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Tarharoudi R, Sari S, Sakhaee F, Vaziri F, Rahimi Jamnani F, Siadat SD, Fateh A. BK polyomavirus in Iranian patients with papillary thyroid cancer: Is it a major future challenge? J Med Virol 2022; 94:6023-6027. [PMID: 35927225 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a well-known cause of nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. It has recently received much attention from researchers as a major predisposing factor for various cancers. This study aimed to investigate how BKPyV affected the advancement of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A total of 1057 samples were tested for BKPyV DNA and RNA, comprising 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS), 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS), and 1057 adjacent noncancerous samples. The BKPyV DNA was found in 511 (48.3%) of the specimens, including 347 (84.2%) FBS and 164 (25.4%) PEBS. The mean BKPyV copy number was significantly lower in patients with PEBS (0.5 × 10-4 ± 0.1 × 10-4 copies/cell) than in FBS (1.3 × 10-1 ± 0.2 × 10-1 copies/cell) and non-PTC normal samples (0.3 × 10-5 ± 0.04 × 10-5 copies/cell). The PEBS had lower LT-Ag RNA expression than FBS, and no VP1 gene transcript expression was detected. In conclusion, although our findings indicated the presence of BKPyV in some Iranian PTC patients, more research is needed to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Tarharoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soyar Sari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Viral Agents as Potential Drivers of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Tumorigenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102105. [DOI: 10.3390/v14102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous causative agents recognized as oncogenic drivers, 13% of total cancer cases occur as a result of viral infections. The intricacy and diversity of carcinogenic processes, however, raise significant concerns about the mechanistic function of viruses in cancer. All tumor-associated viruses have been shown to encode viral oncogenes with a potential for cell transformation and the development of malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Given the difficulties in identifying single mechanistic explanations, it is necessary to combine ideas from systems biology and viral evolution to comprehend the processes driving viral cancer. The potential for more efficient and acceptable therapies lies in targeted medicines that aim at viral proteins or trigger immune responses to either avoid infection or eliminate infected or cancerous cells. In this review, we aim to describe the role of viral infections and their mechanistic approaches in DLBCL tumorigenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review summarizing the oncogenic potential of numerous viral agents in DLBCL development.
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Dynamic expression of JC virus in urine and its relationship to serostatus. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 41:101972. [PMID: 32135498 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding the daily shedding of JC virus (JCV) in urine and its correlation with serum JCV antibody levels. METHODS The dynamic expression of JCV in urine and its correlation with JCV antibody status in patients receiving disease modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis were examined in a longitudinal case-control study. JCV antibody index levels were determined using a two-step ELISA (Stratify). JCV shedding in urine samples was determined by quantitative PCR during two 30-day study periods separated by intervals of at least 6 months. RESULTS Of 42 study subjects (57% female; ages 22-56, average age 39.6 years), 27 (64.3%) were JCV antibody positive (index >0.40) at initial urine collection. Twelve seropositive subjects (44.4%) had detectable JCV in their urine with values ranging from 290 to 5.08 × 108 copies/mL. Daily viral shedding in these patients remained fairly constant throughout the study. Urinary JCV shedding was not detected in any JCV antibody index negative or indeterminate subject. In JCV urinary shedders, the average JCV antibody index was 2.69 (range 1.67-3.57). The average anti-JCV antibody index for the remaining JCV seropositive individuals without viral urinary shedding was 1.35 (range 0.46-3.91). CONCLUSION MS patients displayed a consistent pattern of JCV shedding over days and months in which higher levels of viruria appeared to have driven higher levels of JCV antibody index. The findings provide additional insights into the dynamic expression of JCV and host response; however, studies in larger populations and of longer duration will be needed to determine their significance to the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
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Esmailzadeh N, Ranaee M, Alizadeh A, Khademian A, Saber Amoli S, Sadeghi F. Presence of JC Polyomavirus in Nonneoplastic Inflamed Colon Mucosa and Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest Tumors 2019; 7:30-40. [PMID: 32399463 DOI: 10.1159/000504293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite decades of epidemiologic and histopathologic investigations, the association between JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infection and colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. Objective This study tested the presence of JCPyV sequences and determined the viral load in a series of colorectal samples from Iranian patients. In total, 223 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from patients diagnosed with primary and metastatic CRC as well as with nonneoplastic inflamed colon mucosa were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR for the presence of JCPyV large tumor antigen (LT-Ag) sequences. Results JCPyV LT-Ag sequences were detected in 18.6% of the CRC tissues and in 15.5% of the nonneoplastic control group. Viral LT-Ag was quantified in 18/100 primary colon adenocarcinomas, 2/10 metastatic adenocarcinomas, and 1/3 primary adenocarcinomas of the rectum. Two JCPyV-positive metastatic tumors presented a negative test result for JCPyV in the corresponding primary tumor. The median JCPyV LT-Ag copy number was 64 × 10<sup>-2</sup> per cell and 14 × 10<sup>-2</sup> per cell in the CRC cases and the nonneoplastic samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two study groups regarding median LT-Ag DNA load (p = 0.059). Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the LT-Ag DNA load was higher in 2 metastatic tumors (from a patient with lung metastasis: 232 × 10<sup>-2</sup> copies per cell; from a patient with liver metastasis: 121 × 10<sup>-2</sup> copies per cell). Conclusions The detection of JCPyV DNA at low copy numbers (lower than 1 viral copy per cell equivalent) and the absence of viral sequences in the corresponding primary tumors of the JCPyV-positive metastatic samples weaken the hypothesis of an etiological role of JCPyV in primary CRC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Esmailzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ahad Alizadeh
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aynaz Khademian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saghar Saber Amoli
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Campbell GR, Bruckman RS, Chu YL, Trout RN, Spector SA. SMAC Mimetics Induce Autophagy-Dependent Apoptosis of HIV-1-Infected Resting Memory CD4+ T Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:689-702.e7. [PMID: 30344003 PMCID: PMC6250054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells (TCM) are a major reservoir of latent HIV infection. We hypothesized that latent HIV-TCM cells are maintained by aberrant expression of cell survival factors, including XIAP, BIRC2/cIAP1, and beclin-1. DIABLO/SMAC mimetics are therapeutic agents that compromise cell survival by hijacking host apoptotic machinery. We found that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics (birinapant, GDC-0152, and embelin) selectively kill HIV-TCM without increasing virus production or targeting uninfected TCM. Treatment of HIV-TCM with DIABLO/SMAC mimetics promoted XIAP and BIRC2 degradation, which triggered autophagy and the formation of a cell death complex consisting of pro-apoptotic (FADD, RIPK1, RIPK3, and caspase 8) and autophagy (ATG5, ATG7, and SQSTM1) proteins. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy induction, but not autophagy-mediated degradation, abrogated this interaction and subsequent cell death. Our findings identify a mechanism whereby DIABLO/SMAC mimetics exploit autophagy and apoptotic machinery to selectively induce killing of HIV-TCM without viral reactivation while sparing uninfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rachel S Bruckman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yen-Lin Chu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rodney N Trout
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Yazdani Cherati A, Yahyapour Y, Ranaee M, Rajabnia M, Shokri Shirvani J, Hajiahmadi M, Sadeghi F. No Evidence for an Association between JC Polyomavirus Infection and Gastroduodenal Diseases. Gastrointest Tumors 2018; 5:47-53. [PMID: 30574481 DOI: 10.1159/000489928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is one of the hypothesized infectious etiologies of gastric cancer (GC) and other gastroduodenal diseases. It was suggested that other infectious agents, including oncogenic viruses, may increase the risk of gastroduodenal diseases. A number of reports regarding JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) have shown that JCPyV could be implicated in colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Objective The current investigation aimed to investigate whether JCPyV could have any association with the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases either alone or together with HP. Methods A total of 237 fresh or formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded gastroduodenal samples were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the JCPyV large tumor antigen (LTag) oncogene, and viral load was determined as viral copy number/cell. Results In total, 2 out of 237 samples (0.8%) were positive for JCPyV LTag DNA. One positive sample derived from diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (6.8 × 10-3 copies/cell) and other JCPyV-positive sample obtained from a patient with gastritis (2.5 × 10-3 copies/cell) were recorded. Both JCPyV-positive samples were negative for HP infection. Conclusion This study suggests no association between JCPyV infection and GC or other gastroduodenal diseases. The very low frequency of JCPyV LTag sequences in GC is an important aspect that weakens the hypothesis of the pathogenic role of JCPyV in gastric tumor induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rajabnia
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Javad Shokri Shirvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hajiahmadi
- Department of Community Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Cuceu C, Hempel WM, Sabatier L, Bosq J, Carde P, M'kacher R. Chromosomal Instability in Hodgkin Lymphoma: An In-Depth Review and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040091. [PMID: 29587466 PMCID: PMC5923346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), with its unique microenvironment and long-term follow-up, has provided exceptional insights into several areas of tumor biology. Findings in HL have not only improved our understanding of human carcinogenesis, but have also pioneered its translation into the clinics. HL is a successful paradigm of modern treatment strategies. Nonetheless, approximately 15–20% of patients with advanced stage HL still die following relapse or progressive disease and a similar proportion of patients are over-treated, leading to treatment-related late sequelae, including solid tumors and organ dysfunction. The malignant cells in HL are characterized by a highly altered genomic landscape with a wide spectrum of genomic alterations, including somatic mutations, copy number alterations, complex chromosomal rearrangements, and aneuploidy. Here, we review the chromosomal instability mechanisms in HL, starting with the cellular origin of neoplastic cells and the mechanisms supporting HL pathogenesis, focusing particularly on the role of the microenvironment, including the influence of viruses and macrophages on the induction of chromosomal instability in HL. We discuss the emerging possibilities to exploit these aberrations as prognostic biomarkers and guides for personalized patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Cuceu
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Oncology and PROCyTOX, DRF, CEA, 91534 Paris-Saclay, France.
| | - William M Hempel
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Oncology and PROCyTOX, DRF, CEA, 91534 Paris-Saclay, France.
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Oncology and PROCyTOX, DRF, CEA, 91534 Paris-Saclay, France.
| | - Jacques Bosq
- Departement of Anapathology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | - Patrice Carde
- Department of Hematology Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France.
| | - Radhia M'kacher
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Oncology and PROCyTOX, DRF, CEA, 91534 Paris-Saclay, France.
- Cell Environment, DNA damages R&D, Oncology section, 75020 Paris, France.
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Zerbe CS, Marciano BE, Katial RK, Santos CB, Adamo N, Hsu AP, Hanks ME, Darnell DN, Quezado MM, Frein C, Barnhart LA, Anderson VL, Uzel G, Freeman AF, Lisco A, Nath A, Major EO, Sampaio EP, Holland SM. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Primary Immune Deficiencies: Stat1 Gain of Function and Review of the Literature. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:986-94. [PMID: 26743090 PMCID: PMC4803104 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, severe, otherwise fatal viral infection of the white matter of the brain caused by the polyomavirus JC virus, which typically occurs only in immunocompromised patients. One patient with dominant gain-of-function (GOF) mutation in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and PML was reported previously. We aim to identify the molecular defect in 3 patients with PML and to review the literature on PML in primary immune defects (PIDs). METHODS STAT1 was sequenced in 3 patients with PML. U3C cell lines were transfected with STAT1 and assays to search for STAT1 phosphorylation, transcriptional response, and target gene expression were performed. RESULTS We identified 3 new unrelated cases of PML in patients with GOF STAT1 mutations, including the novel STAT1 mutation, L400Q. These STAT1 mutations caused delayed STAT1 dephosphorylation and enhanced interferon-gamma-driven responses. In our review of the literature regarding PML in primary immune deficiencies we found 26 cases, only 54% of which were molecularly characterized, the remainder being syndromically diagnosed only. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of PML in 4 cases of STAT1 GOF suggests that STAT1 plays a critical role in the control of JC virus in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa S Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beatriz E Marciano
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rohit K Katial
- National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver
| | - Carah B Santos
- National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver
| | - Nick Adamo
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary E Hanks
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dirk N Darnell
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha M Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Cathleen Frein
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick
| | - Lisa A Barnhart
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Victoria L Anderson
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Eugene O Major
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth P Sampaio
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Eftimov T, Enchev Y, Tsekov I, Simeonov P, Kalvatchev Z, Encheva E. JC polyomavirus in the aetiology and pathophysiology of glial tumours. Neurosurg Rev 2015; 39:47-53. [PMID: 26560882 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-015-0676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial brain tumours with their poor prognosis, limited treatment modalities and unclear detailed pathophysiology represent a significant health concern. The purpose of the current study was to investigate and describe the possible role of the human polyomavirus JC as an underlying cancerogenic or co-cancerogenic factor in the complex processes of glial tumour induction and development. Samples from 101 patients with glial tumours were obtained during neurosurgical tumour resection. Small tissue pieces were taken from several areas of the histologically verified solid tumour core. Biopsies were used for DNA extraction and subsequent amplification reactions of sequences from the JC viral genome. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for detection and quantification of its non-coding control region (NCCR) and gene encoding the regulatory protein Large T antigen (LT). An average of 37.6% of all patients was found to be LT positive, whereas only 6.9% tested positive for NCCR. The analysis of the results demonstrated significant variance between the determined LT prevalence and the rate for NCCR, with a low starting copy number in all positive samples and threshold cycles in the range of 36 to 42 representing viral load in the range from 10 to 1000 copies/μl. The results most probably indicate incomplete JC viral replication. Under such conditions, mutations in the host cell genome may be accumulated due to interference of the virus with the host cell machinery, and eventually malignant transformation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Eftimov
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yavor Enchev
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital "St. Marina", Medical University of Varna, 1 "Hristo Smirnenski" Boulevard, 9010, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Iliya Tsekov
- Center for Diagnosis and Analysis of Viruses and Viral Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Plamen Simeonov
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zlatko Kalvatchev
- Center for Diagnosis and Analysis of Viruses and Viral Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elitsa Encheva
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics and Radiotherapy, University Hospital "St. Marina", Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
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The Prognostic Role and Relationship between E2F1 and SV40 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Egyptian Patients. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:919834. [PMID: 26601052 PMCID: PMC4639641 DOI: 10.1155/2015/919834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of lymphomas worldwide. The pathogenesis of lymphomas is not yet well understood. SV40 induces malignant transformation by the large T-antigen (L-TAG) and promotes transformation by binding and inactivating p53 and pRb. L-TAG can bind pRb promoting the activation of the E2F1 transcription factor, thus inducing the expression of genes required for the entry to the S phase and leading to cell transformation. This immunohistochemical study was conducted to assess the prognostic role and relationship of SV40 L-TAG and E2F1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of Egyptian patients. This retrospective study was conducted on 105 tissue specimens including 20 follicular hyperplasia and 85 DLBCL cases. SV40 L-TAG was identified in 3/85 (4%) of DLBCL. High Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI) and apoptotic count were associated with high E2F1 expression (p<0.001 for all). No significant association was reached between E2F1 and SV40. E2F1 expression proved to be the most and first independent prognostic factor on overall survival of DLBCL patients (HR = 5.79, 95% CI = 2.3–14.6, and p<0.001). Upregulation of E2F1 has been implicated in oncogenesis, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response but is not seemingly to have a relationship with the accused SV40.
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11
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Tognon M, Luppi M, Corallini A, Taronna A, Barozzi P, Rotondo JC, Comar M, Casali MV, Bovenzi M, D'Agostino A, Vinante F, Rigo A, Ferrarini I, Barbanti-Brodano G, Martini F, Mazzoni E. Immunologic evidence of a strong association between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and simian virus 40. Cancer 2015; 121:2618-26. [PMID: 25877010 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), the most common cancer of the lymphatic system, is of unknown etiology. The identification of etiologic factors in the onset of NHL is a key event that could facilitate the prevention and cure of this malignancy. Simian virus 40 (SV40) has been considered an oncogenic agent in the onset/progression of NHL. METHODS In this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with 2 synthetic peptides that mimic SV40 antigens of viral capsid proteins 1 to 3 was employed to detect specific antibodies against SV40. Serum samples were taken from 2 distinct cohorts of NHL-affected patients (NHL1 [n = 89] and NHL2 [n = 61]) along with controls represented by oncologic patients affected by breast cancer (BC; n = 78) and undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (UNPC; n = 64) and 3 different cohorts of healthy subjects (HSs; HS1 [n = 130], HS2 [n = 83], and HS3 [n = 87]). RESULTS Immunologic data indicated that in serum samples from NHL patients, antibodies against SV40 mimotopes were detectable with a prevalence of 40% in NHL1 patients and with a prevalence of 43% in NHL2 patients. In HSs of the same median age as NHL patients, the prevalence was 16% for the HS1 group (57 years) and 14% for the HS2 group (65 years). The difference was statistically significant (P < .0001 and P < .001). Interestingly, the difference between NHL1/NHL2 patients and BC patients (40%/43% vs 15%, P < .001) and between NHL1/NHL2 patients and UNPC patients (40%/43% vs 25%, P < .05) was significant. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a strong association between NHL and SV40 and thus a need for innovative therapeutic approaches for this hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Tognon
- Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Section of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alfredo Corallini
- Section of Microbiology, Schools of Medicine and Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelo Taronna
- Section of Microbiology, Schools of Medicine and Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Section of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste Italy, and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Casali
- Hospital Headquarter Department, State Hospital, Institute for Social Security, San Marino, Republic of San Marino
| | - Massimo Bovenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Agostino
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vinante
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Isacco Ferrarini
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Fernanda Martini
- Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Sadeghi F, Salehi-Vaziri M, Ghodsi SM, Alizadeh A, Bokharaei-Salim F, Saroukalaei ST, Mirbolouk M, Monavari SH, Keyvani H. Prevalence of JC polyomavirus large T antigen sequences among Iranian patients with central nervous system tumors. Arch Virol 2014; 160:61-8. [PMID: 25218012 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The human neurotropic JC virus (JCV) is of significant interest due to its experimental neuro- oncogenic potential. In clinical samples from human central nervous system (CNS) tumors, detection of JCV sequences suggests a possible association with CNS neoplasms, but the results are discrepant worldwide. To assess the prevalence of JCV sequences in Iranian patients with primary and metastatic CNS malignancies, a total of 58 fresh CNS tumors were examined by quantitative real-time PCR targeting the JCV large T antigen (LT-Ag) gene, and JCV DNA load was determined as viral copy number per cell. All patients were immunocompetent, and none of them had received immunosuppressive therapy before surgical operation. JC virus LT-Ag sequences were found in a total of 15 (25.9 %) out of the 58 tested samples. In primary CNS tumors, JCV sequences were identified more frequently in meningiomas (50.0 %) and schwannomas (35.7 %). In metastatic CNS tumors, JCV LT-Ag was identified in one case with brain adenocarcinoma originating from lung cancer. No statistically significant association between JCV positivity and various types of CNS malignancies was observed (P = 0.565). The mean JCV LT-Ag copy number in 15 positive cases was 1.8 × 10(-4) ± 4.5 × 10(-4) copies per cell (range 1.0 × 10(-5)-1.78 × 10(-3) copies per cell). An inverse correlation between white blood cell (WBC) count and JCV copy number was observed, but this correlation was not statistically significant (R = -0.198, P = 0.480). This study provides the first data on the prevalence of JCV in primary and metastatic CNS tumors from Iranian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Moens U, Van Ghelue M, Ehlers B. Are human polyomaviruses co-factors for cancers induced by other oncoviruses? Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:343-60. [PMID: 24888895 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Presently, 12 human polyomaviruses are known: BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), JCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV and HPyV12. In addition, the non-human primate polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) seems to circulate in the human population. MCPyV was first described in 2008 and is now accepted to be an etiological factor in about 80% of the rare but aggressive skin cancer Merkel cell carcinoma. SV40, BKPyV and JCPyV or part of their genomes can transform cells, including human cells, and induce tumours in animal models. Moreover, DNA and RNA sequences and proteins of these three viruses have been discovered in tumour tissue. Despite these observations, their role in cancer remains controversial. So far, an association between cancer and the other human polyomaviruses is lacking. Because human polyomavirus DNA has been found in a broad spectrum of cell types, simultaneous dwelling with other oncogenic viruses is possible. Co-infecting human polyomaviruses may therefore act as a co-factor in the development of cancer, including those induced by other oncoviruses. Reviewing studies that report co-infection with human polyomaviruses and other tumour viruses in cancer tissue fail to detect a clear link between co-infection and cancer. Directions for future studies to elaborate on a possible auxiliary role of human polyomaviruses in cancer are suggested, and the mechanisms by which human polyomaviruses may synergize with other viruses in oncogenic transformation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Tromsø, Norway
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14
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Engels EA. Cancer risk associated with receipt of vaccines contaminated with simian virus 40: epidemiologic research. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:197-206. [PMID: 15889993 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus (SV)40 was an accidental contaminant of poliovirus vaccines used widely in the USA and other countries in 1955-1962. Exposure to SV40 via contaminated vaccines has led to concern as SV40 causes cancer in laboratory animals. In addition, some laboratories, although not all, have detected SV40 DNA in human tumors including mesothelioma, certain brain tumors, osteosarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This article reviews the data regarding contamination of poliovirus vaccines with SV40 and summarizes the results from epidemiologic studies of vaccine recipients. Long-term follow-up studies have not revealed recipients of SV40-contaminated poliovirus vaccines to be at an increased risk for cancer. Thus, these studies are somewhat reassuring and indicate that either SV40 does not readily infect humans or, following infection, does not cause cancer. Recognizing that the history of SV40 contamination of vaccines highlights an inherent risk of contamination of vaccines with adventitious agents, the Institute of Medicine recently called for the development of a comprehensive US plan to prevent vaccine contamination and respond to potential contamination events when they arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd, EPS 8010 Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Yin CC, Jones D. Molecular approaches towards characterization, monitoring and targeting of viral-associated hematological malignancies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 6:831-41. [PMID: 17140370 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.6.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Viral-associated malignancies usually arise in the setting of altered immunity or with declines in immune function associated with aging. The main culprits are the lymphotropic herpesvirus, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus-8, which are the focus of this review. Chronic persistent infection and viral reactivation are the main risk factors for development of herpesvirus-associated malignancies and have provided the rationale for intensive monitoring of viral loads in some clinical contexts. Quantitative detection of EBV levels in the post-transplant period and following treatment of EBV-associated malignancies now have a proven role in outcome prediction. Both T-cell immunotherapy and humoral immunotherapies directed against latent viral antigens represent promising interventional approaches to treatment of viral-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cameron Yin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Hematopathology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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16
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Berger JR, Houff SA, Gurwell J, Vega N, Miller CS, Danaher RJ. JC virus antibody status underestimates infection rates. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:84-90. [PMID: 23526716 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE JC virus (JCV) seropositivity is a risk factor for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients on natalizumab. Accordingly, the JCV serological antibody test is of paramount importance in determining disease risk. METHODS We tested the accuracy of the JCV serum antibody test by comparing the results of JCV serology to JCV viruria and viremia in 67 patients enrolled in a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Bodily fluids (urine and blood) were assessed for JCV DNA by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction 6 to 47 months (mean = 26.1 months) before JCV antibody testing. In 10 individuals, blood and urine samples were obtained on 2 separate occasions at 6-month intervals. RESULTS Forty (59.7%) of the 67 patients were JCV seropositive. Of 27 JCV seronegative patients, 10 (37%) had JCV viruria. Urine JCV DNA copy numbers were significantly higher in the seropositive group (mean log copy number = 5.93, range = 1.85-9.21) than the seronegative group (mean log copy number = 2.41, range = 1.85-5.43; p = 0.0026). Considering all body fluid test results, 50 (74.6%) of the 67 patients were previously infected with JCV. INTERPRETATION The false-negative rate of the JCV serology in this study was 37%; therefore, JCV serostatus does not appear to identify all patients infected with JCV. Thus, a negative JCV antibody result should not be conflated with absence of JCV infection. This discordance may be important in understanding JCV biology, risk for PML, and PML pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, and, Lexington, KY
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17
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Alaribe FN, Mazzoni E, Rigolin GM, Rizzotto L, Maniero S, Pancaldi C, Manfrini M, Martini F, Tognon MG. Extended lifespan of normal human B lymphocytes experimentally infected by SV40 or transfected by SV40 large T antigen expression vector. Leuk Res 2013; 37:681-9. [PMID: 23473917 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SV40 footprints were detected in different lymphoproliferative disorders and in blood specimens of healthy donors. However, little is known on the ability of SV40 to infect/transform normal human B-lymphocytes. In this in vitro study, experimental SV40 infection and SV40 Tag transfection of normal human B-lymphocytes from healthy blood donors were carried out. In SV40 infected/transfected purified B-cells, during the time course analyses, viral DNA sequences were detected by PCR, while Tag mRNA and protein were revealed by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Trypan blue and Alamar blue assays showed an increase in number of cells and cell viability of infected/transfected B-cells up to day 50, then a drastic and constant cell number reduction was observed in cultures. Approximately 50% of both infected and transfected B-cells appeared morphologically transformed. SV40 viral progeny and its titer from infected B-cells was determined by plaque assay in permissive CV-1 cells. Our data indicate that human B-cells can be efficiently infected by SV40, release a viral progeny, while at the same time are transformed. SV40 infected/Tag transfected B-cells may represent an experimental model of study for investigating new biomarkers and targets for innovative therapeutic approaches in human B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Nneka Alaribe
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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18
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Miller CS, Houff SA, Hopper J, Danaher RJ, Gurwell JA, Lin Y, Vega N, Berger JR. Disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis and JC virus expression. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:411-5. [PMID: 22585288 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis (MS) occurred in two individuals also treated with interferon β1a, raising concerns about the interaction of these disease-modifying agents and leading to the recommendation to avoid their concomitant administration. However, type I interferons are antiviral. Using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection and quantification of the John Cunningham virus (JCV), DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and urine in MS patients, we tested the hypothesis that MS disease-modifying drugs (DMD) qualitatively and quantitatively alter JCV prevalence and viral copy numbers. Two hundred thirty-nine patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study in which blood and urine specimens were collected at a single time and 37 newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve MS patients were enrolled in a longitudinal study in which specimens were obtained at diagnosis and 6 months after treatment initiation. JCV DNA was detected in PBMCs of only two patients (0.07 %), but was commonly detected in the urine (46.8 %) in this population. There was no effect of DMDs on blood or urinary JCV prevalence or viral copy numbers with either glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) or interferon-β therapy (Avonex®, Betaseron®, or Rebif®). The small number of patients on other therapies precluded meaningful comment about their effects. No obvious effect of the platform DMDs on JCV prevalence was observed even for the interferon-βs.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Glatiramer Acetate
- Humans
- Interferon-beta/therapeutic use
- JC Virus/drug effects
- JC Virus/genetics
- JC Virus/growth & development
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/blood
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/drug therapy
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/urine
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Sclerosis/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/urine
- Multiple Sclerosis/virology
- Natalizumab
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Miller
- College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0284, USA
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19
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Tsekov I, Ferdinandov D, Bussarsky V, Hristova S, Kalvatchev Z. Prevalence of JC polyomavirus genomic sequences from the large T-antigen and non-coding control regions among Bulgarian patients with primary brain tumors. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1608-13. [PMID: 21739452 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A total of 111 fresh brain biopsies from patients with primary brain tumors were examined for JC polyomavirus sequences from the Large T antigen encoding region (LT) and the viral non-coding control region (NCCR). SYBR Green and TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used. In the glioblastoma group of 39 patients 48.7% were positive for LT sequences. Among the astrocytoma group (19 patients) and the oligodendroglioma group (12 patients) 31.6% and 33.3% were also positive. The prevalence of LT genomic sequences among the other groups was as follows: in 2 out of 3 oligoastrocytomas; in 3 out 5 gangliogliomas; in 2 out of 5 meduloblastomas; in 1 out 3 pineocytomas; and in none of the tested 5 ependimomas. All positive samples had a late threshold cycle that varied from 36 to 49, indicative of very low starting viral number. Only 21 of all the 111 samples were positive for NCCR. Low copy number in range of 10-1,000 was present. Notably, only 8 of all NCCR positive specimens were also LT positive. It might be suggested that the disproportion between the results for LT and NCCR is either due to clonally integrated LT fragments, with loss of genetic material, or changes in the NCCR. The latter would alter the productive course of the infection and may establish a premise for continuous interaction of viral regulatory proteins with cell molecules that are responsible for the control of the cell cycle. This may lead subsequently to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya Tsekov
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Virology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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20
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Tsekov I, Ferdinandov D, Hristova S, Stoyanova D, Kacarov K, Kalvatchev Z. Application of Real-Time PCR Technlogies for Analysis of JCV as a Human Cancerogen. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2011. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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21
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Erlandsson L, Nielsen LP, Fomsgaard A. Amp-PCR: combining a random unbiased Phi29-amplification with a specific real-time PCR, performed in one tube to increase PCR sensitivity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15719. [PMID: 21209824 PMCID: PMC3013126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical situations where a diagnostic real-time PCR assay is not sensitive enough, leading to low or falsely negative results, or where detection earlier in a disease progression would benefit the patient, an unbiased pre-amplification prior to the real-time PCR could be beneficial. In Amp-PCR, an unbiased random Phi29 pre-amplification is combined with a specific real-time PCR reaction. The two reactions are separated physically by a wax-layer (AmpliWax®) and are run in sequel in the same sealed tube. Amp-PCR can increase the specific PCR signal at least 100×106-fold and make it possible to detect positive samples normally under the detection limit of the specific real-time PCR. The risk of contamination is eliminated and Amp-PCR could replace nested-PCR in situations where increased sensitivity is needed e.g. in routine PCR diagnostic analysis. We show Amp-PCR to work on clinical samples containing circular and linear viral dsDNA genomes, but can work well on DNA of any origin, both from non-cellular (virus) and cellular sources (bacteria, archae, eukaryotes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Erlandsson
- Virus Research and Development, Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Borissov K, Tsekov I, Gavazova R, Kalvatchev Z, Argirova R. Do human polyoma viruses and human immunodeficiency virus share common co-receptors? J Med Virol 2010; 82:8-13. [PMID: 19950235 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host and/or viral factors involved in human polyomavirus (HPoV) infection in persons living with HIV remain unknown. A hypothesis is outlined suggesting the importance of the co-receptors CCR5, CCR2, and CXCR4 not only for HIV, but also for HPoV. Functionally capable receptors coded by wild-type (wt) genotypes could facilitate internalization of HPoV in the cell resulting in brain and/or kidney infection/s in HIV infected individuals. Forty-nine Bulgarians with HIV, all treated by HAART, without neurological and/or kidney disorders, were tested for JCV and BKV and genotyped for CCR5 (CCR5del32), CCR2 (CCR2-64I), and CXCR4 (SDF1-3'A). In 27/49 (55.1%) individuals a co-infection with HPoV was identified-BKV in 12/49 (24.5%), JCV-in another 12/49 (24.5%), and both viruses-in 3/49 (6.1%). A high frequency of wt CCR5 was found in patients with HPoV (91.7% for BKV and JCV and in 100% with both viruses). V/V of CCR2 was presented in 75% for BKV and JCV and in 66.7% for BKV plus JCV. SDF1-3'G/G predominated in JCV infected patients (75%), while G/A and A/A genotypes were more frequent in patients with BKV (41.7%). Also, 21/22 (95.4%) persons without HPoV infection were heterozygous for SDF1 and CCR2. The number of individuals bearing wt of all co-receptors in the group of persons not infected with HPoV was lower (P = 0.03) than that with polymorphism/s in one or two genes (SDF1 and CCR2) in the same group. The results suggest a probable role of co-receptors used by HIV to facilitate infection with HPoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin Borissov
- Department of Virology, Laboratory of Retroviruses, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
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23
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Variable frequency of polyomavirus SV40 and herpesvirus EBV in lymphomas from two different urban population groups in Houston, TX. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:154-60. [PMID: 19631582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported differing frequencies of detection of polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) in association with human lymphomas. OBJECTIVE We addressed the hypothesis that SV40 positivity in lymphomas can vary among sampled populations. STUDY DESIGN Archival paraffin-embedded lymphoma specimens (n=171) from patients at two urban hospitals in Houston, TX, USA, were analyzed following a cross-sectional study design. Extracted DNAs were characterized by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the cellular RNase P gene and for SV40 and herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) sequences. RESULTS Patient characteristics of the two study populations differed significantly whereas the classification of tumor types studied did not. SV40 DNA was detected more frequently in lymphomas from the public hospital population (10/44, 23%) than in lymphomas from the veterans' hospital (VAMC) (4/127, 3%; P<0.0001). EBV detection in lymphomas also differed between the two groups (17/44, 39% vs. 23/127, 18%; P=0.01). SV40 positivity was associated with a younger age category of VAMC lymphoma patients (P=0.02). Expression of T-antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in half of lymphomas that contained SV40 DNA. Variation was observed in the quality and quantity of DNA recovered from paraffin-embedded specimens, but there was no difference in recoveries of DNA from samples from the two hospitals. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that, in a direct comparison, the prevalence of SV40 DNA in lymphomas can differ significantly between groups with different demographic distributions.
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24
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Chen PM, Yen CC, Yang MH, Poh SB, Hsiao LT, Wang WS, Lin PC, Lee MY, Teng HW, Bai LY, Chu CJ, Chao SC, Yang AH, Chiou TJ, Liu JH, Chao TC. High Prevalence of SV40 Infection in Patients with Nodal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma But Not Acute Leukemia Independent of Contaminated Polio Vaccines in Taiwan. Cancer Invest 2009; 24:223-8. [PMID: 16809147 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600629609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have linked simian virus 40 (SV40) to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), especially in countries in which people were exposed to contaminated polio vaccines prior to 1963. In Taiwan, nearly all children were not exposed to contaminated polio vaccine during this period; the relationship between SV40 infection and hematological malignancies is unclear and deserves to be studied. Using PCR amplification of SV40 large T antigen DNA, confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and sequence analysis, 91 frozen lymph nodes from NHL patients were examined. Thirteen (14.3 percent) showed positive for SV40. All other test samples, including diagnostic bone marrow from patients with acute leukemia, peripheral blood from 10 relatives of SV40 positive-patients and 91 age-matched normal volunteers, and 5 reactive hyperplastic lymphoid tissues, showed negative. These results may reflect that human-to-human transmission of SV40 is independent of contaminated polio vaccines; and SV40 is possibly associated with the development of NHL in Taiwan (p = 0.0001). Prospective studies are needed to determine the prevalence of SV40 infections in our and other human populations and to explore the means of transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Min Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Kim YA, Chang M, Paik J, Yoon SO, Jeon YK, Kim CW, Kim JE. Detection of SV40 Large T Antigen in Malignant Lymphomas. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.4.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - MeeSoo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Och Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Woo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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26
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McNees AL, Vilchez RA, Heard TC, Sroller V, Wong C, Herron AJ, Hamilton MJ, Davis WC, Butel JS. SV40 lymphomagenesis in Syrian golden hamsters. Virology 2008; 384:114-24. [PMID: 19038412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) isolates differ in oncogenic potential in Syrian golden hamsters following intraperitoneal inoculation. Here we describe the effect of intravenous exposure on tumor induction by SV40. Strains SVCPC (simple regulatory region) and VA45-54(2E) (complex regulatory region) were highly oncogenic following intravenous inoculation, producing a spectrum of tumor types. Three lymphoma cell lines were established; all expressed SV40 T-antigen, were immortalized for growth in culture, and were tumorigenic following transplantation in vivo. New monoclonal antibodies directed against hamster lymphocyte surface antigens are described. The cell lines expressed MHC class II and macrophage markers and were highly phagocytic, indicating a histiocytic origin. Many hamsters that remained tumor-free developed SV40 T-antigen antibodies, suggesting that viral replication occurred. This study shows that route of exposure influences the pathogenesis of SV40-mediated carcinogenesis, that SV40 strain VA45-54(2E) is lymphomagenic in hamsters, that hamster lymphoid cells of histiocytic origin can be transformed in vivo and established in culture, and that reagents to hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L McNees
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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27
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Internally controlled triplex quantitative PCR assay for human polyomaviruses JC and BK. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2829-36. [PMID: 18614652 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00844-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a triplex TaqMan-based quantitative PCR assay for the human polyomaviruses JC (JCPyV) and BK (BKPyV). The assay simultaneously detects and quantifies both JCPyV and BKPyV in human clinical samples, and it includes an internal amplification control consisting of murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) plasmid DNA. We developed the assay for the Roche LightCycler 480 platform with the reporter dyes VIC, 6-FAM, and Cy5 for MuPyV, BKPyV, and JCPyV, respectively. The assay had a high specificity for BKPyV and JCPyV when either viral genome was present alone or in mixed samples over a range of 10(1) to 10(7) copy numbers per reaction. The analytical sensitivity was 50 copies for BKPyV and 10 copies for JCPyV. The use of the MuPyV internal control ensured monitoring of the quality of the extraction and of PCR inhibition, even in samples such as cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in which controls based on host genes cannot be effectively used. In addition, we developed a similar assay using a different dye configuration (6-FAM, VIC, and NED) that could be used on an ABI 7500 Fast platform. This assay had sensitivities similar to those of the LightCycler 480 configuration for BKPyV and JCPyV when either viral genome was present alone, but the sensitivity of detection of BKPyV was greatly decreased when an excess of JCPyV (>100-fold) was present in the sample. This internally controlled combined assay offers greater convenience and cost-effectiveness compared to separate assays for each virus and can also detect unexpected PyV activations by testing for both viruses in all samples.
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Zekri AR, Mohamed W, Bahnassy A, Refat L, Khaled M, Shalaby S, Hafez M. Detection of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in Egyptian patients with different hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48:1828-34. [PMID: 17786720 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701534408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SV40 DNA sequences have been detected in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. A link between SV40 and NHL is biologically plausible since SV40 causes hematological malignancies in laboratory rodents. We investigated 266 Egyptian cases of hematological malignancies (158 NHL, 54 HD, 26 ALL, 13 AML, 8 CLL, 7 CML) and 34 subjects as a control for detection of SV40 DNA using nested PCR. SV40 DNA sequences were found in (53.8%) of NHL, (29.6%) of HD and in (40.7%) of different types of leukemia cases. Frequency of SV40 DNA sequences was higher in NHL patients compared with those with the other tumors and control group (p < 0.05). The highest frequency was in Burkitt's lymphoma followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The present study suggests that SV40 is significantly associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and most probably acts as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of these tumors. This could lead to new diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approaches.
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Ziegler A, Seemayer CA, Hinterberger M, Vogt P, Bigosch C, Gautschi O, Tornillo L, Betticher DC, Moch H, Stahel RA. Low prevalence of SV40 in Swiss mesothelioma patients after elimination of false-positive PCR results. Lung Cancer 2007; 57:282-91. [PMID: 17513005 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The association of simian virus 40 (SV40) with malignant pleural mesothelioma is currently under debate. In some malignancies of viral aetiology, viral DNA can be detected in the patients' serum or plasma. To characterize the prevalence of SV40 in Swiss mesothelioma patients, we optimized a real-time PCR for quantitative detection of SV40 DNA in plasma, and used a monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemical detection of SV40 in mesothelioma tissue microarrays. Real-time PCR was linear over five orders of magnitude, and sensitive to a single gene copy. Repeat PCR determinations showed excellent reproducibility. However, SV40 status varied for independent DNA isolates of single samples. We noted that SV40 detection rates by PCR were drastically reduced by the implementation of strict room compartmentalization and decontamination procedures. Therefore, we systematically addressed common sources of contamination and found no cross-reactivity with DNA of other polyomaviruses. Contamination during PCR was rare and plasmid contamination was infrequent. SV40 DNA was reproducibly detected in only 4 of 78 (5.1%) plasma samples. SV40 DNA levels were low and not consistently observed in paired plasma and tumour samples from the same patient. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a weak but reproducible SV40 staining in 16 of 341 (4.7%) mesotheliomas. Our data support the occurrence of non-reproducible SV40 PCR amplifications and underscore the importance of proper sample handling and analysis. SV40 DNA and protein were found at low prevalence (5%) in plasma and tumour tissue, respectively. This suggests that SV40 does not appear to play a major role in the development of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Ziegler
- Clinic and Policlinic of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, University Hospital, Haeldeliweg 4, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Wilson KS, Freeland JML, Gallagher A, Cosby SL, Earle JAP, Alexander FE, Taylor GM, Jarrett RF. Measles virus and classical Hodgkin lymphoma: no evidence for a direct association. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:442-7. [PMID: 17390376 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cases are causally associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) but the aetiology of the remaining cases remains obscure. Over the last 3 decades several studies have found an association between HL and measles virus (MV) including a recent cohort study describing the detection of MV antigens in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, the tumour cells in HL. In the present study we looked at the relationship between history of MV infection and risk of developing HL in a population-based, case/control study of HL. In addition we used immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR to look for direct evidence of MV in HL biopsies. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cases reporting previous measles compared to controls in the entire data set or when young adults were considered separately. Using a robust immunohistochemical assay for MV infection, we failed to find evidence of MV in biopsies from 97 cases of HL and RT-PCR studies similarly gave negative results. This study therefore provides no evidence that MV is directly involved in the development of HL. However, when age at first reported MV infection was investigated, significant differences emerged with children infected before school-age having higher risk, especially of EBV-ve HL, when compared with children infected at older ages; the interpretation of these latter results is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wilson
- LRF Virus Centre, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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31
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Ahsan N, Shah KV. Polyomaviruses and human diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 577:1-18. [PMID: 16626024 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses, which are widespread in nature. In immunocompetent hosts, the viruses remain latent after primary infection. With few exceptions, illnesses associated with these viruses occur in times of immune compromise, especially in conditions that bring about T cell deficiency. The human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV are known to cause, respectively, hemorrhagic cystitis in recipients of bone marrow transplantation and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients, for example, by HIV infection. Recently, transplant nephropathy due to BKV infection has been increasingly recognized as the cause for renal allograft failure. Quantitation of polyomavirus DNA in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, identification of virus laden "decoy cells" in urine, and histopathologic demonstration of viral inclusions in the brain parenchyma and renal tubules are the applicable diagnostic methods. Genomic sequences of polyomaviruses have been reported to be associated with various neoplastic disorders and autoimmune conditions. While various antiviral agents have been tried to treat polyomavirus-related illnesses, current management aims at the modification and/or improvement in the hosts' immune status. In this chapter, we provide an overview of polyomaviruses and briefly introduce its association with human diseases, which will be covered extensively in other chapters by experts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimul Ahsan
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Transplant Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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32
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Wilson KS, Gallagher A, Freeland JML, Shield LA, Jarrett RF. Viruses and Hodgkin lymphoma: no evidence of polyomavirus genomes in tumor biopsies. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 47:1315-21. [PMID: 16923562 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500525789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of young adult Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) suggests that delayed exposure to a common childhood pathogen may be involved in disease pathogenesis. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a proportion of cases but cases of young adult HL in westernized countries are less frequently EBV-associated than cases in other age groups and geographical locales. This study investigated the possibility that polyomaviruses might be involved in the etiology of HL by analysing a series of 35 cases of classical HL using both specific and degenerate PCR assays for polyomavirus genomes. No positive results were obtained, indicating that it is highly unlikely that this virus family is directly involved in the pathogenesis of HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Wilson
- LRF Virus Centre, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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33
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Amara K, Trimeche M, Ziadi S, Laatiri A, Hachana M, Sriha B, Mokni M, Korbi S. Presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in Tunisia correlates with aberrant promoter hypermethylation of multiple tumor suppressor genes. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2693-702. [PMID: 17724719 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The simian virus SV40 (SV40), a potent DNA oncogenic polyomavirus, has been detected in several human tumors including lymphomas, mainly in diffuse large B-cell type (DLBCL). However, a causative role for this virus has not been convincingly established. Hypermethylation in promoter regions is a frequent process of silencing tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in cancers, which may be induced by oncogenic viruses. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the presence of SV40 DNA sequences and the methylation status of 13 TSGs in 108 DLBCLs and 60 nontumoral samples from Tunisia. SV40 DNA presence was investigated by PCR assays targeting the large T-antigen, the regulatory and the VP1 regions. Hypermethylation was carried out by methylation-specific PCR. SV40 DNA was detected in 63/108 (56%) of DLBCL and in 4/60 (6%) of nontumoral samples. Hypermethylation frequencies for the tested TSGs were 74% for DAPK, 70% for CDH1, SHP1, and GSTP1, 58% for p16, 54% for APC, 50% for p14, 39% for p15, 19% for RB1, 15% for BLU, 3% for p53, and 0% for p300 and MGMT. No hypermethylation was observed in nontumoral samples. Hypermethylation of SHP1, DAPK, CDH1, GSTP1 and p16 genes were significantly higher in SV40-positive than in SV40-negative DLBCL samples (p values ranging from 0.0006 to <0.0001). Our findings showed a high prevalence of SV40 DNA in DLBCLs in Tunisia. The significant association of promoter hypermethylation of multiple TSGs with the presence of SV40 DNA in DLBCLs supports a functional effect of the virus in those lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Repair/genetics
- DNA, Viral
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Simian virus 40
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tunisia
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Amara
- Laboratory of Pathology, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
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34
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Vilchez RA, Butel JS. Polyomavirus SV40 and AIDS-related systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 133:215-40. [PMID: 17672043 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46816-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regis A Vilchez
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Baylor-UTHouston Center for AIDS Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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35
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Fisher SG, Fisher RI. The emerging concept of antigen-driven lymphomas: epidemiology and treatment implications. Curr Opin Oncol 2006; 18:417-24. [PMID: 16894287 DOI: 10.1097/01.cco.0000239878.31463.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dramatic increases in the incidence of lymphomas worldwide have stimulated considerable efforts to identify factors that contribute to the etiology of this heterogeneous group of malignancies. The treatment and, ultimately, the prevention of lymphoma depend on our understanding of the complex interaction of exogenous agents with the molecular milieu which initiates and sustains a lymphoid malignancy. This review discusses the current evidence for the role of foreign or self antigens in the initiation of lymphomagenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have demonstrated an increased risk of lymphoma among individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions, persistent infections or immunodeficient states. Common to these clinical conditions is antigenic stimulation leading to an inflammatory cascade of cellular and cytokine reactions that may tax the host immune response, provoke tissue injury and eventually result in lymphoid neoplasia. SUMMARY Efforts to detect and suppress chronic, antigen-driven inflammation have suggested that neoplastic progression may often be interrupted and controlled. Elucidation of the etiologic mechanisms critical to the survival of these malignancies would provide promising alternatives for the prevention and treatment of some lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Fisher
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Community & Preventive Medicine and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as its global dramatic rise in incidence during the past decades, remains largely unexplained. However, there is increasing awareness that this group of malignancies may entail not only clinical, morphological and molecular heterogeneity, but also considerable variations in terms of etiologic factors. In this review, epidemiologic patterns are summarized as well as current evidence of associations between various known or suspected risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma overall or for any of its subtypes. Central pathogenetic mechanisms include immunosuppression, especially in relation to T-cell function and loss of control of latent EBV infection, and chronic antigen stimulation. Some degree of familiar aggregation also implies a role for genetic susceptibility. A number of recent investigations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma etiology will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the causes of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ekström-Smedby
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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Leithner K, Leithner A, Clar H, Weinhaeusel A, Radl R, Krippl P, Rehak P, Windhager R, Haas OA, Olschewski H. Mesothelioma mortality in Europe: impact of asbestos consumption and simian virus 40. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006; 1:44. [PMID: 17090323 PMCID: PMC1664552 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-1-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well established that asbestos is the most important cause of mesothelioma. The role of simian virus 40 (SV40) in mesothelioma development, on the other hand, remains controversial. This potential human oncogene has been introduced into various populations through contaminated polio vaccines. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the possible presence of SV40 in various European countries, as indicated either by molecular genetic evidence or previous exposure to SV40-contaminated vaccines, had any effect on pleural cancer rates in the respective countries. Methods We conducted a Medline search that covered the period from January 1969 to August 2005 for reports on the detection of SV40 DNA in human tissue samples. In addition, we collected all available information about the types of polio vaccines that had been used in these European countries and their SV40 contamination status. Results Our ecological analysis confirms that pleural cancer mortality in males, but not in females, correlates with the extent of asbestos exposure 25 – 30 years earlier. In contrast, neither the presence of SV40 DNA in tumor samples nor a previous vaccination exposure had any detectable influence on the cancer mortality rate in neither in males (asbestos-corrected rates) nor in females. Conclusion Using the currently existing data on SV40 prevalence, no association between SV40 prevalence and asbestos-corrected male pleural cancer can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Leithner
- Department of Pulmonology, University Clinic of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Clar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Roman Radl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Krippl
- Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Rehak
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Computing, Department of Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Oskar A Haas
- Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Department of Pulmonology, University Clinic of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The question of whether Simian Virus 40 (SV40) can cause human tumors has been one of the most highly controversial topics in cancer research during the last 50 years. The longstanding debate began with the discovery of SV40 as a contaminant in poliovirus vaccine stocks that were used to inoculate approximately 100 million children and adults in the United States between 1955 and 1963, and countless more throughout the world. Concerns regarding the potential health risk of SV40 exposure were reinforced by studies demonstrating SV40's potential to transform human cells and promote tumor growth in animal models. Many studies have attempted to assess the relationship between the potential exposure of humans to SV40 and cancer incidence. Reports of the detection of SV40 DNA in a variety of cancers have raised serious concerns as to whether the inadvertent inoculation with SV40 has led to the development of cancer in humans. However, inconsistent reports linking SV40 with various tumor types has led to conflicting views regarding the potential of SV40 as a human cancer virus. Several recent studies suggest that older detection methodologies were flawed, and the limitations of these methods could account for most, if not all, of the positive correlations of SV40 in human tumors to date. Although many people may have been exposed to SV40 by polio vaccination, there is inadequate evidence to support widespread SV40 infection in the population, increased tumor incidence in those individuals who received contaminated vaccine, or a direct role for SV40 in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Poulin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several viruses have been associated with lymphomageneisis. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients as well as some cases of Burkitt's lymphoma, some T and natural killer lymphomas and approximately 40% of cases of Hodgkin's disease. Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 and human herpes virus 8 genomes are also found in tumor cells in some types of lymphoma, while there are epidemiological data linking hepatitis C and lymphoma. The presence of the viral genome in all these malignancies offers the prospect for therapeutic interventions targeting virus-encoded proteins. RECENT FINDINGS Immunotherapy with antigen-specific T cells has efficacy in immunosuppressed patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoma and in some patients with Epstein-Barr virus-positive Hodgkin's disease. Preclinical studies are focusing on agents that block Epstein-Barr virus-encoded proteins or induce lytic cycle agents. In hepatitis C virus-positive lymphomas, responses have been reported with immune modulation. Increasing knowledge of cellular pathways modulated by viruses provides additional potential targets for therapy. SUMMARY While the contribution to oncogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus in B-cell lymphoproliferative disease arising in immunosuppressed patients is clear cut, its role and that of other viruses in lymphomagenesis is less clear in lymphomas developing in immunocompetent patients. The presence of viral genomes in these lymphomas, however, offers targets for intervention and approaches under evaluation include adoptive immunotherapy, interferon, and small molecules targeting aspects of virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Ahmed
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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40
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Paracchini V, Costa AN, Garte S, Taioli E. Role of simian virus 40 in cancer incidence in solid organ transplant patients. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1533-6. [PMID: 16622449 PMCID: PMC2361282 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplant recipients have an increased risk of developing cancer in comparison with the general population. We present here data on cancer development in transplanted subjects who received organs from donors whose DNA was previously examined for the genomic insertion of Simian Virus 40 (SV40). Active follow-up of 387 recipients of solid organs donated by 134 donors, not clinically affected by cancer, was performed through the National Transplant Center (NTC). The average length of follow-up after transplant was 671±219 days (range 0–1085 days). Out of 134 proposed donors, 120 were utilised for organ donation. Of these, 12 (10%) were classified as positive for SV40 genomic insertion. None of the 41 recipients of organs from SV40 positive donors developed a tumour during the follow-up. In all, 11 recipients of organs given by SV40 negative donors developed a tumour (cancer incidence: 0.015 per year). In conclusion, cancer rates observed in our study are comparable to what reported by the literature in transplanted patients. Recipients of solid organs from SV40 positive donors do not have an increased risk of cancer after transplant. The role of SV40 in carcinogenesis in transplanted patients may be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Paracchini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Fourth Floor, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - A Nanni Costa
- Italian National Transplant Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - S Garte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Fourth Floor, Pittsburgh PA, USA
- Genetics Research Institute ONLUS, Strada della Carità 10, 20135 Milano, Italy
| | - E Taioli
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Fourth Floor, Pittsburgh PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Fourth Floor, Pittsburgh PA, USA. E-mail:
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41
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Barbanti-Brodano G, Sabbioni S, Martini F, Negrini M, Corallini A, Tognon M. BK virus, JC virus and Simian Virus 40 infection in humans, and association with human tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:319-41. [PMID: 16626046 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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42
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Jarrett RF. Author's reply. J Pathol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/path.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Berger JR, Miller CS, Mootoor Y, Avdiushko SA, Kryscio RJ, Zhu H. JC virus detection in bodily fluids: clues to transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:e9-12. [PMID: 16758410 DOI: 10.1086/504947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus in saliva, oropharyngeal fluid, blood, and urine samples obtained from 58 human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons and 58 matched controls was investigated by performing quantitative polymerase chain reaction. JC virus was rarely present in oropharyngeal fluid and blood samples, even in those obtained from immunosuppressed individuals, but it was commonly detected in urine samples from both groups, suggesting that urine contributes to transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0284, USA.
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44
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Vilchez RA. Re: Jarrett. Viruses and lymphoma/leukaemia. J Pathol 2006;208:176-186. J Pathol 2006; 209:420-1; author reply 422-4. [PMID: 16639695 DOI: 10.1002/path.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Rollison DE, Engels EA, Halsey NA, Shah KV, Viscidi RP, Helzlsouer KJ. Prediagnostic Circulating Antibodies to JC and BK Human Polyomaviruses and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:543-50. [PMID: 16537714 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have been associated with increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We conducted a nested case-control study to investigate the association between prediagnostic serum antibodies to the human polyomaviruses, JC (JCV) and BK (BKV), and subsequent risk of NHL. Two research serum banks were established in Washington County, Maryland, in 1974 and 1989, with the collection of blood samples from >45,000 volunteers. Incident NHL cases diagnosed through 2002 (n = 170) were identified among participants by linkage to population-based cancer registries. Two controls were matched to each case (n = 340) on age, sex, and blood draw date. Prediagnostic IgG antibodies to JCV and BKV were measured using virus-like particle ELISA. Associations between JCV and BKV antibody seropositivity and NHL were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Overall, neither antibodies to JCV [odds ratio (OR), 0.83; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.56-1.23] nor BKV (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.64-1.48) were associated with an increased risk of NHL. Results were similar after stratification by NHL subtype or induction period and adjustment for EBV seropositivity. Among those who donated blood in both 1974 and 1989, an increase in JCV antibody levels over time was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of NHL compared with a steep decline in antibody levels (OR, 4.59; 95% CI, 1.30-16.25; P(trend) = 0.02). Whereas JCV seropositivity was not associated with NHL overall, the finding of an increased risk of NHL associated with increasing antibody levels among those who were seropositive at baseline warrants further research into factors influencing reactivation of JCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Rollison
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) includes a group of more than 20 different malignant lymphoproliferative diseases that originate from lymphocytes. Rates of NHL have increased dramatically over the past few decades, although the rate of increase has recently slowed. It is now the sixth most common cancer in Australia. Globally, it is somewhat more common in men than in women, and rates are highest in North America and Australia. The causes of the increase in NHL rates are largely unknown. The best described risk factor for NHL is immune deficiency; rates of NHL are greatly increased, with relative risks of 10-100 or more, in people with immune deficiency associated with immune suppressive therapy after transplantation, HIV/AIDS, and congenital conditions. In addition, some NHL subtypes are associated with specific infections. These include immune-deficiency-associated central nervous system NHL (Epstein-Barr virus); gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue NHL (Helicobacter pylori); adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1) and body cavity-based lymphoma (human herpesvirus 8). However, these specific infections account for a very small proportion of total NHL incidence. In addition to immune deficiency and infection, other immune-related conditions are increasingly being recognised as related to NHL risk. Specific autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythema, Sjogren's syndrome, psoriasis and coeliac disease are associated with moderately increased risk of NHL. On the other hand, allergic and atopic conditions and their correlates such as early birth order, appear to be associated with a decreased risk of NHL.A variety of other exposures are less strongly related to NHL risk. These include occupational exposures, including some pesticides, herbicides, and solvents. Recently, two studies have reported that sun exposure is associated with a decreased risk of NHL. Smoking appears to be weakly positively associated with risk of follicular NHL, and alcohol intake is associated with a decreased risk of NHL. The pooled analysis of several case-control studies of NHL risk that are currently in the field promises to help clarify which of these risk factors are real, and will contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms of how disorders of the immune system, and other factors, are related to NHL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Grulich
- HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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47
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Schüler F, Dölken SC, Hirt C, Dölken MT, Mentel R, Gürtler LG, Dölken G. No evidence for simian virus 40 DNA sequences in malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:498-504. [PMID: 16052520 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequences coding for simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen have been detected at different frequencies in human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) by PCR techniques as well as immunohistochemistry. A highly sensitive quantitative real-time PCR specific for a sequence of SV40 large T antigen was established to test whether SV40 DNA is present in malignant lymphomas of German patients. Thirty-three lymph node samples obtained from 27 patients with NHL and 6 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were tested in addition to 48 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from patients with NHL containing between 0.1% and >90% circulating lymphoma cells determined by PCR. Fourteen lymph nodes obtained from patients with other diseases than malignant lymphomas and 47 PBMNC samples from healthy volunteers served as controls. All samples from patients with malignant lymphomas and all controls were negative for SV40 DNA by quantitative real-time. In contrast, EBV-DNA could be detected in 29 of 46 DNA preparations isolated from lymph nodes (63%) and in 20 of 47 DNA preparations from PBMNC. EBV-positive samples contained between 5 and 80,000 EBV copies per 100,000 cells. Our results do not support the hypothesis that SV40 plays a major role in the etiology of malignant lymphomas and, in addition, they exclude a clonal SV 40 infection of malignant lymphoma cells in all samples investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schüler
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, Hematology/Oncology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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48
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Vilchez RA. Limitations of Epidemiological and Serologic Studies Addressing Simian Virus 40 and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Cancer Invest 2006; 24:333-6. [PMID: 16809164 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600634161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Abstract
An unknown proportion of formalin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine lots administered to millions of US residents between 1955 and 1963 was contaminated with small amounts of infectious simian virus 40 (SV40), a polyomavirus of the rhesus macaque. It has been reported that mesothelioma, brain tumors, osteosarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) contain SV40 DNA sequences and that SV40 infection introduced into humans by the vaccine probably contributed to the development of these cancers. The Immunization Safety Review Committee of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) reviewed this topic in 2002. The present review of recent studies showed that the earlier results describing the recovery of SV40 DNA sequences from a large proportion of the above tumors were not reproducible and that most studies were negative. Contamination with laboratory plasmids was identified as a possible source of false positive results in some previous studies. The low-level immunoreactivity of human sera to SV40 was very likely the result of cross-reactivity with antibodies to the SV40-related human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV, rather than of authentic SV40 infection. SV40 sero-reactivity in patients with the suspect tumors was no greater than that in controls. In epidemiologic studies, the increased incidence of some of the suspect tumors in the 1970s to 1980s was not related to the risk of exposure to SV40-contaminated vaccines. In summary, the most recent evidence does not support the notion that SV40 contributed to the development of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti V Shah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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50
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Engels EA. Does simian virus 40 cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma? A review of the laboratory and epidemiological evidence. Cancer Invest 2005; 23:529-36. [PMID: 16203661 DOI: 10.1080/07357900500202820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have reported the detection of DNA from simian virus 40 (SV40), a macaque polyomavirus, in tumor tissues obtained from non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients. SV40 accidentally contaminated poliovirus vaccines administered to millions of individuals in 1955-1962. A link between SV40 and NHL is biologically plausible because SV40 causes hematological malignancies in laboratory rodents. However, detection of SV40 DNA in human NHL tumors has not been confirmed by other laboratories. Casting doubt on an association between SV40 and NHL, follow-up studies of recipients of SV40-contaminated poliovirus vaccines have not revealed these individuals to be at increased risk of NHL. Furthermore, 2 recent case-control studies of NHL documented only infrequent SV40 antibody reactivity among NHL cases, and the prevalence of SV40 antibodies was similar in cases and controls. This review summarizes recent laboratory and epidemiological studies bearing on the question of whether SV40 is a cause of NHL in humans. The strengths and weaknesses of these data are discussed, and a framework for considering the collected evidence is presented. Many of the considerations raised in this review apply to the evaluation of data regarding other cancers, such as mesothelioma, brain tumors, and various sarcomas, for which an etiologic link with SV40 also has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Engels
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA.
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