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Petersen E, Al-Abri S, Al-Jardani A, Memish ZA, Aklillu E, Ntoumi F, Mwaba P, Wejse C, Zumla A, Al-Yaquobi F. Screening for latent tuberculosis in migrants-status quo and future challenges. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 141S:107002. [PMID: 38479577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the evidence that migrants from tuberculosis (TB) high-incidence countries migrating to TB low-incidence countries significantly contribute to active TB cases in the counties of destination, primarily through reactivation of latent TB. METHODS This is a narrative review. The different screening programs in the countries of destination are reviewed either based on screening and preventive treatment of latent TB pre or more commonly - post arrival. RESULTS Screening can be performed using interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) or tuberculin skin tests (TST). Preventive treatment of latent TB is using either monotherapy with isoniazid, or in combination with rifampicin or rifapentine. We discuss the ethical issues of preventive treatment in asymptomatic individuals and how these are addressed in different screening programs. CONCLUSION Screening migrants from TB high endemic countries to TB low endemic countries is beneficial. There is a lack of standardization and agreement on screening protocols, follow up and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- PandemiX Center of Excellence, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Task Force for Emerging Infections, Basel, Switzerland; International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Amina Al-Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Mwaba
- UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Program, UTH, Lusaka, Zambia; Lusaka Apex Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Christian Wejse
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Al-Yaquobi
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
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Panchenko S, Gabster A, Mayaud P, Erausquin JT. Sexual health challenges in migrant, immigrant, and displaced populations 2022-2023. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:46-52. [PMID: 38054795 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews recently published research on sexual health challenges and HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among migrant, immigrant and displaced people (MIDP) worldwide. We aimed to identify current evidence gaps regarding HIV/STI epidemiology, sexual health needs and interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Incidence and prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and syphilis were higher among MIDP compared to host populations. However, research studies are limited in geographical distribution and few routine surveillance data are collected. Barriers to sexual health services use and participation in preventive interventions include low HIV/STI symptom knowledge and risk awareness, and intersectional experiences of stigma/discrimination. Better targeted promotion messages are needed to increase utilization of preventive sexual health interventions. SUMMARY Access to, and use of, sexual health services and interventions are evident needs among MIDP. These needs are intertwined with social determinants of health, including cultural/language barriers and stigma. Effective interventions require involvement of multiple stakeholder groups, encouraging engagement and providing social protection. Promising directions for interventions and further research include developing sexual health supportive environments through peer-strategies and provider training in trauma-informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Panchenko
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - Amanda Gabster
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud
- National Research System, National Secretariat of Science, Technology and Innovation, Panama City, Panama
- Center of Population Sciences for Health Equity, College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Philippe Mayaud
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Toller Erausquin
- Center of Population Sciences for Health Equity, College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, School of Health and Human Sciences, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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Bellizzi S, Severoni S. Refugees and migrants at the heart of the synergies between universal health coverage, health security and health promotion. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taad137. [PMID: 37883458 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Responding to the health need of refugees and migrants is key to accommodate universal health coverage, health security and health promotion to guarantee the well-being and protection of populations. This is in line with the human rights agenda as well as with the adoption of a coherent efficient comprehensive health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Bellizzi
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Jordan Country Office, Amman 11118, Jordan
| | - Santino Severoni
- Health and Migration Programme (PHM), World Health Organization, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
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4
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den Boon S, Yedilbayev A. Screening for tuberculosis among migrants in Europe: harmonising approaches during a humanitarian crisis? Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2301537. [PMID: 37827550 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01537-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
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Bekker LG, Beyrer C, Mgodi N, Lewin SR, Delany-Moretlwe S, Taiwo B, Masters MC, Lazarus JV. HIV infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 37591865 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The AIDS epidemic has been a global public health issue for more than 40 years and has resulted in ~40 million deaths. AIDS is caused by the retrovirus, HIV-1, which is transmitted via body fluids and secretions. After infection, the virus invades host cells by attaching to CD4 receptors and thereafter one of two major chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, destroying the host cell, most often a T lymphocyte, as it replicates. If unchecked this can lead to an immune-deficient state and demise over a period of ~2-10 years. The discovery and global roll-out of rapid diagnostics and effective antiretroviral therapy led to a large reduction in mortality and morbidity and to an expanding group of individuals requiring lifelong viral suppressive therapy. Viral suppression eliminates sexual transmission of the virus and greatly improves health outcomes. HIV infection, although still stigmatized, is now a chronic and manageable condition. Ultimate epidemic control will require prevention and treatment to be made available, affordable and accessible for all. Furthermore, the focus should be heavily oriented towards long-term well-being, care for multimorbidity and good quality of life. Intense research efforts continue for therapeutic and/or preventive vaccines, novel immunotherapies and a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, RSA, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Babafemi Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Clare Masters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Abbara A, Ntoumi F, Kapata N, Mwaba P, Yeboah-Manu D, Maeurer M, Dar O, Abubakar I, Zumla A. World tuberculosis day 2023 - Reflections on the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis by travellers and reducing risk in forcibly displaced populations. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 53:102568. [PMID: 36963477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de Las Américas-Institución Universitaria Vision de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, P.O. Box 36, Lebanon.
| | - Aula Abbara
- Syria Public Health Network and Imperial College, London, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nathan Kapata
- National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Program, UTH, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Peter Mwaba
- UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Program, UTH, Lusaka, Zambia; Lusaka Apex Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK; Global Health Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Totaro V, Patti G, Segala FV, Laforgia R, Raho L, Falanga C, Schiavone M, Frallonardo L, Panico GG, Spada V, De Santis L, Pellegrino C, Papagni R, D’Argenio A, Novara R, Marotta C, Laforgia N, Bavaro DF, Putoto G, Saracino A, Di Gennaro F. HIV-HCV Incidence in Low-Wage Agricultural Migrant Workers Living in Ghettos in Apulia Region, Italy: A Multicenter Cross Sectional Study. Viruses 2023; 15:249. [PMID: 36680288 PMCID: PMC9861079 DOI: 10.3390/v15010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrant populations are more susceptible to viral hepatitis and HIV due to the epidemiology from their country of origin or their social vulnerability when they arrive in Europe. The aims of the study are to explore the incidence of HIV and HCV in low-wage agricultural migrant workers and their knowledge, attitude, and practice with regard to HIV and HCV, as well as their sexual behaviour and risk factors. As part of the mobile clinic services, we performed a screening campaign for HIV-HCV involving migrants living in three Apulian establishments. Results: Between January 2020 and April 2021, 309 migrants (n. 272, 88% male, mean age 28.5 years) were enrolled in the study. Most of the migrants interviewed (n = 297, 96%) reported a stopover in Libya during their trip to Italy. Only 0.9% (n. 3) of migrants reported having been tested for HCV, while 30.7% (n. 95) reported being tested for HIV. Furthermore, screening tests found four migrants (1.3%) to be HIV positive and nine (2.9%) to be HCV positive. The median knowledge score was 1 (IQR 0-3; maximum score: 6 points) for HCV and 3 (IQR 1-4; maximum score: 7 points) for HIV and low use of condoms was 5% (n. 16), while more than 95% show an attitude score of 5 (IQR 5-6; maximum score:6 points) on HIV-HCV education campaigns. In a multivariate analysis, being male (OR = 1.72; 95% CI 1.28−1.92), being single (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.20−2.03), being of low educational status (OR = 2.09; 95% CI 1.29−2.21), living in shantytowns for >12 months (OR = 1.95; 95% CI 1.25−2.55), and originating from the African continent (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.28−2.01) are significant predictors of poor knowledge on HCV. Our data show low knowledge, especially of HCV, confirming migrants as a population with a higher risk of infection. To develop education programmes, integrated care and screening among migrants could be an effective strategy, considering the high attitude toward these items shown in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Totaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Patti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Vladimiro Segala
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Raho
- Doctors with Africa CUAMM, 70123 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Luísa Frallonardo
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Giorgio Panico
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Spada
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura De Santis
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Pellegrino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Papagni
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo D’Argenio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Novara
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Marotta
- Operational Research Unit, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Putoto
- Operational Research Unit, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Gennaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Operational Research Unit, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, 35121 Padua, Italy
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