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Schiaffino F, Parker CT, Paredes Olortegui M, Pascoe B, Manzanares Villanueva K, Garcia Bardales PF, Mourkas E, Huynh S, Peñataro Yori P, Romaina Cachique L, Gray HK, Salvatierra G, Silva Delgado H, Sheppard SK, Cooper KK, Kosek MN. Genomic resistant determinants of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter spp. isolates in Peru. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:309-318. [PMID: 38272215 PMCID: PMC11092888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Campylobacter is a global health threat; however, there is limited information on genomic determinants of resistance in low- and middle-income countries. We evaluated genomic determinants of AMR using a collection of whole genome sequenced Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from Iquitos, Peru. METHODS Campylobacter isolates from two paediatric cohort studies enriched with isolates that demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin were sequenced and mined for AMR determinants. RESULTS The gyrA mutation leading to the Thr86Ile amino acid change was the only gyrA mutation associated with fluoroquinolone resistance identified. The A2075G mutation in 23S rRNA was present, but three other 23S rRNA mutations previously associated with macrolide resistance were not identified. A resistant-enhancing variant of the cmeABC efflux pump genotype (RE-cmeABC) was identified in 36.1% (35/97) of C. jejuni genomes and 17.9% (12/67) of C. coli genomes. Mutations identified in the CmeR-binding site, an inverted repeat sequence in the cmeABC promoter region that increases expression of the operon, were identified in 24/97 C. jejuni and 14/67 C. coli genomes. The presence of these variants, in addition to RE-cmeABC, was noted in 18 of the 24 C. jejuni and 9 of the 14 C. coli genomes. CONCLUSIONS Both RE-cmeABC and mutations in the CmeR-binding site were strongly associated with the MDR phenotype in C. jejuni and C. coli. This is the first report of RE-cmeABC in Peru and suggests it is a major driver of resistance to the principal therapies used to treat human campylobacteriosis in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schiaffino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Craig T Parker
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, California
| | | | - Ben Pascoe
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Evangelos Mourkas
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Huynh
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, California
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Asociacion Benefica Prisma, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Hannah K Gray
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guillermo Salvatierra
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Samuel K Sheppard
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry K Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Asociacion Benefica Prisma, Iquitos, Peru.
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Gambini JM, Watkins E. Traveler's diarrhea. JAAPA 2023; 36:1-4. [PMID: 37884048 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000979520.71733.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Traveler's diarrhea (TD) is one of the most common illnesses afflicting the modern traveler. TD refers to a watery diarrhea that varies in severity from tolerable to incapacitating and that develops in individuals during or within 10 days of returning from travel to developing or low-/middle-income countries. Most cases of TD are self-limiting, but in consideration of the ease of international travel, it is important for providers to diagnose and manage TD with the best available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Gambini
- Justin M. Gambini is director of the PA program at the College of Saint Mary in Omaha, Neb. as well as founding faculty of the Doctor of Medical Science Program at George Fox University in Newberg, Ore. Elyse Watkins is an associate professor in the School of PA Medicine at University of Lynchburg in Lynchburg, Va. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Abolarinwa TO, Ajose DJ, Oluwarinde BO, Fri J, Montso KP, Fayemi OE, Aremu AO, Ateba CN. Plant-derived nanoparticles as alternative therapy against Diarrheal pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1007115. [PMID: 36590407 PMCID: PMC9797601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a condition in which feces is discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form. It is one of the frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The impact of Diarrhea is worsened by the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance among the causative agents, and this is now categorized as a global healthcare challenge. Antimicrobial resistance among Diarrheal pathogens also contributes to extended infection durations, and huge economic loss even in countries with advanced public health policies. The ever-increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance including the contraindications arising from the administration of antibiotics in some Diarrheal cases highlights a crucial need for the development of novel non-antibiotic alternative agents for therapeutic and biocontrol applications. One such intervention includes the application of plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) with novel antimicrobial properties. Given their small size and large surface area to volume ratio, PDNPs can attack target bacterial cell walls to generate reactive oxygen species that may simultaneously disrupt bacteria cell components such as DNA and proteins leading to cell damage or death. This potential can make it very difficult for pathogenic organisms to develop resistance against these antibacterial agents. In this review, we provide a critical overview on the antimicrobial resistance crisis among Diarrheagenic bacteria. We also discuss the evidence from the existing literature to support the potential associated with the use of PDNPs as alternative therapeutic agents for multidrug resistant and antibiotics administer contraindicated bacteria that are associated with Diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesleem Olatunde Abolarinwa
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Daniel Jesuwenu Ajose
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Bukola Opeyemi Oluwarinde
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Justine Fri
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Kotsoana Peter Montso
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Omolola Esther Fayemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Center, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa,*Correspondence: Collins Njie Ateba,
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Murphy RJ. Communicable diseases in humanitarian operations and disasters. BMJ Mil Health 2022; 168:457-461. [PMID: 32123000 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Military organisations have battled communicable disease for millennia. They have pioneered disease prevention from the Crusades to the World Wars and continue to do so today. Predeployment vaccinations and chemoprophylaxis are effective in preventing communicable disease, as is reliable vector destruction and bite prevention, especially in the era of multidrug resistant organisms. These measures are unlikely to be fully possible in disasters, but reactive vaccination and efforts to reduce exposure to communicable disease should be a priority. Communicable diseases can be challenging to diagnose-the UK Defence Medical Services have become familiar with tools such as multiplex PCR and mass spectrometry. These have the potential to accurately identify organisms and sensitivity patterns in austere environments. Management of communicable diseases depends on accurate diagnosis and has a largely well-established evidence base but can be limited by a lack of resources and skills in an austere setting, therefore telemedicine can assist diagnosis and treatment of infections by projecting specialist skill. Systems such as EpiNATO2 are useful in monitoring diseases and identifying trends in order to establish control measures. Many of these tools and techniques are effective in austere environments and offer learning opportunities for those providing care in similar settings. Further research is ongoing into diagnostic tools as well as remote management.
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Hong CT, Chan L, Chen KY, Lee HH, Huang LK, Yang YCSH, Liu YR, Hu CJ. Rifaximin Modifies Gut Microbiota and Attenuates Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Cells 2022; 11:3468. [PMID: 36359864 PMCID: PMC9656351 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit distinct gut microbiota, which may promote gut-derived inflammation. Rifaximin is a nonabsorbable antibiotic that can modify gut microbiota. The present study investigated the effect of rifaximin on gut microbiota and inflammation status in PD. The study examined the effect of long-term rifaximin treatment on in vivo transgenic PD mice (MitoPark) and short-term rifaximin treatment on patients with PD. Rifaximin treatment caused a significant change in gut microbiota in the transgenic PD mice; in particular, it reduced the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae UCG-001 and increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Muribaculum, and Lachnospiraceae UCG-001. Rifaximin treatment attenuated serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, claudin-5 and occludin, which indicated the reduction of systemic inflammation and the protection of the blood-brain barrier integrity. The rifaximin-treated MitoPark mice exhibited better motor and memory performance than did the control mice, with lower microglial activation and increased neuronal survival in the hippocampus. In the patients with PD, 7-day rifaximin treatment caused an increase in the relative abundance of Flavonifractor 6 months after treatment, and the change in plasma proinflammatory cytokine levels was negatively associated with the baseline plasma interleukin-1α level. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that rifaximin exerted a neuroprotective effect on the transgenic PD mice by modulating gut microbiota. We observed that patients with higher baseline inflammation possibly benefited from rifaximin treatment. With consideration for the tolerability and safety of rifaximin, randomized controlled trials should investigate the disease-modification effect of long-term treatment on select patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lung Chan
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hua Lee
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S. H. Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Doxycycline as an antimalarial: Impact on travellers' diarrhoea and doxycycline resistance among various stool bacteria - Prospective study and literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 49:102403. [PMID: 35872253 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics predispose travellers to acquire multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE). Although widely used in antimalarial prophylaxis, doxycycline has scarcely been studied in this respect. METHODS We explored the impact of doxycycline on rates of traveller's diarrhoea (TD), ESBL-PE acquisition and, particularly, doxycycline co-resistance among travel-acquired ESBL-PE in a sample of 412 visitors to low- and middle-income countries. We reviewed the literature on traveller studies of doxycycline/tetracycline resistance among stool pathogens and the impact of doxycycline on TD rates, ESBL-PE acquisition, and doxycycline/tetracycline resistance. RESULTS The TD rates were similar for doxycycline users (32/46; 69.6%) and non-users (256/366; 69.9%). Of the 90 travel-acquired ESBL-PE isolates, 84.4% were co-resistant to doxycycline: 100% (11/11) among users and 82.3% (65/79) among non-users. The literature on doxycycline's effect on TD was not conclusive nor did it support a recent decline in doxycycline resistance. Although doxycycline did not increase ESBL-PE acquisition, doxycycline-resistance among stool pathogens proved more frequent for users than non-users. CONCLUSIONS Our prospective data and the literature review together suggest the following: 1) doxycycline does not prevent TD; 2) doxycycline use favours acquisition of doxy/tetracycline-co-resistant intestinal bacteria; 3) although doxycycline does not predispose to travel-related ESBL-PE acquisition per se, it selects ESBL-PE strains co-resistant to doxycycline; 4) doxycycline resistance rates are high among stool bacteria in general with no evidence of any tendency to decrease.
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Sauvaitre T, Van Herreweghen F, Delbaere K, Durif C, Van Landuyt J, Fadhlaoui K, Huille S, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Etienne-Mesmin L, Blanquet-Diot S, Van de Wiele T. Lentils and Yeast Fibers: A New Strategy to Mitigate Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Strain H10407 Virulence? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102146. [PMID: 35631287 PMCID: PMC9144138 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers exhibit well-known beneficial effects on human health, but their anti-infectious properties against enteric pathogens have been poorly investigated. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major food-borne pathogen that causes acute traveler’s diarrhea. Its virulence traits mainly rely on adhesion to an epithelial surface, mucus degradation, and the secretion of two enterotoxins associated with intestinal inflammation. With the increasing burden of antibiotic resistance worldwide, there is an imperious need to develop novel alternative strategies to control ETEC infections. This study aimed to investigate, using complementary in vitro approaches, the inhibitory potential of two dietary-fiber-containing products (a lentil extract and yeast cell walls) against the human ETEC reference strain H10407. We showed that the lentil extract decreased toxin production in a dose-dependent manner, reduced pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 production, and modulated mucus-related gene induction in ETEC-infected mucus-secreting intestinal cells. We also report that the yeast product reduced ETEC adhesion to mucin and Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells. Both fiber-containing products strengthened intestinal barrier function and modulated toxin-related gene expression. In a complex human gut microbial background, both products did not elicit a significant effect on ETEC colonization. These pioneering data demonstrate the promising role of dietary fibers in controlling different stages of the ETEC infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sauvaitre
- UMR 454 INRAE, Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (K.F.); (F.C.-D.); (L.E.-M.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.V.H.); (K.D.); (J.V.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
| | - Florence Van Herreweghen
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.V.H.); (K.D.); (J.V.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
| | - Karen Delbaere
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.V.H.); (K.D.); (J.V.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
| | - Claude Durif
- UMR 454 INRAE, Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (K.F.); (F.C.-D.); (L.E.-M.)
| | - Josefien Van Landuyt
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.V.H.); (K.D.); (J.V.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
| | - Khaled Fadhlaoui
- UMR 454 INRAE, Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (K.F.); (F.C.-D.); (L.E.-M.)
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- UMR 454 INRAE, Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (K.F.); (F.C.-D.); (L.E.-M.)
- Lallemand SAS, 19 Rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, CEDEX, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- UMR 454 INRAE, Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (K.F.); (F.C.-D.); (L.E.-M.)
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- UMR 454 INRAE, Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (K.F.); (F.C.-D.); (L.E.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-73-17-83-90
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.V.H.); (K.D.); (J.V.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
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Roussel C, De Paepe K, Galia W, de Bodt J, Chalancon S, Denis S, Leriche F, Vandekerkove P, Ballet N, Blanquet-Diot S, Van de Wiele T. Multi-targeted properties of the probiotic saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (ETEC) H10407 pathogenesis across human gut models. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1953246. [PMID: 34432600 PMCID: PMC8405159 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1953246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most common causes of acute traveler's diarrhea. Adhesins and enterotoxins constitute the major ETEC virulence traits. With the dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance, probiotics are considered a wholesome alternative to prevent or treat ETEC infections. Here, we examined the antimicrobial properties of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 against ETEC H10407 pathogenesis upon co-administration in the TNO gastrointestinal Model (TIM-1), simulating the physicochemical and enzymatic conditions of the human upper digestive tract and preventive treatment in the Mucosal Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (M-SHIME), integrating microbial populations of the ileum and ascending colon. Interindividual variability was assessed by separate M-SHIME experiments with microbiota from six human individuals. The probiotic did not affect ETEC survival along the digestive tract. However, ETEC pathogenicity was significantly reduced: enterotoxin encoding virulence genes were repressed, especially in the TIM-1 system, and a lower enterotoxin production was noted. M-SHIME experiments revealed that 18-days probiotic treatment stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in different gut regions (mucosal and luminal, ileum and ascending colon) while a stronger metabolic activity was noted in terms of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) and ethanol production. Moreover, the probiotic pre-treated microbiota displayed a higher robustness in composition following ETEC challenge compared to the control condition. We thus demonstrated the multi-inhibitory properties of the probiotic S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 against ETEC in the overall simulated human digestive tract, regardless of the inherent variability across individuals in the M-SHIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Roussel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR UCA-INRA 454 MEDIS, Microbiology Digestive Environment and Health, Clermont-Ferrand, France,CMET, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Paepe
- CMET, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wessam Galia
- UMR 5557 Microbial Ecology, Research Group On Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens And Environment, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France
| | - Jana de Bodt
- CMET, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Chalancon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR UCA-INRA 454 MEDIS, Microbiology Digestive Environment and Health, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR UCA-INRA 454 MEDIS, Microbiology Digestive Environment and Health, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Ballet
- Lesaffre International, Lesaffre Group, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- CONTACT Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR UCA-INRA 454 MEDIS, Microbiology Digestive Environment and Health, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- CMET, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jarocki VM, Heß S, Anantanawat K, Berendonk TU, Djordjevic SP. Multidrug-Resistant Lineage of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ST182 With Serotype O169:H41 in Airline Waste. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:731050. [PMID: 34557175 PMCID: PMC8454413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.731050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the primary aetiologic agent of traveller’s diarrhoea and a significant cause of diarrhoeal disease and death in developing countries. ETEC O169:H41 strains are known to cause both traveller’s diarrhoea and foodborne outbreaks in developed countries and are cause for concern. Here, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to assemble 46 O169:H41 (ST182) E. coli draft genomes derived from two airplane waste samples sourced from a German international airport. The ST182 genomes were compared with all 84 publicly available, geographically diverse ST182 genomes to construct a core genome-based phylogenetic tree. ST182 isolates were all phylogroup E, the majority serotype O169:H41 (n = 121, 93%) and formed five major clades. The airplane waste isolates differed by an average of 15 core SNPs (range 0–45) but their accessory genome content was diverse. While uncommon in other ST182 genomes, all airplane-derived ST182 isolates carried: (i) extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene blaCTX–M–15 notably lacking the typical adjacent ISEcp1; (ii) qnrS1 and the S83L mutation in gyrA, both conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones; and (iii) a class 1 integron structure (IS26-intI1Δ648-dfrA17-aadA5-qacEΔ1-sul1-ORF-srpC-padR-IS6100-mphR-mrx-mphA-IS26) identified previously in major extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli STs but not in ETEC. ST182 isolates carried ETEC-specific virulence factors STp + CS6. Adhesin/invasin tia was identified in 89% of aircraft ST182 isolates (vs 23%) and was located on a putative genomic island within a hotspot region for various insertions including PAI I536 and plasmid-associated transposons. The most common plasmid replicons in this collection were IncFII (100%; F2:A-:B-) and IncB/O/K/Z (89%). Our data suggest that potentially through travel, E. coli ST182 are evolving a multidrug-resistant profile through the acquisition of class 1 integrons and different plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Jarocki
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stefanie Heß
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kay Anantanawat
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas U Berendonk
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Sauvaitre T, Durif C, Sivignon A, Chalancon S, Van de Wiele T, Etienne-Mesmin L, Blanquet-Diot S. In Vitro Evaluation of Dietary Fiber Anti-Infectious Properties against Food-Borne Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093188. [PMID: 34579065 PMCID: PMC8471546 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers have well-known beneficial effects on human health, but their anti-infectious properties against human enteric pathogens have been poorly investigated. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main agent of travelers’ diarrhea, against which targeted preventive strategies are currently lacking. ETEC pathogenesis relies on multiple virulence factors allowing interactions with the intestinal mucosal layer and toxins triggering the onset of diarrheal symptoms. Here, we used complementary in vitro assays to study the antagonistic properties of eight fiber-containing products from cereals, legumes or microbes against the prototypical human ETEC strain H10407. Inhibitory effects of these products on the pathogen were tested through growth, toxin production and mucus/cell adhesion inhibition assays. None of the tested compounds inhibited ETEC strain H10407 growth, while lentil extract was able to decrease heat labile toxin (LT) concentration in culture media. Lentil extract and specific yeast cell walls also interfered with ETEC strain H10407 adhesion to mucin beads and human intestinal cells. These results constitute a first step in the use of dietary fibers as a nutritional strategy to prevent ETEC infection. Further work will be dedicated to the study of fiber/ETEC interactions within a complex gut microbial background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sauvaitre
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (S.C.); (L.E.-M.)
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Claude Durif
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (S.C.); (L.E.-M.)
| | - Adeline Sivignon
- UMR 1071 UCA Inserm USC-INRAE 2018 Microbes Intestin Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Sandrine Chalancon
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (S.C.); (L.E.-M.)
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (S.C.); (L.E.-M.)
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (T.S.); (C.D.); (S.C.); (L.E.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-473-178-390
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Abstract
Acute bacterial gastroenteritis is among the most common infections worldwide, with millions of infections annually in the United States. Much of the illness is foodborne, occurring as both sporadic cases and large multistate outbreaks. Pathogen evolution through genetic exchange of virulence traits and antibiotic resistance determinants poses challenges for empiric therapy. Culture-independent diagnostic tests in clinical laboratories afford rapid diagnosis and expanded identification of pathogens. However, cultures remain important to generate sensitivity data and strain archiving for outbreak investigations. Most infections are self-limited, permitting judicious selection of antibiotic use in more severe forms of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Infectious Disease Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System, 915 North Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63106, USA.
| | - F Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alaullah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Schiaffino F, Kosek MN. Intestinal and Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Campylobacter in the Immunocompromised Host. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-020-00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Genome-wide screens reveal Escherichia coli genes required for growth of T1-like phage LL5 and V5-like phage LL12. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8058. [PMID: 32415154 PMCID: PMC7229145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The host factor requirements of phages and mechanisms of mutational phage insensitivity must be characterized for rational design of phage cocktails. To characterize host dependencies of two novel Escherichia coli phages, the T1-like siphophage LL5 and the V5-like myophage LL12, forward genetic screens were conducted against the Keio collection, a library of single non-essential gene deletions in E. coli str. BW25113. These screens and subsequent experiments identified genes required by phages LL5 and LL12. E. coli mutants deficient in heptose II and the phosphoryl substituent of heptose I of the inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were unable to propagate phage LL5, as were mutants deficient in the outer membrane protein TolC. Mutants lacking glucose I of the LPS outer core failed to propagate LL12. Two additional genes encoding cytoplasmic chaperones, PpiB and SecB, were found to be required for efficient propagation of phage LL5, but not LL12. This screening approach may be useful for identifying host factors dependencies of phages, which would provide valuable information for their potential use as therapeutics and for phage engineering.
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Shakoor S, Platts-Mills JA, Hasan R. Antibiotic-Resistant Enteric Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:1105-1123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Ashkenazi S, Schwartz E. Traveler's diarrhea in children: New insights and existing gaps. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 34:101503. [PMID: 31654742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The number of children accompanying their parents in international travel is increasing steadily, and with the rising global migration, children more frequently accompany their parents or caregivers for visiting friends or relatives (VFR). As compared to travel for tourism, VFR children are at higher risk of acquiring local diseases, as they more often stay in rural areas in resource-poor locations, have longer periods of visit, are less likely to attend pre-travel consultations, and less frequently adhere to recommended precautions. Travelers's diarrhea (TD) is the most common travel-associated illnesses in children. This review updates the existing knowledge on TD in children, regarding its distinctive epidemiology, risk factors, preventive measures, clinical manifestations, complications, causative microorganisms and management. Despite the limited focused research on pediatric TD, which challenges the formulation of children-oriented evidence-based guidelines, practical recommendations are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Ashkenazi
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Emerging concepts in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of travelers’ diarrhea. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019; 32:468-474. [DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sati HF, Bruinsma N, Galas M, Hsieh J, Sanhueza A, Ramon Pardo P, Espinal MA. Characterizing Shigella species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in Latin America between 2000-2015. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220445. [PMID: 31374081 PMCID: PMC6677304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigellosis is the second leading cause of diarrheal death globally. The global burden has been complicated by the emergence of Shigella strains resistant to first line antibiotic treatments such as ciprofloxacin. This study aims to describe the epidemiologic distribution of the most common Shigella species, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (NA) in Latin America. METHODS Laboratory data from 19 countries were obtained through the Latin American Network for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ReLAVRA) from 2000-2015. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute reduced susceptibility breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae was used to interpret the disc diffusion tests for Shigella susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and NA. Negative binominal regression was used to analyze longitudinal trends of Shigella isolates antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS 79,548 Shigella isolates were tested and reported between 2000-2015. The most common isolated species were S. flexneri (49%), and S. sonnei (28%). There was a steady increase in the proportion of S. sonnei isolates within the region(p<0.001). The average annual percentage increase (AAPI) in nonsusceptibility was 18.4% (p<0.001) for ciprofloxacin (baseline = 0.3); and 13.2%(p<0.001) for NA (baseline = 3). AAPI nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin was 13.3% for S. flexneri (p<0.04); and 39.9% for S. sonnei (p<0.001). Honduras, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Chile reported the highest increase in nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin among all Shigella isolates. CONCLUSION There is an increasing trend in Shigella nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin and NA, including among the most common shigella species, in Latin America. This rise of nonsusceptibility among Shigella species to commonly used treatments such as ciprofloxacin is alarming and threatens the control and management of this currently treatable infection. Improved data quality, collection and reporting is needed in Latin America to respond effectively to the rising trends observed. This includes the need for quality isolate level epidemiological data; molecular data, and data on antibiotic consumption and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim F. Sati
- Antimicrobial Resistance Special Program, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nienke Bruinsma
- Antimicrobial Resistance Special Program, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Galas
- Antimicrobial Resistance Special Program, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Special Program, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Antonio Sanhueza
- Health Analyses Metrics and Evidence (EIH/HA), Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health (EIH), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Pilar Ramon Pardo
- Antimicrobial Resistance Special Program, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marcos A. Espinal
- Antimicrobial Resistance Special Program, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Complete Genome Sequence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Siphophage LL5. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/27/e00674-19. [PMID: 31270204 PMCID: PMC6606918 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00674-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the complete genome sequence of siphophage LL5. LL5 is a T1-like phage isolated against enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
, which causes traveler’s diarrhea. LL5 is included as a component phage in the commercial prebiotic product PreforPro.
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19
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Identification and Characterization of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Spp., Clostridium perfringens, and C. difficile Isolates from Reptiles in Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9530732. [PMID: 31263711 PMCID: PMC6556801 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9530732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considering the increasing popularity of reptiles as pets and their possible role as reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, the aim of this study was to isolate Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and C. difficile strains from reptiles in Brazil and to characterize the isolated strains. The characterization was based on phylogenetic typing of E. coli, identification of virulence genes of E. coli, C. perfringens, and C. difficile, serotyping of Salmonella spp., ribotyping and MLST of C. difficile and antimicrobial susceptibility test of pathogenic strains. Cloacal swabs were collected from 76 reptiles, of which 15 were lizards, 16 chelonians, and 45 snakes, either living in captivity, in the wild, or as companion animals. E. coli was isolated from 52 (68.4%) reptiles, of which 46 (88.4%) were characterized as phylogroup B1. The virulence factor CNF1 of E. coli was found in seven (9.2%) sampled animals, whereas the gene of EAST1 was found in isolates from two (2.6%) reptiles. Three isolates positive for CNF1 were resistant to cephalothin, one of which was also resistant to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol, being then classified as multidrug resistant strain (MDR). Salmonella enterica was identified in 26 (34.2%) reptiles, of which 13 belonged to the subspecies enterica. Serotypes such as S. Mbandaka, S. Panama, S. Infantis, S. Heidelberg, and S. Anatum were identified. One isolate of S. enterica subsp. houtenae was resistant to cephalothin and ciprofloxacin. C. perfringens type A was isolated from six (7.8%) animals. C. difficile was isolated from three (3.9%) reptiles. Two of these isolates were toxigenic and classified into ribotypes/MLST 081/ST9 and 106/ST42, which have been previously reported to infect humans. In conclusion, reptiles in Brazil can harbor toxigenic C. difficile and potentially pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, thus representing a risk to human and animal health.
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Tavares GS, Mendonça DV, Lage DP, Antinarelli LM, Soyer TG, Senna AJ, Matos GF, Dias DS, Ribeiro PA, Batista JP, Poletto JM, Brandão GC, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Pereira GR, Coimbra ES, Coelho EA. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of a fluoroquinoline derivate against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis species. Acta Trop 2019; 191:29-37. [PMID: 30586571 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutics against leishmaniasis are desirable, since the current drugs applied against this disease complex presents problems, such as the toxicity, high cost and/or parasite resistance. In the present study, a new fluoroquinoline derivate, namely 7-chloro-N-(4-fluorophenethyl)quinolin-4-amine or GF1061, was evaluated regarding to its in vitro antileishmanial action against Leishmania infantum and L. amazonensis species, as well as by its toxicity in mammalian cells and efficacy in the treatment of infected macrophages. The mechanism of action of this molecule in L. amazonensis and the therapeutic efficacy in infected BALB/c mice were also evaluated. Results showed that GF1061 was effective against both parasite species, showing selectivity index (SI) of 38.7 and 42.7 against L. infantum and L. amazonensis promastigotes, respectively, and of 45.0 and 48.9 against the amastigotes, respectively. Amphotericin B (AmpB), used as control, showed SI values of 6.6 and 8.8 against L. infantum and L. amazonensis promastigotes, respectively, and of 2.2 and 2.7 against the amastigotes, respectively. The molecule was effective in treat infected macrophages, as well as it induced alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in the reactive oxygen species production, and in the cell integrity of the parasites. Regarding to the in vivo experiments, BALB/c mice (n = 8 per group) were subcutaneously infected with 106L. amazonensis stationary promastigotes and, 60 days post-infection, they received saline or were treated during 10 days, once a day, with AmpB (1 mg/kg body weight) or GF1061 (5 mg/kg body weight). One day after the treatment, the infected tissue, spleen, liver, and draining lymph node (dLN) of the animals were collected, and the parasite load was evaluated. GF1061-treated mice, as compared to the saline and AmpB groups, showed significant reductions in the parasitism in the infected tissue (66% and 62%, respectively), liver (69% and 44%, respectively), spleen (71% and 38%, respectively), and dLN (72% and 48%, respectively). In conclusion, results suggested that GF1061 may be considered as a possible therapeutic target to be evaluated against leishmaniasis in other mammalian hosts.
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Schiaffino F, Colston JM, Paredes-Olortegui M, François R, Pisanic N, Burga R, Peñataro-Yori P, Kosek MN. Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter Species in a Pediatric Cohort Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e01911-18. [PMID: 30420482 PMCID: PMC6355604 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01911-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance and the epidemiology of drug-resistant Campylobacter spp. from a low-resource setting. A birth cohort of 303 patients was followed until 5 years of age. Stool samples from asymptomatic children (n = 10,008) and those with diarrhea (n = 3,175) were cultured for Campylobacter Disk diffusion for ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), erythromycin (ERY), azithromycin (AZM), tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (GM), ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (AMC), ceftriaxone (CRO), chloramphenicol (C), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) was determined. Antibiotic resistances in Campylobacter jejuni and non-C. jejuni isolates from surveillance and diarrhea samples were compared, and the association between personal macrolide exposure and subsequent occurrence of a macrolide-resistant Campylobacter spp. was assessed. Of 917 Campylobacter isolates, 77.4% of C. jejuni isolates and 79.8% of non-C. jejuni isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, while 4.9% of C. jejuni isolates and 24.8% of non-C. jejuni isolates were not susceptible to azithromycin. Of the 303 children, 33.1% had been diagnosed with a Campylobacter strain nonsusceptible to both azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Personal macrolide exposure did not affect the risk of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (94.0%) was one of the antibiotics with the highest rates of susceptibility. There is a high incidence of quinolone- and macrolide-resistant Campylobacter infections in infants under 24 months of age. Given the lack of association between personal exposure to macrolides and a subsequent Campylobacter infection resistant to macrolides, there is a need to evaluate the source of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Campylobacter This study provides compelling evidence to propose amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as a treatment for campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schiaffino
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Josh M Colston
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ruthly François
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosa Burga
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Pablo Peñataro-Yori
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
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Leung AK, Leung AA, Wong AH, Hon KL. Travelers' Diarrhea: A Clinical Review. RECENT PATENTS ON INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2019; 13:38-48. [PMID: 31084597 PMCID: PMC6751351 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x13666190514105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Travelers' diarrhea is the most common travel-related malady. It affects millions of international travelers to developing countries annually and can significantly disrupt travel plans. OBJECTIVE To provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of traveler's diarrhea. METHODS A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term "traveler's diarrhea". The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature. Patents were searched using the key term "traveler's diarrhea" from www.freepatentsonline.com. RESULTS Between 10% and 40% of travelers develop diarrhea. The attack rate is highest for travelers from a developed country who visit a developing country. Children are at particular risk. Travelers' diarrhea is usually acquired through ingestion of food and water contaminated by feces. Most cases are due to a bacterial pathogen, commonly, Escherichia coli, and occur within the first few days after arrival in a foreign country. Dehydration is the most common complication. Pretravel education on hygiene and on the safe selection of food items is important in minimizing episodes. For mild travelers' diarrhea, the use of antibiotic is not recommended. The use of bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide may be considered. For moderate travelers' diarrhea, antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and rifaximin may be used. Loperamide may be considered as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. For severe travelers' diarrhea, antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and rifaximin should be used. Azithromycin can be used even for the treatment of dysentery whereas fluoroquinolones and rifaximin cannot be used for such purpose. Recent patents related to the management of travelers' diarrhea are discussed. CONCLUSION Although travelers' diarrhea is usually self-limited, many travelers prefer expedient relief of diarrhea, especially when they are traveling for extended periods by air or ground. Judicious use of an antimotility agent and antimicrobial therapy reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K.C. Leung
- Address correspondence to this author at the University of Calgary, Alberta Children’s Hospital, #200, 233 - 16th Avenue NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2M 0H5; Tel: (403) 230 3300; Fax: (403) 230 3322; E-mail:
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Djukovic A, Garcia-Garcera M, Martínez-Paredes E, Isaac S, Artacho A, Martínez J, Ubeda C. Gut colonization by a novel Clostridium species is associated with the onset of epizootic rabbit enteropathy. Vet Res 2018; 49:123. [PMID: 30572930 PMCID: PMC6302431 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic rabbit enteropathy (ERE) represents one of the most devastating diseases affecting rabbit farms. Previous studies showing transmissibility of disease symptoms through oral inoculation of intestinal contents from sick animals suggested a bacterial infectious origin for ERE. However, no etiological agent has been identified yet. On the other hand, ERE is associated with major changes in intestinal microbial communities, pinpointing dysbiosis as an alternative cause for the disease. To better understand the role of intestinal bacteria in ERE development, we have performed a prospective longitudinal study in which intestinal samples collected from the same animals before, during and after disease onset were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Changes in hundreds of bacterial groups were detected after the initiation of ERE. In contrast, before ERE onset, the microbiota from rabbits that developed ERE did not differ from those that remained healthy. Notably, an expansion of a single novel Clostridium species (Clostridium cuniculi) was detected the day of ERE onset. C. cuniculi encodes several putative toxins and it is phylogenetically related to the two well-characterized pathogens C. botulinum and C. perfringens. Our results are consistent with a bacterial infectious origin of ERE and discard dysbiosis as the initial trigger of the disease. Although experimental validation is required, results derived from sequencing analysis, propose a key role of C. cuniculi in ERE initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Djukovic
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Garcera
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1006, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Martínez-Paredes
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46022, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandrine Isaac
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Carles Ubeda
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Diptyanusa A, Ngamprasertchai T, Piyaphanee W. A review of antibiotic prophylaxis for traveler's diarrhea: past to present. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2018; 4:14. [PMID: 30455974 PMCID: PMC6223076 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-018-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As there is rapid increase in international travel to tropical and subtropical countries, there will likely be more people exposed to diarrheal pathogens in these moderate to high risk areas and subsequent increased concern for traveler’s diarrhea. The disease may appear as a mild clinical syndrome, yet a more debilitating presentation can lead to itinerary changes and hospitalization. As bacterial etiologies are the most common causative agents of TD, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent TD has been reported among travelers for several years. The most common type of antibiotic used for TD has changed over 50 years, depending on many influencing factors. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis for TD prevention in travelers is still controversial, mainly because of difficulties balancing the risks and benefits. Many factors, such as emerging drug resistance, side effects, cost and risk behavior need to be considered. This article aims to review antibiotic prophylaxis from the 1950s to 2000s, to describe the trend and reasons for different antibiotic use in each decade. We conclude that prophylactic antibiotics should be restricted to some high-risk travelers or short-term critical trips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajib Diptyanusa
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Thundon Ngamprasertchai
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Watcharapong Piyaphanee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Hernandez-Delgadillo R, García-Cuéllar CM, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Pineda-Aguilar N, Martínez-Martínez MA, Rangel-Padilla EE, Nakagoshi-Cepeda SE, Solís-Soto JM, Sánchez-Nájera RI, Nakagoshi-Cepeda MAA, Chellam S, Cabral-Romero C. In vitro evaluation of the antitumor effect of bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6089-6097. [PMID: 30323596 PMCID: PMC6179729 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s179095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on breast cancer cells. Materials and methods The effect of varying concentrations of BisBAL NPs was evaluated on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and on MCF-10A fibrocystic mammary epitheliocytes as noncancer control cells. Cell viability was evaluated with the MTT assay, plasma membrane integrity was analyzed with the calcein AM assay, genotoxicity with the comet assay, and apoptosis with the Annexin V/7-AAD assay. Results BisBAL NPs were spherical in shape (average diameter, 28 nm) and agglomerated into dense electronic clusters. BisBAL NP induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition. Most importantly, growth inhibition was higher for MCF-7 cells than for MCF-10A cells. At 1 µM BisBAL NP, MCF-7 growth inhibition was 51%, while it was 11% for MCF-10A; at 25 µM BisBAL NP, the growth inhibition was 81% for MCF-7 and 24% for MCF-10A. With respect to mechanisms of action, a 24-hour exposure of 10 and 100 µM BisBAL NP caused loss of cell membrane integrity and fragmentation of tumor cell DNA. BisBAL NPs at 10 µM were genotoxic to and caused apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Conclusion BisBAL NP-induced growth inhibition is dose dependent, and breast cancer cells are more vulnerable than noncancer breast cells. The mechanism of action of BisBAL NPs may include loss of plasma membrane integrity and a genotoxic effect on the genomic DNA of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Hernandez-Delgadillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México,
| | | | | | - Nayely Pineda-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Unidad Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Marco Antonio Martínez-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México,
| | - Eyra Elvyra Rangel-Padilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México,
| | - Sergio Eduardo Nakagoshi-Cepeda
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México,
| | - Juan Manuel Solís-Soto
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México,
| | - Rosa Isela Sánchez-Nájera
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México,
| | | | | | - Claudio Cabral-Romero
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México,
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Terry LM, Barker CR, Day MR, Greig DR, Dallman TJ, Jenkins C. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella dysenteriae isolated from travellers returning to the UK, 2004-2017. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1022-1030. [PMID: 29957175 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 754 strains of Shigella dysenteriae isolated between 2004 and 2017 from UK travellers reporting symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) disease were reviewed to look for evidence of emerging AMR associated with travellers' diarrhoea. METHODOLOGY A travel history was provided for 72.7 % (548/754) of cases, of which 90.9 % (498/548) reported travel outside the UK within 7 days of onset of symptoms, and 9.1 % (50/498) reported no travel in that time frame. During the course of this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was implemented for GI disease surveillance, and we compared phenotypic AMR profiles with those derived from WGS data (n=133).Results/Key findings. The phenotypic and genotypic AMR results correlated well, with 90.1 % (121/133) isolates having concordant results to 10 classes of antimicrobials. Resistance to the first-line drugs commonly used in the treatment of shigellosis was observed throughout the study (ampicillin, 54.1%; chloramphenicol, 33.7 %; sulphonamides, 76.0 %; trimethoprim, 80.0%). Between 2004 and 2017, resistance to all classes of antimicrobials (except the phenicols) increased. The proportion of isolates exhibiting reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin increased from 3.8 % in 2004 to 75.7 % in 2017, and this was significantly associated with cases reporting travel to Asia compared to Africa (P<0.001). Of the 201 sequenced isolates, 3.0 % (20/201) had either blaCTX-M-15 or blaCMY-4. CONCLUSIONS Increasing MDR, along with resistance to the fluroquinolones and the third generation cephalosporins, in Shigella dysenteriae causing travellers' diarrhoea provides further evidence for the need to regulatethe use of antimicrobial agents and continuous monitoring of emerging AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Terry
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Clare R Barker
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Martin R Day
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - David R Greig
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
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Riddle MS, Ericsson CD, Gutierrez RL, Porter CK. Stand-by antibiotics for travellers' diarrhoea: risks, benefits and research needs. J Travel Med 2018; 25:5127105. [PMID: 30312427 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Riddle
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles D Ericsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ramiro L Gutierrez
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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