of prototype-positive patients (50.54+/-10.91). It is suggested that the high frequency of HPV16 Asian variants might contribute to the high incidence of cervical cancer in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of MOE, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of MOE, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Longyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifang Yu
- Department of Gynecology, People Hospital of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of MOE, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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Chen Z, Terai M, Fu L, Herrero R, DeSalle R, Burk RD. Diversifying selection in human papillomavirus type 16 lineages based on complete genome analyses. J Virol 2005; 79:7014-23. [PMID: 15890941 PMCID: PMC1112126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.7014-7023.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is the primary etiological agent of cervical cancer, the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Complete genomes of 12 isolates representing the major lineages of HPV16 were cloned and sequenced from cervicovaginal cells. The sequence variations within the open reading frames (ORFs) and noncoding regions were identified and compared with the HPV16R reference sequence. This whole-genome approach gives us unprecedented precision in detailing sequence-level changes that are under selection on a whole-viral-genome scale. Of 7,908 base pair nucleotide positions, 313 (4.0%) were variable. Within the 2,452 amino acids (aa) comprising 8 ORFs, 243 (9.9%) amino acid positions were variable. In order to investigate the molecular evolution of HPV16 variants, maximum likelihood models of codon substitution were used to identify lineages and amino acid sites under selective pressure. Five codon sites in the E5 (aa 48, 65) and E6 (aa 10, 14, 83) ORFs were demonstrated to be under diversifying selective pressure. The E5 ORF had the overall highest nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rate (omega) ratio (M3 = 0.7965). The E2 gene had the next-highest omega ratio (M3 = 0.5611); however, no specific codons were under positive selection. These data indicate that the E6 and E5 ORFs are evolving under positive Darwinian selection and have done so in a relatively short time period. Whether response to selective pressure upon the E5 and E6 ORFs contributes to the biological success of HPV16, its specific biological niche, and/or its oncogenic potential remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Picconi MA, Alonio LV, Sichero L, Mbayed V, Villa LL, Gronda J, Campos R, Teyssié A. Human papillomavirus type-16 variants in Quechua aboriginals from Argentina. J Med Virol 2003; 69:546-52. [PMID: 12601763 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death in Quechua indians from Jujuy (northwestern Argentina). To determine the prevalence of HPV-16 variants, 106 HPV-16 positive cervical samples were studied, including 33 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 28 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 9 invasive cervical cancer (ICC), and 36 samples from women with normal colposcopy and cytology. HPV genome variability was examined in the L1 and E6 genes by PCR-hybridization. In a subset of 20 samples, a LCR fragment was also analyzed by PCR-sequencing. Most variants belonged to the European branch with subtle differences that depended on the viral gene fragment studied. Only about 10% of the specimens had non-European variants, including eight Asian-American, two Asian, and one North-American-1. E6 gene analysis revealed that 43% of the samples were identical to HPV-16 prototype, while 57% corresponded to variants. Interestingly, the majority (87%) of normal smears had HPV-16 prototype, whereas variants were detected mainly in SIL and ICC. LCR sequencing yielded 80% of variants, including 69% of European, 19% Asian-American, and 12% Asian. We identified a new variant, the Argentine Quechua-51 (AQ-51), similar to B-14 plus two additional changes: G7842-->A and A7837-->C; phylogenetic inference allocated it in the Asian-American branch. The high proportion of European variants may reflect Spanish colonial influence on these native Inca descendants. The predominance of HPV-16 variants in pathologic samples when compared to normal controls could have implications for the natural history of cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Picconi
- Servicio Virus Oncogénicos, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hu J, Cladel NM, Pickel MD, Christensen ND. Amino acid residues in the carboxy-terminal region of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E6 influence spontaneous regression of cutaneous papillomas. J Virol 2002; 76:11801-8. [PMID: 12414922 PMCID: PMC136889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.23.11801-11808.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified two different strains of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) that differ by approximately 5% in base pair sequence and that perform quite differently when used to challenge New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit skin. One strain caused persistent lesions (progressor strain), and the other induced papillomas that spontaneously regressed (regressor strain) at high frequencies (J. Salmon, M. Nonnenmacher, S. Caze, P. Flamant, O. Croissant, G. Orth, and F. Breitburd, J. Virol. 74:10766-10777, 2000; J. Salmon, N. Ramoz, P. Cassonnet, G. Orth, and F. Breitburd, Virology 235:228-234, 1997). We generated a panel of CRPV genomes that contained chimeric and mutant progressor and regressor strain E6 genes and assessed the outcome upon infection of both outbred and EIII/JC inbred NZW rabbits. The carboxy-terminal 77-amino-acid region of the regressor CRPV strain E6, which contained 15 amino acid residues that are different from those of the equivalent region of the persistent CRPV strain E6, played a dominant role in the conversion of the persistent CRPV strain to one showing high rates of spontaneous regressions. In addition, a single amino acid change (G252E) in the E6 protein of the CRPV progressor strain led to high frequencies of spontaneous regressions in inbred rabbits. These observations imply that small changes in the amino acid sequences of papillomavirus proteins can dramatically impact the outcome of natural host immune responses to these viral infections. The data imply that intrastrain differences between separate isolates of a single papillomavirus type (such as human papillomavirus type 16) may contribute to a collective variability in host immune responses in outbred human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Hildesheim A, Schiffman M, Bromley C, Wacholder S, Herrero R, Rodriguez A, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, Scarpidis U, Lin QQ, Terai M, Bromley RL, Buetow K, Apple RJ, Burk RD. Human papillomavirus type 16 variants and risk of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:315-8. [PMID: 11181779 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.4.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Kaufman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Onon TS, Kitchener HC. The use of vaccines in treating cervical cancer: present status and future prospects. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9:265-278. [PMID: 11240779 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.1999.99022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV types are carcinogenic agents in cervical cancer. This view is supported by epidemiological and biological evidence. The oncogenic products and capsid proteins of high risk HPV types are potential targets against which effective immunity may be generated by vaccination. Both therapeutic and prophlylactic immunisation are potential strategies to deal with the widespread problem of HPV infection and possibly established cervical neoplasia. Clinical trials are now underway to evaluate candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Onon
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
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