1
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Owens A, Zhang T, Gu P, Hart J, Stobbs J, Cieslak M, Elomaa P, Prusinkiewicz P. The hidden diversity of vascular patterns in flower heads. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:423-439. [PMID: 38361330 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Vascular systems are intimately related to the shape and spatial arrangement of the plant organs they support. We investigate the largely unexplored association between spiral phyllotaxis and the vascular system in Asteraceae flower heads. We imaged heads of eight species using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography and applied original virtual reality and haptic software to explore head vasculature in three dimensions. We then constructed a computational model to infer a plausible patterning mechanism. The vascular system in the head of the model plant Gerbera hybrida is qualitatively different from those of Bellis perennis and Helianthus annuus, characterized previously. Cirsium vulgare, Craspedia globosa, Echinacea purpurea, Echinops bannaticus, and Tanacetum vulgare represent variants of the Bellis and Helianthus systems. In each species, the layout of the main strands is stereotypical, but details vary. The observed vascular patterns can be generated by a common computational model with different parameter values. In spite of the observed differences of vascular systems in heads, they may be produced by a conserved mechanism. The diversity and irregularities of vasculature stand in contrast with the relative uniformity and regularity of phyllotactic patterns, confirming that phyllotaxis in heads is not driven by the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Philmo Gu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jeremy Hart
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jarvis Stobbs
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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2
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Ming X, Chen X, Ma H, Li C, Zhao Z, Li J, Du Y. The fertility tracks of pollen tube in the ovary of Solanum nigrum by three-dimensional reconstruction. J Microsc 2024; 293:86-97. [PMID: 38108660 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an enhanced method for automatically capturing a large number of consecutive paraffin sections using a microscope. Leveraging these microstructural images, we employed three-dimensional visualisation and reconstruction techniques to investigate the dispersal growth process of pollen tube bundles upon entering the ovary of Solanum nigrum. Additionally, we explored their behaviour within different ovules and examined the relationship between the germination rate of seeds and the fertilisation process. Our findings reveal that despite the abundance of Solanum nigrum seeds, only a fraction of them is capable of successful germination. The germination rate of seeds is closely related to whether fertilisation of the ovules and pollen tubes is completed. Due to the limited number of pollen tubes entering the ovary, only a portion of the ovules can be fertilised. The proportion of fertilised ovules positively correlates with the germination rate of the seeds. Through three-dimensional reconstruction, we observed a phenomenon of proximity during the pollination process, wherein ovules closer to the pollen tube bundles are more likely to be fertilised. Furthermore, fertilised ovules exhibited significant changes in morphology and embryo sac structure. The number of fertilised ovules directly impacts the germination rate of wild Solanum nigrum seeds. Although all Solanum nigrum ovules have the potential to develop into seeds, most seeds originating from unfertilised ovules are unable to germinate normally, resulting in an incomplete germination rate of seeds and preventing it from reaching 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ming
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xia Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Biocoenosis and Biodiversity, Academy of Science of Changbai Mountain, Yanbian, Jilin, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Institute of Economic Botany, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinying Li
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingda Du
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Ritchie BA, Uyeno TA, Diaz DRF, Lokdarshi A. A Novel Imaging Protocol for Investigating Arabidopsis thaliana Siliques and Seeds Using X-rays. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4839. [PMID: 37817902 PMCID: PMC10560693 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding silique and seed morphology is essential to developmental biology. Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the best-studied plant models for understanding the genetic determinants of seed count and size. However, the small size of its seeds, and their encasement in a pod known as silique, makes investigating their numbers and morphology both time consuming and tedious. Researchers often report bulk seed weights as an indicator of average seed size, but this overlooks individual seed details. Removal of the seeds and subsequent image analysis is possible, but automated counts are often impossible due to seed pigmentation and shadowing. Traditional ways of analyzing seed count and size, without their removal from the silique, involve lengthy histological processing (24-48 h) and the use of toxic organic solvents. We developed a method that is non-invasive, requires minimal sample processing, and obtains data in a short period of time (1-2 h). This method uses a custom X-ray imaging system to visualize Arabidopsis siliques at different stages of their growth. We show that this process can be successfully used to analyze the overall topology of Arabidopsis siliques and seed size and count. This new method can be easily adapted for other plant models. Key features • No requirement for organic solvents for imaging siliques. • Easy image capture and rapid turnaround time for obtaining data. • Protocol may be easily adapted for other plant models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ansul Lokdarshi
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA
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4
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Borisjuk L, Horn P, Chapman K, Jakob PM, Gündel A, Rolletschek H. Seeing plants as never before. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1775-1794. [PMID: 36895109 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging has long supported our ability to understand the inner life of plants, their development, and response to a dynamic environment. While optical microscopy remains the core tool for imaging, a suite of novel technologies is now beginning to make a significant contribution to visualize plant metabolism. The purpose of this review was to provide the scientific community with an overview of current imaging methods, which rely variously on either nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) or infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and to present some examples of their application in order to illustrate their utility. In addition to providing a description of the basic principles underlying these technologies, the review discusses their various advantages and limitations, reveals the current state of the art, and suggests their potential application to experimental practice. Finally, a view is presented as to how the technologies will likely develop, how these developments may encourage the formulation of novel experimental strategies, and how the enormous potential of these technologies can contribute to progress in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Kent Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Peter M Jakob
- Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andre Gündel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
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5
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Min Y, Conway SJ, Kramer EM. Quantitative Live Confocal Imaging in AquilegiaFloral Meristems. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4449. [PMID: 35935472 PMCID: PMC9303054 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a detailed protocol for live imaging and quantitative analysis of floral meristem development in Aquilegia coerulea, a member of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Using confocal microscopy and the image analysis software MorphoGraphX, we were able to examine the cellular growth dynamics during floral organ primordia initiation, and the transition from floral meristem proliferation to termination. This protocol provides a powerful tool to study the development of the meristem and floral organ primordia, and should be easily adaptable to many plant lineages, including other emerging model systems. It will allow researchers to explore questions outside the scope of common model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA,
*For correspondence:
;
| | - Stephanie J. Conway
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elena M. Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA,
*For correspondence:
;
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6
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Mitchell N, Piatczyc NP, Wang DD, Edwards J. High-speed video and plant ultrastructure define mechanisms of gametophyte dispersal. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11463. [PMID: 35495193 PMCID: PMC9039801 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal of gametophytes is critical for land plant survivorship and reproduction. It defines potential colonization and geographical distribution as well as genetic mixing and evolution. C. T. Ingold's classic works on Spore Discharge in Land Plants and Spore Liberation review mechanisms for spore release and dispersal based on real-time observations, basic histology, and light microscopy. Many mechanisms underlying spore liberation are explosive and have evolved independently multiple times. These mechanisms involve physiological processes such as water gain and loss, coupled with structural features using different plant tissues. Here we review how high-speed video and analyses of ultrastructure have defined new biomechanical mechanisms for the dispersal of gametophytes through the dissemination of haploid diaspores, including spores, pollen, and asexual reproductive propagules. This comparative review highlights the diversity and importance of rapid movements in plants for dispersing gametophytes and considerations for using combinations of high-speed video methods and microscopic techniques to understand these dispersal movements. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is crucial not only for understanding gametophyte ecology but also for applied engineering and biomimetic applications used in human technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Mitchell
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin–Eau ClaireEau Claire54701WisconsinUSA
| | - Nancy P. Piatczyc
- Biology DepartmentWilliams College, WilliamstownMassachusetts01267USA
| | - Darren D. Wang
- Biology DepartmentWilliams College, WilliamstownMassachusetts01267USA
| | - Joan Edwards
- Biology DepartmentWilliams College, WilliamstownMassachusetts01267USA
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7
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Bull–Hereñu K, dos Santos P, Toni JFG, El Ottra JHL, Thaowetsuwan P, Jeiter J, Ronse De Craene LP, Iwamoto A. Mechanical Forces in Floral Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:661. [PMID: 35270133 PMCID: PMC8912604 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces acting within the plant body that can mold flower shape throughout development received little attention. The palette of action of these forces ranges from mechanical pressures on organ primordia at the microscopic level up to the twisting of a peduncle that promotes resupination of a flower at the macroscopic level. Here, we argue that without these forces acting during the ontogenetic process, the actual flower phenotype would not be achieved as it is. In this review, we concentrate on mechanical forces that occur at the microscopic level and determine the fate of the flower shape by the physical constraints on meristems at an early stage of development. We thus highlight the generative role of mechanical forces over the floral phenotype and underline our general view of flower development as the sum of interactions of known physiological and genetic processes, together with physical aspects and mechanical events that are entangled towards the shaping of the mature flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kester Bull–Hereñu
- Fundación Flores, Ministro Carvajal 30, Santiago 7500801, Chile;
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Área Botánica, Parque Quinta Normal S/N, Santiago 8350701, Chile
| | - Patricia dos Santos
- Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Department of Environmental Sciences–Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Juliana Hanna Leite El Ottra
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil;
- Open University of Brazil, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Pakkapol Thaowetsuwan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sanam Chandra Palace Campus, Silpakorn University, Nakhorn Pathom 73000, Thailand;
| | - Julius Jeiter
- Nees-Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | | | - Akitoshi Iwamoto
- Department of Biological sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
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8
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Min Y, Conway SJ, Kramer EM. Quantitative live imaging of floral organ initiation and floral meristem termination in Aquilegia. Development 2022; 149:274399. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In-depth investigation of any developmental process in plants requires knowledge of both the underpinning molecular networks and how they directly determine patterns of cell division and expansion over time. Floral meristems (FMs) produce floral organs, after which they undergo floral meristem termination (FMT); precise control of organ initiation and FMT is crucial to the reproductive success of any flowering plant. Using live confocal imaging, we characterized developmental dynamics during floral organ primordia initiation and FMT in Aquilegia coerulea (Ranunculaceae). Our results uncover distinct patterns of primordium initiation between stamens and staminodes compared with carpels, and provide insight into the process of FMT, which is discernable based on cell division dynamics that precede carpel initiation. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative live imaging of meristem development in a system with numerous whorls of floral organs, as well as an apocarpous gynoecium. This study provides crucial information for our understanding of how the spatial-temporal regulation of floral meristem behavior is achieved in both evolutionary and developmental contexts.
This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Conway
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elena M. Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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9
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Cox Jr KL, Gurazada SGR, Duncan KE, Czymmek KJ, Topp CN, Meyers BC. Organizing your space: The potential for integrating spatial transcriptomics and 3D imaging data in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:703-712. [PMID: 34726737 PMCID: PMC8825300 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells communicate information for the regulation of development and responses to external stresses. A key form of this communication is transcriptional regulation, accomplished via complex gene networks operating both locally and systemically. To fully understand how genes are regulated across plant tissues and organs, high resolution, multi-dimensional spatial transcriptional data must be acquired and placed within a cellular and organismal context. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) typically provides a two-dimensional spatial analysis of gene expression of tissue sections that can be stacked to render three-dimensional data. For example, X-ray and light-sheet microscopy provide sub-micron scale volumetric imaging of cellular morphology of tissues, organs, or potentially entire organisms. Linking these technologies could substantially advance transcriptomics in plant biology and other fields. Here, we review advances in ST and 3D microscopy approaches and describe how these technologies could be combined to provide high resolution, spatially organized plant tissue transcript mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Cox Jr
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Sai Guna Ranjan Gurazada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
| | - Keith E Duncan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | - Blake C Meyers
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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Ovečka M, Sojka J, Tichá M, Komis G, Basheer J, Marchetti C, Šamajová O, Kuběnová L, Šamaj J. Imaging plant cells and organs with light-sheet and super-resolution microscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:683-702. [PMID: 35235660 PMCID: PMC8825356 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The documentation of plant growth and development requires integrative and scalable approaches to investigate and spatiotemporally resolve various dynamic processes at different levels of plant body organization. The present update deals with vigorous developments in mesoscopy, microscopy and nanoscopy methods that have been translated to imaging of plant subcellular compartments, cells, tissues and organs over the past 3 years with the aim to report recent applications and reasonable expectations from current light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and super-resolution microscopy (SRM) modalities. Moreover, the shortcomings and limitations of existing LSFM and SRM are discussed, particularly for their ability to accommodate plant samples and regarding their documentation potential considering spherical aberrations or temporal restrictions prohibiting the dynamic recording of fast cellular processes at the three dimensions. For a more comprehensive description, advances in living or fixed sample preparation methods are also included, supported by an overview of developments in labeling strategies successfully applied in plants. These strategies are practically documented by current applications employing model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., but also robust crop species such as Medicago sativa L. and Hordeum vulgare L. Over the past few years, the trend towards designing of integrative microscopic modalities has become apparent and it is expected that in the near future LSFM and SRM will be bridged to achieve broader multiscale plant imaging with a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Sojka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Cintia Marchetti
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kuběnová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Author for communication:
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11
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Duncan KE, Czymmek KJ, Jiang N, Thies AC, Topp CN. X-ray microscopy enables multiscale high-resolution 3D imaging of plant cells, tissues, and organs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:831-845. [PMID: 34618094 PMCID: PMC8825331 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Capturing complete internal anatomies of plant organs and tissues within their relevant morphological context remains a key challenge in plant science. While plant growth and development are inherently multiscale, conventional light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy platforms are typically limited to imaging of plant microstructure from small flat samples that lack a direct spatial context to, and represent only a small portion of, the relevant plant macrostructures. We demonstrate technical advances with a lab-based X-ray microscope (XRM) that bridge the imaging gap by providing multiscale high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) volumes of intact plant samples from the cell to the whole plant level. Serial imaging of a single sample is shown to provide sub-micron 3D volumes co-registered with lower magnification scans for explicit contextual reference. High-quality 3D volume data from our enhanced methods facilitate sophisticated and effective computational segmentation. Advances in sample preparation make multimodal correlative imaging workflows possible, where a single resin-embedded plant sample is scanned via XRM to generate a 3D cell-level map, and then used to identify and zoom in on sub-cellular regions of interest for high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. In total, we present the methodologies for use of XRM in the multiscale and multimodal analysis of 3D plant features using numerous economically and scientifically important plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Duncan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Ni Jiang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | - Christopher N Topp
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Author for communication:
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12
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Abstract
Plant epidermis are multifunctional surfaces that directly affect how plants interact with animals or microorganisms and influence their ability to harvest or protect from abiotic factors. To do this, plants rely on minuscule structures that confer remarkable properties to their outer layer. These microscopic features emerge from the hierarchical organization of epidermal cells with various shapes and dimensions combined with different elaborations of the cuticle, a protective film that covers plant surfaces. Understanding the properties and functions of those tridimensional elements as well as disentangling the mechanisms that control their formation and spatial distribution warrant a multidisciplinary approach. Here we show how interdisciplinary efforts of coupling modern tools of experimental biology, physics, and chemistry with advanced computational modeling and state-of-the art microscopy are yielding broad new insights into the seemingly arcane patterning processes that sculpt the outer layer of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Riglet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Gatti
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Downing Site, CB2 3EJ, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Higashiyama T, Maizel A, Simon R. Seeing is Believing: Advances in Plant Imaging Technologies. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1217-1220. [PMID: 34510209 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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14
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Li M, Coneva V, Robbins KR, Clark D, Chitwood D, Frank M. Quantitative dissection of color patterning in the foliar ornamental coleus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1310-1324. [PMID: 34618067 PMCID: PMC8566300 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) is a popular ornamental plant that exhibits a diverse array of foliar color patterns. New cultivars are currently hand selected by both amateur and experienced plant breeders. In this study, we reimagine breeding for color patterning using a quantitative color analysis framework. Despite impressive advances in high-throughput data collection and processing, complex color patterns remain challenging to extract from image datasets. Using a phenotyping approach called "ColourQuant," we extract and analyze pigmentation patterns from one of the largest coleus breeding populations in the world. Working with this massive dataset, we can analyze quantitative relationships between maternal plants and their progeny, identify features that underlie breeder-selections, and collect and compare public input on trait preferences. This study is one of the most comprehensive explorations into complex color patterning in plant biology and provides insights and tools for exploring the color pallet of the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Viktoriya Coneva
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Kelly R Robbins
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0670, USA
| | - Dan Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Margaret Frank
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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15
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Chen K, Zhang W, La T, Bastians PA, Guo T, Cao C. Microstructure investigation of plant architecture with X-ray microscopy. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 311:110986. [PMID: 34482923 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the plant morphology has been well studied by multiple approaches at cellular and subcellular levels. Two-dimensional (2D) microscopy techniques offer imaging of plant structures on a wide range of magnifications for researchers. However, subcellular imaging is still challenging in plant tissues like roots and seeds. Here we use a three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology based on the X-ray microscope (XRM) and analyze several plant tissues from different plant species. The XRM provides new insights into plant structures using non-destructive imaging at high-resolution and high contrast. We also utilized a workflow aiming to acquire accurate and high-quality images in the context of the whole specimen. Multiple plant samples including rice, tobacco, Arabidopsis and maize were used to display the differences of phenotypes. Our work indicates that the XRM is a powerful tool to investigate plant microstructure in high-resolution scale. Our work also provides evidence that evaluate and quantify tissue specific differences for a range of plant species. We also characterize novel plant tissue phenotypes by the XRM, such as seeds in Arabidopsis, and utilize them for novel observation measurement. Our work represents an evaluated spatial and temporal resolution solution on seed observation and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ting La
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | | | - Tao Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chunjie Cao
- Carl Zeiss (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100191, China.
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16
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Azpeitia E, Tichtinsky G, Le Masson M, Serrano-Mislata A, Lucas J, Gregis V, Gimenez C, Prunet N, Farcot E, Kater MM, Bradley D, Madueño F, Godin C, Parcy F. Cauliflower fractal forms arise from perturbations of floral gene networks. Science 2021; 373:192-197. [PMID: 34244409 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Throughout development, plant meristems regularly produce organs in defined spiral, opposite, or whorl patterns. Cauliflowers present an unusual organ arrangement with a multitude of spirals nested over a wide range of scales. How such a fractal, self-similar organization emerges from developmental mechanisms has remained elusive. Combining experimental analyses in an Arabidopsis thaliana cauliflower-like mutant with modeling, we found that curd self-similarity arises because the meristems fail to form flowers but keep the "memory" of their transient passage in a floral state. Additional mutations affecting meristem growth can induce the production of conical structures reminiscent of the conspicuous fractal Romanesco shape. This study reveals how fractal-like forms may emerge from the combination of key, defined perturbations of floral developmental programs and growth dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Azpeitia
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Gabrielle Tichtinsky
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Le Masson
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Antonio Serrano-Mislata
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jérémy Lucas
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Veronica Gregis
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos Gimenez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nathanaël Prunet
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Etienne Farcot
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Martin M Kater
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Desmond Bradley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Francisco Madueño
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, F-69364 Lyon, France.
| | - Francois Parcy
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
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17
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Vasile MA, Luebert F, Jeiter J, Weigend M. Fruit evolution in Hydrophyllaceae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:925-945. [PMID: 34169509 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Fruit type and morphology are tightly connected with angiosperm diversification. In Boraginales, the first-branching families, including Hydrophyllaceae, have one- to many-seeded capsules, whereas most of the remaining families have four-seeded indehiscent fruits. This fact argues for many-seeded capsules as the ancestral condition. However, little is known about the evolution of fruit dehiscence and seed number. The present study investigated the gynoecium and fruit development and morphology and the evolution of seed-numbers in Hydrophyllaceae. METHODS Gynoecium and fruit development and morphology were studied using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microcomputed tomography. Ancestral character state reconstruction of seed number was performed using a broadly sampled phylogeny of Boraginales (ndhF and ITS) with an emphasis on Hydrophyllaceae. RESULTS Our ontogenetic studies not only demonstrate parallel developmental trajectories across Hydrophyllaceae, but also a striking diversity regarding the internal organization of the gynoecium. Ovule number appears to determine ovary structure. Many-seeded capsules are retrieved as the ancestral state of Hydrophyllaceae. At least seven transitions to fruits with (one to) four seeds and four reversals (i.e., from four- to many-seeded fruits) were reconstructed in Hydrophyllaceae. CONCLUSIONS Several shifts in seed number from "many" to "four" and back to "many" have taken place in capsular-fruited Hydrophyllaceae, a strikingly high number considering that seed number is virtually conserved across the rest of the order. The groups with a conserved seed number of four are characterized by indehiscent schizocarps or drupes and by seeds that are integrated into mericarps. This functional integration probably acts as an evolutionary constraint to shifts in seed number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Anna Vasile
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Federico Luebert
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julius Jeiter
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
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