1
|
Pavanelli AC, Mangone FR, Yoganathan P, Bessa SA, Nonogaki S, de Toledo Osório CAB, de Andrade VP, Soares IC, de Mello ES, Mulligan LM, Nagai MA. Comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of RET, BCAR1, and BCAR3 expression in patients with Luminal A and B breast cancer subtypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 192:43-52. [PMID: 35031902 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer (BC) is considered a heterogeneous disease composed of distinct subtypes with diverse clinical outcomes. Luminal subtype tumors have the best prognosis, and patients benefit from endocrine therapy. However, resistance to endocrine therapies in BC is an obstacle to successful treatment, and novel biomarkers are needed to understand and overcome this mechanism. The RET, BCAR1, and BCAR3 genes may be associated with BC progression and endocrine resistance. METHODS Aiming to evaluate the expression profile and prognostic value of RET, BCAR1, and BCAR3, we performed immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing a cohort of 361 Luminal subtype BC. RESULTS Low expression levels of these three proteins were predominantly observed. BCAR1 expression was correlated with nuclear grade (p = 0.057), and BCAR3 expression was correlated with lymph node status (p = 0.011) and response to hormonal therapy (p = 0.021). Further, low expression of either BCAR1 or BCAR3 was significantly associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.005; p = 0.042). Pairwise analysis showed that patients with tumors with low BCAR1/low BCAR3 expression had a poorer overall survival (p = 0.013), and the low BCAR3 expression had the worst prognosis with RET high expression stratifying these patients into two different groups. Regarding the response to hormonal therapy, non-responder patients presented lower expression of RET in comparison to the responder group (p = 0.035). Additionally, the low BCAR1 expression patients had poorer outcomes than BCAR1 high (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest RET, BCAR1, and BCAR3 as potential candidate markers for endocrine therapy resistance in Luminal BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Pavanelli
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Flavia Rotea Mangone
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Piriya Yoganathan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University Kingston, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Simone Aparecida Bessa
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Suely Nonogaki
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, 01509-020, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Piana de Andrade
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, 01509-020, Brazil
| | - Iberê Cauduro Soares
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Evandro Sobrosa de Mello
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University Kingston, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Maria Aparecida Nagai
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumbrink J, Li P, Pók-Udvari A, Klauschen F, Kirchner T, Jung A. p130Cas Is Correlated with EREG Expression and a Prognostic Factor Depending on Colorectal Cancer Stage and Localization Reducing FOLFIRI Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212364. [PMID: 34830244 PMCID: PMC8625396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas) is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance in breast and lung cancers. To elucidate p130Cas functional and clinical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression/therapy resistance, we performed cell culture experiments and bioinformatic/statistical analyses of clinical data sets. p130Cas expression was associated with poor survival in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) data set. Knockdown/reconstitution experiments showed that p130Cas drives migration but, unexpectedly, inhibits proliferation in CRC cells. TCGA data analyses identified the growth factor epiregulin (EREG) as inversely correlated with p130Cas. p130Cas knockdown and simultaneous EREG treatment further enhanced proliferation. RNA interference and EREG treatment experiments suggested that p130Cas/EREG limit each other’s expression/activity. Inverse p130Cas/EREG Spearman correlations were prominent in right-sided and earlier stage CRC. p130Cas was inducible by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and FOLFIRI (folinic acid, 5-FU, irinotecan), and p130Cas and EREG were upregulated in distant metastases (GSE121418). Positive p130Cas/EREG correlations were observed in metastases, preferentially in post-treatment samples (especially pulmonary metastases). p130Cas knockdown sensitized CRC cells to FOLFIRI independent of EREG treatment. RNA sequencing and gene ontology analyses revealed that p130Cas is involved in cytochrome P450 drug metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. p130Cas expression was associated with poor survival in right-sided, stage I/II, MSS (microsatellite stable), or BRAF-mutated CRC. In summary, p130Cas represents a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kumbrink
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (A.P.-U.); (F.K.); (T.K.); (A.J.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Pan Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (A.P.-U.); (F.K.); (T.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Agnes Pók-Udvari
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (A.P.-U.); (F.K.); (T.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (A.P.-U.); (F.K.); (T.K.); (A.J.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (A.P.-U.); (F.K.); (T.K.); (A.J.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (A.P.-U.); (F.K.); (T.K.); (A.J.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Centonze G, Natalini D, Salemme V, Costamagna A, Cabodi S, Defilippi P. p130Cas/ BCAR1 and p140Cap/ SRCIN1 Adaptors: The Yin Yang in Breast Cancer? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:729093. [PMID: 34708040 PMCID: PMC8542790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.729093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p130Cas/BCAR1 is an adaptor protein devoid of any enzymatic or transcriptional activity, whose modular structure with various binding motifs, allows the formation of multi-protein signaling complexes. This results in the induction and/or maintenance of signaling pathways with pleiotropic effects on cell motility, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling, invasion, survival, and proliferation. Deregulation of p130Cas/BCAR1 adaptor protein has been extensively demonstrated in a variety of human cancers in which overexpression of p130Cas/BCAR1 correlates with increased malignancy. p140Cap (p130Cas associated protein), encoded by the SRCIN1 gene, has been discovered by affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of putative interactors of p130Cas. It came out that p140Cap associates with p130Cas not directly but through its interaction with the Src Kinase. p140Cap is highly expressed in neurons and to a lesser extent in epithelial tissues such as the mammary gland. Strikingly, in vivo and in vitro analysis identified its tumor suppressive role in breast cancer and in neuroblastoma, showing an inverse correlation between p140Cap expression in tumors and tumor progression. In this review, a synopsis of 15 years of research on the role of p130Cas/BCAR1 and p140Cap/SRCIN1 in breast cancer will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Centonze
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Dora Natalini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salemme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Costamagna
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Cabodi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yaginuma T, Gao J, Nagata K, Muroya R, Fei H, Nagano H, Chishaki S, Matsubara T, Kokabu S, Matsuo K, Kiyoshima T, Yoshioka I, Jimi E. p130Cas induces bone invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell proliferation. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1038-1048. [PMID: 31996896 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone invasion is a critical factor in determining the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is abundantly expressed in the bone matrix and is involved in the acquisition of aggressiveness by tumors. TGF-β is also important to cytoskeletal changes during tumor progression. In this study, we examined the relationship between TGF-β signaling and cytoskeletal changes during bone invasion by OSCC. Immunohistochemical staining of OSCC samples from five patients showed the expression of p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate) in the cytoplasm and phosphorylated Smad3 expression in the nucleus in OSCC cells. TGF-β1 induced the phosphorylation of Smad3 and p130Cas, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by the downregulation of the expression of E-cadherin, a marker of epithelial cells, and the upregulation of the expression of N-cadherin, or Snail, a marker of mesenchymal cells, in human HSC-2 cells and mouse squamous cell carcinome VII (SCCVII) cells. SB431542, a specific inhibitor of Smad2/3 signaling, abrogated the TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of p130Cas and morphological changes. Silencing p130Cas using an short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or small interfering RNA in SCCVII cells suppressed TGF-β1-induced cell migration, invasion, EMT and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) production. Compared with control SCCVII cells, SCCVII cells with silenced p130Cas strongly suppressed zygomatic and mandibular destruction in vivo by reducing the number of osteoclasts, cell proliferation and MMP-9 production. Taken together, these results showed that the expression of TGF-β/p130Cas might be a new target for the treatment of OSCC bone invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Yaginuma
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Kyushu Dental University, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jing Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagata
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Muroya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huang Fei
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruki Nagano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakura Chishaki
- Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kou Matsuo
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Izumi Yoshioka
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Kyushu Dental University, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borowicz P, Chan H, Hauge A, Spurkland A. Adaptor proteins: Flexible and dynamic modulators of immune cell signalling. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12951. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Borowicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Hanna Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Anette Hauge
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van der Flier S, van der Kwast T, Claassen C, Timmermans M, Brinkman A, Henzen-Logmans S, Foekens J, Dorssers L. Immunohistochemical Study of the BCAR1/p130Cas Protein in Non-Malignant and Malignant Human Breast Tissue. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080101600303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BCAR1/p130Cas is a docking protein involved in intracellular signaling pathways and in vitro resistance of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells to antiestrogens. The BCAR1/p130Cas protein level in primary breast cancer cytosols was found to correlate with rapid recurrence of disease. A high BCAR1/p130Cas level was also associated with a higher likelihood of resistance to first-line tamoxifen treatment in patients with advanced breast cancer. Using antibodies raised against the rat p130Cas protein, we determined by immunohistochemical methods the BCAR1/p130Cas localization in primary breast carcinomas, in tumors of stromal origin, and in non-neoplastic breast tissues. The BCAR1/p130Cas protein was detected in the cytoplasm of non-malignant and neoplastic epithelial cells and in the vascular compartment of all tissue sections analyzed. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated variable intensity of BCAR1/p130Cas staining and variation in the proportion of BCAR1/p130Cas-positive epithelial tumor cells for the different breast carcinomas. Double immunohistochemical staining for BCAR1/p130Cas and estrogen receptor confirmed coexpression in non-malignant luminal epithelial cells and malignant breast tumor cells. The stromal cells in non-malignant tissues and tumor tissues as well as breast tumors of mesodermal origin did not stain for BCAR1/p130Cas. This immunohistochemical study demonstrates a variable expression of BCAR1/p130Cas in malignant and non-malignant breast epithelial cells, which may be of benefit for diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. van der Flier
- Department of Pathology/ Division of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
- Josephine Nefkens Institute, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
| | - T.H. van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
| | - C.J.C. Claassen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
- Department of Medical Oncology/Division of Endocrine Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
| | - M. Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology/Division of Endocrine Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
| | - A. Brinkman
- Department of Pathology/ Division of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
| | - S.C. Henzen-Logmans
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
- present address: N.V. Organon, Oss
| | - J.A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology/Division of Endocrine Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
| | - L.C.J. Dorssers
- Department of Pathology/ Division of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dybdal-Hargreaves NF, Risinger AL, Mooberry SL. Regulation of E-cadherin localization by microtubule targeting agents: rapid promotion of cortical E-cadherin through p130Cas/Src inhibition by eribulin. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5545-5561. [PMID: 29464017 PMCID: PMC5814157 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are some of the most effective anticancer drugs used to treat a wide variety of adult and pediatric cancers. Building evidence suggests that these drugs inhibit interphase signaling events and that this contributes to their anticancer actions. The effects of diverse MTAs were evaluated following a 2 hour incubation with clinically relevant concentrations to test the hypothesis that these drugs rapidly and differentially disrupt epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related signaling. The MTAs rapidly promoted the cortical localization of internal pools of E-cadherin in HCC1937 breast cancer cells, with the most robust effects observed with the microtubule destabilizers eribulin and vinorelbine. Cortical E-cadherin localization was also promoted by the Src kinase inhibitor dasatinib or by siRNA-mediated depletion of the p130Cas scaffold. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that eribulin disrupts the interaction between p130Cas and Src, leading to decreased cortical Src phosphorylation that precedes the accumulation of cortical E-cadherin. These results suggest that microtubules can be actively co-opted by cancer cells to inhibit cortical E-cadherin localization, a hallmark of EMT, and provide a direct link between the initial disruption of the microtubule network and reversal of EMT phenotypes demonstrated by eribulin in long-term studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - April L Risinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,UT Health Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Susan L Mooberry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,UT Health Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Erturk K, Tas F, Serilmez M, Bilgin E, Duranyildiz D. Significance of serum neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 9 in melanoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 8:204-208. [PMID: 29387415 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 9 (NEDD9) is a promoter for various cellular functions that result in tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to analyse the serum levels of NEDD9 in melanoma patients in order to evaluate its prognostic, predictive and diagnostic value. Data from 112 melanoma patients were retrospectively analyzed and ELISA assays were used to measure serum NEDD9 concentration. The median serum NEDD9 levels of the patients were significantly higher compared with those of the controls. Serum NEDD9 was not found to be associated with any of the clinicopathological parameters, and was also not found to be prognostic for survival in melanoma. Therefore, serum NEDD9 may be of diagnostic value in melanoma, but its usefulness in prognosis remains controversial. The important role of NEDD9 in tumor angiogenesis necessitates efforts to elucidate its interactions with the tumor microenvironment and its potential as a therapeutic target for malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Erturk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Faruk Tas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Murat Serilmez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Derya Duranyildiz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dikshit A, Gao C, Small C, Hales K, Hales DB. Flaxseed and its components differentially affect estrogen targets in pre-neoplastic hen ovaries. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:73-85. [PMID: 26925929 PMCID: PMC4821676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed has been studied for decades for its health benefits that include anti-cancer, cardio-protective, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory properties. The biologically active components that mediate these effects are the omega-3 fatty acids and the lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. We have previously shown that whole flaxseed supplemented diet decreases the severity and incidence of ovarian cancer while a 15% dose of flaxseed is most protective against inflammation and estrogen-induced chemical and genotoxicity. The objective of this study was to dissect the independent effects of the two flaxseed components on estrogen signaling and metabolism. Two and half year old hens were fed either a control diet, 15% whole flaxseed diet, defatted flax meal diet or 5% flax oil diet for 3 months after which the animals were sacrificed and blood and tissues were harvested. Whole flaxseed diet caused a decrease in expression of ERα. ERα target gene expression was assessed using RT(2) profiler PCR array. Some targets involved in the IGF/insulin signaling pathway (IRS1, IGFBP4, IGFBP5) were downregulated by flaxseed and its components. Flaxseed diet also downregulated AKT expression. A number of targets related to NF-kB signaling were altered by flaxseed diet including a series of targets implicated in cancer. Whole flaxseed diet also affected E2 metabolism by increasing CYP1A1 expression with a corresponding increase in the onco-protective E2 metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol. The weak anti-estrogens, enterolactone, enterodiol and 2-methoxyestradiol, might be working synergistically to generate a protective effect on the ovaries from hens on whole flaxseed diet by altering the estrogen signaling and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Dikshit
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Chunqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Carrie Small
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nilsson G, Kannius-Janson M. Forkhead Box F1 promotes breast cancer cell migration by upregulating lysyl oxidase and suppressing Smad2/3 signaling. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:142. [PMID: 26908052 PMCID: PMC4763409 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) increases cell migration and is implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. We have previously described the involvement of the transcription factors, nuclear factor I-C2 (NFI-C2) and Forkhead box F1 (FoxF1), in the regulation of EMT and invasion during breast tumor progression. NFI-C2 counteracts these processes and FoxF1 is a directly repressed target of NFI-C2. FoxF1 induces EMT and invasiveness and enhances xenograft tumorigenicity in nude mice. Here we identify oppositely regulated targets of NFI-C2 and FoxF1 involved in these processes and further study a possible role for FoxF1 in tumorigenesis. Methods We used Affymetrix microarray to detect changes in the transcriptome of a mouse mammary epithelial cell line upon overexpression of NFI-C2 or FoxF1. To elucidate the effects and signaling events following FoxF1 overexpression we investigated in vitro invasion capacity and changes in transcription and protein expression resulting from RNAi and inhibitor treatment. Results The extracellular matrix enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) was negatively regulated by NFI-C2 and positively regulated by FoxF1, and upregulation of LOX following FoxF1 overexpression in mouse mammary epithelial cells increased in vitro cell invasion. In the nuclei of FoxF1-overexpressing cells, the phosphorylation of Smad2 decreased, while that of p38 increased. Depletion of LOX by RNAi enhanced phosphorylation of Smad2 by a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent mechanism. In addition, induced expression of FoxF1 in a non-malignant human mammary epithelial cell line showed that the increase in LOX transcription and the suppression of Smad2 activity are early effects of FoxF1. Conclusion These data show that FoxF1 enhances invasion in a LOX-dependent manner, is involved in the regulation of Smad2 signaling, and that FoxF1 overexpression ultimately leads to activation of p38 MAPK signaling. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of signaling pathways known to be important during breast tumor progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2196-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 430, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kannius-Janson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A truncated phosphorylated p130Cas substrate domain is sufficient to drive breast cancer growth and metastasis formation in vivo. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10665-73. [PMID: 26867768 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate) levels are found in aggressive breast tumors and are associated with poor prognosis and resistance to standard therapeutics in patients. p130Cas signals majorly through its phosphorylated substrate domain (SD) that contains 15 tyrosine motifs (YxxP) which recruit effector molecules. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas is important for mediating migration, invasion, tumor promotion, and metastasis. We previously developed a Src*/SD fusion molecule approach, where the SD is constitutively phosphorylated. In a polyoma middle T-antigen (PyMT)/Src*/SD double-transgenic mouse model, Src*/SD accelerates PyMT-induced tumor growth and promotes a more aggressive phenotype. To test whether Src*/SD also drives metastasis and which of the YxxP motifs are involved in this process, full-length and truncated SD molecules fused to Src* were expressed in breast cancer cells. The functionality of the Src*/SD fragments was analyzed in vitro, and the active proteins were tested in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model. Breast cancer cells expressing the full-length SD and the functional smaller SD fragment (spanning SD motifs 6-10) were injected into the mammary fat pads of mice. The tumor progression was monitored by bioluminescence imaging and caliper measurements. Compared with control animals, the complete SD promoted primary tumor growth and an earlier onset of metastases. Importantly, both the complete and truncated SD significantly increased the occurrence of metastases to multiple organs. These studies provide strong evidence that the phosphorylated p130Cas SD motifs 6-10 (Y236, Y249, Y267, Y287, and Y306) are important for driving mammary carcinoma progression.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu X, Zahari MS, Renuse S, Nirujogi RS, Kim MS, Manda SS, Stearns V, Gabrielson E, Sukumar S, Pandey A. Phosphoproteomic Analysis Identifies Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 (FAK2) as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2887-900. [PMID: 26330541 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor-α (ER) antagonist, is an important agent for the treatment of breast cancer. However, this therapy is complicated by the fact that a substantial number of patients exhibit either de novo or acquired resistance. To characterize the signaling mechanisms underlying this resistance, we treated the MCF7 breast cancer cell line with tamoxifen for over six months and showed that this cell line acquired resistance to tamoxifen in vitro and in vivo. We performed SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomic profiling on the tamoxifen resistant and vehicle-treated sensitive cell lines to quantify the phosphorylation alterations associated with tamoxifen resistance. From >5600 unique phosphopeptides identified, 1529 peptides exhibited hyperphosphorylation and 409 peptides showed hypophosphorylation in the tamoxifen resistant cells. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that focal adhesion pathway was one of the most enriched signaling pathways activated in tamoxifen resistant cells. Significantly, we showed that the focal adhesion kinase FAK2 was not only hyperphosphorylated but also transcriptionally up-regulated in tamoxifen resistant cells. FAK2 suppression by specific siRNA knockdown or a small molecule inhibitor repressed cellular proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. More importantly, our survival analysis revealed that high expression of FAK2 is significantly associated with shorter metastasis-free survival in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Our studies suggest that FAK2 is a potential therapeutic target for the management of hormone-refractory breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Muhammad Saddiq Zahari
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Santosh Renuse
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Srikanth S Manda
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | | | - Edward Gabrielson
- ‖Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ¶Department of Oncology; ‖Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Acerbi I, Cassereau L, Dean I, Shi Q, Au A, Park C, Chen YY, Liphardt J, Hwang ES, Weaver VM. Human breast cancer invasion and aggression correlates with ECM stiffening and immune cell infiltration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1120-34. [PMID: 25959051 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are stiff and data suggest that the extracellular matrix stiffening that correlates with experimental mammary malignancy drives tumor invasion and metastasis. Nevertheless, the relationship between tissue and extracellular matrix stiffness and human breast cancer progression and aggression remains unclear. We undertook a biophysical and biochemical assessment of stromal-epithelial interactions in noninvasive, invasive and normal adjacent human breast tissue and in breast cancers of increasingly aggressive subtype. Our analysis revealed that human breast cancer transformation is accompanied by an incremental increase in collagen deposition and a progressive linearization and thickening of interstitial collagen. The linearization of collagen was visualized as an overall increase in tissue birefringence and was most striking at the invasive front of the tumor where the stiffness of the stroma and cellular mechanosignaling were the highest. Amongst breast cancer subtypes we found that the stroma at the invasive region of the more aggressive Basal-like and Her2 tumor subtypes was the most heterogeneous and the stiffest when compared to the less aggressive luminal A and B subtypes. Intriguingly, we quantified the greatest number of infiltrating macrophages and the highest level of TGF beta signaling within the cells at the invasive front. We also established that stroma stiffness and the level of cellular TGF beta signaling positively correlated with each other and with the number of infiltrating tumor-activated macrophages, which was highest in the more aggressive tumor subtypes. These findings indicate that human breast cancer progression and aggression, collagen linearization and stromal stiffening are linked and implicate tissue inflammation and TGF beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Acerbi
- Center for Bioengineering, Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Wang X, Vural S, Mishra NK, Cowan KH, Guda C. Exome analysis reveals differentially mutated gene signatures of stage, grade and subtype in breast cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119383. [PMID: 25803781 PMCID: PMC4372331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers exhibit highly heterogeneous molecular profiles. Although gene expression profiles have been used to predict the risks and prognostic outcomes of breast cancers, the high variability of gene expression limits its clinical application. In contrast, genetic mutation profiles would be more advantageous than gene expression profiles because genetic mutations can be stably detected and the mutational heterogeneity widely exists in breast cancer genomes. We analyzed 98 breast cancer whole exome samples that were sorted into three subtypes, two grades and two stages. The sum deleterious effect of all mutations in each gene was scored to identify differentially mutated genes (DMGs) for this case-control study. DMGs were corroborated using extensive published knowledge. Functional consequences of deleterious SNVs on protein structure and function were also investigated. Genes such as ERBB2, ESP8, PPP2R4, KIAA0922, SP4, CENPJ, PRCP and SELP that have been experimentally or clinically verified to be tightly associated with breast cancer prognosis are among the DMGs identified in this study. We also identified some genes such as ARL6IP5, RAET1E, and ANO7 that could be crucial for breast cancer development and prognosis. Further, SNVs such as rs1058808, rs2480452, rs61751507, rs79167802, rs11540666, and rs2229437 that potentially influence protein functions are observed at significantly different frequencies in different comparison groups. Protein structure modeling revealed that many non-synonymous SNVs have a deleterious effect on protein stability, structure and function. Mutational profiling at gene- and SNV-level revealed differential patterns within each breast cancer comparison group, and the gene signatures correlate with expected prognostic characteristics of breast cancer classes. Some of the genes and SNVs identified in this study show high promise and are worthy of further investigation by experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Suleyman Vural
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nitish K. Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kenneth H. Cowan
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
van Roosmalen W, Le Dévédec SE, Golani O, Smid M, Pulyakhina I, Timmermans AM, Look MP, Zi D, Pont C, de Graauw M, Naffar-Abu-Amara S, Kirsanova C, Rustici G, Hoen PAC', Martens JWM, Foekens JA, Geiger B, van de Water B. Tumor cell migration screen identifies SRPK1 as breast cancer metastasis determinant. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1648-64. [PMID: 25774502 DOI: 10.1172/jci74440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell migration is a key process for cancer cell dissemination and metastasis that is controlled by signal-mediated cytoskeletal and cell matrix adhesion remodeling. Using a phagokinetic track assay with migratory H1299 cells, we performed an siRNA screen of almost 1,500 genes encoding kinases/phosphatases and adhesome- and migration-related proteins to identify genes that affect tumor cell migration speed and persistence. Thirty candidate genes that altered cell migration were validated in live tumor cell migration assays. Eight were associated with metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients, with integrin β3-binding protein (ITGB3BP), MAP3K8, NIMA-related kinase (NEK2), and SHC-transforming protein 1 (SHC1) being the most predictive. Examination of genes that modulate migration indicated that SRPK1, encoding the splicing factor kinase SRSF protein kinase 1, is relevant to breast cancer outcomes, as it was highly expressed in basal breast cancer. Furthermore, high SRPK1 expression correlated with poor breast cancer disease outcome and preferential metastasis to the lungs and brain. In 2 independent murine models of breast tumor metastasis, stable shRNA-based SRPK1 knockdown suppressed metastasis to distant organs, including lung, liver, and spleen, and inhibited focal adhesion reorganization. Our study provides comprehensive information on the molecular determinants of tumor cell migration and suggests that SRPK1 has potential as a drug target for limiting breast cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang SS, Wu LH, Liu Q, Chen KS, Zhang XF. Elevated expression of NEDD9 is associated with metastatic activity in gastric cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:633-40. [PMID: 25792847 PMCID: PMC4360801 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s77904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the protein and mRNA expression of NEDD9 in gastric cancer (GC) tissues, adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues, and normal gastric mucosa tissues, and analyze its relationship with the pathological features and prognosis of GC. Methods Forty cases of GC tissues, 20 cases of adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues, and 40 cases of normal gastric mucous tissues were collected. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine the expression of NEDD9 protein in various tissues. Situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were applied to detect the expression of NEDD9 mRNA in various tissues. The correlation of NEDD9 expression with invasion and metastasis of GC was analyzed. Results The protein expression level of NEDD9 was significantly higher in GC tissues than in adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues and normal gastric mucous tissues (P<0.05). The protein expression level of NEDD9 was positively related to the invasion depth of carcinoma and tumor lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), but unrelated to age, sex, tumor size, and clinical classification of cancer (P<0.05). The mRNA expression level of NEDD9 was also significantly higher in GC tissues than in adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues and normal gastric mucous tissues (P<0.05), and positively related with the tumor lymph node metastasis and invasion depth of carcinoma (P<0.05). Conclusion NEDD9 is involved in the occurrence and development of GC, and it may be an important biological marker of GC metastasis and infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Sen Zhang
- The Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Wu
- The Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- The Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie-Fu Zhang
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The α2β1 binding domain of chondroadherin inhibits breast cancer-induced bone metastases and impairs primary tumour growth: A preclinical study. Cancer Lett 2015; 358:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
18
|
Bhola NE, Jansen VM, Bafna S, Giltnane JM, Balko JM, Estrada MV, Meszoely I, Mayer I, Abramson V, Ye F, Sanders M, Dugger TC, Allen EV, Arteaga CL. Kinome-wide functional screen identifies role of PLK1 in hormone-independent, ER-positive breast cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:405-14. [PMID: 25480943 PMCID: PMC4297507 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) α-positive breast cancers initially respond to antiestrogens but eventually become estrogen independent and recur. ER(+) breast cancer cells resistant to long-term estrogen deprivation (LTED) exhibit hormone-independent ER transcriptional activity and growth. A kinome-wide siRNA screen using a library targeting 720 kinases identified Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as one of the top genes whose downregulation resulted in inhibition of estrogen-independent ER transcriptional activity and growth of LTED cells. High PLK1 mRNA and protein correlated with a high Ki-67 score in primary ER(+) breast cancers after treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. RNAi-mediated knockdown of PLK1 inhibited ER expression, estrogen-independent growth, and ER transcription in MCF7 and HCC1428 LTED cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of PLK1 with volasertib, a small-molecule ATP-competitive PLK1 inhibitor, decreased LTED cell growth, ER transcriptional activity, and ER expression. Volasertib in combination with the ER antagonist, fulvestrant, decreased MCF7 xenograft growth in ovariectomized mice more potently than each drug alone. JUNB, a component of the AP-1 complex, was expressed 16-fold higher in MCF7/LTED compared with parental MCF7 cells. Furthermore, JUNB and BCL2L1 (which encodes antiapoptotic BCL-xL) mRNA levels were markedly reduced upon volasertib treatment in MCF7/LTED cells, while they were increased in parental MCF7 cells. Finally, JUNB knockdown decreased ER expression and transcriptional activity in MCF7/LTED cells, suggesting that PLK1 drives ER expression and estrogen-independent growth via JUNB. These data support a critical role of PLK1 in acquired hormone-independent growth of ER(+) human breast cancer and is therefore a promising target in tumors that have escaped estrogen deprivation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Bhola
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Valerie M Jansen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sangeeta Bafna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer M Giltnane
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mónica V Estrada
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ingrid Meszoely
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ingrid Mayer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Vandana Abramson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Teresa C Dugger
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eliezer V Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Broad Institute of MIT at Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Groenendijk FH, Bernards R. Drug resistance to targeted therapies: déjà vu all over again. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1067-83. [PMID: 24910388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of targeted anticancer therapies is intrinsic or acquired resistance. This review emphasizes similarities in the mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapies in breast cancer and those seen with the new generation of targeted cancer therapeutics. Resistance to single-agent cancer therapeutics is frequently the result of reactivation of the signaling pathway, indicating that a major limitation of targeted agents lies in their inability to fully block the cancer-relevant signaling pathway. The development of mechanism-based combinations of targeted therapies together with non-invasive molecular disease monitoring is a logical way forward to delay and ultimately overcome drug resistance development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floris H Groenendijk
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wallez Y, Riedl SJ, Pasquale EB. Association of the breast cancer antiestrogen resistance protein 1 (BCAR1) and BCAR3 scaffolding proteins in cell signaling and antiestrogen resistance. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10431-10444. [PMID: 24584939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.541839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive and treated with antiestrogens, but aberrant signaling networks can induce drug resistance. One of these networks involves the scaffolding protein BCAR1/p130CAS, which regulates cell growth and migration/invasion. A less investigated scaffolding protein that also confers antiestrogen resistance is the SH2 domain-containing protein BCAR3. BCAR1 and BCAR3 bind tightly to each other through their C-terminal domains, thus potentially connecting their associated signaling networks. However, recent studies using BCAR1 and BCAR3 interaction mutants concluded that association between the two proteins is not critical for many of their interrelated activities regulating breast cancer malignancy. We report that these previously used BCAR mutations fail to cause adequate loss-of-function of the complex. By using structure-based BCAR1 and BCAR3 mutants that lack the ability to interact, we show that BCAR3-induced antiestrogen resistance in MCF7 breast cancer cells critically depends on its ability to bind BCAR1. Interaction with BCAR3 increases the levels of phosphorylated BCAR1, ultimately potentiating BCAR1-dependent antiestrogen resistance. Furthermore, antiestrogen resistance in cells overexpressing BCAR1/BCAR3 correlates with increased ERK1/2 activity. Inhibiting ERK1/2 through overexpression of the regulatory protein PEA15 negates the resistance, revealing a key role for ERK1/2 in BCAR1/BCAR3-induced antiestrogen resistance. Reverse-phase protein array data show that PEA15 levels in invasive breast cancers correlate with patient survival, suggesting that PEA15 can override ERK1/2 activation by BCAR1/BCAR3 and other upstream regulators. We further uncovered that the BCAR3-related NSP3 can also promote antiestrogen resistance. Thus, strategies to disrupt BCAR1-BCAR3/NSP3 complexes and associated signaling networks could ultimately lead to new breast cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Wallez
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Stefan J Riedl
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego California 92093.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Teckchandani A, Laszlo GS, Simó S, Shah K, Pilling C, Strait AA, Cooper JA. Cullin 5 destabilizes Cas to inhibit Src-dependent cell transformation. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:509-20. [PMID: 24284072 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.127829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation-dependent protein ubiquitylation and degradation provides an irreversible mechanism to terminate protein kinase signaling. Here, we report that mammary epithelial cells require cullin-5-RING-E3-ubiquitin-ligase complexes (Cul5-CRLs) to prevent transformation by a Src-Cas signaling pathway. Removal of Cul5 stimulates growth-factor-independent growth and migration, membrane dynamics and colony dysmorphogenesis, which are all dependent on the endogenous tyrosine kinase Src. Src is activated in Cul5-deficient cells, but Src activation alone is not sufficient to cause transformation. We found that Cul5 and Src together stimulate degradation of the Src substrate p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate). Phosphorylation stimulates Cas binding to the Cul5-CRL adaptor protein SOCS6 and consequent proteasome-dependent degradation. Cas is necessary for the transformation of Cul5-deficient cells. Either knockdown of SOCS6 or use of a degradation-resistant Cas mutant stimulates membrane ruffling, but not other aspects of transformation. Our results show that endogenous Cul5 suppresses epithelial cell transformation by several pathways, including inhibition of Src-Cas-induced ruffling through SOCS6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Teckchandani
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fulvestrant induces resistance by modulating GPER and CDK6 expression: implication of methyltransferases, deacetylases and the hSWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2751-62. [PMID: 24169358 PMCID: PMC3833203 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women living in the western hemisphere. Despite major advances in first-line endocrine therapy of advanced oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, the frequent recurrence of resistant cancer cells represents a serious obstacle to successful treatment. Understanding the mechanisms leading to acquired resistance, therefore, could pave the way to the development of second-line therapeutics. To this end, we generated an ER-positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with resistance to the therapeutic anti-oestrogen fulvestrant (FUL) and studied the molecular changes involved in resistance. Methods: Naive MCF-7 cells were treated with increasing FUL concentrations and the gene expression profile of the resulting FUL-resistant strain (FR.MCF-7) was compared with that of naive cells using GeneChip arrays. After validation by real-time PCR and/or western blotting, selected resistance-associated genes were functionally studied by siRNA-mediated silencing or pharmacological inhibition. Furthermore, general mechanisms causing aberrant gene expression were investigated. Results: Fulvestrant resistance was associated with repression of GPER and the overexpression of CDK6, whereas ERBB2, ABCG2, ER and ER-related genes (GREB1, RERG) or genes expressed in resistant breast cancer (BCAR1, BCAR3) did not contribute to resistance. Aberrant GPER and CDK6 expression was most likely caused by modification of DNA methylation and histone acetylation, respectively. Therefore, part of the resistance mechanism was loss of RB1 control. The hSWI/SNF (human SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable) chromatin remodelling complex, which is tightly linked to nucleosome acetylation and repositioning, was also affected, because as a stress response to FUL treatment-naive cells altered the expression of five subunits within a few hours (BRG1, BAF250A, BAF170, BAF155, BAF47). The aberrant constitutive expression of BAF250A, BAF170 and BAF155 and a deviant stress response of BRG1, BAF170 and BAF47 in FR.MCF-7 cells to FUL treatment accompanied acquired FUL resistance. The regular and aberrant expression profiles of BAF155 correlated directly with that of CDK6 in naive and in FR.MCF-7 cells corroborating the finding that CDK6 overexpression was due to nucleosome alterations. Conclusion: The study revealed that FUL resistance is associated with the dysregulation of GPER and CDK6. A mechanism leading to aberrant gene expression was most likely unscheduled chromatin remodelling by hSWI/SNF. Hence, three targets should be conceptually addressed in a second-line adjuvant therapy: the catalytic centre of SWI/SNF (BRG1) to delay the development of FUL resistance, GPER to increase sensitivity to FUL and the reconstitution of the RB1 pathway to overcome resistance.
Collapse
|
23
|
Reynolds AB, Kanner SB, Bouton AH, Schaller MD, Weed SA, Flynn DC, Parsons JT. SRChing for the substrates of Src. Oncogene 2013; 33:4537-47. [PMID: 24121272 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By the mid 1980's, it was clear that the transforming activity of oncogenic Src was linked to the activity of its tyrosine kinase domain and attention turned to identifying substrates, the putative next level of control in the pathway to transformation. Among the first to recognize the potential of phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, Parsons and colleagues launched a risky shotgun-based approach that led ultimately to the cDNA cloning and functional characterization of many of today's best-known Src substrates (for example, p85-Cortactin, p110-AFAP1, p130Cas, p125FAK and p120-catenin). Two decades and over 6000 citations later, the original goals of the project may be seen as secondary to the enormous impact of these protein substrates in many areas of biology. At the request of the editors, this review is not restricted to the current status of the substrates, but reflects also on the anatomy of the project itself and some of the challenges and decisions encountered along the way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S B Kanner
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A H Bouton
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M D Schaller
- Department of Biochemistry, 3124 HSN, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S A Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1833 Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D C Flynn
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - J T Parsons
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
p130Cas controls the susceptibility of cancer cells to TGF-β-induced growth inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3) promotes cell motility by regulating actin cytoskeletal and adhesion remodeling in invasive breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65678. [PMID: 23762409 PMCID: PMC3675087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is incurable. In order to improve patient survival, it is critical to develop a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate metastasis and the underlying process of cell motility. Here, we focus on the role of the adaptor molecule Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (BCAR3) in cellular processes that contribute to cell motility, including protrusion, adhesion remodeling, and contractility. Previous work from our group showed that elevated BCAR3 protein levels enhance cell migration, while depletion of BCAR3 reduces the migratory and invasive capacities of breast cancer cells. In the current study, we show that BCAR3 is necessary for membrane protrusiveness, Rac1 activity, and adhesion disassembly in invasive breast cancer cells. We further demonstrate that, in the absence of BCAR3, RhoA-dependent signaling pathways appear to predominate, as evidenced by an increase in RhoA activity, ROCK-mediated phosphorylation of myosin light chain II, and large ROCK/mDia1-dependent focal adhesions. Taken together, these data establish that BCAR3 functions as a positive regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling and adhesion turnover in invasive breast cancer cells through its ability to influence the balance between Rac1 and RhoA signaling. Considering that BCAR3 protein levels are elevated in advanced breast cancer cell lines and enhance breast cancer cell motility, we propose that BCAR3 functions in the transition to advanced disease by triggering intracellular signaling events that are essential to the metastatic process.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wallez Y, Mace PD, Pasquale EB, Riedl SJ. NSP-CAS Protein Complexes: Emerging Signaling Modules in Cancer. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:382-93. [PMID: 23226576 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912460050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The CAS (CRK-associated substrate) family of adaptor proteins comprises 4 members, which share a conserved modular domain structure that enables multiple protein-protein interactions, leading to the assembly of intracellular signaling platforms. Besides their physiological role in signal transduction downstream of a variety of cell surface receptors, CAS proteins are also critical for oncogenic transformation and cancer cell malignancy through associations with a variety of regulatory proteins and downstream effectors. Among the regulatory partners, the 3 recently identified adaptor proteins constituting the NSP (novel SH2-containing protein) family avidly bind to the conserved carboxy-terminal focal adhesion-targeting (FAT) domain of CAS proteins. NSP proteins use an anomalous nucleotide exchange factor domain that lacks catalytic activity to form NSP-CAS signaling modules. Additionally, the NSP SH2 domain can link NSP-CAS signaling assemblies to tyrosine-phosphorylated cell surface receptors. NSP proteins can potentiate CAS function by affecting key CAS attributes such as expression levels, phosphorylation state, and subcellular localization, leading to effects on cell adhesion, migration, and invasion as well as cell growth. The consequences of these activities are well exemplified by the role that members of both families play in promoting breast cancer cell invasiveness and resistance to antiestrogens. In this review, we discuss the intriguing interplay between the NSP and CAS families, with a particular focus on cancer signaling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Wallez
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Camacho Leal MDP, Pincini A, Tornillo G, Fiorito E, Bisaro B, Di Luca E, Turco E, Defilippi P, Cabodi S. p130Cas over-expression impairs mammary branching morphogenesis in response to estrogen and EGF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49817. [PMID: 23239970 PMCID: PMC3519769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
p130Cas adaptor protein regulates basic processes such as cell cycle control, survival and migration. p130Cas over-expression has been related to mammary gland transformation, however the in vivo consequences of p130Cas over-expression during mammary gland morphogenesis are not known. In ex vivo mammary explants from MMTV-p130Cas transgenic mice, we show that p130Cas impairs the functional interplay between Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Estrogen Receptor (ER) during mammary gland development. Indeed, we demonstrate that p130Cas over-expression upon the concomitant stimulation with EGF and estrogen (E2) severely impairs mammary morphogenesis giving rise to enlarged multicellular spherical structures with altered architecture and absence of the central lumen. These filled acinar structures are characterized by increased cell survival and proliferation and by a strong activation of Erk1/2 MAPKs and Akt. Interestingly, antagonizing the ER activity is sufficient to re-establish branching morphogenesis and normal Erk1/2 MAPK activity. Overall, these results indicate that high levels of p130Cas expression profoundly affect mammary morphogenesis by altering epithelial architecture, survival and unbalancing Erk1/2 MAPKs activation in response to growth factors and hormones. These results suggest that alteration of morphogenetic pathways due to p130Cas over-expression might prime mammary epithelium to tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Pilar Camacho Leal
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pincini
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brigitte Bisaro
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Luca
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilia Turco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Cabodi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tu L, De Man FS, Girerd B, Huertas A, Chaumais MC, Lecerf F, François C, Perros F, Dorfmüller P, Fadel E, Montani D, Eddahibi S, Humbert M, Guignabert C. A critical role for p130Cas in the progression of pulmonary hypertension in humans and rodents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:666-76. [PMID: 22798315 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0309oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by pulmonary arterial muscularization due to excessive pulmonary vascular cell proliferation and migration, a phenotype dependent upon growth factors and activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). p130(Cas) is an adaptor protein involved in several cellular signaling pathways that control cell migration, proliferation, and survival. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that in experimental and human PAH p130(Cas) signaling is overactivated, thereby facilitating the intracellular transmission of signal induced by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In patients with PAH, levels of p130(Cas) protein and/or activity are higher in the serum, in the walls of distal pulmonary arteries, in cultured smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs), and in pulmonary endothelial cells (P-ECs) than in control subjects. These abnormalities in the p130(Cas) signaling were also found in the chronically hypoxic mice and monocrotaline-injected rats as models of human PAH. We obtained evidence for the convergence and amplification of the growth-stimulating effect of the EGF-, FGF2-, and PDGF-signaling pathways via the p130(Cas) signaling pathway. We found that daily treatment with the EGF-R inhibitor gefitinib, the FGF-R inhibitor dovitinib, and the PDGF-R inhibitor imatinib started 2 weeks after a subcutaneous monocrotaline injection substantially attenuated the abnormal increase in p130(Cas) and ERK1/2 activation and regressed established pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that p130(Cas) signaling plays a critical role in experimental and idiopathic PAH by modulating pulmonary vascular cell migration and proliferation and by acting as an amplifier of RTK downstream signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ly Tu
- INSERM UMR 999, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Resistance, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Regulation of p130(Cas)/BCAR1 expression in tamoxifen-sensitive and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells by EGR1 and NAB2. Neoplasia 2012; 14:108-20. [PMID: 22431919 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of p130(Cas)/BCAR1 (Crk-associated substrate/breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 1) are found in aggressive breast tumors and are associated with tamoxifen resistance of mammary cancers. p130(Cas) promotes the integration of protein complexes involved in multiple signaling pathways frequently deregulated in breast cancer. To elucidate mechanisms leading to p130(Cas) up-regulation in mammary carcinomas and during acquired tamoxifen resistance, the regulation of p130(Cas)/BCAR1 was studied. Because multiple putative binding motifs for the inducible transcription factor EGR1 were identified in the 5' region of BCAR1, the p130(Cas)/BCAR1 regulation by EGR1 and its coregulator NAB2 was investigated. Overexpression or short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated down-regulation of EGR1 or NAB2, and chromatin immunoprecipitations indicated that EGR1 and NAB2 act in concert to positively regulate p130(Cas)/BCAR1 expression in breast cancer cells. p130(Cas) depletion using siRNA showed that, in tamoxifen-sensitive MCF-7 cells, p130(Cas) regulates EGR1 and NAB2 expression, whereas in the derivative tamoxifen-resistant TAM-R cells, only NAB2 levels were influenced. BCAR1 messenger RNA and p130(Cas) protein were upregulated by phorbol esters following the kinetics of late response genes in MCF-7 but not in TAM-R cells. Thus, in MCF-7 cells, we identified a positive feedback loop where p130(Cas) positively regulates EGR1 and NAB2, which in turn induce p130(Cas) expression. Importantly, compared with MCF-7, enhanced NAB2 expression and increased EGR1 binding to the BCAR1 5' region observed in TAM-R may lead to the constitutively increased p130(Cas)/BCAR1 levels in TAM-R cells. The uncovered differences in this EGR1/NAB2/p130(Cas) network in MCF-7 versus TAM-R cells may also contribute to p130(Cas) up-regulation during acquired tamoxifen resistance.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhao M, Vuori K. The docking protein p130Cas regulates cell sensitivity to proteasome inhibition. BMC Biol 2011; 9:73. [PMID: 22034875 PMCID: PMC3215977 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The focal adhesion protein p130Cas (Cas) activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways upon integrin or growth factor receptor ligation. Full-length Cas frequently promotes cell survival and migration, while its C-terminal fragment (Cas-CT) produced upon intracellular proteolysis is known to induce apoptosis in some circumstances. Here, we have studied the putative role of Cas in regulating cell survival and death pathways upon proteasome inhibition. RESULTS We found that Cas-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), as well as empty vector-transfected Cas-/- MEFs (Cas-/- (EV)) are significantly resistant to cell death induced by proteasome inhibitors, such as MG132 and Bortezomib. As expected, wild-type MEFs (WT) and Cas-/- MEFs reconstituted with full-length Cas (Cas-FL) were sensitive to MG132- and Bortezomib-induced apoptosis that involved activation of a caspase-cascade, including Caspase-8. Cas-CT generation was not required for MG132-induced cell death, since expression of cleavage-resistant Cas mutants effectively increased sensitivity of Cas-/- MEFs to MG132. At the present time, the domains in Cas and the downstream pathways that are required for mediating cell death induced by proteasome inhibitors remain unknown. Interestingly, however, MG132 or Bortezomib treatment resulted in activation of autophagy in cells that lacked Cas, but not in cells that expressed Cas. Furthermore, autophagy was found to play a protective role in Cas-deficient cells, as inhibition of autophagy either by chemical or genetic means enhanced MG132-induced apoptosis in Cas-/- (EV) cells, but not in Cas-FL cells. Lack of Cas also contributed to resistance to the DNA-damaging agent Doxorubicin, which coincided with Doxorubicin-induced autophagy in Cas-/- (EV) cells. Thus, Cas may have a regulatory role in cell death signaling in response to multiple different stimuli. The mechanisms by which Cas inhibits induction of autophagy and affects cell death pathways are currently being investigated. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that Cas is required for apoptosis that is induced by proteasome inhibition, and potentially by other death stimuli. We additionally show that Cas may promote such apoptosis, at least partially, by inhibiting autophagy. This is the first demonstration of Cas being involved in the regulation of autophagy, adding to the previous findings by others linking focal adhesion components to the process of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nick AM, Stone RL, Armaiz-Pena G, Ozpolat B, Tekedereli I, Graybill WS, Landen CN, Villares G, Vivas-Mejia P, Bottsford-Miller J, Kim HS, Lee JS, Kim SM, Baggerly KA, Ram PT, Deavers MT, Coleman RL, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. Silencing of p130cas in ovarian carcinoma: a novel mechanism for tumor cell death. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1596-612. [PMID: 21957230 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the clinical and biological significance of p130cas, an important cell signaling molecule, in ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Expression of p130cas in ovarian tumors, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, was associated with tumor characteristics and patient survival. The effects of p130cas gene silencing with small interfering RNAs incorporated into neutral nanoliposomes (siRNA-DOPC), alone and in combination with docetaxel, on in vivo tumor growth and on tumor cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling) were examined in mice bearing orthotopic taxane-sensitive (HeyA8 and SKOV3ip1) or taxane-resistant (HeyA8-MDR) ovarian tumors (n = 10 per group). To determine the specific mechanisms by which p130cas gene silencing abrogates tumor growth, we measured cell viability (MTT assay), apoptosis (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), autophagy (immunoblotting, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy), and cell signaling (immunoblotting) in vitro. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Of 91 ovarian cancer specimens, 70 (76%) had high p130cas expression; and 21 (24%) had low p130cas expression. High p130cas expression was associated with advanced tumor stage (P < .001) and higher residual disease (>1 cm) following primary cytoreduction surgery (P = .007) and inversely associated with overall survival and progression-free survival (median overall survival: high p130cas expression vs low expression, 2.14 vs 9.1 years, difference = 6.96 years, 95% confidence interval = 1.69 to 9.48 years, P < .001; median progression-free survival: high p130cas expression vs low expression, 1.04 vs 2.13 years, difference = 1.09 years, 95% confidence interval = 0.47 to 2.60 years, P = .01). In mice bearing orthotopically implanted HeyA8 or SKOV3ip1 ovarian tumors, treatment with p130cas siRNA-DOPC in combination with docetaxel chemotherapy resulted in the greatest reduction in tumor growth compared with control siRNA therapy (92%-95% reduction in tumor growth; P < .001 for all). Compared with control siRNA therapy, p130cas siRNA-DOPC reduced SKOV3ip1 cell proliferation (31% reduction, P < .001) and increased apoptosis (143% increase, P < .001) in vivo. Increased tumor cell apoptosis may have persisted despite pan-caspase inhibition by the induction of autophagy and related signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Increased p130cas expression is associated with poor clinical outcome in human ovarian carcinoma, and p130cas gene silencing decreases tumor growth through stimulation of apoptotic and autophagic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpa M Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1 (BCAR1/p130cas) in pulmonary disease tissue and serum. Mol Diagn Ther 2011; 15:31-40. [PMID: 21469768 DOI: 10.1007/bf03257191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to evaluate clinical presentation of breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1 (BCAR1, also known as p130cas) expression in pulmonary diseases, and to assess its potential as a molecular marker for diagnosis and prognosis. METHODS Between March 2008 and August 2010, we enrolled a total of 80 patients (group A) with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 48 patients (group B) with pulmonary tuberculosis (including 27 cases of tuberculoma and 21 cases of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis), and 32 patients (group C) with other benign pulmonary mass (hamartoma in 15 cases, inflammatory pseudotumor in 10 cases, fibroid tumor in 7 cases). Additionally, 160 healthy age- and sex-matched volunteers were recruited as healthy controls. Tissue BCAR1 expression was investigated by using tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry. BCAR1 and tumor markers (carcinoma embryonic antigen [CEA] and the cancer antigens CA19-9 and CA125) in serum were assayed by using ELISA and immunoradiometrics, respectively. RESULTS BCAR1 expression was detected (either in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, or both) in tumor cells in 79 of the 80 NSCLC cases in group A, and in fibroblasts in 41 of the 48 pulmonary tuberculosis cases in group B. However, it was not detected in the normal adjacent tissue in 70 of the 80 cases in group A and in 47 of the 48 cases in group B. In group C, BCAR1 expression was negative in all 32 cases. Additionally, we investigated adjacent tissue with acute or chronic inflammation in 20 cases from group C, and found no expression of BCAR1. Serum BCAR1 levels were significantly higher in patients with NSCLC than in the control group, increased gradually with the progression of tumor staging, and decreased after removal of the tumors. The levels were significantly lower in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma than in other subtypes of carcinoma (Mann-Whitney U test, Z = -5.089; p < 0.001). Serum BCAR1 levels were significantly higher in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis than in the control group, were positively and significantly correlated with the diameter of the tuberculosis lesion (Spearman's rho, correlation coefficient 0.753; p < 0.001), and decreased after removal of the tuberculosis lesions. The levels were significantly higher in patients with cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis than in those with tuberculoma (517.6 ± 326.5 vs 282.2 ± 137.6; Student's t-test, t = -3.387; p = 0.001). In group C, there was no appreciable difference in serum BCAR1 levels compared with the matched controls (222.8 ± 111.0 vs 201.6 ± 35.7; Dunnett's T3 test, p = 0.993). The discrimination power of combining BCAR1 and tumor markers in NSCLC versus benign lung diseases was higher than that of sole use of BCAR1 as a marker (maximal sum of sensitivity and specificity: 1.538 vs 1.237). CONCLUSION We conclude that a combined assay of serum BCAR1 and traditional tumor markers is potentially applicable for distinguishing NSCLC from benign lung diseases. However, the clinical utility of serum BCAR1 as a molecular marker for prognosis in NSCLC or pulmonary tuberculosis requires further clarification and verification.
Collapse
|
33
|
NEDD9 and BCAR1 negatively regulate E-cadherin membrane localization, and promote E-cadherin degradation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22102. [PMID: 21765937 PMCID: PMC3134485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cas scaffolding proteins (NEDD9/HEF1/CAS-L, BCAR1/p130Cas, EFSSIN, and HEPL/CASS4) regulate cell migration, division and survival, and are often deregulated in cancer. High BCAR1 expression is linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, while upregulation of NEDD9 contributes to the metastatic behavior of melanoma and glioblastoma cells. Our recent work knocking out the single Drosophila Cas protein, Dcas, identified a genetic interaction with E-cadherin. As E-cadherin is often downregulated during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) prior to metastasis, if such an activity was conserved in mammals it might partially explain how Cas proteins promote aggressive tumor behavior. We here establish that Cas proteins negatively regulate E-cadherin expression in human mammary cells. Cas proteins do not affect E-cadherin transcription, but rather, BCAR1 and NEDD9 signal through SRC to promote E-cadherin removal from the cell membrane and lysosomal degradation. We also find mammary tumors arising in MMTV-polyoma virus T-antigen mice have enhanced junctional E-cadherin in a Nedd9−/− background. Cumulatively, these results suggest a new role for Cas proteins in cell-cell adhesion signaling in cancer.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu X, Ruan Y, Cheng F, Yu W, Zhang X, Larré S. p130Cas, E-cadherin and β-catenin in human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: expression and clinicopathological significance. Int J Urol 2011; 18:630-7. [PMID: 21672035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of junction protein, p130 Crk-associated substance (p130Cas), and adhesion molecules, E-cadherin and β-catenin, on the biological behavior of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS In 72 paraffin embedded specimens of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 20 normal controls, the expression of p130Cas, E-cadherin and β-catenin was examined by quantum dot-based immunofluorescence histochemistry (QD-IHC) and conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS QD-IHC was consistent with IHC in detecting the expression of the three molecules (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). The positive expression rate of p130Cas in bladder cancer tissues increased more significantly than that in normal bladder tissues (P < 0.001). Similarly, the aberrant expression rates of E-cadherin and β-catenin in bladder cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in normal bladder tissues (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). The expression of each molecule was correlated with tumor pathological grade and clinical stage (P < 0.05 for all comparisons), but not with tumor number and size (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). Furthermore, negative correlations were found between the expression intensities of p130Cas and E-cadherin or β-catenin in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS p130Cas, E-cadherin and β-catenin might represent useful predictors of malignant degree of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Hu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Identification of BCAR-1 as a new substrate of Syk tyrosine kinase through a determination of amino acid sequence preferences surrounding the substrate tyrosine residue. Immunol Lett 2010; 135:151-7. [PMID: 21047529 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Syk, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is an essential signaling molecule in B cells and other hematopoietic cells. Recently, its unexpected diverse functions were recognized in the regulation of cellular adhesion, innate immune recognition, vascular development, and carcinogenesis. Despite its pleiotropic role, only a few substrate proteins have been identified. To find new substrate proteins for Syk, we performed a systemic in vitro kinase assay using GST fusion peptides to determine the substrate specificity surrounding the tyrosine residue to be phosphorylated. Substitution of amino acid residues surrounding tyrosine 178 of BLNK, a principal Syk substrate in B cell receptor-mediated signaling, revealed that acidic residues at sites -5 to -1 were necessary for phosphorylation by Syk. Valine at site +1 was also influential in phosphorylation and a substitution of Pro on site +3 to a basic amino acid residue, Lys, resulted in attenuated phosphorylation. On the basis of these results, a general consensus phosphorylation motif for Syk was determined and several new candidate target proteins were identified in protein database searches. Of the candidate proteins, BCAR-1 (breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1) was confirmed to be phosphorylated by Syk in an in vitro kinase assay using a full-length protein of BCAR-1. Furthermore, BCAR-1 was tyrosine phosphorylated upon the overexpression of Syk in HEK-293T cells. These results suggest that more Syk substrates can be found using an in vitro kinase approach and show for the first time that BCAR-1 is a physiological substrate of Syk.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tornillo G, Bisaro B, Camacho-Leal MDP, Galiè M, Provero P, Di Stefano P, Turco E, Defilippi P, Cabodi S. p130Cas promotes invasiveness of three-dimensional ErbB2-transformed mammary acinar structures by enhanced activation of mTOR/p70S6K and Rac1. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:237-48. [PMID: 20961652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbB2 over-expression is detected in approximately 25% of invasive breast cancers and is strongly associated with poor patient survival. We have previously demonstrated that p130Cas adaptor is a crucial mediator of ErbB2 transformation. Here, we analysed the molecular mechanisms through which p130Cas controls ErbB2-dependent invasion in three-dimensional cultures of mammary epithelial cells. Concomitant p130Cas over-expression and ErbB2 activation enhance PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 MAPK signalling pathways and promote invasion of mammary acini. By using pharmacological inhibitors, we demonstrate that both signalling cascades are required for the invasive behaviour of p130Cas over-expressing and ErbB2 activated acini. Erk1/2 MAPK and PI3K/Akt signalling triggers invasion through distinct downstream effectors involving mTOR/p70S6K and Rac1 activation, respectively. Moreover, in silico analyses indicate that p130Cas expression in ErbB2 positive human breast cancers significantly correlates with higher risk to develop distant metastasis, thus underlying the value of the p130Cas/ErbB2 synergism in regulating breast cancer invasion. In conclusion, high levels of p130Cas favour progression of ErbB2-transformed cells towards an invasive phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tornillo
- Molecular Biology Center, Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tikhmyanova N, Tulin AV, Roegiers F, Golemis EA. Dcas supports cell polarization and cell-cell adhesion complexes in development. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12369. [PMID: 20808771 PMCID: PMC2927436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Cas proteins regulate cell migration, division and survival, and are often deregulated in cancer. However, the presence of four paralogous Cas family members in mammals (BCAR1/p130Cas, EFS/Sin1, NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L, and CASS4/HEPL) has limited their analysis in development. We deleted the single Drosophila Cas gene, Dcas, to probe the developmental function of Dcas. Loss of Dcas had limited effect on embryonal development. However, we found that Dcas is an important modulator of the severity of the developmental phenotypes of mutations affecting integrins (If and mew) and their downstream effectors Fak56D or Src42A. Strikingly, embryonic lethal Fak56D-Dcas double mutant embryos had extensive cell polarity defects, including mislocalization and reduced expression of E-cadherin. Further genetic analysis established that loss of Dcas modified the embryonal lethal phenotypes of embryos with mutations in E-cadherin (Shg) or its signaling partners p120- and beta-catenin (Arm). These results support an important role for Cas proteins in cell-cell adhesion signaling in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Tikhmyanova
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexei V. Tulin
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fabrice Roegiers
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tikhmyanova N, Little JL, Golemis EA. CAS proteins in normal and pathological cell growth control. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1025-48. [PMID: 19937461 PMCID: PMC2836406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the CAS (Crk-associated substrate) family (BCAR1/p130Cas, NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L, EFS/SIN and CASS4/HEPL) are integral players in normal and pathological cell biology. CAS proteins act as scaffolds to regulate protein complexes controlling migration and chemotaxis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation, and have more recently been linked to a role in progenitor cell function. Reflecting these complex functions, over-expression of CAS proteins has now been strongly linked to poor prognosis and increased metastasis in cancer, as well as resistance to first-line chemotherapeutics in multiple tumor types including breast and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma. Further, CAS proteins have also been linked to additional pathological conditions including inflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as developmental defects. This review will explore the roles of the CAS proteins in normal and pathological states in the context of the many mechanistic insights into CAS protein function that have emerged in the past decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Tikhmyanova
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Joy L. Little
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cunningham-Edmondson AC, Hanks SK. p130Cas substrate domain signaling promotes migration, invasion, and survival of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2009; 1:39-52. [PMID: 24367162 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s6255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated Src tyrosine kinase activity is commonly observed in breast cancer and likely contributes to neoplasia and malignancy. p130Cas ("Crk-associated substrate") is a major Src substrate found at the sites where integrins mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Src phosphorylates multiple tyrosines in the p130Cas "substrate domain" (SD) and this signaling event has been implicated in the promotion of cell motility, primarily from studies on fibroblasts. In breast cancer, studies on p130Cas have focused on its role in conferring antiestrogen resistance to cells that express the estrogen receptor (ER+). However, little is known regarding the role of p130Cas in the more aggressive estrogen receptor negative (ER-) breast cancers for which there is a need for development of effective targeted therapies. We found high levels of p130Cas SD tyrosine phosphorylation to be a common characteristic of ER- breast cancer cell lines, with particularly high levels observed for the BT-549 cell line. Using RNA interference to knock down p130Cas expression in BT-549 cells, combined with rescue by WT p130Cas versus a signaling-deficient control, we provide evidence that p130Cas SD tyrosine phosphorylation is an important signaling event in the migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival of this ER-breast cancer cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Cunningham-Edmondson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Steven K Hanks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Endocrine therapies targeting oestrogen action (anti-oestrogens, such as tamoxifen, and aromatase inhibitors) decrease mortality from breast cancer, but their efficacy is limited by intrinsic and acquired therapeutic resistance. Candidate molecular biomarkers and gene expression signatures of tamoxifen response emphasize the importance of deregulation of proliferation and survival signalling in endocrine resistance. However, definition of the specific genetic lesions and molecular processes that determine clinical endocrine resistance is incomplete. The development of large-scale computational and genetic approaches offers the promise of identifying the mediators of endocrine resistance that may be exploited as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers of response in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Musgrove
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Soni S, Lin BT, August A, Nicholson RI, Kirsch KH. Expression of a phosphorylated p130(Cas) substrate domain attenuates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt survival pathway in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:364-75. [PMID: 19330798 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of p130(Cas)/BCAR1 (breast cancer anti estrogen resistance 1) in human breast tumors is a marker of poor prognosis and poor overall survival. Specifically, p130(Cas) signaling has been associated with antiestrogen resistance, for which the mechanism is currently unknown. TAM-R cells, which were established by long-term exposure of estrogen (E(2))-dependent MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen, displayed elevated levels of total and activated p130(Cas). Here we have investigated the effects of p130(Cas) inhibition on growth factor signaling in tamoxifen resistance. To inhibit p130(Cas), a phosphorylated substrate domain of p130(Cas), that acts as a dominant-negative (DN) p130(Cas) molecule by blocking signal transduction downstream of the p130(Cas) substrate domain, as well as knockdown by siRNA was employed. Interference with p130(Cas) signaling/expression induced morphological changes, which were consistent with a more epithelial-like phenotype. The phenotypic reversion was accompanied by reduced migration, attenuation of the ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways, and induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis was accompanied by downregulation of the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Importantly, these changes re-sensitized TAM-R cells to tamoxifen treatment by inducing cell death. Therefore, our findings suggest that targeting the product of the BCAR1 gene by a peptide which mimics the phosphorylated substrate domain may provide a new molecular avenue for treatment of antiestrogen resistant breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fox EM, Andrade J, Shupnik MA. Novel actions of estrogen to promote proliferation: integration of cytoplasmic and nuclear pathways. Steroids 2009; 74:622-7. [PMID: 18996136 PMCID: PMC2702758 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Both steroids and growth factors stimulate proliferation of steroid-dependent tumor cells, and interaction between these signaling pathways occurs at several levels. Steroid receptors are classified as ligand-activated transcription factors, and steps by which they activate target gene transcription are well understood. Several steroid responses have now been functionally linked to other intracellular signaling pathways, including c-Src or tyrosine kinase receptors. Steroids such as 17beta-estradiol (E2), via binding to cytoplasmic or membrane-associated receptors, were also shown to rapidly activate intracellular signaling cascades such as ERK, PI3K and STATs. These E2-stimulated phosphorylations can then contribute to altered tumor cell function. ER-positive breast cancer cells, in which proliferation is stimulated by E2 and suppressed by antiestrogens, have been of particular interest in dissecting nuclear and cytoplasmic roles of estrogen receptors (ER). In some cell contexts, ER interacts directly with the intracellular tyrosine kinase c-Src and other cytoplasmic signaling and adaptor molecules, such as Shc, PI3K, MNAR, and p130 Cas. Although the hierarchy among these associations is not known, it is clear that c-Src plays a fundamental role in both growth factor and E2-stimulated cell growth, and this may also require other growth factor receptors such as those for EGF or IGF-1. STAT transcription factors represent one pathway to integrate E2 cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling. STAT5 is phosphorylated in the cytoplasm at an activating tyrosine in response to E2 or EGF, and then is translocated to the nucleus to stimulate target gene transcription. E2 stimulates recruitment of STAT5 and ER to the promoter of several proliferative genes, and STAT5 knockdown prevents recruitment of either protein to these promoters. STAT5 activation by E2 in breast cancer cells requires c-Src and EGF receptor, and inhibition of c-Src or EGFR, or knockdown of STAT5, prevents E2 stimulation of several genes and breast cancer cell proliferation. Hyperactivation of the growth factor receptor-c-Src pathway can in some contexts decrease growth responses to E2, or render cells and tumors resistant to suppressive actions of endocrine therapies. Crosstalk between growth factors and steroids in both the cytoplasm and nucleus may thus have a profound impact on complex biological processes such as cell growth, and may play a significant role in the treatment of steroid-dependent breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Josefa Andrade
- Department of, Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Margaret A. Shupnik
- Department of, Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kool J, Berns A. High-throughput insertional mutagenesis screens in mice to identify oncogenic networks. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:389-99. [PMID: 19461666 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral insertional mutagenesis screens have been used for many years as a tool for cancer gene discovery. In recent years, completion of the mouse genome sequence as well as improved technologies for cloning and sequencing of retroviral insertions have greatly facilitated the retrieval of more complete data sets from these screens. The concomitant increase of the size of the screens allows researchers to address new questions about the genes and signalling networks involved in tumour development. In addition, the development of new insertional mutagenesis tools such as DNA transposons enables screens for cancer genes in tissues that previously could not be analysed by retroviral insertional mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Kool
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Cancer Genomics Centre, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The substrate domain of BCAR1 is essential for anti-estrogen-resistant proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:401-8. [PMID: 19412734 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To unravel the mechanisms underlying failure of endocrine therapy of breast cancer, we have previously executed a functional genetic screen and identified the adaptor protein BCAR1 to be causative for tamoxifen resistance. As a consequence of the manifold of interactions with other proteins, we characterized the contribution of individual protein domains of BCAR1 to anti-estrogen-resistant proliferation of human breast cancer cells. We took advantage of the observation that the closely related family member HEF1 was unable to support long-term anti-estrogen-resistant cell proliferation. Chimerical proteins containing defined domains of BCAR1 and HEF1 were evaluated for anti-estrogen-resistant growth. Exchange of the SH3 and C-terminal domains did not modify the capacity to support cell proliferation. Full support of anti-estrogen resistant proliferation was observed for chimerical molecules containing the central part of BCAR1. The bi-partite SRC-binding site or the Serine-rich domain did not explain the differential capacity of BCAR1. These findings indicate that the differences between BCAR1 and HEF1 with respect to support of anti-estrogen resistance reside in the substrate domain which contains multiple sites for tyrosine phosphorylation. The crucial interactions required for anti-estrogen resistance occur within the substrate domain of BCAR1. Further deciphering of these interactions may resolve the growth regulatory mechanism and provide an explanation for the observation that primary tumors with high levels of BCAR1 are likely to fail on tamoxifen therapy. This information may also help to devise alternative personalized treatment strategies with improved outcome for breast cancer patients.
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang PS, Chou FS, Porchia L, Saji M, Pinzone JJ. Troglitazone inhibits cell migration, adhesion, and spreading by modulating cytoskeletal rearrangement in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:905-15. [PMID: 18314876 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic tumors are the primary cause of death in patients with breast cancer. Recent data indicate that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), possess anti-invasive activities on human breast cancer cells. However, the effects of TZDs on other metastatic properties of breast cancer cells such as adhesion, spreading, and migration are not well established. In this study, we show that troglitazone (TG), a member of the TZD family, inhibits lamellipodia formation or membrane ruffling as well as actin polymerization at these structures in MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells. In addition, TG reduces migration, adhesion, and spreading on fibronectin (FN)-coated plates. These phenomena were associated with the dramatic decrease of Tyr397 and Tyr576 phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the detergent-insoluble Rac1. We also found that TG upregulates Tyr416 phosphorylation of Src, but downregulates the Src-FAK complex. Moreover, we use a PPARgamma-inactive derivative of TG (STG28) and a PPARgamma antagonist (GW9662) to eliminate PPARgamma-mediated effects. We found that treatment with STG28 or GW9662 plus TG showed similar effects compared to TG treatment alone on tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and Src, indicating that these effects are not the result of PPARgamma activation. Interestingly, we found that TG upregulates actin filament assembly at the point of cell-cell contact in T47D cells, indicating that TG may also upregulate cell-cell adhesion in breast cancer cells which express E-cadherin. These results suggested that TG should be investigated further for its therapeutic potential in metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
van Agthoven T, Sieuwerts AM, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Look MP, Smid M, Veldscholte J, Sleijfer S, Foekens JA, Dorssers LCJ. Relevance of breast cancer antiestrogen resistance genes in human breast cancer progression and tamoxifen resistance. J Clin Oncol 2008; 27:542-9. [PMID: 19075277 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously identified a set of breast cancer antiestrogen resistance (BCAR) genes causing estrogen independence and tamoxifen resistance in vitro using a functional genetic screen. Here, we explored whether these BCAR genes provide predictive value for tamoxifen resistance and prognostic information for tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS mRNA levels of 10 BCAR genes (AKT1, AKT2, BCAR1, BCAR3, EGFR, ERBB2, GRB7, SRC, TLE3, and TRERF1) were measured in estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Normalized mRNA levels were evaluated for association with progression-free survival (PFS) in 242 patients receiving tamoxifen as first-line monotherapy for recurrent disease, and with distant metastasis-free survival (MFS) in 413 lymph node-negative (LNN) primary breast cancer patients who did not receive systemic adjuvant therapy. RESULTS Concerning tamoxifen resistance, BCAR3, ERBB2, GRB7, and TLE3 mRNA levels were predictive for PFS, independent of traditional predictive factors. By combining GRB7 (or ERBB2) and TLE3 mRNA levels, patients could be classified in three subgroups with distinct PFS. For the evaluation of tumor aggressiveness, AKT2, EGFR, and TRERF1 mRNA levels were all significantly associated with MFS, independent of traditional prognostic factors. Using the combined AKT2 and EGFR mRNA status, four prognostic groups were identified with different MFS outcomes. CONCLUSION The majority of BCAR genes, which were revealed to confer tamoxifen resistance and estrogen independence in vitro by functional screening, have clinical relevance, and associate with tamoxifen resistance and/or tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ton van Agthoven
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Genomics Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ta HQ, Thomas KS, Schrecengost RS, Bouton AH. A novel association between p130Cas and resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug adriamycin in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8796-804. [PMID: 18974122 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy remains a major obstacle for the treatment of breast cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) of resistance is crucial for the development of new effective therapies to treat this disease. This study examines the putative role of p130(Cas) (Cas) in resistance to the cytotoxic agent Adriamycin. High expression of Cas in primary breast tumors is associated with the failure to respond to the antiestrogen tamoxifen and poor prognosis, highlighting the potential clinical importance of this molecule. Here, we show a novel association between Cas and resistance to Adriamycin. We show that Cas overexpression renders MCF-7 breast cancer cells less sensitive to the growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of Adriamycin. The catalytic activity of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src, but not the epidermal growth factor receptor, is critical for Cas-mediated protection from Adriamycin-induced death. The phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) is elevated in Cas-overexpressing cells treated with Adriamycin, whereas expression of the proapoptotic protein Bak is decreased. Conversely, Cas depletion in the more resistant T47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines increases sensitivity to Adriamycin. Based on these data, we propose that Cas activates growth and survival pathways regulated by c-Src, Akt, and ERK1/2 that lead to the inhibition of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in the presence of Adriamycin. Because Cas is frequently expressed at high levels in breast cancers, these findings raise the possibility of resensitizing Cas-overexpressing tumors to chemotherapy through perturbation of Cas signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q Ta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhao Y, Min C, Vora SR, Trackman PC, Sonenshein GE, Kirsch KH. The lysyl oxidase pro-peptide attenuates fibronectin-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase and p130Cas in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1385-93. [PMID: 19029090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802612200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene encodes an enzyme (LOX) critical for extracellular matrix maturation. The LOX gene has also been shown to inhibit the transforming activity of Ras oncogene signaling. In particular, the pro-peptide domain (LOX-PP) released from the secreted precursor protein (Pro-LOX) was found to inhibit the transformed phenotype of breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer cells. However, the mechanisms of action of LOX-PP remained to be determined. Here, the ability of LOX-PP to attenuate the integrin signaling pathway, which leads to phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and the activation of its downstream target p130Cas, was determined. In NF639 breast cancer cells driven by Her-2/neu, which signals via Ras, ectopic Pro-LOX and LOX-PP expression inhibited fibronectin-stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Importantly, phosphorylation of FAK on Tyr-397 and Tyr-576, and p130Cas were substantially reduced. The amount of endogenous p130Cas in the Triton X-100-insoluble protein fraction, and fibronectin-activated haptotaxis were decreased. Interestingly, expression of mature LOX enzyme enhanced fibronectin-stimulated integrin signaling. Of note, treatment with recombinant LOX-PP selectively reduced fibronectin-mediated haptotaxis of NF639, MDA-MB-231, and Hs578T breast cancer cells. Thus, evidence is provided that one mechanism of action of LOX-PP tumor suppression is to block fibronectin-stimulated signaling and cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingshe Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fox EM, Bernaciak TM, Wen J, Weaver AM, Shupnik MA, Silva CM. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b, c-Src, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling play integral roles in estrogen-stimulated proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:1781-96. [PMID: 18550772 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
17beta-Estradiol (E2) acts through the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) to stimulate breast cancer proliferation. Here, we investigated the functional relationship between ERalpha and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5b activity in ER+ MCF-7 and T47D human breast cancer cells after specific knockdown of STAT5b. STAT5b small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited E2-induced bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in both cell lines, as well as the E2-induced increase in MCF-7 cell number, cyclin D1 and c-myc mRNA, and cyclin D1 protein expression, indicating that STAT5b is required for E2-stimulated breast cancer proliferation. E2 treatment stimulated STAT5b tyrosine phosphorylation at the activating tyrosine Y699, resulting in increased STAT5-mediated transcriptional activity, which was inhibited by a Y669F STAT5b mutant. E2-induced STAT5-mediated transcriptional activity was inhibited by overexpressing a kinase-defective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), or the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG1478, indicating a requirement for EGFR kinase activity. Both E2-induced STAT5b tyrosine phosphorylation and STAT5-mediated transcription were also inhibited by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 and the c-Src inhibitor PP2, indicating additional requirements for the ER and c-Src kinase activity. EGFR and c-Src kinase activities were also required for E2-induced cyclin D1 and c-myc mRNA. Together, these studies demonstrate positive cross talk between ER, c-Src, EGFR, and STAT5b in ER+ breast cancer cells. Increased EGFR and c-Src signaling is associated with tamoxifen resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells. Here we show that constitutively active STAT5b not only increased basal DNA synthesis, but also conferred tamoxifen resistance. Because STAT5b plays an integral role in E2-stimulated proliferation and tamoxifen resistance, it may be an effective therapeutic target in ER+ breast tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
SNIP/p140Cap mRNA expression is an unfavourable prognostic factor in breast cancer and is not expressed in normal breast tissue. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1641-5. [PMID: 18475297 PMCID: PMC2391132 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and clinical relevance of SNIP/p140Cap has not been extensively investigated. Here SNIP/p140Cap mRNA expression was studied in 103 breast tumour biopsies, where it was detected in approximately 37% of tumour specimens, but not in any normal breast specimens. Expression correlated significantly with unfavourable overall survival. This suggests that SNIP/p140Cap may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for breast cancer and its expression in breast cancer, but not in normal breast tissue, suggests that it may have potential as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|