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Wang J, Zhao X, Wang Q, Zheng X, Simayi D, Zhao J, Yang P, Mao Q, Xia H. FAM76B regulates PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-mediated M1 macrophage polarization by influencing the stability of PIK3CD mRNA. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:107. [PMID: 38421448 PMCID: PMC10904503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is closely related to inflammation development, yet how macrophages are polarized remains unclear. In our study, the number of M1 macrophages was markedly increased in Fam76b knockout U937 cells vs. wild-type U937 cells, and FAM76B expression was decreased in M1 macrophages induced from different sources of macrophages. Moreover, Fam76b knockout enhanced the mRNA and protein levels of M1 macrophage-associated marker genes. These results suggest that FAM76B inhibits M1 macrophage polarization. We then further explored the mechanism by which FAM76B regulates macrophage polarization. We found that FAM76B can regulate PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway-mediated M1 macrophage polarization by stabilizing PIK3CD mRNA. Finally, FAM76B was proven to protect against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in vivo. In summary, FAM76B regulates M1 macrophage polarization through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo, which may inform the development of future therapeutic strategies for IBD and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dilihumaer Simayi
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Yang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wang J, Gao H, Xie Y, Wang P, Li Y, Zhao J, Wang C, Ma X, Wang Y, Mao Q, Xia H. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammatory bowel disease by regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization via the STAT1 and STAT6 pathways. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1044576. [PMID: 37144216 PMCID: PMC10151498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1044576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of colonic homeostasis caused by aberrant M1/M2 macrophage polarization contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is the primary active constituent of traditional Chinese herbal Lycium barbarum L., which has been widely demonstrated to have important functions in regulating immune activity and anti-inflammatory. Thus, LBP may protect against IBD. To test this hypothesis, the DSS-induced colitis model was established in mice, then the mice were treated with LBP. The results indicated that LBP attenuated the weight loss, colon shortening, disease activity index (DAI), and histopathological scores of colon tissues in colitis mice, suggesting that LBP could protect against IBD. Besides, LBP decreased the number of M1 macrophages and the protein level of Nitric oxide synthase 2(NOS2) as a marker of M1 macrophages and enhanced the number of M2 macrophages and the protein level of Arginase 1(Arg-1) as a marker of M2 macrophages in colon tissues from mice with colitis, suggesting that LBP may protect against IBD by regulating macrophage polarization. Next, the mechanistic studies in RAW264.7 cells showed that LBP inhibited M1-like phenotype by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT1, and promoted M2-like phenotype by promoting the phosphorylation of STAT6. Finally, immunofluorescence double-staining results of colon tissues showed that LBP regulated STAT1 and STAT6 pathways in vivo. The results in the study demonstrated that LBP could protect against IBD by regulating macrophage polarization through the STAT1 and STAT6 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Huiying Gao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Haibin Xia, ,
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3
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Magaki SD, Vinters HV, Williams CK, Mareninov S, Khanlou N, Said J, Nemanim N, Gonzalez J, Morales JG, Singer EJ, Yong WH. Neuropathologic Findings in Elderly HIV-Positive Individuals. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:565-576. [PMID: 35656871 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly HIV-positive population is growing due to the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), but the effects of longstanding HIV infection on brain aging are unknown. A significant proportion of HIV-positive individuals develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) even on cART, but the pathogenesis of HAND is unknown. Although neuroinflammation is postulated to play an important role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), it is unclear whether HIV accelerates aging or increases the risk for AD. We examined the brains of 9 elderly HIV-positive subjects on cART without co-infection by hepatitis C virus compared to 7 elderly HIV-negative subjects. Microglial and astrocyte activation and AD pathologic change in association with systemic comorbidities and neurocognitive assessment were evaluated. There was no difference in microglial or astrocyte activation between our HIV-positive and HIV-negative cohorts. One HIV-positive subject and 2 HIV-negative subjects demonstrated significant amyloid deposition, predominantly in the form of diffuse senile plaques, but these individuals were cognitively normal. Neurofibrillary tangles were sparse in the HIV-positive cohort. There was a high prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in all subjects. These findings suggest that multiple factors likely contribute to aging and cognitive impairment in elderly HIV-positive individuals on cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino D Magaki
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Williams
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Mareninov
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Negar Khanlou
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Said
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Nemanim
- Department of Neurology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jose G Morales
- Department of Neurology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elyse J Singer
- Department of Neurology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Kawles A, Nishihira Y, Feldman A, Gill N, Minogue G, Keszycki R, Coventry C, Spencer C, Lilek J, Ajroud K, Coppola G, Rademakers R, Rogalski E, Weintraub S, Zhang H, Flanagan ME, Bigio EH, Mesulam MM, Geula C, Mao Q, Gefen T. Cortical and subcortical pathological burden and neuronal loss in an autopsy series of FTLD-TDP-type C. Brain 2022; 145:1069-1078. [PMID: 34919645 PMCID: PMC9050539 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The TDP-43 type C pathological form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration is characterized by the presence of immunoreactive TDP-43 short and long dystrophic neurites, neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, neuronal loss and gliosis and the absence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration-TDP-type C cases are commonly associated with the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia or behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Here, we provide detailed characterization of regional distributions of pathological TDP-43 and neuronal loss and gliosis in cortical and subcortical regions in 10 TDP-type C cases and investigate the relationship between inclusions and neuronal loss and gliosis. Specimens were obtained from the first 10 TDP-type C cases accessioned from the Northwestern Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia, n = 7; behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, n = 3). A total of 42 cortical (majority bilateral) and subcortical regions were immunostained with a phosphorylated TDP-43 antibody and/or stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Regions were evaluated for atrophy, and for long dystrophic neurites, short dystrophic neurites, neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, and neuronal loss and gliosis using a semiquantitative 5-point scale. We calculated a 'neuron-to-inclusion' score (TDP-type C mean score - neuronal loss and gliosis mean score) for each region per case to assess the relationship between TDP-type C inclusions and neuronal loss and gliosis. Primary progressive aphasia cases demonstrated leftward asymmetry of cortical atrophy consistent with the aphasic phenotype. We also observed abundant inclusions and neurodegeneration in both cortical and subcortical regions, with certain subcortical regions emerging as particularly vulnerable to dystrophic neurites (e.g. amygdala, caudate and putamen). Interestingly, linear mixed models showed that regions with lowest TDP-type C pathology had high neuronal dropout, and conversely, regions with abundant pathology displayed relatively preserved neuronal densities (P < 0.05). This inverse relationship between the extent of TDP-positive inclusions and neuronal loss may reflect a process whereby inclusions disappear as their associated neurons are lost. Together, these findings offer insight into the putative substrates of neurodegeneration in unique dementia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Kawles
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yasushi Nishihira
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Feldman
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nathan Gill
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Grace Minogue
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rachel Keszycki
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Coventry
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Callen Spencer
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jaclyn Lilek
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kaouther Ajroud
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Margaret E Flanagan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - M -Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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5
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Bhopatkar AA, Dhakal S, Abernathy HG, Morgan SE, Rangachari V. Charge and Redox States Modulate Granulin-TDP-43 Coacervation Toward Phase Separation or Aggregation. Biophys J 2022; 121:2107-2126. [PMID: 35490297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic inclusions containing aberrant proteolytic fragments of TDP-43 are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and other related pathologies. In FTLD, TDP-43 is translocated into the cytoplasm and proteolytically cleaved to generate a prion-like domain (PrLD) containing C-terminal fragments (C25 and C35) that form toxic inclusions. Under stress, TDP-43 partitions into membraneless organelles called stress granules (SGs) by coacervating with RNA and other proteins. To glean into the factors that influence the dynamics between these cytoplasmic foci, we investigated the effects of cysteine-rich granulins (GRNs 1-7), which are the proteolytic products of progranulin, a protein implicated in FTLD, on TDP-43. We show that extracellular GRNs, typically generated during inflammation, internalize and colocalize with PrLD as puncta in the cytoplasm of neuroblastoma cells but show less likelihood of their presence in SGs. In addition, we show GRNs and PrLD coacervate to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) or form gel- or solid-like aggregates. Using charge patterning and conserved cysteines among the wild-type GRNs as guides, along with specifically engineered mutants, we discover that the negative charges on GRNs drive LLPS while the positive charges and the redox state of cysteines modulate these phase transitions. Furthermore, RNA and GRNs compete and expel one another from PrLD condensates, providing a basis for GRN's absence in SGs. Together, the results help uncover potential modulatory mechanisms by which extracellular GRNs, formed during chronic inflammatory conditions, could internalize, and modulate cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions in proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Shailendra Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Hannah G Abernathy
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Vijay Rangachari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406;; Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406;.
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6
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Zheng X, Mi T, Wang R, Zhang Z, Li W, Zhao J, Yang P, Xia H, Mao Q. Progranulin deficiency promotes persistent neuroinflammation and causes regional pathology in the hippocampus following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2022; 70:1317-1336. [PMID: 35362178 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be progressive and can lead to the development of a long-term complication termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The mechanisms underlying the progressive changes are still unknown; however, studies have suggested that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in response to TBI may play a fundamental role. This study aimed to determine whether progranulin (PGRN), a major modulator of microglial activity, plays a role in the progressive damage following TBI. PGRN-deficient and wild-type mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact and were observed neuropathologically after 3 days, 7 days, and 5 months. Compared to sham and wild-type mice, the PGRN-deficient mice showed overall stronger microgliosis and astrocytosis. The astrocytosis involved broader areas than the microgliosis and was more prominent in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and internal capsule in PGRN-deficient mice. Ongoing neuronal death was uniquely observed in the hippocampal CA3 region of PGRN-deficient mice at 5 months after TBI, accompanying the regional chronic microgliosis and astrocytosis involving the CA3 commissural pathway. In addition, there was M1 microglial polarization in the pericontusional area with activated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling; however, the hippocampus showed only mild M1 polarization 7 days after TBI. Lastly, Morris water maze tests showed PGRN-deficient mice had poorer spatial learning and memory 5 months after TBI than wild-type or sham mice. The data indicated the PGRN deficiency caused TBI progression by promoting persistent microgliosis with microglial polarization and astrocytosis, as well as regional pathology in the hippocampus. The study suggests that PGRN should be evaluated as a potential therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Mi
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyan Yang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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7
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Dong T, Tejwani L, Jung Y, Kokubu H, Luttik K, Driessen TM, Lim J. Microglia regulate brain progranulin levels through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e136147. [PMID: 34618685 PMCID: PMC8663778 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in Granulin (GRN), which encodes the secreted glycoprotein progranulin (PGRN), are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and Alzheimer's disease. These genetic alterations manifest in pathological changes due to a reduction of PGRN expression; therefore, identifying factors that can modulate PGRN levels in vivo would enhance our understanding of PGRN in neurodegeneration and could reveal novel potential therapeutic targets. Here, we report that modulation of the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway via reduction of Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) in microglia, but not in neurons, can alter total brain Pgrn levels in mice. We demonstrate that Nlk reduction promotes Pgrn degradation by enhancing its trafficking through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway, specifically in microglia. Furthermore, genetic interaction studies in mice showed that Nlk heterozygosity in Grn haploinsufficient mice further reduces Pgrn levels and induces neuropathological phenotypes associated with PGRN deficiency. Our results reveal a mechanism for Pgrn level regulation in the brain through the active catabolism by microglia and provide insights into the pathophysiology of PGRN-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leon Tejwani
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Youngseob Jung
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kokubu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Luttik
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Janghoo Lim
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Islam MBAR, Davis BT, Kando MJ, Mao Q, Procissi D, Weiss C, Schwulst SJ. Differential neuropathology and functional outcome after equivalent traumatic brain injury in aged versus young adult mice. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113714. [PMID: 33831399 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CDC estimate that nearly 3 million Americans sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year. Even when medical comorbidities are accounted for, age is an independent risk factor for poor outcome after TBI. Nonetheless, few studies have examined the pathophysiology of age-linked biologic outcomes in TBI. We hypothesized that aged mice would demonstrate more severe neuropathology and greater functional deficits as compared to young adult mice after equivalent traumatic brain injuries. Young adult (14-week-old) and aged (80-week-old) C57BL/6 male mice underwent an open-head controlled cortical impact to induce TBI or a sham injury. At 30-days post-injury groups underwent behavioral phenotyping, magnetic resonance imaging, and histologic analyses. Contrary to our hypothesis, young adult TBI mice exhibited more severe neuropathology and greater loss of white matter connectivity as compared to aged mice after TBI. These findings correlated to differential functional outcomes in anxiety response, learning, and memory between young adult and aged mice after TBI. Although the mechanisms underlying this age-effect remain unclear, attenuated signs of secondary brain injury in aged TBI mice point towards different inflammatory and repair processes between age groups. These data suggest that age may need to be an a priori consideration in future clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mecca B A R Islam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Booker T Davis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mary J Kando
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Daniele Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Craig Weiss
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Steven J Schwulst
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Burbulla LF, Mc Donald JM, Valdez C, Gao F, Bigio EH, Krainc D. Modeling Brain Pathology of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Using Patient-Derived Neurons. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1022-1027. [PMID: 33438272 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disease that is also associated with progressive neurodegeneration. NPC shares many pathological features with Alzheimer's disease, including neurofibrillary tangles, axonal spheroids, β-amyloid deposition, and dystrophic neurites. Here, we examined if these pathological features could be detected in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from NPC patients. METHODS Brain tissues from 8 NPC patients and 5 controls were analyzed for histopathological and biochemical markers of pathology. To model disease in culture, iPSCs from NPC patients and controls were differentiated into cortical neurons. RESULTS We found hyperphosphorylated tau, altered processing of amyloid precursor protein, and increased Aβ42 in NPC postmortem brains and in iPSC-derived cortical neurons from NPC patients. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that the main pathogenic phenotypes typically found in NPC brains were also observed in patient-derived neurons, providing a useful model for further mechanistic and therapeutic studies of NPC. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica M Mc Donald
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Clarissa Valdez
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fanding Gao
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Zhou X, Kukar T, Rademakers R. Lysosomal Dysfunction and Other Pathomechanisms in FTLD: Evidence from Progranulin Genetics and Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1281:219-242. [PMID: 33433878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) were first identified as an important genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Due to the highly diverse biological functions of the progranulin (PGRN) protein, encoded by GRN, multiple possible disease mechanisms have been proposed. Early work focused on the neurotrophic properties of PGRN and its role in the inflammatory response. However, since the discovery of homozygous GRN mutations in patients with a lysosomal storage disorder, investigation into the possible roles of PGRN and its proteolytic cleavage products granulins, in lysosomal function and dysfunction, has taken center stage. In this chapter, we summarize the GRN mutational spectrum and its associated phenotypes followed by an in-depth discussion on the possible disease mechanisms implicated in FTLD-GRN. We conclude with key outstanding questions which urgently require answers to ensure safe and successful therapy development for GRN mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp-CDE, Antwerp, Belgium.
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11
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Li Y, Wang D, Li Y, Zhu J, Zhao J, Deng Y, Rogalski EJ, Bigio EH, Rademaker AW, Xia H, Mao Q. A Highly Sensitive Sandwich ELISA to Detect CSF Progranulin: A Potential Biomarker for CNS Disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:406-415. [PMID: 30939191 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) plays critical roles in inflammation, tumorigenesis, and neurodegeneration. PGRN levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are being increasingly investigated as potential biomarkers for these disorders. However, the value of CSF PGRN as a biomarker has been limited because currently available commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits have suboptimal sensitivity for detecting CSF PGRN. In this study, pairs of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were first screened from eleven monoclonal antiPGRN antibodies using indirect ELISA, then a sandwich ELISA was established using the 2 optimized MAbs. This system displayed high sensitivity, with a lower limit of detection of 60.0 pg/mL and a lower limit of quantification of 150 pg/mL. By using this ELISA system, we showed varied CSF PGRN levels in different brain disorders. For example, as compared with the normal controls, patients with Alzheimer disease or multiple sclerosis showed mildly increased CSF PGRN; those with aseptic encephalitis or neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus showed moderately increased CSF PGRN; those with bacterial leptomeningitis showed severely increased CSF PGRN. Additionally, determining CSF PGRN levels could monitor CNS metastasis and CSF seeding of carcinomas. These results indicate that this system can be valuable in studying the diagnostic and prognostic value of CSF PGRN in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ya Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiuling Zhu
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical School, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Emily J Rogalski
- Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alfred W Rademaker
- Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Bhopatkar AA, Uversky VN, Rangachari V. Granulins modulate liquid-liquid phase separation and aggregation of the prion-like C-terminal domain of the neurodegeneration-associated protein TDP-43. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2506-2519. [PMID: 31911437 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) has emerged as a key player in many neurodegenerative pathologies, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Hallmarks of both FTLD and ALS are the toxic cytoplasmic inclusions of the prion-like C-terminal fragments of TDP-43 CTD (TDP-43 C-terminal domain), formed upon proteolytic cleavage of full-length TDP-43 in the nucleus and subsequent transport to the cytoplasm. Both full-length TDP-43 and its CTD are also known to form stress granules by coacervating with RNA in the cytoplasm during stress and may be involved in these pathologies. Furthermore, mutations in the PGRN gene, leading to haploinsufficiency and diminished function of progranulin (PGRN) protein, are strongly linked to FTLD and ALS. Recent reports have indicated that proteolytic processing of PGRN to smaller protein modules called granulins (GRNs) contributes to FTLD and ALS progression, with specific GRNs exacerbating TDP-43-induced cytotoxicity. Here we investigated the interactions between the proteolytic products of both TDP-43 and PGRN. Based on structural disorder and charge distributions, we hypothesized that GRN-3 and GRN-5 could interact with the TDP-43 CTD. We show that, under both reducing and oxidizing conditions, GRN-3 and GRN-5 interact with and differentially modulate TDP-43 CTD aggregation and/or liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro GRN-3 promoted insoluble aggregates of the TDP-43 CTD while GRN-5 mediated liquid-liquid phase separation. These results constitute the first observation of an interaction between GRNs and TDP-43, suggesting a mechanism by which attenuated PGRN function could lead to familial FTLD or ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vijayaraghavan Rangachari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406.
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13
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Mendsaikhan A, Tooyama I, Bellier JP, Serrano GE, Sue LI, Lue LF, Beach TG, Walker DG. Characterization of lysosomal proteins Progranulin and Prosaposin and their interactions in Alzheimer's disease and aged brains: increased levels correlate with neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:215. [PMID: 31864418 PMCID: PMC6925443 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a protein encoded by the GRN gene with multiple identified functions including as a neurotrophic factor, tumorigenic growth factor, anti-inflammatory cytokine and regulator of lysosomal function. A single mutation in the human GRN gene resulting in reduced PGRN expression causes types of frontotemporal lobar degeneration resulting in frontotemporal dementia. Prosaposin (PSAP) is also a multifunctional neuroprotective secreted protein and regulator of lysosomal function. Interactions of PGRN and PSAP affect their functional properties. Their roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, have not been defined. In this report, we examined in detail the cellular expression of PGRN in middle temporal gyrus samples of a series of human brain cases (n = 45) staged for increasing plaque pathology. Immunohistochemistry showed PGRN expression in cortical neurons, microglia, cerebral vessels and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, while PSAP expression was mainly detected in neurons and Aβ plaques, and to a limited extent in astrocytes. We showed that there were increased levels of PGRN protein in AD cases and corresponding increased levels of PSAP. Levels of PGRN and PSAP protein positively correlated with amyloid beta (Aβ), with PGRN levels correlating with phosphorylated tau (serine 205) levels in these samples. Although PGRN colocalized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 in neurons, most PGRN associated with Aβ plaques did not. Aβ plaques with PGRN and PSAP deposits were identified in the low plaque non-demented cases suggesting this was an early event in plaque formation. We did not observe PGRN-positive neurofibrillary tangles. Co-immunoprecipitation studies of PGRN from brain samples identified only PSAP associated with PGRN, not sortilin or other known PGRN-binding proteins, under conditions used. Most PGRN associated with Aβ plaques were immunoreactive for PSAP showing a high degree of colocalization of these proteins that did not change between disease groups. As PGRN supplementation has been considered as a therapeutic approach for AD, the possible involvement of PGRN and PSAP interactions in AD pathology needs to be further considered.
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14
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Mao Q, Zheng X, Gefen T, Rogalski E, Spencer CL, Rademakers R, Fought AJ, Kohler M, Weintraub S, Xia H, Mesulam MM, Bigio EH. FTLD-TDP With and Without GRN Mutations Cause Different Patterns of CA1 Pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:844-853. [PMID: 31361008 PMCID: PMC7967835 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene lead to progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency and cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology type A (FTLD-TDP type A). PGRN is a highly conserved, secreted glycoprotein and functions in the central nervous system as a key modulator of microglial function. Hence, altered microglial function caused by PGRN deficiency may be tied to the pathogenesis of FTLD-TDP. Our previous studies showed that haploinsufficiency of GRN mutations extends to microglial PGRN expression in the hippocampal CA1 region. In this study, we found that the CA1 sector was associated with less neuronal loss and more frequent TDP-43 inclusions in FTLD-TDP type A cases with GRN mutations than in sporadic cases. In addition, the CA1 region in GRN mutation cases contained more rod-like microglia, which also had reduced PGRN expression. These findings suggest that the profile of TDP-43 inclusions, neuronal number, and microgliosis in the CA1 sector of FTLD-TDP type A cases may be influenced by GRN gene expression status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Callen L Spencer
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Angela J Fought
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | | | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Marek-Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Bachiller S, Jiménez-Ferrer I, Paulus A, Yang Y, Swanberg M, Deierborg T, Boza-Serrano A. Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:488. [PMID: 30618635 PMCID: PMC6305407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a potent inflammatory response. Microglia are also involved in synaptic organization, trophic neuronal support during development, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the developing brain, myelin turnover, control of neuronal excitability, phagocytic debris removal as well as brain protection and repair. Microglial response is pathology dependent and affects to immune, metabolic. In this review, we will shed light on microglial activation depending on the disease context and the influence of factors such as aging, environment or cell-to-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jiménez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnes Paulus
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Glycans and glycosaminoglycans in neurobiology: key regulators of neuronal cell function and fate. Biochem J 2018; 475:2511-2545. [PMID: 30115748 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the roles of l-fucose and the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) with selected functional molecules in neural tissues. Cell surface glycans and GAGs have evolved over millions of years to become cellular mediators which regulate fundamental aspects of cellular survival. The glycocalyx, which surrounds all cells, actuates responses to growth factors, cytokines and morphogens at the cellular boundary, silencing or activating downstream signaling pathways and gene expression. In this review, we have focused on interactions mediated by l-fucose, KS and CS/DS in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Fucose makes critical contributions in the area of molecular recognition and information transfer in the blood group substances, cytotoxic immunoglobulins, cell fate-mediated Notch-1 interactions, regulation of selectin-mediated neutrophil extravasation in innate immunity and CD-34-mediated new blood vessel development, and the targeting of neuroprogenitor cells to damaged neural tissue. Fucosylated glycoproteins regulate delivery of synaptic neurotransmitters and neural function. Neural KS proteoglycans (PGs) were examined in terms of cellular regulation and their interactive properties with neuroregulatory molecules. The paradoxical properties of CS/DS isomers decorating matrix and transmembrane PGs and the positive and negative regulatory cues they provide to neurons are also discussed.
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