1
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Shibuya K, Nozawa A, Takahashi C, Sawasaki T. A chemical approach to extend flower longevity of Japanese morning glory via inhibition of master senescence regulator EPHEMERAL1. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1377-1388. [PMID: 39209993 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Petal senescence in flowering plants is a type of programmed cell death with highly regulated onset and progression. A NAM/ATAF1,2/CUC2 transcription factor, EPHEMERAL1 (EPH1), has been identified as a key regulator of petal senescence in Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil). Here we used a novel chemical approach to delay petal senescence in Japanese morning glory by inhibiting the DNA-binding activity of EPH1. A cell-free high-throughput screening system and subsequent bioassays found two tetrafluorophthalimide-based compounds, Everlastin1 and Everlastin2, that inhibited the EPH1-DNA interaction and delayed petal senescence. The inhibitory mechanism was due to the suppression of EPH1 dimerization. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the chemical treatment strongly suppressed the expression of programmed cell death- and autophagy-related genes. These results suggest that a chemical approach targeting a transcription factor can regulate petal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Shibuya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Akira Nozawa
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | | | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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2
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Farooq S, Lone ML, Ul Haq A, Parveen S, Altaf F, Tahir I. Signalling cascades choreographing petal cell death: implications for postharvest quality. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:63. [PMID: 38805152 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Senescence is a multifaceted and dynamic developmental phase pivotal in the plant's lifecycle, exerting significant influence and involving intricate regulatory mechanisms marked by a variety of structural, biochemical and molecular alterations. Biochemical changes, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, membrane deterioration, nucleic acid degradation and protein degradation, characterize flower senescence. The progression of senescence entails a meticulously orchestrated network of interconnected molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways, ensuring its synchronized and efficient execution. Within flowering plants, petal senescence emerges as a crucial aspect significantly impacting flower longevity and postharvest quality, emphasizing the pressing necessity of unravelling the underlying signalling cascades orchestrating this process. Understanding the complex signalling pathways regulating petal senescence holds paramount importance, not only shedding light on the broader phenomenon of plant senescence but also paving the way for the development of targeted strategies to enhance the postharvest longevity of cut flowers. Various signalling pathways participate in petal senescence, encompassing hormone signalling, calcium signalling, protein kinase signalling and ROS signalling. Among these, the ethylene signalling pathway is extensively studied, and the manipulation of genes associated with ethylene biosynthesis or signal transduction has demonstrated the potential to enhance flower longevity. A thorough understanding of these complex pathways is critical for effectively delaying flower senescence, thereby enhancing postharvest quality and ornamental value. Therefore, this review adopts a viewpoint that combines fundamental research into the molecular intricacies of senescence with a practical orientation towards developing strategies for improving the postharvest quality of cut flowers. The innovation of this review is to shed light on the pivotal signalling cascades underpinning flower senescence and offer insights into potential approaches for modulating these pathways to postpone petal senescence in ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Farooq
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Mohammad Lateef Lone
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Aehsan Ul Haq
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Shazia Parveen
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Foziya Altaf
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Inayatullah Tahir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
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3
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Meng L, Yang H, Yang J, Wang Y, Ye T, Xiang L, Chan Z, Wang Y. Tulip transcription factor TgWRKY75 activates salicylic acid and abscisic acid biosynthesis to synergistically promote petal senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2435-2450. [PMID: 38243353 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors play a central role in controlling plant organ senescence; however, it is unclear whether and how they regulate petal senescence in the widely grown ornamental plant tulip (Tulipa gesneriana). In this study, we report that TgWRKY75 promotes petal senescence by enhancing the synthesis of both abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) in tulip and in transgenic Arabidopsis. The expression level of TgWRKY75 was up-regulated in senescent petals, and exogenous ABA or SA treatment induced its expression. The endogenous contents of ABA and SA significantly increased during petal senescence and in response to TgWRKY75 overexpression. Two SA synthesis-related genes, TgICS1 and TgPAL1, were identified as direct targets of TgWRKY75, which binds to their promoters. In parallel, TgWRKY75 activated the expression of the ABA biosynthesis-related gene TgNCED3 via directly binding to its promoter region. Site mutation of the W-box core motif located in the promoters of TgICS1, TgPAL1, and TgNCED3 eliminated their interactions with TgWRKY75. In summary, our study demonstrates a dual regulation of ABA and SA biosynthesis by TgWRKY75, revealing a synergistic process of tulip petal senescence through feedback regulation between TgWRKY75 and the accumulation of ABA and SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Meng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 30070, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Haipo Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 30070, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jinli Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yaping Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tiantian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 30070, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yanping Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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4
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Seyed Hajizadeh H, Bayrami Aghdam S, Fakhrghazi H, Karakus S, Kaya O. Physico-Chemical Responses of Alstroemeria spp. cv. Rebecca to the presence of Salicylic Acid and Sucrose in vase solution during postharvest life. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:121. [PMID: 38373932 PMCID: PMC10875876 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary challenge in the cut flower industry, specifically in the postharvest phase, is the short vase life of flowers. This issue, along with early leaf yellowing and perianth abscission, significantly diminishes the economic value of flowers due to their accelerated senescence. To tackle this, we conducted a factorial experiment on Alstroemeria cv. Rebecca, utilizing a completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment the effects of varying concentrations of Salicylic acid (SA) (0, 1.5, and 3 mM) and sucrose (SU) (0% and 3%) were investigated on the postharvest quality of leaves and florets, with systematic evaluations every three days throughout their vase life. RESULTS This experiment revealed that the specific treatment combination of 1.5 mM SA + 3% SU (T5) markedly improved various parameters, such as vase life, total chlorophyll content, membrane stability index, relative fresh weight, and water uptake of cut flowers. In our analysis, we observed that this preservative solution not only extended the vase life and enhanced water uptake but also effectively preserved total chlorophyll, mitigated the loss of fresh weight, and reduced membrane deterioration in petals. Additionally, our results showed an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, as well as total protein content, alongside a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Moreover, this study noted a decrease in microbial populations in solutions containing different concentrations of salicylic acid. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrated that alstroemeria flowers maintained in a solution with 1.5 mM SA + 3% SU exhibited a significantly prolonged vase life of up to 21 days, in contrast to the 15 days observed in control flowers kept in water. These results are highly beneficial for manufacturers in the cut flower industry, as they provide a viable method to substantially extend the vase life of cut flowers. Such an enhancement in flower longevity can lead to increased market value and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the reduction in flower senescence and decay rates can contribute to decreased waste and greater efficiency in cut flower distribution and sales, offering a substantial advantage to manufacturers in this competitive market. The extended vase life and reduced senescence observed in alstroemeria flowers treated with 1.5 mM SA and 3% SU are attributed to SA's role in enhancing endogenous defense responses and sucrose's function as an energy source, collectively improving water uptake, and delaying the natural decay process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifeh Seyed Hajizadeh
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, 55136 553, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Bayrami Aghdam
- Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Fakhrghazi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, 55136 553, Iran
| | - Sinem Karakus
- Çölemerik Vocational School, Hakkari University, Hakkari, 30000, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, 24002, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Kaya
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute, 24060, Erzincan, Turkey.
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
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Holme IB, Ingvardsen CR, Dionisio G, Podzimska‐Sroka D, Kristiansen K, Feilberg A, Brinch‐Pedersen H. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of Eil1 transcription factor genes affects exogenous ethylene tolerance and early flower senescence in Campanula portenschlagiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:484-496. [PMID: 37823527 PMCID: PMC10826993 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving tolerance to ethylene-induced early senescence of flowers and fruits is of major economic importance for the ornamental and food industry. Genetic modifications of genes in the ethylene-signalling pathway have frequently resulted in increased tolerance but often with unwanted side effects. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout the function of two CpEil1 genes expressed in flowers of the diploid ornamental plant Campanula portenschlagiana. The ethylene tolerance in flowers of the primary mutants with knockout of only one or all four alleles clearly showed increased tolerance to exogenous ethylene, although lower tolerance was obtained with one compared to four mutated alleles. The allele dosage effect was confirmed in progenies where flowers of plants with zero, one, two, three and four mutated alleles showed increasing ethylene tolerance. Mutation of the Cpeil1 alleles had no significant effect on flower longevity and endogenous flower ethylene level, indicating that CpEil1 is not involved in age-dependent senescence of flowers. The study suggests focus on EIN3/Eils expressed in the organs subjected to early senescence for obtaining tolerance towards exogenous ethylene. Furthermore, the observed allelic dosage effect constitutes a key handle for a gradual regulation of sensitivity towards exogenous ethylene, simultaneously monitoring possibly unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger B. Holme
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
| | | | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
| | | | | | - Anders Feilberg
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Henrik Brinch‐Pedersen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
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6
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Lone ML, Farooq S, ul Haq A, Altaf F, Parveen S, Tahir I. Jasmonates and salicylic acid as enigmatic orchestrators of capitula senescence in Cosmos sulphureus Cav. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1863-1874. [PMID: 38222281 PMCID: PMC10784253 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The fine-tuning of the intricate network of plant growth hormones empowers the balanced responses of plants to environmental and developmental signals. Salicylic acid and jasmonates are emerging as advanced hormones that provide plants with resistance to environmental stresses. Senescence is characterized by coordinated and systematic crosstalk between phytohormones that remodels the biochemical and physiological mechanisms in plants, resulting in cell death. The present investigation examines the role of jasmonates (methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid) and salicylic acid (SA) in regulating the petal senescence of detached stalks of Cosmos sulphureus. Based on our results, it was revealed that SA and jasmonic acid (JA) at 40 μM and methyl jasmonate (MJ) at 0.75 μM concentration delayed the senescence of detached flowers of C. sulphureus considerably. These growth regulators improved the membrane stability, reinforced the antioxidant enzyme activities and averted the upsurge of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in the petals. Additionally, SA and jasmonates preserved higher content of total phenols, reducing sugars and soluble proteins in the petals, besides impeding the bacterial growth in testing solutions which corroborated with the maximum solution uptake. The elevated soluble protein content was found to be associated with low specific protease activity (SPA) and α-amino acid content in the petal tissues. Our study concluded that SA and jasmonates delayed flower senescence by averting oxidative stress and maintaining the nutritional status of the petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Lateef Lone
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Sumira Farooq
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aehsan ul Haq
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Foziya Altaf
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shazia Parveen
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Inayatullah Tahir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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7
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Cui Y, Lv Y, Zhou J, Zhang Q. Functional characterization of two NAC transcription factors HfNAP1 and HfNAC090 associated with flower programmed cell death in daylily (Hemerocallis fulva). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111872. [PMID: 37729968 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is one of the most widely used perennial flowers, but its ornamental and economic value is greatly limited due to its ephemeral flowering period. In general, the flower senescence is regulated by the developmental signals and considered as an irreversible process of programmed cell death (PCD). However, the molecular mechanism of flower PCD in daylily still remains unclear. In this study, two NAC transcription factors, namely HfNAP1 and HfNAC090, are first identified and found to be upregulated significantly in both the age-induced and the ABA-induced flower PCD processes in daylily. Then, the functions of HfNAP1 and HfNAC090 in regulating the flower PCD are investigated through transgenic phenotypes analysis. The results demonstrate that the ectopic and transient overexpression of these two genes can effectively regulate the flower PCD in tobacco and daylily. While the overexpression of HfNAP1 accelerates the flower PCD process, the overexpression of HfNAC090 significantly delays that. Furthermore, the yeast two-hybrid assay is performed to discover potential interactions related to these two genes, and the results demonstrate that HfNAP1 and HfNAC090 can interact with each other, or interact with other flower aging-related genes. Additionally, the yeast one-hybrid assay suggests that HfNAP1 and HfNAC090 can bind directly to the promoters of downstream senescence-associated genes HfSAG39 and HfSAG15. Taken overall, this study provides sufficient evidences to confirm that HfNAP1 and HfNAC090 play dominant roles in regulating the flower PCD in daylily, supporting the development of new strategies to prolong the longevity of daylily flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yike Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuxuan Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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8
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Yang J, Huang J, Wu X, Xu Y, Gu Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Miao Y. NtMYB1 and NtNCED1/2 control abscisic acid biosynthesis and tepal senescence in Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6505-6521. [PMID: 37625033 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis cv. 'Jinzhanyintai') is one of the 10 most famous traditional flowers of China, having a beautiful and highly ornamental flower with a rich fragrance. However, the flower longevity affects its commercial appeal. While petal senescence in Narcissus is ethylene-independent and abscisic acid-dependent, the regulatory mechanism has yet to be determined. In this study, we identified a R2R3-MYB gene (NtMYB1) from Narcissus tazetta and generated oeNtMYB1 and Ntmyb1 RNA interference mutants in Narcissus as well as an oeNtMYB1 construct in Arabidopsis. Overexpressing NtMYB1 in Narcissus or Arabidopsis led to premature leaf yellowing, an elevated level of total carotenoid, a reduced level of chlorophyll b, and a decrease in photosystem II fluorescence (Fv/Fm). A dual-luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR revealed that NtMYB1 directly binds to the promoter of NtNCED1 or NtNCED2 and activates NtNCED1/2 gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpressing NtMYB1 accelerated abscisic acid biosynthesis, up-regulated the content of zeatin and abscisic acid, and down-regulated the level of β-carotene and gibberellin A1, leading to petal senescence and leaf yellowing in Narcissus. This study revealed a regulatory process that is fundamentally different between non-photosynthetic organs and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiazhi Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zheng Gu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yajue Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yujun Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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9
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Chen C, Ma Y, Zuo L, Xiao Y, Jiang Y, Gao J. The CALCINEURIN B-LIKE 4/CBL-INTERACTING PROTEIN 3 module degrades repressor JAZ5 during rose petal senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1605-1620. [PMID: 37403193 PMCID: PMC10517193 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Flower senescence is genetically regulated and developmentally controlled. The phytohormone ethylene induces flower senescence in rose (Rosa hybrida), but the underlying signaling network is not well understood. Given that calcium regulates senescence in animals and plants, we explored the role of calcium in petal senescence. Here, we report that the expression of calcineurin B-like protein 4 (RhCBL4), which encodes a calcium receptor, is induced by senescence and ethylene signaling in rose petals. RhCBL4 interacts with CBL-interacting protein kinase 3 (RhCIPK3), and both positively regulate petal senescence. Furthermore, we determined that RhCIPK3 interacts with the jasmonic acid response repressor jasmonate ZIM-domain 5 (RhJAZ5). RhCIPK3 phosphorylates RhJAZ5 and promotes its degradation in the presence of ethylene. Our results reveal that the RhCBL4-RhCIPK3-RhJAZ5 module mediates ethylene-regulated petal senescence. These findings provide insights into flower senescence, which may facilitate innovations in postharvest technology for extending rose flower longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lanxin Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Guo WJ, Pommerrenig B, Neuhaus HE, Keller I. Interaction between sugar transport and plant development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 288:154073. [PMID: 37603910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous programs and constant interaction with the environment regulate the development of the plant organism and its individual organs. Sugars are necessary building blocks for plant and organ growth and at the same time act as critical integrators of the metabolic state into the developmental program. There is a growing recognition that the specific type of sugar and its subcellular or tissue distribution is sensed and translated to developmental responses. Therefore, the transport of sugars across membranes is a key process in adapting plant organ properties and overall development to the nutritional state of the plant. In this review, we discuss how plants exploit various sugar transporters to signal growth responses, for example, to control the development of sink organs such as roots or fruits. We highlight which sugar transporters are involved in root and shoot growth and branching, how intracellular sugar allocation can regulate senescence, and, for example, control fruit development. We link the important transport processes to downstream signaling cascades and elucidate the factors responsible for the integration of sugar signaling and plant hormone responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Isabel Keller
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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11
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Chakrabarti M, Bharti S. Role of EIN2-mediated ethylene signaling in regulating petal senescence, abscission, reproductive development, and hormonal crosstalk in tobacco. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111699. [PMID: 37028457 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays a pivotal role in a wide range of developmental, physiological, and defense processes in plants. EIN2 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2) is a key player in the ethylene signaling pathway. To characterize the role of EIN2 in processes, such as petal senescence, where it has been found to play important roles along with various other developmental and physiological processes, the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ortholog of EIN2 (NtEIN2) was isolated and NtEIN2 silenced transgenic lines were generated using RNA interference (RNAi). Silencing of NtEIN2 compromised plant defense against pathogens. NtEIN2 silenced lines displayed significant delays in petal senescence, and pod maturation, and adversely affected pod and seed development. This study further dissected the petal senescence in ethylene insensitive lines, that displayed alteration in the pattern of petal senescence and floral organ abscission. Delay in petal senescence was possibly because of delayed aging processes within petal tissues. Possible crosstalk between EIN2 and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 (ARF2) in regulating the petal senescence process was also investigated. Overall, these experiments indicated a crucial role for NtEIN2 in controlling diverse developmental and physiological processes, especially in petal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Chakrabarti
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA.
| | - Shikha Bharti
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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12
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Kirasak K, Kunyamee S, Ketsa S. 1-MCP prevents ultrastructural changes in the organelles of Dendrobium petals that are induced by exogenous ethylene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107758. [PMID: 37267754 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a plant hormone that causes flower senescence. Dendrobium flowers are sensitive to ethylene and ethylene can induce premature senescence depending on the cultivar and the ethylene concentration. Dendrobium 'Lucky Duan' is one of the most sensitive cultivars to ethylene exposure. Open florets of 'Lucky Duan' were subjected to ethylene, 1-MCP, or 1-MCP plus ethylene treatments and compared with an untreated control. Ethylene induced earlier development of color fading, drooping and venation in petals, whereas 1-MCP pre-treatment counteracted these changes. Under light microscopy, epidermal cells and mesophyll parenchyma tissue around the vascular bundles of petals treated with ethylene showed collapsed cells whereas 1-MCP pre-treatment counteracted this collapse. An scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study confirmed clearly that ethylene treatment caused the collapse of mesophyll parenchyma tissue around vascular bundles. Ultrastructural changes were also studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and showed that ethylene treatment induced morphological changes in conjunction with disorganization of the plasma membrane, the nuclei, chromatin, the nucleoli, myelin bodies, multivesicular bodies, and mitochondria including changes in size and number, breakages of membranes, enlargement of intercellular spaces and disintegration. 1-MCP pre-treatment was observed to counter these changes that were induced by ethylene. The role of ethylene-induced ultrastructural changes in the different organelles was apparently associated with membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjana Kirasak
- Khon Khaen Field Crops Research Center, Amphur Muang, Khon Kaen, 40000, Thailand
| | - Sutin Kunyamee
- Mahidol University, Amnatcharoen Campus, Amphur Muang, Amnatcharoen, 37000, Thailand
| | - Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Academy of Science, The Royal Society, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
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13
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Nabipour Sanjbod R, Chamani E, Pourbeyrami Hir Y, Estaji A. Autophagic and phytochemical aspects of color changes in white petals of snapdragon flower during development and senescence. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:695-707. [PMID: 37363413 PMCID: PMC10284784 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Color change in petals is a clever strategy to attract more pollinators and one of the attractive features of edible flowers for consumers. Several physiological, phytochemical, and ultrastructural factors are involved in this process. However, this phenomenon is well underexplored in white petals. In this study, we investigated the color changes of the white petals of the snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus 'Legend White') flower from different aspects during development and senescence. In the ultrastructural analysis, both epidermal and mesophyll cells were examined. During flower development, plastid transition and autophagy processes led to the fading of the green color of young petals and the reduction of starch content, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. The piecemeal chlorophagy was observed in the degradation of starch granules. Leucoplasts were converted into autophagosome-like structures and then disappeared. The presence of these structures was evidence of the transformation of the plastid to the vacuole. As the green color faded, phytochemical compounds were synthesized. With partial flower opening and progression of senescence, pH and phenolic compounds were responsible for color changes. The highest amount of phenolic compound was observed after the flower opening stages. However, Phenolic colored compounds or total anthocyanins became colorless under the influence of low pH. The decrease in starch content caused an increase in the lightness parameter, and the petal color changed to pale yellow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Nabipour Sanjbod
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Chamani
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Younes Pourbeyrami Hir
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Asghar Estaji
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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14
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Nabipour Sanjbod R, Chamani E, Pourbeyrami Hir Y, Estaji A. Investigation of the cell structure and organelles during autolytic PCD of Antirrhinum majus "Legend White" petals. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:419-435. [PMID: 35759085 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the classes of the plant developmental programmed cell death (PCD) is vacuolar cell death or autolysis. The results of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies indicated that this type of PCD occurs during the petal senescence of Antirrhinum majus "Legend White" flowers. The major hallmarks of the process related to the ultrastructure of the cells involved chloroplast degradation, vacuolation, chromatin condensation, cell wall swelling, degradation of Golgi apparatus, protoplasmic shrinkage, degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear fragmentation, rupture of tonoplast, and plasma membrane. Macroautophagy and microautophagy processes were also clearly observed during vacuole formation. As in yeasts, in the present study, Golgi apparatus became autophagosome-like structures during degradation that had autophagy activity and then disappeared. Our results revealed a type of selective microautophagy, piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus (PMN), in nuclear degradation during PCD of petals that has not previously been reported in plants. Moreover, vesicular structures, such as paramural and multilamellar bodies, were observed in some stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Nabipour Sanjbod
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Chamani
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Younes Pourbeyrami Hir
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Asghar Estaji
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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15
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Casey M, Marchioni I, Lear B, Cort AP, Baldwin A, Rogers HJ, Stead AD. Senescence in dahlia flowers is regulated by a complex interplay between flower age and floret position. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1085933. [PMID: 36714770 PMCID: PMC9880482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1085933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating flower senescence are not fully understood in any species and are particularly complex in composite flowers. Dahlia (Dahlia pinnata Cav.) florets develop sequentially, hence each composite flower head includes florets of different developmental stages as the whole flower head ages. Moreover, the wide range of available cultivars enables assessment of intraspecific variation. Transcriptomes were compared amongst inner (younger) and outer (older) florets of two flower head ages to assess the effect of floret vs. flower head ageing. More gene expression, including ethylene and cytokinin pathway expression changed between inner and outer florets of older flower heads than between inner florets of younger and older flower heads. Additionally, based on Arabidopsis network analysis, different patterns of co-expressed ethylene response genes were elicited. This suggests that changes occur in young inner florets as the whole flower head ages that are different to ageing florets within a flower head. In some species floral senescence is orchestrated by the plant growth regulator ethylene. However, there is both inter and intra-species variation in its importance. There is a lack of conclusive data regarding ethylene sensitivity in dahlia. Speed of senescence progression, effects of ethylene signalling perturbation, and patterns of ethylene biosynthesis gene expression differed across three dahlia cultivars ('Sylvia', 'Karma Prospero' and 'Onesta') suggesting differences in the role of ethylene in their floral senescence, while effects of exogenous cytokinin were less cultivar-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Casey
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Marchioni
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-alimentari, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bianca Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alex P. Cort
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Baldwin
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary J. Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D. Stead
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
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16
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Wu Y, Zuo L, Ma Y, Jiang Y, Gao J, Tao J, Chen C. Protein Kinase RhCIPK6 Promotes Petal Senescence in Response to Ethylene in Rose ( Rosa Hybrida). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1989. [PMID: 36360225 PMCID: PMC9689952 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultivated roses have the largest global market share among ornamental crops. Postharvest release of ethylene is the main cause of accelerated senescence and decline in rose flower quality. To understand the molecular mechanism of ethylene-induced rose petal senescence, we analyzed the transcriptome of rose petals during natural senescence as well as with ethylene treatment. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between developmental senescence and the ethylene-induced process. We identified 1207 upregulated genes in the ethylene-induced senescence process, including 82 transcription factors and 48 protein kinases. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that ethylene-induced senescence was closely related to stress, dehydration, and redox reactions. We identified a calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) interacting protein kinase (CIPK) family gene in Rosa hybrida, RhCIPK6, that was regulated by age and ethylene induction. Reducing RhCIPK6 expression through virus-induced gene silencing significantly delayed petal senescence, indicating that RhCIPK6 mediates petal senescence. In the RhCIPK6-silenced petals, several senescence associated genes (SAGs) and transcription factor genes were downregulated compared with controls. We also determined that RhCIPK6 directly binds calcineurin B-like protein 3 (RhCBL3). Our work thus offers new insights into the function of CIPKs in petal senescence and provides a genetic resource for extending rose vase life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lanxin Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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Meng L, Yang H, Xiang L, Wang Y, Chan Z. NAC transcription factor TgNAP promotes tulip petal senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1960-1977. [PMID: 35900170 PMCID: PMC9614467 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Petal senescence is a crucial determinant for ornamental quality and economic value of floral crops. Salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are two prominent factors involved in plant senescence regulation. In this study, tulip TgNAP (NAC-like, activated by APETALA3/PISTILLATA) was characterized as positively regulating tulip petal senescence through dually regulating SA biosynthesis and ROS detoxification pathways. TgNAP was upregulated in senescing petals of tulip while exogenous SA and H2O2 treatments substantially promoted petal senescence in tulip. Silencing of TgNAP by VIGS assay delayed SA and H2O2-induced petal senescence in tulip, whereas overexpression of TgNAP promoted the senescence process in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Additionally, inhibition of SA biosynthesis prolonged the lifespan of TgNAP-silenced petal discs. Further evidence indicated that TgNAP activates the transcriptions of two key SA biosynthetic genes ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 (TgICS1) and PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE 1 (TgPAL1) through directly binding to their promoter regions. Meanwhile, TgNAP repressed ROS scavenging by directly inhibiting PEROXIDASE 12 (POD12) and POD17 expression. Taken together, these results indicate that TgNAP enhances SA biosynthesis and ROS accumulation to positively regulate petal senescence in tulip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Haipo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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18
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Ji X, Wang M, Xu Z, Wang K, Sun D, Niu L. PlMYB308 Regulates Flower Senescence by Modulating Ethylene Biosynthesis in Herbaceous Peony. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872442. [PMID: 35712588 PMCID: PMC9194951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herbaceous peony is an important cut-flower plant cultivated worldwide, but its short vase life substantially restricts its economic value. It is well established that endogenous hormones regulate the senescence process, but their molecular mechanism in flower senescence remains unclear. Here, we isolated a MYB transcription factor gene, PlMYB308, from herbaceous peony flowers, based on transcriptome data. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that PlMYB308 is strongly up-regulated in senescing petals, and its expression was induced by abscisic acid or ethylene and reduced by gibberellin in petals. Treatment with abscisic acid or ethylene accelerated herbaceous peony petal senescence, and gibberellin delayed the process. PlMYB308 silencing delayed peony flower senescence and dramatically increased gibberellin, but reduced ethylene and abscisic acid levels in petals. PlMYB308 ectopic overexpression in tobacco accelerated flower senescence and reduced gibberellin, but increased ethylene and abscisic acid accumulation. Correspondingly, five endogenous hormone biosynthetic genes showed variable expression levels in petals after PlMYB308 silencing or overexpression. A dual-luciferase assay and yeast one-hybrid analysis showed that PlMYB308 specifically binds the PlACO1 promoter. Moreover, treatment with ethylene and 1-MCP can accelerate PlMYB308 silencing-reduced senescence and delay PlMYB308- overexpression-induced senescence. We also found that PlACO1 silencing delayed senescence in herbaceous peony petals. Taken together, our results suggest that the PlMYB308-PlACO1 regulatory checkpoints positively mediate the production of ethylene, and thus contribute to senescence in herbaceous peony flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daoyang Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lixin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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19
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Takahashi S, Yoshida C, Takahashi H, Nishihara M. Isolation and Functional Analysis of EPHEMERAL1-LIKE ( EPH1L) Genes Involved in Flower Senescence in Cultivated Japanese Gentians. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5608. [PMID: 35628413 PMCID: PMC9147615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The elongation of flower longevity increases the commercial value of ornamental plants, and various genes have been identified as influencing flower senescence. Recently, EPHEMERAL1 (EPH1), encoding a NAC-type transcription factor, was identified in Japanese morning glory as a gene that promotes flower senescence. Here we attempted to identify an EPH1 homolog gene from cultivated Japanese gentians and characterized the same with regard to its flower senescence. Two EPH1-LIKE genes (EPH1La and EPH1Lb), considered as alleles, were isolated from a gentian cultivar (Gentiana scabra × G. triflora). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that EPH1L belongs to the NAM subfamily. The transcript levels of EPH1L increased along with its senescence in the field-grown flowers. Under dark-induced senescence conditions, the gentian-detached flowers showed the peak transcription level of EPH1L earlier than that of SAG12, a senescence marker gene, suggesting the involvement of EPH1L in flower senescence. To reveal the EPH1L function, we produced eph1l-knockout mutant lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. When the flower longevity was evaluated using the detached flowers as described above, improved longevity was recorded in all genome-edited lines, with delayed induction of SAG12 transcription. The degradation analysis of genomic DNA matched the elongation of flower longevity, cumulatively indicating the involvement of EPH1L in the regulation of flower senescence in gentians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan; (S.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chiharu Yoshida
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan; (S.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan; (S.T.); (C.Y.)
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20
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Endogenous Hormones and Biochemical Changes during Flower Development and Florescence in the Buds and Leaves of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is one of the most important shrubs grown in northwest China. Healthy buds and leaves of L. ruthenicum Murr. were selected for the present study. Flower development was divided into six stages, namely, flower bud pre-differentiation (I), late flower differentiation (II), squaring stage (III), dew crown period (IV), open stage (V) and senescent stage (VI). Endogenous hormone content and specific value, soluble sugar, sucrose, starch, and soluble protein were measured, and ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, ZR/GA3, and C/N were calculated in buds and leaves at stage VI. The results showed that ABA, GA3, and ZR content of buds significantly increased from flower bud pre-differentiation to late flower differentiation stage. However, ABA, GA3, and ZR content of leaves had the opposite change trend. From open stage to senescent stage, IAA, ABA, and GA3 content of buds and leaves significantly increased in L. ruthenicum Murr. However, ZR content of buds and leaves significantly decreased from open stage to senescent stage. ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3 values of buds significantly increased from lower bud pre-differentiation to late flower differentiation stage. However, ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3 values of leaves significantly decreased from lower bud pre-differentiation to late flower differentiation stage. ABA/IAA and ABA/GA3 of buds significantly increased from open stage to senescent stage, but ZR/IAA and ZR/GA3 of buds significantly decreased from open to senescent. At this stage, ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3 significantly decreased in L. ruthenicum Murr. The higher soluble sugar and sucrose content in the buds and leaves were beneficial to the flower bud differentiation of L. ruthenicum. The increasing of soluble sugar improved the energy basis to florescence and senescent. The carbohydrates metabolism enhanced from open stage to senescent stage and nitrogen metabolism reduced from open stage to senescent stage of L. ruthenicum.
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21
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Nguyen TK, Lim JH. Is It a Challenge to Use Molecular Hydrogen for Extending Flower Vase Life? PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101277. [PMID: 35631701 PMCID: PMC9146928 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, molecular hydrogen treatment has the potential to manage the Corona Virus disease (COVID-19) and pandemic based on its anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-resistance, antioxidant, and hormone-regulating properties. Antioxidant properties are beneficial in both animal and human diseases. In agricultural sciences, molecular hydrogen is used to postpone postharvest ripening and senescence in fruits. However, studies on flower senescence are limited to the application of hydrogen molecules during floral preharvest and postharvest. Fortunately, improved tools involving molecular hydrogen can potentially improve postharvest products and storage. We also discuss the benefits and drawbacks of molecular hydrogen in floral preharvest and postharvest. This review provides an overview of molecular hydrogen solutions for floral preservative storage.
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22
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Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Tranbarger TJ, Ostrowski M, Niedojadło J, Karwaszewski J, Kapuścińska D, Panek K. EPIP as an abscission promoting agent in the phytohormonal pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 178:137-145. [PMID: 35298945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the activation of the abscission zone (AZ) responsible for organ separation from plant body in crop species will help improve their yielding and economic importance. Special attention has been given recently to the role of the INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION protein, particularly its functional fragment, EPIP peptide. Its stimulatory effect on abscission in different crops has been demonstrated. Recently we described the role of EPIP in the redox, lipid, and pectin-related events taking place in AZ of Lupinus luteus flowers, which undergo massive abscission in natural conditions. To further examine EPIP contribution in AZ functioning, here, we analyze its impact on the ultrastructural changes, synthesis of two hormonal abscission stimulators - abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET), and the appearance of phosphoproteins. As our results show, the response of flower AZ to exogenous EPIP involves the induction of distinct modifications related to the one hand with upregulation of cell activity but on the other hand degradation processes and possible autophagy. Furthermore, the EPIP stimulated biosynthesis pathways of ABA and ET precisely in AZ cells. In addition, progressive phosphorylation of proteins has been observed under EPIP influence. The highly accumulated ones were identified as those, related to primary metabolism and reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and their role in abscission has been discussed. To summarizing, the presented detailed description of EPIP action in AZ cells in combination with our previous data offers new insights into its regulatory function and provides opportunities to counteract excessive flower abscission in lupine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy John Tranbarger
- UMR DIADE, IRD Centre de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394, CEDEX 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Maciej Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Jacek Karwaszewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Dominika Kapuścińska
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Panek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100, Torun, Poland
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Lin Y, Jones ML. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Editing of Autophagy Gene 6 in Petunia Decreases Flower Longevity, Seed Yield, and Phosphorus Remobilization by Accelerating Ethylene Production and Senescence-Related Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840218. [PMID: 35557714 PMCID: PMC9088004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental petal senescence is a type of programmed cell death (PCD), during which the production of ethylene is induced, the expression of PCD-related genes is upregulated, and nutrients are recycled. Autophagy is an intracellular mechanism involved in PCD modulation and nutrient cycling. As a central component of the autophagy pathway, Autophagy Gene 6 (ATG6) was previously shown as a negative regulator of petal senescence. To better understand the role of autophagy in ethylene biosynthesis and nutrient remobilization during petal senescence, we generated and characterized the knockout (KO) mutants of PhATG6 using CRISPR/Cas9 in Petunia × hybrida 'Mitchell Diploid.' PhATG6-KO lines exhibited decreased flower longevity when compared to the flowers of the wild-type or a non-mutated regenerative line (controls), confirming the negative regulatory role of ATG6 in petal senescence. Smaller capsules and fewer seeds per capsule were produced in the KO plants, indicating the crucial function of autophagy in seed production. Ethylene production and ethylene biosynthesis genes were upregulated earlier in the KO lines than the controls, indicating that autophagy affects flower longevity through ethylene. The transcript levels of petal PCD-related genes, including PhATG6, PhATG8d, PhPI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase), and a metacaspase gene PhMC1, were upregulated earlier in the corollas of PhATG6-KO lines, which supported the accelerated PCD in the KO plants. The remobilization of phosphorus was reduced in the KO lines, showing that nutrient recycling was compromised. Our study demonstrated the important role of autophagy in flower lifespan and seed production and supported the interactions between autophagy and various regulatory factors during developmental petal senescence.
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Liao CY, Wang P, Yin Y, Bassham DC. Interactions between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways in plants. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2198-2214. [PMID: 35460261 PMCID: PMC9543649 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved recycling process with important functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Phytohormones also play key roles in the regulation of some of the same processes. Increasing evidence indicates that a close relationship exists between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways, and the mechanisms of interaction between these pathways have begun to be revealed. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how autophagy regulates hormone signaling and, conversely, how hormones regulate the activity of autophagy, both in plant growth and development and in environmental stress responses. We highlight in particular recent mechanistic insights into the coordination between autophagy and signaling events controlled by the stress hormone abscisic acid and by the growth hormones brassinosteroid and cytokinin and briefly discuss potential connections between autophagy and other phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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25
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Kućko A, de Dios Alché J, Tranbarger TJ, Wilmowicz E. The acceleration of yellow lupine flower abscission by jasmonates is accompanied by lipid-related events in abscission zone cells. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111173. [PMID: 35151456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Yellow lupine is an economically important crop. This species has been used as a great model for abscission processes for several years due to extreme flower abortion, which takes place in the abscission zone (AZ). AZ activation involves modifications of cell walls, membranes, and cellular structure. In this paper, we applied physiological, molecular, biochemical, and instrumental methods to explore lipid-associated changes and the possible involvement of lipid-derived phytohormones - jasmonates (JAs) - in flower AZ activation. Our comprehensive analyses revealed that natural abscission is accompanied by the upregulation of peroxidase, which reflects a disruption of redox balance and/or lipids peroxidation in AZ cell membranes. Redox imbalance was confirmed by appearance of malondialdehyde. Lipid-related processes involved the specific localization and increased level and activity of lipase and LOX, enzymes associated with cell membrane rupture, and JA biosynthesis. Lipid-hydrolyzing phospholipase D, implicated previously in abscission, is also found in naturally active AZs. Observed changes are accompanied by the accumulation of jasmonates, both free jasmonic acid and its methyl ester. The JA derivative exhibited higher biological activity than the nonconjugated form. Overall, our study shed new light on the lipid and phytohormonal regulation of AZ functioning supporting a role of JAs during abscission-associated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Timothy John Tranbarger
- UMR DIADE, IRD Centre de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 CEDEX 5, Montpellier, France.
| | - Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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26
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Yao J, Li R, Cheng Y, Li Z. A combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of chrysanthemum provides new insights into petal senescence. PLANTA 2021; 255:22. [PMID: 34918180 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were differentially expressed in senescent petals compared with control petals. Studying petal senescence is crucial for extending the postharvest longevity of cut flowers, but petal senescence remains relatively unexplored compared to well-studied leaf senescence. In this study, a combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of senescent (22 days after cutting) and control (0 day after cutting) petals was performed to investigate the molecular processes underlying petal senescence of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), an important cut flower crop worldwide. A total of 11,324 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 4888 up-regulated and 6436 down-regulated genes, and 403 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 210 up-regulated and 193 down-regulated proteins, were identified at transcript and protein levels, respectively. A cross-comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic data identified 257 consistent DEGs/DEPs, including 122 up-regulated and 135 down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that "cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis" is a main pathway for both DEGs and DEPs, especially for down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Functional analysis indicated that chrysanthemum genes mainly encoding putative cytochrome P450s, non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, subtilisin-like proteases, AAA-ATPases, proteins essential for cuticular wax biosynthesis, and proteins in hormone signal transduction or ubiquitination were differentially expressed at both transcript and protein levels. In addition, numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were also differentially expressed, inferring an involvement of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in petal senescence. These results provide a valuable resource of studying chrysanthemum senescence and significant insights into petal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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27
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Transcriptome analysis of Rafflesia cantleyi flower stages reveals insights into the regulation of senescence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23661. [PMID: 34880337 PMCID: PMC8654902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rafflesia is a unique plant species existing as a single flower and produces the largest flower in the world. While Rafflesia buds take up to 21 months to develop, its flowers bloom and wither within about a week. In this study, transcriptome analysis was carried out to shed light on the molecular mechanism of senescence in Rafflesia. A total of 53.3 million high quality reads were obtained from two Rafflesia cantleyi flower developmental stages and assembled to generate 64,152 unigenes. Analysis of this dataset showed that 5,166 unigenes were differentially expressed, in which 1,073 unigenes were identified as genes involved in flower senescence. Results revealed that as the flowers progress to senescence, more genes related to flower senescence were significantly over-represented compared to those related to plant growth and development. Senescence of the R. cantleyi flower activates senescence-associated genes in the transcription activity (members of the transcription factor families MYB, bHLH, NAC, and WRKY), nutrient remobilization (autophagy-related protein and transporter genes), and redox regulation (CATALASE). Most of the senescence-related genes were found to be differentially regulated, perhaps for the fine-tuning of various responses in the senescing R. cantleyi flower. Additionally, pathway analysis showed the activation of genes such as ETHYLENE RECEPTOR, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 2, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3, and ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, indicating the possible involvement of the ethylene hormone response pathway in the regulation of R. cantleyi senescence. Our results provide a model of the molecular mechanism underlying R. cantleyi flower senescence, and contribute essential information towards further understanding the biology of the Rafflesiaceae family.
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Zhong S, Sang L, Zhao Z, Deng Y, Liu H, Yu Y, Liu J. Phosphoproteome analysis reveals the involvement of protein dephosphorylation in ethylene-induced corolla senescence in petunia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:512. [PMID: 34732145 PMCID: PMC8565076 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senescence represents the last stage of flower development. Phosphorylation is the key posttranslational modification that regulates protein functions, and kinases may be more required than phosphatases during plant growth and development. However, little is known about global phosphorylation changes during flower senescence. RESULTS In this work, we quantitatively investigated the petunia phosphoproteome following ethylene or air treatment. In total, 2170 phosphosites in 1184 protein groups were identified, among which 2059 sites in 1124 proteins were quantified. To our surprise, treatment with ethylene resulted in 697 downregulated and only 117 upregulated phosphosites using a 1.5-fold threshold (FDR < 0.05), which showed that ethylene negatively regulates global phosphorylation levels and that phosphorylation of many proteins was not necessary during flower senescence. Phosphoproteome analysis showed that ethylene regulates ethylene and ABA signalling transduction pathways via phosphorylation levels. One of the major targets of ethylene-induced dephosphorylation is the plant mRNA splicing machinery, and ethylene treatment increases the number of alternative splicing events of precursor RNAs in petunia corollas. CONCLUSIONS Protein dephosphorylation could play an important role in ethylene-induced senescence, and ethylene treatment increased the number of AS precursor RNAs in petunia corollas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- School of Landscape Architecture School of Tourism and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Zhejiang, 311300 Hangzhou China
| | - Lina Sang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Zhixia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Ying Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yixun Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Juanxu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- School of Landscape Architecture School of Tourism and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Zhejiang, 311300 Hangzhou China
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29
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Du Y, Luo S, Zhao J, Feng Z, Chen X, Ren W, Liu X, Wang Z, Yu L, Li W, Qu Y, Liu J, Zhou L. Genome and transcriptome-based characterization of high energy carbon-ion beam irradiation induced delayed flower senescence mutant in Lotus japonicus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:510. [PMID: 34732128 PMCID: PMC8564971 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower longevity is closely related to pollen dispersal and reproductive success in all plants, as well as the commercial value of ornamental plants. Mutants that display variation in flower longevity are useful tools for understanding the mechanisms underlying this trait. Heavy-ion beam irradiation has great potential to improve flower shapes and colors; however, few studies are available on the mutation of flower senescence in leguminous plants. RESULTS A mutant (C416) exhibiting blossom duration eight times longer than that of the wild type (WT) was isolated in Lotus japonicus derived from carbon ion beam irradiation. Genetic assays supported that the delayed flower senescence of C416 was a dominant trait controlled by a single gene, which was located between 4,616,611 Mb and 5,331,876 Mb on chromosome III. By using a sorting strategy of multi-sample parallel genome sequencing, candidate genes were narrowed to the gene CUFF.40834, which exhibited high identity to ethylene receptor 1 in other model plants. A physiological assay demonstrated that C416 was insensitive to ethylene precursor. Furthermore, the dynamic changes of phytohormone regulatory network in petals at different developmental stages was compared by using RNA-seq. In brief, the ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways were negatively regulated in C416, whereas the brassinosteroid (BR) and cytokinin signaling pathways were positively regulated, and auxin exhibited dual effects on flower senescence in Lotus japonicus. The abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway is positively regulated in C416. CONCLUSION So far, C416 might be the first reported mutant carrying a mutation in an endogenous ethylene-related gene in Lotus japonicus, rather than through the introduction of exogenous genes by transgenic techniques. A schematic of the flower senescence of Lotus japonicus from the perspective of the phytohormone regulatory network was provided based on transcriptome profiling of petals at different developmental stages. This study is informative for elucidating the molecular mechanism of delayed flower senescence in C416, and lays a foundation for candidate flower senescence gene identification in Lotus japonicus. It also provides another perspective for the improvement of flower longevity in legume plants by heavy-ion beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwei Luo
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Ren
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanzi Wang
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Yu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qu
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- Kejin Innovation Institute of Heavy Ion Beam Biological Industry, Baiyin, 730900, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Biophysics Group, Biomedical Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China.
- Kejin Innovation Institute of Heavy Ion Beam Biological Industry, Baiyin, 730900, People's Republic of China.
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Zou J, Lü P, Jiang L, Liu K, Zhang T, Chen J, Yao Y, Cui Y, Gao J, Zhang C. Regulation of rose petal dehydration tolerance and senescence by RhNAP transcription factor via the modulation of cytokinin catabolism. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:13. [PMID: 37789474 PMCID: PMC10515265 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Petals and leaves share common evolutionary origins but have different phenotypic characteristics, such as the absence of stomata in the petals of most angiosperm species. Plant NAC transcription factor, NAP, is involved in ABA responses and regulates senescence-associated genes, and especially those that affect stomatal movement. However, the regulatory mechanisms and significance of NAP action in senescing astomatous petals is unclear. A major limiting factor is failure of flower opening and accelerated senescence. Our goal is to understand the finely regulatory mechanism of dehydration tolerance and aging in rose flowers. We functionally characterized RhNAP, an AtNAP-like transcription factor gene that is induced by dehydration and aging in astomatous rose petals. Cytokinins (CKs) are known to delay petal senescence and we found that a cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene 6 (RhCKX6) shares similar expression patterns with RhNAP. Silencing of RhNAP or RhCKX6 expression in rose petals by virus induced gene silencing markedly reduced petal dehydration tolerance and delayed petal senescence. Endogenous CK levels in RhNAP- or RhCKX6-silenced petals were significantly higher than those of the control. Moreover, RhCKX6 expression was reduced in RhNAP-silenced petals. This suggests that the expression of RhCKX6 is regulated by RhNAP. Yeast one-hybrid experiments and electrophoresis mobility shift assays showed that RhNAP binds to the RhCKX6 promoter in heterologous in vivo system and in vitro, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of putative signal transduction and downstream genes of ABA-signaling pathways were also reduced due to the repression of PP2C homolog genes by RhNAP in rose petals. Taken together, our study indicates that the RhNAP/RhCKX6 interaction represents a regulatory step enhancing dehydration tolerance in young rose petals and accelerating senescence in mature petals in a stomata-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peitao Lü
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yusen Cui
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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31
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Luo J, Chen S, Cao S, Zhang T, Li R, Chan ZL, Wang C. Rose (Rosa hybrida) Ethylene Responsive Factor 3 Promotes Rose Flower Senescence via Direct Activation of the Abscisic Acid Synthesis-Related 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE Gene. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1030-1043. [PMID: 34156085 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During plant senescence, energy and nutrients are transferred to young leaves, fruits or seeds. However, senescence reduces flower quality, which leads to huge economic losses in flower production. Ethylene is an important factor affecting the quality of cut roses during transportation and storage. Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are key nodes in ethylene signaling, but the molecular mechanism underlying ERFs regulated flower senescence is not well understood. We addressed this issue in the present study by focusing on RhERF3 from Rosa hybrida, an ERF identified in a previous transcriptome analysis of ethylene-treated rose flowers. Expression of RhERF3 was strongly induced by ethylene during rose flower senescence. Transient silencing of RhERF3 delayed flower senescence, whereas overexpression (OE) accelerated the process. RNA sequencing analysis of RhERF3 OE and pSuper vector control samples identified 13,214 differentially expressed genes that were mostly related to metabolic process and plant hormone signal transduction. Transient activation and yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that RhERF3 directly bound the promoter of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (RhNCED1) gene and activated gene expression. Thus, a RhERF3/RhNCED1 axis accelerates rose flower senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shenghai Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhu Long Chan
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
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32
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Li Z, Zhou W, Wang P, Chen Y, Huo S, Wang J, Tian D, Niu J, Zhao Y, Song X. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Senescence Process Controlling the Flower Opening and Closure Rhythm in the Waterlilies ( Nymphaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:701633. [PMID: 34671367 PMCID: PMC8521120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most waterlily flowers open at dawn and close after noon usually for three to four days, and thereafter wilt. The short lifespan of flowers restricts the development of the flower postharvest industry. The termination of flower movements is a key event during flower aging process. However, it is still unclear when the senescence process initiates and how it terminates the movement rhythm. In this study, we observed that the opening diameter of flowers was the smallest on the fourth (last) flowering day. Subsequent transcriptome profiles generated from petals at different flowering stages showed that the multiple signaling pathways were activated at the last closure stage (Time 3, T3) of the flowers, including Ca2+, reactive oxygen species and far red light signaling pathways, as well as auxin, ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Moreover, In terms of cell metabolism regulation, the genes related to hydrolase (protease, phospholipase, nuclease) were upregulated at T3 stage, indicating that petals entered the senescence stage at that time; and the genes related to water transport and cell wall modification were also differentially regulated at T3 stage, which would affect the ability of cell expand and contract, and eventually lead to petal not open after the fourth day. Collectively, our data provided a new insight into the termination of flower opening in the waterlilies, and a global understanding of the senescence process of those opening-closure rhythm flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoji Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yanfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaojie Huo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Daike Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Trees and Ornamental Plants, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Lu S, Chai L, Ye J, Deng X. Citrus transcription factor CsHB5 regulates abscisic acid biosynthetic genes and promotes senescence. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:151-168. [PMID: 34414618 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a gradual physiological process involving the integration of numerous internal and environmental signals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a well-known inducer of senescence. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying ABA-mediated senescence remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the citrus homeodomain leucine zipper I (HD-ZIP I) transcription factor CsHB5 functions as a regulator of ABA-triggered senescence. CsHB5 acts as a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, the expression of which appeared to be closely associated with citrus senescence. Overexpression of CsHB5 in citrus calli upregulated the expression of ABA- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes, and significantly increased the content of ABA and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), whereas silencing CsHB5 in citrus calli downregulated the expression of ABA-related genes. Additionally, heterogenous overexpression of CsHB5 in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leads to early leaf yellowing under dark-induced senescence conditions. Meanwhile, the levels of ABA and H2 O2 in transgenic tomatoes increased significantly and the lycopene content decreased. Transcriptome analysis of CsHB5-overexpressing citrus calli and tomato showed that CsHB5 was involved in multiple senescence-associated processes, including chlorophyll degradation, nutrient compound biosynthesis and transport, as well as ABA and ROS signal transduction. The results of yeast one-hybrid assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dual luciferase assays indicated that CsHB5 directly binds to the promoters of ABA biosynthetic genes, including β-carotene hydroxylase 1 (BCH1) and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 2 (NCED2), thereby activating their transcription. Our findings revealed that CsHB5 participates in senescence, at least partly, by directly controlling ABA accumulation. Our work provides insight into the regulatory mechanisms underlying ABA-mediated senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Zhang Y, Wu Z, Feng M, Chen J, Qin M, Wang W, Bao Y, Xu Q, Ye Y, Ma C, Jiang CZ, Gan SS, Zhou H, Cai Y, Hong B, Gao J, Ma N. The circadian-controlled PIF8-BBX28 module regulates petal senescence in rose flowers by governing mitochondrial ROS homeostasis at night. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2716-2735. [PMID: 34043798 PMCID: PMC8408477 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unstable reactive molecules that are toxic to cells. Regulation of ROS homeostasis is crucial to protect cells from dysfunction, senescence, and death. In plant leaves, ROS are mainly generated from chloroplasts and are tightly temporally restricted by the circadian clock. However, little is known about how ROS homeostasis is regulated in nonphotosynthetic organs, such as petals. Here, we showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels exhibit typical circadian rhythmicity in rose (Rosa hybrida) petals, consistent with the measured respiratory rate. RNA-seq and functional screening identified a B-box gene, RhBBX28, whose expression was associated with H2O2 rhythms. Silencing RhBBX28 accelerated flower senescence and promoted H2O2 accumulation at night in petals, while overexpression of RhBBX28 had the opposite effects. RhBBX28 influenced the expression of various genes related to respiratory metabolism, including the TCA cycle and glycolysis, and directly repressed the expression of SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE 1, which plays a central role in mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) homeostasis. We also found that PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR8 (RhPIF8) could activate RhBBX28 expression to control H2O2 levels in petals and thus flower senescence. Our results indicate that the circadian-controlled RhPIF8-RhBBX28 module is a critical player that controls flower senescence by governing mtROS homeostasis in rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meizhu Qin
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenran Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Bao
- Faculty of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Crop Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hougao Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Youming Cai
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Author for correspondence:
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Sun X, Qin M, Yu Q, Huang Z, Xiao Y, Li Y, Ma N, Gao J. Molecular understanding of postharvest flower opening and senescence. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:7. [PMID: 37789453 PMCID: PMC10514961 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are key organs in many ornamental plants, and various phases of flower development impact their economic value. The final stage of petal development is associated with flower senescence, which is an irreversible process involving programmed cell death, and premature senescence of cut flowers often results in major losses in quality during postharvest handling. Flower opening and senescence are two sequential processes. As flowers open, the stamens are exposed to attract pollinators. Once pollination occurs, flower senescence is initiated. Both the opening and senescence processes are regulated by a range of endogenous phytohormones and environmental factors. Ethylene acts as a central regulator for the ethylene-sensitive flowers. Other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, are also involved in the control of petal expansion and senescence. Water status also directly influences postharvest flower opening, while pollination is a key event in initiating the onset flower senescence. Here, we review the current understanding of flower opening and senescence, and propose future research directions, such as the study of interactions between hormonal and environmental signals, the application of new technology, and interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meizhu Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Li L, Yin Q, Zhang T, Cheng P, Xu S, Shen W. Hydrogen Nanobubble Water Delays Petal Senescence and Prolongs the Vase Life of Cut Carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Flowers. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081662. [PMID: 34451707 PMCID: PMC8401707 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The short vase life of cut flowers limits their commercial value. To ameliorate this practical problem, this study investigated the effect of hydrogen nanobubble water (HNW) on delaying senescence of cut carnation flowers (Dianthuscaryophyllus L.). It was observed that HNW had properties of higher concentration and residence time for the dissolved hydrogen gas in comparison with conventional hydrogen-rich water (HRW). Meanwhile, application of 5% HNW significantly prolonged the vase life of cut carnation flowers compared with distilled water, other doses of HNW (including 1%, 10%, and 50%), and 10% HRW, which corresponded with the alleviation of fresh weight and water content loss, increased electrolyte leakage, oxidative damage, and cell death in petals. Further study showed that the increasing trend with respect to the activities of nucleases (including DNase and RNase) and protease during vase life period was inhibited by 5% HNW. The results indicated that HNW delayed petal senescence of cut carnation flowers through reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and initial activities of senescence-associated enzymes. These findings may provide a basic framework for the application of HNW for postharvest preservation of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longna Li
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.L.); (Q.Y.); (T.Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Qianlan Yin
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.L.); (Q.Y.); (T.Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Tong Zhang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.L.); (Q.Y.); (T.Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.L.); (Q.Y.); (T.Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.L.); (Q.Y.); (T.Z.); (P.C.)
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84-399-032; Fax: +86-25-84-396-542
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Malvestiti MC, Immink RGH, Arens P, Quiroz Monnens T, van Kan JAL. Fire Blight Susceptibility in Lilium spp. Correlates to Sensitivity to Botrytis elliptica Secreted Cell Death Inducing Compounds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660337. [PMID: 34262577 PMCID: PMC8273286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight represents a widespread disease in Lilium spp. and is caused by the necrotrophic Ascomycete Botrytis elliptica. There are >100 Lilium species that fall into distinct phylogenetic groups and these have been used to generate the contemporary commercial genotypes. It is known among lily breeders and growers that different groups of lilies differ in susceptibility to fire blight, but the genetic basis and mechanisms of susceptibility to fire blight are unresolved. The aim of this study was to quantify differences in fire blight susceptibility between plant genotypes and differences in virulence between fungal isolates. To this end we inoculated, in four biological replicates over 2 years, a set of 12 B. elliptica isolates on a panel of 18 lily genotypes representing seven Lilium hybrid groups. A wide spectrum of variation in symptom severity was observed in different isolate-genotype combinations. There was a good correlation between the lesion diameters on leaves and flowers of the Lilium genotypes, although the flowers generally showed faster expanding lesions. It was earlier postulated that B. elliptica pathogenicity on lily is conferred by secreted proteins that induce programmed cell death in lily cells. We selected two aggressive isolates and one mild isolate and collected culture filtrate (CF) samples to compare the cell death inducing activity of their secreted compounds in lily. After leaf infiltration of the CFs, variation was observed in cell death responses between the diverse lilies. The severity of cell death responses upon infiltration of the fungal CF observed among the diverse Lilium hybrid groups correlated well to their fire blight susceptibility. These results support the hypothesis that susceptibility to fire blight in lily is mediated by their sensitivity to B. elliptica effector proteins in a quantitative manner. Cell death-inducing proteins may provide an attractive tool to predict fire blight susceptibility in lily breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C. Malvestiti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard G. H. Immink
- Department of Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Arens
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Quiroz Monnens
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Ventimilla D, Velázquez K, Ruiz-Ruiz S, Terol J, Pérez-Amador MA, Vives MC, Guerri J, Talon M, Tadeo FR. IDA (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION)-like peptides and HAE (HAESA)-like receptors regulate corolla abscission in Nicotiana benthamiana flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:226. [PMID: 34020584 PMCID: PMC8139003 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abscission is an active, organized, and highly coordinated cell separation process enabling the detachment of aerial organs through the modification of cell-to-cell adhesion and breakdown of cell walls at specific sites on the plant body known as abscission zones. In Arabidopsis thaliana, abscission of floral organs and cauline leaves is regulated by the interaction of the hormonal peptide INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA), a pair of redundant receptor-like protein kinases, HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2), and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) co-receptors. However, the functionality of this abscission signaling module has not yet been demonstrated in other plant species. RESULTS The expression of the pair of NbenIDA1 homeologs and the receptor NbenHAE.1 was supressed at the base of the corolla tube by the inoculation of two virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) constructs in Nicotiana benthamiana. These gene suppression events arrested corolla abscission but did not produce any obvious effect on plant growth. VIGS plants retained a higher number of corollas attached to the flowers than control plants, an observation related to a greater corolla breakstrength. The arrest of corolla abscission was associated with the preservation of the parenchyma tissue at the base of the corolla tube that, in contrast, was virtually collapsed in normal corollas. In contrast, the inoculation of a viral vector construct that increased the expression of NbenIDA1A at the base of the corolla tube negatively affected the growth of the inoculated plants accelerating the timing of both corolla senescence and abscission. However, the heterologous ectopic overexpression of citrus CitIDA3 and Arabidopsis AtIDA in N. benthamiana did not alter the standard plant phenotype suggesting that the proteolytic processing machinery was unable to yield active peptides. CONCLUSION Here, we demonstrate that the pair of NbenIDA1 homeologs encoding small peptides of the IDA-like family and the receptor NbenHAE.1 control cellular breakdown at the base of the corolla tube awhere an adventitious AZ should be formed and, therefore, corolla abscission in N. benthamiana flowers. Altogether, our results provide the first evidence supporting the notion that the IDA-HAE/HSL2 signaling module is conserved in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ventimilla
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Karelia Velázquez
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Ruiz-Ruiz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Pérez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. CPI Ed. 8E, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª. Carmen Vives
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Guerri
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco R. Tadeo
- Centro de Genómica - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
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Harada T, Horiguchi I, Ueyama S, Murai A, Tsuzuki C. Comprehensive analysis of sucrolytic enzyme gene families in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112607. [PMID: 33774571 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose plays crucial roles in growth and responses of plants to the environment, including those in ornamental species. During post-harvest handling of cut flowers, sucrose degradation is an essential process of inter- and intra-cellular carbon partitioning affecting flower opening and senescence and, subsequently, flower quality. However, complete information about the molecular basis of sucrose degradation in ornamental flowers, which can be catalyzed by two kinds of sucrolytic enzymes, invertase (INV), and sucrose synthase (SUS), is not available from past reports. The present study shows that sucrose treatment of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) florets increased starch content in petals, accompanied by decreased vacuolar INV (VIN) activity and increased SUS activity. However, hypoxic treatment of carnation florets decreased sucrose content and cell-wall INV (CWIN) activity in petals. In silico analysis using the carnation genome database identified six CWIN, three VIN, eight cytoplasmic INV (CIN), and five SUS genes. Real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed that these genes are differentially expressed in carnation petals in response to sucrose and hypoxic treatments, partially corresponding to the changes in enzyme activities. In contrast to DcSUS1 (Dca4507.1), a SUS gene already reported in carnation, which showed preferential expression under aerated conditions, the expression of DcSUS2 (Dca22218.1), an undescribed carnation SUS gene, was enhanced under hypoxia similarly to an alcohol dehydrogenase gene DcADH1 (Dca18671.1). These results suggest that sugar metabolism in carnation petals is regulated in response to environmental cues, accompanied by modulated activities and gene expression of a set of sucrolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Harada
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Itsuku Horiguchi
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ueyama
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ai Murai
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Chie Tsuzuki
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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Cavallini-Speisser Q, Morel P, Monniaux M. Petal Cellular Identities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:745507. [PMID: 34777425 PMCID: PMC8579033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Petals are typified by their conical epidermal cells that play a predominant role for the attraction and interaction with pollinators. However, cell identities in the petal can be very diverse, with different cell types in subdomains of the petal, in different cell layers, and depending on their adaxial-abaxial or proximo-distal position in the petal. In this mini-review, we give an overview of the main cell types that can be found in the petal and describe some of their functions. We review what is known about the genetic basis for the establishment of these cellular identities and their possible relation with petal identity and polarity specifiers expressed earlier during petal development, in an attempt to bridge the gap between organ identity and cell identity in the petal.
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Serrano-Bueno G, Sánchez de Medina Hernández V, Valverde F. Photoperiodic Signaling and Senescence, an Ancient Solution to a Modern Problem? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:634393. [PMID: 33777070 PMCID: PMC7988197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The length of the day (photoperiod) is a robust seasonal signal originated by earth orbital and translational movements, a resilient external cue to the global climate change, and a predictable hint to initiate or complete different developmental programs. In eukaryotic algae, the gene expression network that controls the cellular response to photoperiod also regulates other basic physiological functions such as starch synthesis or redox homeostasis. Land plants, evolving in a novel and demanding environment, imbued these external signals within the regulatory networks controlling organogenesis and developmental programs. Unlike algae that largely have to deal with cellular physical cues, within the course of evolution land plants had to transfer this external information from the receiving organs to the target tissues, and mobile signals such as hormones were recruited and incorporated in the regulomes. Control of senescence by photoperiod, as suggested in this perspective, would be an accurate way to feed seasonal information into a newly developed function (senescence) using an ancient route (photoperiodic signaling). This way, the plant would assure that two coordinated aspects of development such as flowering and organ senescence were sequentially controlled. As in the case of senescence, there is growing evidence to support the idea that harnessing the reliability of photoperiod regulation over other, more labile signaling pathways could be used as a robust breeding tool to enhance plants against the harmful effects of climate change.
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Gómez-Merino FC, Castillo-González AM, Ramírez-Martínez M, Trejo-Téllez LI. Lanthanum delays senescence and improves postharvest quality in cut tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) flowers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19437. [PMID: 33173093 PMCID: PMC7655948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested two sources of lanthanum (La), LaCl3 and La(NO3)3 × 6H2O at a concentration of 40 µM each, in the treatment solution of cut flowers of 15 tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) cultivars. Ascorbic acid (AsA; 0.2 g/L) was used as a reference solution, while distilled water was evaluated as an absolute control. With both La sources, bud length and diameter, and stem length were increased; as a result, stem curvature was also significantly increased with La treatments. The cultivars Laura Fygi and Rosario registered the highest relative stem elongation. Lalibela and Acropolis displayed the greatest stem curvature on the last day in vase. At 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 days after cutting, the highest solution uptake was recorded in flower stems treated with LaCl3, surpassing the control by 5, 11, 15, 18 and 24%, respectively. The relative stem elongations observed were 21.3, 27.4, 35.2 and 35.5% in the control, AsA, LaCl3 and La(NO3)3, respectively. The mean solution uptake per gram of stem fresh biomass weight was 1.44, 1.44, 1.71 and 1.54 mL in the control, AsA, LaCl3 and La(NO3)3, respectively. LaCl3 significantly increased the bud length and solution uptake of flower stems, while La(NO3)3 × 6H2O increased stem fresh weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, 56230, Texcoco, Mexico
| | | | - Maribel Ramírez-Martínez
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, 56230, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, 56230, Texcoco, Mexico.
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Borghi M, Fernie AR. Outstanding questions in flower metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1275-1288. [PMID: 32410253 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The great diversity of flowers, their color, odor, taste, and shape, is mostly a result of the metabolic processes that occur in this reproductive organ when the flower and its tissues develop, grow, and finally die. Some of these metabolites serve to advertise flowers to animal pollinators, other confer protection towards abiotic stresses, and a large proportion of the molecules of the central metabolic pathways have bioenergetic and signaling functions that support growth and the transition to fruits and seeds. Although recent studies have advanced our general understanding of flower metabolism, several questions still await an answer. Here, we have compiled a list of open questions on flower metabolism encompassing molecular aspects, as well as topics of relevance for agriculture and the ecosystem. These questions include the study of flower metabolism through development, the biochemistry of nectar and its relevance to promoting plant-pollinator interaction, recycling of metabolic resources after flowers whiter and die, as well as the manipulation of flower metabolism by pathogens. We hope with this review to stimulate discussion on the topic of flower metabolism and set a reference point to return to in the future when assessing progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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Wojciechowska N, Marzec-Schmidt K, Kalemba EM, Ludwików A, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Seasonal senescence of leaves and roots of Populus trichocarpa-is the scenario the same or different? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:987-1000. [PMID: 32091108 PMCID: PMC7392034 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The remobilization and resorption of plant nutrients is considered as a crucial aspect of the seasonal senescence of plant organs. In leaves, the mechanisms responsible for the relocation of valuable compounds are well understood while the related processes in roots are still being debated. Some research indicates that remobilization in roots occurs, while other studies have not found evidence of this process. Considering that the total biomass of fine roots is equal to or greater than that of leaves, clarifying the conflicting reports and ambiguities may provide critical information on the circulation of chemical elements in forest ecosystems. This study provides new information concerning the basis for remobilization processes in roots by combining physiological data with gene expression and protein levels. We suggest that, as in leaves, molecular mechanisms involved in nitrogen (N) resorption are also activated in senescent roots. An analysis of N concentration indicated that N levels decreased during the senescence of both organs. The decrease was associated with an increase in the expression of a glutamine synthetase (GS) gene and a concomitant elevation in the amount of GS-one of the most important enzymes in N metabolism. In addition, significant accumulation of carbohydrates was observed in fine roots, which may represent an adaptation to unfavorable weather conditions that would allow remobilization to occur rather than a rapid death in response to ground frost or cold. Our results provide new insights into the senescence of plant organs and clarify contentious topics related to the remobilization process in fine roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Marzec-Schmidt
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa M Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Sornchai P, van Doorn WG, Imsabai W, Burns P, Chanprame S. Dendrobium orchids carrying antisense ACC oxidase: small changes in flower morphology and a delay of bud abortion, flower senescence, and abscission of flowers. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:429-442. [PMID: 32691287 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-020-00209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Four Dendrobium Sonia 'Earsakul' lines were generated by insertion of one, two or three antisense copies of a Carica papaya gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (CpACO). Whole vegetative plants of the transgenic lines showed about 50% of the basal ethylene production rate, while the increase in ethylene production in floral buds during opening and open flowers prior to visible senescence was delayed. Detailed analysis of more than 100 parameters in flowering plants showed no effect of antisense ACO on plant morphology and coloration, except for shorter length and width of some of the sepals and petals. In intact plants the water-soaking of floral buds as well as bud abscission were delayed by ACO antisense, as was the time to senescence of open flowers. Pollen viability and pollen tube growth were not affected in the transgenic lines. In cut inflorescences placed in water, bud yellowing, bud water soaking, and bud abscission were considerably delayed by the antisense construct, while the life span of open flowers were increased and abscission of open flowers were delayed. It is concluded that the reduction of ACO activity affected the shape of some petals/sepals and delayed the abortion in floral buds, and the senescence and abscission of open flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanuch Sornchai
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Department of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research and Development Office, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Wouter G van Doorn
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Wachiraya Imsabai
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Parichart Burns
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sermsiri Chanprame
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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Aalifar M, Aliniaeifard S, Arab M, Zare Mehrjerdi M, Dianati Daylami S, Serek M, Woltering E, Li T. Blue Light Improves Vase Life of Carnation Cut Flowers Through Its Effect on the Antioxidant Defense System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:511. [PMID: 32670299 PMCID: PMC7326070 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving marketability and extension of vase life of cut flowers has practical significance for the development of the cut flower industry. Although considerable efforts have been made over many years to improve the vase life of cut flowers through controlling the immediate environment and through post-harvest use of floral preservatives, the impact of lighting environment on vase life has been largely overlooked. In the current study, the effect of three LED light spectra [white (400-730 nm), blue (peak at 460 nm), and red (peak at 660 nm)] at 150 μmol m-2 s-1 on vase life and on physiological and biochemical characteristics of carnation cut flowers was investigated. Exposure to blue light (BL) considerably delayed senescence and improved vase life over that of flowers exposed to red light (RL) and white light (WL). H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in petals gradually increased during vase life; the increase was lowest in BL-exposed flowers. As a consequence, BL-exposed flowers maintained a higher membrane stability index (MSI) compared to RL- and WL-exposed flowers. A higher activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] was detected in petals of BL-exposed flowers, compared to their activities in RL- and WL-exposed flowers. In BL-exposed flowers, the decline in petal carotenoid contents was delayed in comparison to RL- and WL-exposed flowers. Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and a higher percentage of open stomata were observed in leaves of BL-exposed flowers. Sucrose and glucose contents accumulated in petals during vase life; sugar concentrations were higher in BL-exposed flowers than in RL- and WL-exposed flowers. It is concluded that BL exposure improves the vase life of carnation cut flowers through its effect on the antioxidant defense system in petals and on photosynthetic performance in the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Aalifar
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Arab
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Zare Mehrjerdi
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Dianati Daylami
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margrethe Serek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Floriculture, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ernst Woltering
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Uskoković T, Uskoković E, Wu V, Uskoković V. Calcium Phosphate and Senescence of Orange Jubilees in the Summertime. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3770-3784. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, 7 Park Vista, Irvine, California 92604, United States
| | - Evangelina Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, 7 Park Vista, Irvine, California 92604, United States
| | - Victoria Wu
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, 7 Park Vista, Irvine, California 92604, United States
- MP Biomedicals, 9 Goddard, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, 7 Park Vista, Irvine, California 92604, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Engineering Gateway 4200, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Liu C, Cui G, Qu L, Bao M, Wang J, Chan Z, Wang Y. Integrating physiological and metabolites analysis to identify ethylene involvement in petal senescence in Tulipa gesneriana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:121-131. [PMID: 32062332 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower senescence is classified into ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent manners and determines the flower longevity which is valuable for ornamental plants. However, the manner of petal senescence in tulip is still less defined. In this study, we characterized the physiological indexes in the process of petal senescence, as well as metabolic and ethylene responses in tulip cultivar 'American Dream', and further identified the role of ethylene biosynthesis genes TgACS by transgenic and transient assays. Primary metabolites profiling revealed that sugars, amino acids and organic acids preferentially accumulated in senescent petals. Additionally, senescence-associated genes were identified and significantly up-regulated, coupled with increased ROS contents, rapid water loss and accelerated cell membrane breakdown. Moreover, ethylene production was stimulated as evidenced by increasing in ACS activity and ethylene biosynthesis-related genes expression. Exogenous treatment of cutting flowers with 1-MCP or ethephon resulted in delayed or enhanced petal senescence, respectively. Transient down-regulation of TgACS by VIGS assay in tulip petals delayed senescence, while over-expressed TgACS1 in tobacco promoted leaf senescence. Taken together, this study provides evidences to certify ethylene roles and TgACS functions during flower senescence in tulip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangfen Cui
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lianwei Qu
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Wojciechowska N, Wilmowicz E, Marzec-Schmidt K, Ludwików A, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Abscisic Acid and Jasmonate Metabolisms Are Jointly Regulated During Senescence in Roots and Leaves of Populus trichocarpa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062042. [PMID: 32192046 PMCID: PMC7139941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant senescence is a highly regulated process that allows nutrients to be mobilized from dying tissues to other organs. Despite that senescence has been extensively studied in leaves, the senescence of ephemeral organs located underground is still poorly understood, especially in the context of phytohormone engagement. The present study focused on filling this knowledge gap by examining the roles of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate in the regulation of senescence of fine, absorptive roots and leaves of Populus trichocarpa. Immunohistochemical (IHC), chromatographic, and molecular methods were utilized to achieve this objective. A transcriptomic analysis identified significant changes in gene expression that were associated with the metabolism and signal transduction of phytohormones, especially ABA and jasmonate. The increased level of these phytohormones during senescence was detected in both organs and was confirmed by IHC. Based on the obtained data, we suggest that phytohormonal regulation of senescence in roots and leaves is organ-specific. We have shown that the regulation of ABA and JA metabolism is tightly regulated during senescence processes in both leaves and roots. The results were discussed with respect to the role of ABA in cold tolerance and the role of JA in resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (A.B.-Z.)
| | - Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Marzec-Schmidt
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (A.B.-Z.)
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50
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Lanthanum Prolongs Vase Life of Cut Tulip Flowers by Increasing Water Consumption and Concentrations of Sugars, Proteins and Chlorophylls. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4209. [PMID: 32144390 PMCID: PMC7060203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of separately adding two sources of lanthanum (La), LaCl3 and La(NO3)3 × 6H2O at a concentration of 40 µM each, to the preservative solution of 15 cut tulip flower varieties. Ascorbic acid (AsA; 0.2 g/L) was used as a reference solution, while distilled water was used as control. The variety Laura Fygi recorded the longest vase life with 13 days. The highest water consumption per gram of stem fresh biomass weight (FBW) (2.5 mL) was observed in the variety Violet Beauty, whereas the lowest (1.098 mL) was recorded in Pink Impression. At the end of the vase life period, higher concentrations of total soluble sugars in petals and total soluble proteins in leaves were recorded in La-treated stems, compared to the AsA treatment and the control. Additionally, La(NO3)3 × 6H2O supply increased the fresh weight of stems in vase and prolonged vase life. Moreover, this treatment resulted in the highest foliar concentration of chlorophylls at the end of vase life. Therefore, La increases tulip flower vase life as a consequence of improving the concentrations of some vital biomolecules.
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