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Yadav P, Ansari MW, Gill R, Tuteja N, Gill SS. Arsenic transport, detoxification, and recent technologies for mitigation: A systemic review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108848. [PMID: 38908350 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is an acute toxic metalloid that affects plant growth and development. As is found in the environment in organic and inorganic forms, but arsenite As(III) and arsenate As(V) are the most prevalent forms that negatively impact the plants. Roots exposed to As can easily absorb it mainly through transporters that carry vital mineral nutrients. As reach the food chain via crops irrigated with As-polluted water and exerts a negative impact. Even at low levels, As exposure disrupts the regular functioning of plants by generating a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) results into oxidative damage, and disruption of redox system. Plants have built-in defence mechanisms to combat this oxidative damage. The development of a food crop with lower As levels is dependent upon understanding the molecular process of As detoxification in plants, which will help reduce the consumption of As-contaminated food. Numerous genes in plants that may provide tolerance under hazardous conditions have been examined using genetic engineering techniques. The suppression of genes by RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-Cas 9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) technology revealed an intriguing approach for developing a crop that has minimal As levels in consumable portions. This study aims to present current information on the biochemical and molecular networks associated with As uptake, as well as recent advances in the field of As mitigation using exogenous salicylic acid (SA), Serendipita indica and biotechnological tools in terms of generating As-tolerant plants with low As accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Yadav
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ansari
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ritu Gill
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Geng A, Lian W, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen G. The Molecular Mechanism of the Response of Rice to Arsenic Stress and Effective Strategies to Reduce the Accumulation of Arsenic in Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2861. [PMID: 38474107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than 50% of the world's population. Owing to its growth characteristics, rice has more than 10-fold the ability to enrich the carcinogen arsenic (As) than other crops, which seriously affects world food security. The consumption of rice is one of the primary ways for humans to intake As, and it endangers human health. Effective measures to control As pollution need to be studied and promoted. Currently, there have been many studies on reducing the accumulation of As in rice. They are generally divided into agronomic practices and biotechnological approaches, but simultaneously, the problem of using the same measures to obtain the opposite results may be due to the different species of As or soil environments. There is a lack of systematic discussion on measures to reduce As in rice based on its mechanism of action. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of the accumulation of As in rice could result in accurate measures to reduce the content of As based on local conditions. Different species of As have different toxicity and metabolic pathways. This review comprehensively summarizes and reviews the molecular mechanisms of toxicity, absorption, transport and redistribution of different species of As in rice in recent years, and the agronomic measures to effectively reduce the accumulation of As in rice and the genetic resources that can be used to breed for rice that only accumulates low levels of As. The goal of this review is to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of As pollution in rice, facilitate the creation of new types of germplasm aiming to develop without arsenic accumulation or within an acceptable limit to prevent the health consequences associated with heavy metal As as described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjing Geng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenli Lian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Pandey A, Wu LB, Murugaiyan V, Schaaf G, Ali J, Frei M. Differential effects of arsenite and arsenate on rice (Oryza sativa) plants differing in glutathione S-transferase gene expression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:92268-92281. [PMID: 37486470 PMCID: PMC10447600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of paddy soils with arsenic (As) can cause phytotoxicity in rice and increase the accumulation of arsenic in grains. The uptake and accumulation of As in rice depends on the different As species present in the soil. Plants detoxify As by conjugating and sequestering xenobiotic compounds into vacuoles using various enzymes. However, the severity of damage induced by arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)), as well as the roles of glutathione S-transferase in detoxifying these As species in rice, are not fully understood. In this study, we developed plant materials overexpressing a glutathione S-transferase gene OsGSTU40 under the control of the maize UBIL promoter. Through systematic investigations of both wild-type Nipponbare (Oryza sativa L., ssp. japonica) and OsGSTU40 overexpression lines under chronic or acute stress of As, we aimed to understand the toxic effects of both As(III) and As(V) on rice plants at the vegetative growth stage. We hypothesized that (i) As(III) and As(V) have different toxic effects on rice plants and (ii) OsGSTU40 played positive roles in As toxicity tolerance. Our results showed that As(III) was more detrimental to plant growth than As(V) in terms of plant growth, biomass, and lipid peroxidation in both chronic and acute exposure. Furthermore, overexpression of OsGSTU40 led to better plant growth even though uptake of As(V), but not As(III), into shoots was enhanced in transgenic plants. In acute As(III) stress, transgenic plants exhibited a lower level of lipid peroxidation than wild-type plants. The element composition of plants was dominated by the different As stress treatments rather than by the genotype, while the As concentration was negatively correlated with phosphorus and silicon. Overall, our findings suggest that As(III) is more toxic to plants than As(V) and that glutathione S-transferase OsGSTU40 differentially affects plant reactions and tolerance to different species of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Pandey
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding I, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Lin-Bo Wu
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding I, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Varunseelan Murugaiyan
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jauhar Ali
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Michael Frei
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding I, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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Geng A, Lian W, Wang X, Chen G. Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Arsenic Uptake, Transport, and Detoxification in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11031. [PMID: 37446207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid environmental pollutant ubiquitous in nature that causes chronic and irreversible poisoning to humans through its bioaccumulation in the trophic chain. Rice, the staple food crop for 350 million people worldwide, accumulates As more easily compared to other cereal crops due to its growth characteristics. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying As uptake, transport, and detoxification in rice is of great significance to solving the issue of As bioaccumulation in rice, improving its quality and safety and protecting human health. This review summarizes recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of As toxicity, uptake, transport, redistribution, regulation, and detoxification in rice. It aims to provide novel insights and approaches for preventing and controlling As bioaccumulation in rice plants, especially reducing As accumulation in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjing Geng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenli Lian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Bascuñán KA, Orosteguí C, Rodríguez JM, Roncoroni L, Doneda L, Elli L, Araya M. Heavy Metal and Rice in Gluten-Free Diets: Are They a Risk? Nutrients 2023; 15:2975. [PMID: 37447301 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the treatment of choice for gluten-related disorders. It has been associated with macro- and micronutrient deficiencies. Recently, consumption of arsenic-contaminated rice has raised concern because of the potential greater risk that it may represent for people on GFDs, whose rice consumption is high, since it is a fundamental cereal in GFDs. We reviewed the data published over the last 20 years in Medline and Scielo, in English, French and Spanish, on four metals (As, Hg, Cd, and Pb), to assess whether the evidence suggests that celiac disease or consumption of a GFD is associated with increased levels of blood/urinary metal concentrations. The review revealed a few articles that were directly related to the four metals and their relationships with a GFD. The evidence supports that rice-based products are a relevant source of As and other metals. Clinical studies and evaluations based on NHANES have indicated that persons on GFDs have higher As and Hg blood/urinary levels, suggesting that the diet and not the disease is responsible for it. The levels described are statistically significant compared to those of persons on complete diets, but far from toxic levels. The question of whether higher exposure to heavy metals associated with a GFD is biologically relevant remains unanswered and deserves study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A Bascuñán
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Claudia Orosteguí
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Juan Manuel Rodríguez
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Leda Roncoroni
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Doneda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Magdalena Araya
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
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Sun SK, Chen J, Zhao FJ. Regulatory mechanisms of sulfur metabolism affecting tolerance and accumulation of toxic trace metals and metalloids in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3286-3299. [PMID: 36861339 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with trace metals and metalloids can cause toxicity to plants and threaten food safety and human health. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to cope with excess trace metals and metalloids in soils, including chelation and vacuolar sequestration. Sulfur-containing compounds, such as glutathione and phytochelatins, play a crucial role in their detoxification, and sulfur uptake and assimilation are regulated in response to the stress of toxic trace metals and metalloids. This review focuses on the multi-level connections between sulfur homeostasis in plants and responses to such stresses, especially those imposed by arsenic and cadmium. We consider recent progress in understanding the regulation of biosynthesis of glutathione and phytochelatins and of the sensing mechanism of sulfur homeostasis for tolerance of trace metals and metalloids in plants. We also discuss the roles of glutathione and phytochelatins in controlling the accumulation and distribution of arsenic and cadmium in plants, and possible strategies for manipulating sulfur metabolism to limit their accumulation in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Jan R, Asif S, Asaf S, Du XX, Park JR, Nari K, Bhatta D, Lee IJ, Kim KM. Melatonin alleviates arsenic (As) toxicity in rice plants via modulating antioxidant defense system and secondary metabolites and reducing oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120868. [PMID: 36526054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Arsenic (As) load on the environment has increased immensely due to large-scale industrial and agricultural uses of As in several synthetic products, such as fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Melatonin is a plant hormone that has a key role in abiotic stress inhibition, but the mechanism of resilience to As stress remains unexplored in rice plants. In this study, we determined how As affects rice plant and how melatonin facilitate As stress tolerance in rice. Here we investigated that, exogenous melatonin reduced As stress by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Melatonin induced the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes such as PAL, CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, and ANS, which resulted in 1659% and 389% increases in cyanidin and delphinidin, respectively. Similarly, melatonin application significantly induced SA and ABA accumulation in response to As stress in rice plant. Application of melatonin also significantly reduced expression of PT-2 and PT-8 (transporter genes) and reduced uptake of As and its translocation to other compartments. Melatonin and As analysis revealed that melatonin application significantly reduced As contents in the melatonin-supplemented plants, suggesting that As uptake is largely dependent on either the melatonin basal level or anthocyanin in rice plants. In this study, we investigated new symptoms on leaves, which can severely damage leaves and impair photosynthesis. However, anthocyanin as a chelating agent, detoxifies As in vacuole and reduces oxidative stress induced by As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmatullah Jan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Saleem Asif
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Xiao-Xuan Du
- Biosafty Division, National Academy of Agriculture Science, Rural Development, Administration, Jeonju, 54874, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ryoung Park
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, South Korea
| | - Kim Nari
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Dibya Bhatta
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Wu J, Zhao N, Zhang P, Zhu L, Lu Y, Lei X, Bai Z. Nitrate enhances cadmium accumulation through modulating sulfur metabolism in sweet sorghum. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137413. [PMID: 36455657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum deploys tremendous potential for phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd)-polluted soils. Nitrate increases Cd accumulation in sweet sorghum, but the mechanism underlying this is still elusive. Sulfur-containing metabolites have been corroborated to play important roles in Cd tolerance in plants. Thus, whether sulfur metabolism contributed to nitrate-increased Cd accumulation in sweet sorghum was investigated in the present study. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that most sulfur-containing metabolites concentrations and relevant enzymes activities were regulated by nitrate, Cd and interplay of nitrate and Cd. By using grey correlation analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient, Cd accumulation in shoots as affected by nitrate was also mainly ascribed to sulfur metabolism. ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) activities and non-protein thiol (NPT) concentrations in leaves were the two prominent factors that positively correlated with Cd accumulation in shoots. Excess nitrate elevated ATPS activities in leaves which contributed to increased NPT and phytochelatins (PCs) concentrations in leaves. Nitrate enhanced Cd accumulation in shoots of sweet sorghum under a low level of Cd treatment. Intriguingly, Cd accumulation in shoots of sweet sorghum was similar between a low level and a high level of Cd treatment. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based on 34 parameters failed to separate the low Cd treatment from the high Cd treatment either, suggesting sweet sorghum is exclusively suitable for phytoremediation of slight Cd-polluted arable lands. Taken together, enhanced Cd accumulation in shoots of sweet sorghum by excess nitrate application is closely correlated with sulfur metabolism containing elevated ATPS activities, NPT and PCs concentrations in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Xin Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Zhenqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
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Tripathi DK, Kandhol N, Rai P, Mishra V, Pandey S, Deshmukh R, Sahi S, Sharma S, Singh VP. Ethylene Renders Silver Nanoparticles Stress Tolerance in Rice Seedlings by Regulating Endogenous Nitric Oxide Accumulation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1954-1967. [PMID: 36377808 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the field of nanotechnology over the past few years have increased the prevalence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the environment, resulting in increased exposure of plants to AgNPs. Recently, various studies have reported the effect of AgNPs on plant growth at different concentrations. However, identifying the mechanisms and signaling molecules involved in plant responses against AgNPs stress is crucial to find an effective way to deal with the phytotoxic impacts of AgNPs on plant growth and development. Therefore, this study was envisaged to investigate the participation of ethylene in mediating the activation of AgNPs stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through a switch that regulates endogenous nitric oxide (NO) accumulation. Treatment of AgNPs alone hampered the growth of rice seedlings due to severe oxidative stress as a result of decline in sulfur assimilation, glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and alteration in the redox status of GSH. These results are also accompanied by the higher endogenous NO level. However, addition of ethephon (a donor of ethylene) reversed the AgNP-induced effects. Though the application of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) alone promoted the growth of rice seedlings but, interestingly their application in combination with AgNPs enhanced the AgNP-induced toxicity in the seedlings through the same routes as exhibited in the case of AgNPs alone treatment. Interestingly, addition of ethephon reversed the negative effects of SiNPs under AgNPs stress. These results suggest that ethylene might act as a switch to regulate the level of endogenous NO, which in turn could be associated with AgNPs stress tolerance in rice. Furthermore, the results also indicated that addition of l-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (an inhibitor of endogenous NO synthesis) also reversed the toxic effects of SiNPs together with AgNPs, further suggesting that the low level of endogenous NO was associated with AgNPs stress tolerance. Overall, the results indicate that the low level of endogenous NO triggers AgNPs stress tolerance, while high level leads to AgNPs toxicity by regulating sulfur assimilation, GSH biosynthesis, redox status of GSH and oxidative stress markers. The results revealed that ethylene might act as a switch for regulating AgNPs stress in rice seedlings by controlling endogenous NO accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Stress Physiology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Nidhi Kandhol
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Stress Physiology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Padmaja Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, UP 211004, India
| | - Vipul Mishra
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Sangeeta Pandey
- Plant and Microbe Interaction Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, PB, India
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, University City Campus, 600 S. 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, UP 211004, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Kumar P, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Alam P, Ahmad P. Arsenic as hazardous pollutant: Perspectives on engineering remediation tools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155870. [PMID: 35568183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is highly toxic metal (loid) that impairs plant growth and proves fatal towards human population. It disrupts physiological, biochemical and molecular attributes of plants associated with water/nutrient uptake, redox homeostasis, photosynthetic machineries, cell/membrane damage, and ATP synthesis. Numerous transcription factors are responsive towards As through regulating stress signaling, toxicity and resistance. Additionally, characterization of specific genes encoding uptake, translocation, detoxification and sequestration has also explained their underlying mechanisms. Arsenic within soil enters the food chain and cause As-poisoning. Plethora of conventional methods has been used since decades to plummet As-toxicity, but the success rate is quite low due to environmental hazards. Henceforth, exploration of effective and eco-friendly methods is aimed for As-remediation. With the technological advancements, we have enumerated novel strategies to address this concern for practicing such techniques on global scale. Novel strategies such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, mycorrhizae-mediated remediation, biochar, algal-remediation etc. possess extraordinary results. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule has also been explored in relieving As-stress through reducing oxidative damages and triggering antioxidative responses. Other strategies such as role of plant hormones (salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, jasmonic acid) and micro-nutrients such as selenium have also been elucidated in As-remediation from soil. This has been observed through stimulated antioxidant activities, gene expression of transporters, defense genes, cell-wall modifications along with the synthesis of chelating agents such as phytochelatins and metallothioneins. This review encompasses the updated information about As toxicity and its remediation through novel techniques that serve to be the hallmarks for stress revival. We have summarised the genetic engineering protocols, biotechnological as well as nanotechnological applications in plants to combat As-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; Department of Microbiology, D.A.V University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India.
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, D.A.V University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Pravej Alam
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University (PSAU), Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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11
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Ahammed GJ, Yang Y. Anthocyanin-mediated arsenic tolerance in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118475. [PMID: 34763015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants detoxify toxic metal(loid)s by accumulating diverse metabolites. Beside scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by metal(loid)s, some metabolites chelate metal(loid) ions. Classically, thiol-containing compounds, especially glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) are thought to be the major chelators that conjugate with metal(loid)s in the cytoplasm followed by transport and sequestration in the vacuole. In addition to this classical detoxification pathway, a role for secondary metabolites in metal(loid) detoxification has recently emerged. In particular, anthocyanins, a kind of flavonoids with ROS scavenging potential, contribute to enhanced arsenic tolerance in several plant species. Evidence is accumulating that, in analogy to GSH and PCs, anthocyanins may conjugate with arsenic followed by vacuolar sequestration in the detoxification event. Exogenous application or endogenous accumulation of anthocyanins enhances arsenic tolerance, leading to improved plant growth and productivity. The application of some plant hormones and signaling molecules stimulates endogenous anthocyanin synthesis which confers tolerance to arsenic stress. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated by several transcription factors, including myeloblastosis (MYBs). The light-regulated transcription factor elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) also affects anthocyanin biosynthesis, but its role in arsenic tolerance remains elusive. Here, we review the mechanism of arsenic detoxification in plants and the potential role of anthocyanins in arsenic tolerance beyond the classical points of view. Our analysis proposes that anthocyanin manipulation in crop plants may ensure sustainable crop yield and food safety in the marginal lands prone to arsenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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12
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Lv H, Hu L, Xu J, Bo T, Wang W. Identification and functional analysis of the mitochondrial cysteine synthase TtCsa2 from Tetrahymena thermophila. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1817-1831. [PMID: 34427342 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is a crucial component for all organisms and plays a critical role in the structure, stability, and catalytic functions of many proteins. Tetrahymena has reverse transsulfuration and de novo pathways for cysteine biosynthesis. Cysteine synthase is involved in the de novo cysteine biosynthesis and catalyzes the production of cysteine from O-acetylserine. The novel cysteine synthase TtCSA2 was identified from Tetrahymena thermophila. The TtCSA2 showed high expression levels at the log-phase and the sexual development stage. The TtCsa2 was localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane throughout different developmental stages. However, the truncated N-terminal signal peptide mutant TtCsa2-ΔN23 was localized into the mitochondria. His-TtCsa2 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using affinity chromatography. The His-TtCsa2 showed O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase and serine sulfhydrylase activities. Cysteine and glutathione contents decreased in the csa2KD mutant. Furthermore, mutant cells were sensitive to cadmium and copper stresses. This study indicated that the TtCSA2 was involved in the cysteine synthesis in mitochondria and related to heavy metal stresses resistance in Tetrahymena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Lv
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Deng F, Zeng F, Chen G, Feng X, Riaz A, Wu X, Gao W, Wu F, Holford P, Chen ZH. Metalloid hazards: From plant molecular evolution to mitigation strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124495. [PMID: 33187800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metalloids such as boron and silicon are key elements for plant growth and crop productivity. However, toxic metalloids such as arsenic are increasing in the environment due to inputs from natural sources and human activities. These hazardous metalloids can cause serious health risks to humans and animals if they enter the food chain. Plants have developed highly regulated mechanisms to alleviate the toxicity of metalloids during their 500 million years of evolution. A better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the transport and detoxification of toxic metalloids in plants will shed light on developing mitigation strategies. Key transporters and regulatory proteins responsive to toxic metalloids have been identified through evolutionary and molecular analyses. Moreover, knowledge of the regulatory proteins and their pathways can be used in the breeding of crops with lower accumulation of metalloids. These findings can also assist phytoremediation by the exploration of plants such as fern species that hyperaccumulate metalloids from soils and water, and can be used to engineer plants with elevated uptake and storage capacity of toxic metalloids. In summary, there are solutions to remediate contamination due to toxic metalloids by combining the research advances and industrial technologies with agricultural and environmental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Feng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Adeel Riaz
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Feibo Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Mawia AM, Hui S, Zhou L, Li H, Tabassum J, Lai C, Wang J, Shao G, Wei X, Tang S, Luo J, Hu S, Hu P. Inorganic arsenic toxicity and alleviation strategies in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124751. [PMID: 33418521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct or indirect exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) in the forms of AsIII (arsenite) and AsV (arsenate) through consumption of As-contaminated food materials and drinking water leads to arsenic poisoning. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant potentially accumulates a high amount of iAs from paddy fields than any other cereal crops. This makes it to be a major source of iAs especially among the population that uses it as their dominant source of diet. The accumulation of As in human bodies poses a serious global health risk to the human population. Various conventional methods have been applied to reduce the arsenic accumulation in rice plant. However, the success rate of these techniques is low. Therefore, the development of efficient and effective methods aimed at lowering iAs toxicity is a very crucial public concern. With the current advancement in technology, new strategies aimed at addressing this concern are being developed and utilized in various parts of the world. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the management of iAs in rice plants emphasizing the use of nanotechnology and biotechnology approaches. Also, the prospects and challenges facing these approaches are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Musyoki Mawia
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Suozhen Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Javaria Tabassum
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Changkai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ju Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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15
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A molecular switch in sulfur metabolism to reduce arsenic and enrich selenium in rice grain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1392. [PMID: 33654102 PMCID: PMC7925690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice grains typically contain high levels of toxic arsenic but low levels of the essential micronutrient selenium. Anthropogenic arsenic contamination of paddy soils exacerbates arsenic toxicity in rice crops resulting in substantial yield losses. Here, we report the identification of the gain-of-function arsenite tolerant 1 (astol1) mutant of rice that benefits from enhanced sulfur and selenium assimilation, arsenic tolerance, and decreased arsenic accumulation in grains. The astol1 mutation promotes the physical interaction of the chloroplast-localized O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase protein with its interaction partner serine-acetyltransferase in the cysteine synthase complex. Activation of the serine-acetyltransferase in this complex promotes the uptake of sulfate and selenium and enhances the production of cysteine, glutathione, and phytochelatins, resulting in increased tolerance and decreased translocation of arsenic to grains. Our findings uncover the pivotal sensing-function of the cysteine synthase complex in plastids for optimizing stress resilience and grain quality by regulating a fundamental macronutrient assimilation pathway. Contamination of paddy soils can lead to toxic arsenic accumulation in rice grains and low levels of the micronutrient selenium. Here the authors show that a gain of function mutant affecting an O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase enhances sulfur and selenium assimilation while reducing arsenic accumulation in grains.
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16
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Li X, Ahammed GJ, Zhang XN, Zhang L, Yan P, Zhang LP, Fu JY, Han WY. Melatonin-mediated regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and antioxidant defense confer tolerance to arsenic stress in Camellia sinensis L. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123922. [PMID: 33264973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid for both animals and plants. The signaling molecule melatonin can enhance abiotic stress tolerance, but the effects of As and melatonin on tea plants and the mechanisms of resilience remain unclear. Here we report that excess As causes severe oxidative stress in tea leaves as revealed by significantly reduced maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem-II, and increased reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation. However, exogenous melatonin application alleviated the As phytotoxicity and increased the anthocyanin content upto 69.4 % by selectively upregulating the expression of its biosynthetic genes such as CsCHS and CsANS. Comparison of As tolerance between two tea genotypes differing in basal levels of anthocyanin revealed that a tea cultivar with increased anthocyanin content, Zijuan (ZJ), showed enhanced tolerance to As stress compared with Longjing 43 (LJ43) that contained relatively low levels of anthocyanin. Interestingly, exogenous anthocyanin also enhanced As tolerance in LJ43, but exogenous melatonin did not improve As tolerance in ZJ genotype. Analysis of As content in tea leaves revealed that melatonin significantly reduced As content in LJ43 but not in ZJ, suggesting that melatonin-enhanced tolerance to As stress is largely dependent on the basal levels of anthocyanin in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Xue-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Jian-Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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