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Begum K, Hasan N, Shammi M. Selective biotic stressors' action on seed germination: A review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112156. [PMID: 38866107 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of plant biology and agriculture, seed germination serves as a fundamental process with far-reaching implications for crop production and environmental health. This comprehensive review seeks to unravel the intricate web of interactions between some biotic stressors and seed germination, addressing the pertinent issue of how these stressors influence seed germination. Different chemicals produced by interacting plants (different parts), fungi, bacteria, or insects can either promote or inhibit seed germination. Releasing chemicals that modulate signaling pathways and cellular processes significantly disrupt essential cellular functions. This disruption leads to diverse germination outcomes, introducing additional layers of complexity to this regulatory landscape. The chemicals perturb enzyme activity and membrane integrity, imposing unique challenges on the germination process. Understanding the mechanisms- how allelochemicals, mycotoxins, or bacterial toxins affect seed germination or the modes of action holds promise for more sustainable agricultural practices, enhanced pest control, and improved environmental outcomes. In sum, this review contributes to a fundamental exposition of the pivotal role of biotic stressors in shaping the germination of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohinoor Begum
- Tropical Crop Improvement Laboratory, Saga University, Saga 840-8503, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Nazmul Hasan
- Tropical Crop Improvement Laboratory, Saga University, Saga 840-8503, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Fruit Science Laboratory, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
| | - Mashura Shammi
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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2
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Raza S, Sievertsen TH, Okumoto S, Vermaas JV. Passive permeability controls synthesis for the allelochemical sorgoleone in sorghum root exudate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 217:113891. [PMID: 37844789 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Competition for soil nutrients and water with other plants foster competition within the biosphere for access to these limited resources. The roots for the common grain sorghum produce multiple small molecules that are released via root exudates into the soil to compete with other plants. Sorgoleone is one such compound, which suppresses weed growth near sorghum by acting as a quinone analog and interferes with photosynthesis. Since sorghum also grows photosynthetically, and may be susceptible to sorgoleone action if present in tissues above ground, it is essential to exude sorgoleone efficiently. However, since the P450 enzymes that synthesize sorgoleone are intracellular, the release mechanism for sorgoleone remain unclear. In this study, we conducted an in silico assessment for sorgoleone and its precursors to passively permeate biological membranes. To facilitate accurate simulation, CHARMM parameters were newly optimized for sorgoleone and its precursors. These parameters were used to conduct 1 μs of unbiased molecular dynamics simulations to compare the permeability of sorgoleone with its precursors molecules. We find that interleaflet transfer is maximized for sorgoleone, suggesting that the precursor molecules may remain in the same leaflet for access by biosynthetic P450 enzymes. Since no sorgoleone was extracted during unbiased simulations, we compute a permeability coefficient using the inhomogeneous solubility diffusion model. The requisite free energy and diffusivity profiles for sorgoleone through a sorghum membrane model were determined through Replica Exchange Umbrella Sampling (REUS) simulations. The REUS calculations highlight that any soluble sorgoleone would quickly insert into a lipid bilayer, and would readily transit. When sorgoleone forms aggregates in root exudate as indicated by our equilibrium simulations, aggregate formation would lower the effective concentration in aqueous solution, creating a concentration gradient that would facilitate passive transport. This suggests that sorgoleone synthesis occurs within sorghum root cells and that sorgoleone is exuded by permeating through the cell membrane without the need for a transport protein once the extracellular sorgoleone aggregate is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Raza
- Plant Research Laboratory, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA
| | - Troy H Sievertsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, TX, USA
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- Plant Research Laboratory, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA.
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Venkataraman M, Yñigez-Gutierrez A, Infante V, MacIntyre A, Fernandes-Júnior PI, Ané JM, Pfleger B. Synthetic Biology Toolbox for Nitrogen-Fixing Soil Microbes. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3623-3634. [PMID: 37988619 PMCID: PMC10754042 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The soil environment adjacent to plant roots, termed the rhizosphere, is home to a wide variety of microorganisms that can significantly affect the physiology of nearby plants. Microbes in the rhizosphere can provide nutrients, secrete signaling compounds, and inhibit pathogens. These processes could be manipulated with synthetic biology to enhance the agricultural performance of crops grown for food, energy, or environmental remediation, if methods can be implemented in these nonmodel microbes. A common first step for domesticating nonmodel organisms is the development of a set of genetic engineering tools, termed a synthetic biology toolbox. A toolbox comprises transformation protocols, replicating vectors, genome engineering (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), constitutive and inducible promoter systems, and other gene expression control elements. This work validated synthetic biology toolboxes in three nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria: Azotobacter vinelandii, Stutzerimonas stutzeri (Pseudomonas stutzeri), and a new isolate of Klebsiella variicola. All three organisms were amenable to transformation and reporter protein expression, with several functional inducible systems available for each organism. S. stutzeri and K. variicola showed more reliable plasmid-based expression, resulting in successful Cas9 recombineering to create scarless deletions and insertions. Using these tools, we generated mutants with inducible nitrogenase activity and introduced heterologous genes to produce resorcinol products with relevant biological activity in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Audrey Yñigez-Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Valentina Infante
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - April MacIntyre
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Valent BioSciences, Libertyville, Illinois 60048, United States
| | - Paulo Ivan Fernandes-Júnior
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Tropical Semi-Arid Research Center (Embrapa Semiárido), Petrolina, Pernambuco 56302-970, Brazil
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Yu JW, Lee JH, Song MH, Keum YS. Metabolomic Responses of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) to Allelopathic Benzoquinones from Iris sanguinea Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5143-5153. [PMID: 36961423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Weed management is important in modern crop protection. Chemical weed control using synthetic herbicides, however, suffers from resistance and ecotoxicity. Metabolomic investigation of allelopathy (or allelochemicals) may provide novel alternatives to synthetic herbicides. This study aimed to investigate the detailed metabolomic responses of plants to allelochemicals in Iris seed extracts. The seed extracts of Iris sanguinea showed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against alfalfa, barnyard grass, lettuce, and mustard. 3-Hydroxyirisquinone (3-[10(Z)-heptadecenyl]-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone) was isolated as a major allelochemical from I. sanguinea seeds through bioassay-guided fractionation. The compound inhibited the growth of shoots and roots by browning root tips. Discriminant analysis identified 33 differentially regulated lettuce metabolites after treatment with 3-hydroxyirisquinone (3HIQ). Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that several metabolic pathways, including aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and respiratory pathways, were affected by the compounds. Differential responses of membrane lipids (accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids) and extensive formation of reactive oxygen species were observed in root tissues following treatment with 3HIQ. Overall, alkylbenzoquinone from I. sanguinea induced extensive metabolic modulation, oxidative stress, and growth inhibition. The metabolomic responses to allelochemicals may provide fundamental information for the development of allelochemical-based herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Yu
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Ain Q, Mushtaq W, Shadab M, Siddiqui MB. Allelopathy: an alternative tool for sustainable agriculture. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:495-511. [PMID: 37187777 PMCID: PMC10172429 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Population increase, poverty, environmental degradation, and the use of synthetic herbicides are interdependent and closely linked and hence influence global food safety and stability of world agriculture. On the one hand, varied weeds, insects, and other pests have caused a tremendous loss in agricultural crop productivity annually. On the other hand, the use of synthetic insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and other pesticides significantly disturbed the ecology of biotic communities in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Eventually, it destroyed the ecological balance in food chains. Interestingly, natural products released by the plants (allelochemicals) are secondary metabolites involved in ecological interactions and could be an important source of alternative agrochemicals. Mainly released by the plants as an outcome of acquaintances with other plants in their vicinity, these allelochemicals can also be used as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic herbicides and other pesticides. Despite these facts, agrochemicals are either preferred over allelochemicals or the latter are not known in the direction of their use in achieving sustainability in agriculture. Given this, considering recent reports, this paper aims to: (1) emphasize allelochemicals; (2) overview the major biochemistry of allelochemicals; (3) critically discuss the role of allelopathy (and underlying major mechanisms) in the management of noxious weeds, insect pests, and major plant pathogens; and (4) enlighten the significant aspects so far not or least explored in the current context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratul Ain
- Allelopathy Laboratory, Botany Department, Aligarh Muslin University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Waseem Mushtaq
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Agrobiotech Gembloux, Liege University, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mo Shadab
- Allelopathy Laboratory, Botany Department, Aligarh Muslin University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - M. B. Siddiqui
- Allelopathy Laboratory, Botany Department, Aligarh Muslin University, Aligarh, 202002 India
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Anwar S, Naseem S, Ali Z. Biochemical analysis, photosynthetic gene (psbA) down–regulation, and in silico receptor prediction in weeds in response to exogenous application of phenolic acids and their analogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277146. [PMID: 36952510 PMCID: PMC10035924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical herbicides are the primary weed management tool, although several incidences of herbicide resistance have emerged, causing serious threat to agricultural sustainability. Plant derived phenolic acids with herbicidal potential provide organic and eco-friendly substitute to such harmful chemicals. In present study, phytotoxicity of two phenolic compounds, ferulic acid (FA) and gallic acid (GA), was evaluated in vitro and in vivo against three prevalent herbicide-resistant weed species (Sinapis arvensis, Lolium multiflorum and Parthenium hysterophorus). FA and GA not only suppressed the weed germination (80 to 60% respectively), but also negatively affected biochemical and photosynthetic pathway of weeds. In addition to significantly lowering the total protein and chlorophyll contents of the targeted weed species, the application of FA and GA treatments increased levels of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Photosynthetic gene (psbA) expression was downregulated (10 to 30 folds) post 48 h of phenolic application. In silico analysis for receptor identification of FA and GA in psbA protein (D1) showed histidine (his-198) and threonine (thr-286) as novel receptors of FA and GA. These two receptors differ from the D1 amino acid receptors which have previously been identified (serine-264 and histidine-215) in response to PSII inhibitor herbicides. Based on its toxicity responses, structural analogs of FA were also designed. Four out of twelve analogs (0.25 mM) significantly inhibited weed germination (30 to 40%) while enhancing their oxidative stress. These results are unique which provide fundamental evidence of phytotoxicity of FA and GA and their analogs to develop cutting-edge plant based bio-herbicides formulation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Anwar
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Pharming Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Naseem
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Pharming Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Pharming Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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Tabaglio V, Fiorini A, Sterling TM, Schulz M. Abutilon theophrasti's Resilience against Allelochemical-Based Weed Management in Sustainable Agriculture - Due to Collection of Highly Advantageous Microorganisms? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:700. [PMID: 36840048 PMCID: PMC9961861 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (velvetleaf) is a problematic annual weed in field crops which has invaded many temperate parts of the world. Since the loss of crop yields can be extensive, approaches to manage the weed include not only conventional methods, but also biological methods, for instance by microorganisms releasing phytotoxins and plant-derived allelochemicals. Additionally, benzoxazinoid-rich rye mulches effective in managing common weeds like Amaranthus retroflexus L. have been tested for this purpose. However, recent methods for biological control are still unreliable in terms of intensity and duration. Rye mulches were also ineffective in managing velvetleaf. In this review, we present the attempts to reduce velvetleaf infestation by biological methods and discuss possible reasons for the failure. The resilience of velvetleaf may be due to the extraordinary capacity of the plant to collect, for its own survival, the most suitable microorganisms from a given farming site, genetic and epigenetic adaptations, and a high stress memory. Such properties may have developed together with other advantageous abilities during selection by humans when the plant was used as a crop. Rewilding could be responsible for improving the microbiomes of A. theophrasti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tabaglio
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production DI.PRO.VE.S., Section Agronomy and Plant Biotechnologies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorini
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production DI.PRO.VE.S., Section Agronomy and Plant Biotechnologies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Tracy M. Sterling
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Margot Schulz
- IMBIO Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Gao J, Guan B, Ge M, Eller F, Yu J, Wang X, Zuo J. Can allelopathy of Phragmites australis extracts aggravate the effects of salt stress on the seed germination of Suaeda salsa? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:990541. [PMID: 36186032 PMCID: PMC9523378 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.990541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis is highly adaptable with high competitive ability and is widely distributed in the coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta. However, allelopathic effects of P. australis on the growth of neighboring plants, such as Suaeda salsa, are poorly understood. In this study, germination responses of S. salsa seeds collected from two different habitats (intertidal zone and inland brackish wetland) to the extracts from different part of P. australis were compared. Potential allelopathic effects on germination percentage, germination rate, radicle length, and seedling biomass were analyzed. The germination of S. salsa was effectively inhibited by P. australis extract. Extract organ, extract concentration, and salt concentration showed different effects, the inhibitory rates were highest with belowground extract of P. australis between the four different parts. Germination percentage and germination rate were significantly decreased by the interactive effect of salt stress and extract concentration in S. salsa from a brackish wetland but not in S. salsa from the intertidal zone. The impact of different extracts of P. australis on radicle length and seedling biomass of S. salsa showed significant but inconsistent variation. The response index results showed that the higher concentration of extract solution (50 g·L-1) of P. australis had stronger inhibitory effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of S. salsa while the belowground extract had the strongest negative effect. Our results indicated that allelopathy is an important ecological adaptation mechanism for P. australis to maintain a high interspecific competitive advantage in the species' natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Gao
- Collage of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Guan
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Minjia Ge
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Franziska Eller
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Junbao Yu
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jincheng Zuo
- Collage of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Lopez-Guerrero MG, Wang P, Phares F, Schachtman DP, Alvarez S, van Dijk K. A glass bead semi-hydroponic system for intact maize root exudate analysis and phenotyping. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:25. [PMID: 35246193 PMCID: PMC8897885 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there have been numerous studies describing plant growth systems for root exudate collection, a common limitation is that these systems require disruption of the plant root system to facilitate exudate collection. Here, we present a newly designed semi-hydroponic system that uses glass beads as solid support to simulate soil impedance, which combined with drip irrigation, facilitates growth of healthy maize plants, collection and analysis of root exudates, and phenotyping of the roots with minimal growth disturbance or root damage. RESULTS This system was used to collect root exudates from seven maize genotypes using water or 1 mM CaCl2, and to measure root phenotype data using standard methods and the Digital imaging of root traits (DIRT) software. LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) targeted metabolomics platforms were used to detect and quantify metabolites in the root exudates. Phytohormones, some of which are reported in maize root exudates for the first time, the benzoxazinoid DIMBOA (2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), amino acids, and sugars were detected and quantified. After validating the methodology using known concentrations of standards for the targeted compounds, we found that the choice of the exudate collection solution affected the exudation and analysis of a subset of analyzed metabolites. No differences between collection in water or CaCl2 were found for phytohormones and sugars. In contrast, the amino acids were more concentrated when water was used as the exudate collection solution. The collection in CaCl2 required a clean-up step before MS analysis which was found to interfere with the detection of a subset of the amino acids. Finally, using the phenotypic measurements and the metabolite data, significant differences between genotypes were found and correlations between metabolites and phenotypic traits were identified. CONCLUSIONS A new plant growth system combining glass beads supported hydroponics with semi-automated drip irrigation of sterile solutions was implemented to grow maize plants and collect root exudates without disturbing or damaging the roots. The validated targeted exudate metabolomics platform combined with root phenotyping provides a powerful tool to link plant root and exudate phenotypes to genotype and study the natural variation of plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Felicia Phares
- Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Karin van Dijk
- Biochemistry Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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10
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Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Boyette CD. The potential future roles of natural compounds and microbial bioherbicides in weed management in crops. ADVANCES IN WEED SCIENCE 2022; 40. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.51694/advweedsci/2022;40:seventy-five003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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11
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Staszek P, Krasuska U, Ciacka K, Gniazdowska A. ROS Metabolism Perturbation as an Element of Mode of Action of Allelochemicals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111648. [PMID: 34829519 PMCID: PMC8614981 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The allelopathic interaction between plants is one of the elements that influences plant communities. It has been commonly studied by applying tissue extracts onto the acceptors or by treating them with isolated allelotoxins. Despite descriptive observations useful for agricultural practice, data describing the molecular mode of action of allelotoxins cannot be found. Due to the development of -omic techniques, we have an opportunity to investigate specific reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent changes in proteome or transcriptome that are induced by allelochemicals. The aim of our review is to summarize data on the ROS-induced modification in acceptor plants in response to allelopathic plants or isolated allelochemicals. We present the idea of how ROS are involved in the hormesis and plant autotoxicity phenomena. As an example of an -omic approach in studies of the mode of action of allelopatic compounds, we describe the influence of meta-tyrosine, an allelochemical exudated from roots of fescues, on nitration-one of nitro-oxidative posttranslational protein modification in the roots of tomato plants. We conclude that ROS overproduction and an induction of oxidative stress are general plants' responses to various allelochemicals, thus modification in ROS metabolisms is regarded as an indirect mode of action of allelochemicals.
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Anwar S, Naseem S, Karimi S, Asi MR, Akrem A, Ali Z. Bioherbicidal Activity and Metabolic Profiling of Potent Allelopathic Plant Fractions Against Major Weeds of Wheat-Way Forward to Lower the Risk of Synthetic Herbicides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:632390. [PMID: 34567017 PMCID: PMC8461335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The productivity of major field crops is highly compromised due to weed infestation. Inefficient weed management practices and undue and excessive use of chemical herbicides have drastically contaminated the environment and human health, in addition to resistance development in weed species. Therefore, utilization of allelopathic plants to explore phytochemicals as potent organic alternatives to such chemical herbicides has become indispensable. The current study evaluates the comparative bio-herbicidal potential of methanolic extracts of castor (Ricinus communis), artemisia (Artemisia santolinifolia), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to suppress growth of major weeds, i.e., wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and carrot grass (Parthenium hysterophorus). The results demonstrated a concentration-dependent effect on weeds' growth. Overall, in vitro seed germination was reduced from 60 to 100% in response to 5% (w/v) extract concentration. Significant reduction in radicle length, hypocotyl length, and fresh biomass of the weeds was also observed. A strong inhibitory effect was seen in in vivo pot experiments, revealing that application of 10-20% methanolic extracts induced permanent wilting and substantial reduction in the chlorophyll content of weeds along with 20-80% increase in oxidative stress. Artemisia showed the most significant allelopathic effect, on account of highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by castor, wheat, and sorghum, against S. arvensis, L. multiflorum, and P. hysterophorus, respectively. Phytochemical analysis, through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), also exhibited a correlation between extract's phytotoxicity and their antioxidant potential due to their major constituents (rutin, quercetin, catechin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid), among the total of 13 identified in methanolic fractions. Comprehensive profiling of allelochemicals with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) determined 120, 113, 90, and 50 derivates of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, reported for the first time through this study, demonstrating significant allelopathic potential of the targeted plant fractions, which can be explored further to develop a sustainable bio-herbicidal formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Anwar
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Pharming Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Naseem
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Pharming Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saira Karimi
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Pharming Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmed Akrem
- Department of Botany, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ali
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Pharming Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
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13
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Unraveling Sorghum Allelopathy in Agriculture: Concepts and Implications. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091795. [PMID: 34579328 PMCID: PMC8470078 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is an ecological phenomenon that involves the production and release of biomolecules from different crops, cultivated plants, and bacteria or fungi into the soil rhizosphere and impacts other organisms in the vicinity. Sorghum possesses vital allelopathic characteristics due to which it produces and releases different biomolecules from its root hairs, stems, and grains. Several studies have reported that sorghum acts as an allelopathic crop, decreasing the growth and eco-physiological attributes of surrounding plants and weeds growing simultaneously or subsequently in the field. Sorghum allelopathy has been exploited in the context of green manure, crop rotations, cover crops, and intercropping or mulching, whereas plant aqueous extracts or powder might be an alternate method of weed control. A diverse group of allelochemicals, including benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, m-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxibenzaldehyde, dhurrin, sorgoleone, m-hydroxybenzoic acid and protocatechuic acid, have been isolated and identified from different plant tissues of sorghum and root exudates. These allelochemicals, especially sorgoleone, have been investigated in terms of their mode(s) of action, specific activity and selectivity, release in the rhizosphere and uptake and translocation in sensitive species. The present review describes the importance of sorghum allelopathy as an ecological tool in managing weeds, highlighting the most recent advances in the allelochemicals present in sorghum, their modes of action, and their fate in the ecosystem. Further research should focus on the evaluation and selection of sorghum cultivars with high allelopathic potential, so that sorghum allelopathy can be better utilized for weed control and yield enhancement.
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Sparks TC, Duke SO. Structure Simplification of Natural Products as a Lead Generation Approach in Agrochemical Discovery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8324-8346. [PMID: 34289305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) have a long history as sources of compounds for crop protection. Perhaps a more important role for NPs has been as models and inspiration for the discovery and development of synthetic crop protection compounds. NPs and their synthetic mimics account for 18% of all crop protection compounds, whereas another 38% of all crop protection compounds have a NP that could have served as a model. Because NPs are often complex molecules, have limited availability, or possess structural features that constrain their suitability for use in agricultural settings, a key element in NP-inspired compounds is the simplification of the NP structure to provide a synthetically accessible molecule that possesses the physicochemical properties needed for use in crop protection. Herein we review a series of examples of NP mimics that demonstrate the structural or synthetic simplification of NPs as a guide for the discovery of future NP-inspired agrochemicals focused on fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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15
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Pan Z, Bajsa‐Hirschel J, Vaughn JN, Rimando AM, Baerson SR, Duke SO. In vivo assembly of the sorgoleone biosynthetic pathway and its impact on agroinfiltrated leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:683-697. [PMID: 33460457 PMCID: PMC8048663 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sorgoleone, a hydrophobic compound exuded from root hair cells of Sorghum spp., accounts for much of the allelopathic activity of the genus. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of this compound have been identified and functionally characterized. Here, we report the successful assembly of the biosynthetic pathway and the significant impact of in vivo synthesized sorgoleone on the heterologous host Nicotiana benthamiana. A multigene DNA construct was prepared for the expression of genes required for sorgoleone biosynthesis in planta and deployed in N. benthamiana leaf tissues via Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. RNA-sequencing was conducted to investigate the effects of sorgoleone, via expression of its biosynthesis pathway, on host gene expression. The production of sorgoleone in agroinfiltrated leaves as detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) resulted in the formation of necrotic lesions, indicating that the compound caused severe phytotoxicity to these tissues. RNA-sequencing profiling revealed significant changes in gene expression in the leaf tissues expressing the pathway during the formation of sorgoleone-induced necrotic lesions. Transcriptome analysis suggested that the compound produced in vivo impaired the photosynthetic system as a result of downregulated gene expression for the photosynthesis apparatus and elevated expression of proteasomal genes which may play a major role in the phytotoxicity of sorgoleone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural Products Utilization Research UnitUS Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUniversityMS38677USA
| | - Joanna Bajsa‐Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research UnitUS Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUniversityMS38677USA
| | - Justin N. Vaughn
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research UnitUSDA, ARSAthensGA30605USA
| | - Agnes M. Rimando
- Natural Products Utilization Research UnitUS Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUniversityMS38677USA
| | - Scott R. Baerson
- Natural Products Utilization Research UnitUS Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUniversityMS38677USA
| | - Stephen O. Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research UnitUS Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUniversityMS38677USA
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16
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de Oliveira IF, Simeone MLF, de Guimarães CC, Garcia NS, Schaffert RE, de Sousa SM. Sorgoleone concentration influences mycorrhizal colonization in sorghum. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:259-264. [PMID: 33200347 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and sorghum, the fifth most cultivated cereal in the world and a staple food for many countries, is relevant to improving phosphorus (P) absorption. The importance of root exudation as a signal for the symbiosis has been shown for several species, but a complete understanding of the signaling molecules involved in the mycorrhizal symbiosis signaling pathway has not yet been elucidated. In this context, we investigated the effect of sorgoleone, one of the most studied allelochemicals and a predominant compound of root exudates in sorghum, on AMF colonization and consequently P uptake and plant growth on a sorghum genotype. The sorghum genotype P9401 presents low endogenous sorgoleone content, and when it was inoculated with Rhizophagus clarus together with 5 and 10 µM sorgoleone, mycorrhizal colonization was enhanced. A significant enhancement of mycorrhizal colonization and an increase of P content and biomass were observed when R. clarus was inoculated together with 20 µM sorgoleone. Thus, our results indicate that sorgoleone influences mycorrhizal colonization, but the mechanisms by which it does so still need to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Figueiredo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, R. Padre João Pimentel, 80, Dom Bosco, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-158, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Ferreira Simeone
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Carvalho de Guimarães
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Nathally Stefany Garcia
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Rod. MG 424 KM 47, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Robert Eugene Schaffert
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Morais de Sousa
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, R. Padre João Pimentel, 80, Dom Bosco, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-158, Brazil.
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil.
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17
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Macías FA, Durán AG, Molinillo JMG. Allelopathy: The Chemical Language of Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 112:1-84. [PMID: 33306172 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-52966-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In Nature, the oldest method of communication between living systems is the chemical language. Plants, due to their lack of mobility, have developed the most sophisticated way of chemical communication. Despite that many examples involve this chemical communication process-allelopathy, there is still a lack of information about specific allelochemicals released into the environment, their purpose, as well as in-depth studies on the chemistry underground. These findings are critical to gain a better understanding of the role of these compounds and open up a wide range of possibilities and applications, especially in agriculture and phytomedicine. The most relevant aspects regarding the chemical language of plants, namely kind of allelochemicals, have been investigated, as well as their releasing mechanisms and their purpose will be described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Alexandra G Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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18
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Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J. Proving the Mode of Action of Phytotoxic Phytochemicals. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1756. [PMID: 33322386 PMCID: PMC7763512 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the mode of action of an allelochemical can be valuable for several reasons, such as proving and elucidating the role of the compound in nature and evaluating its potential utility as a pesticide. However, discovery of the molecular target site of a natural phytotoxin can be challenging. Because of this, we know little about the molecular targets of relatively few allelochemicals. It is much simpler to describe the secondary effects of these compounds, and, as a result, there is much information about these effects, which usually tell us little about the mode of action. This review describes the many approaches to molecular target site discovery, with an attempt to point out the pitfalls of each approach. Clues from molecular structure, phenotypic effects, physiological effects, omics studies, genetic approaches, and use of artificial intelligence are discussed. All these approaches can be confounded if the phytotoxin has more than one molecular target at similar concentrations or is a prophytotoxin, requiring structural alteration to create an active compound. Unequivocal determination of the molecular target site requires proof of activity on the function of the target protein and proof that a resistant form of the target protein confers resistance to the target organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O. Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; (Z.P.); (J.B.-H.)
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; (Z.P.); (J.B.-H.)
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19
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Mareya CR, Tugizimana F, Steenkamp P, Piater L, Dubery IA. Lipopolysaccharides trigger synthesis of the allelochemical sorgoleone in cell cultures of Sorghum bicolor. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1796340. [PMID: 32727268 PMCID: PMC8550536 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1796340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant cell suspension culture systems has demonstrated to be highly suitable for metabolomics investigations of inducible defense responses. Here we report on sorghum cell suspension cultures that were elicited with purified lipopolysaccharides from the sorghum pathogen Burkholderia andropogonis, to activate metabolic pathways involved in the chemical defenses of the plant. Metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry identified a resorcinol phenolic lipid, annotated as sorgoleone, as one of the biomarkers associated with the LPS-induced response. Sorgoleone is a semiochemical and an allelochemical, synthesized by specialized root hair cells and the major component of the hydrophobic root exudate of sorghum. Its detection in undifferentiated cells might indicate a previously undescribed role for this phytochemical in plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity R Mareya
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Paul Steenkamp
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Lizelle Piater
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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20
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Genetic analysis of QTLs controlling allelopathic characteristics in sorghum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235896. [PMID: 32730265 PMCID: PMC7392238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature sorghum herbage is known to contain several water-soluble secondary metabolites (allelochemicals). In this study, we investigated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with allelochemical characteristics in sorghum using linkage mapping and linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based association mapping. A sorghum diversity research set (SDRS) of 107 accessions was used in LD mapping whereas, F2:3 lines derived from a cross between Japanese and African landraces were used in linkage mapping. The QTLs were further confirmed by positional (targeted) association mapping with Q+K model. The inhibitory effect of water-soluble extracts (WSE) was tested on germination and root length of lettuce seedlings in four concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). A Significant range of variations was observed among genotypes in both types of mapping populations (P < 0.05). A total of 181 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) derived from antecedently reported map have been used for genotyping of SDRS. A genetic linkage map of 151 sorghum SSR markers was also developed on 134 F2 individuals. The total map length was 1359.3 cM, with an average distance of 8.2 cM between adjacent markers. LD mapping identified three QTLs for inhibition effect on germination and seven QTLs for root length of lettuce seedlings. Whereas, a total of six QTLs for inhibition of germination and ten QTLs for root length were detected in linkage mapping approach. The percent phenotypic variation explained by individual QTL ranged from 6.9% to 27.3% in SDRS and 9.9% to 35.6% in F2:3 lines. Regional association analysis identified four QTLs, three of them are common in other methods too. No QTL was identified in the region where major gene for sorgoleone (SOR1) has been cloned previously on chromosome 5.
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21
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Besançon TE, Dayan FE, Gannon TW, Everman WJ. Conservation and divergence in sorgoleone production of sorghum species. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:368-377. [PMID: 33016416 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sorgoleone-358 is an important allelochemical of the oily droplets exuded from root hairs of various species in the Sorghum genus. Due to its hydrophobic nature, sorgoleone-358 can be strongly adsorbed onto soil organic matter, resulting in increased sorgoleone soil persistence. Because of the herbicidal activity of sorgoleone on many small-seeded weeds, concerns have been raised that sorghum residues may have a detrimental effect on emergence of wheat used as a double crop in the southeastern United States. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate root exudate production and its sorgoleone-358 content for 36 cultivated sorghum cultivars as well as eight shattercane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. arundinaceum (Desv.) de Wet & Harlan] accessions and one johnsongrass [S. halepense (L.) Pers.] accession. Using a capillary growing mat system, root exudate was extracted with dichloromethane and subjected to chromatography analysis to determine sorgoleone-358 content. Root biomass of 7- to 12-d-old seedlings averaged 18.8 mg g-1 seed, and root exudate production ranged from 0.2 and 4.8 mg g-1 root fresh weight (RFW). The amount of sorgoleone produced varied greatly among sorghum accessions. Sorgoleone-358 amount in the root exudate averaged 0.5 mg g-1 RFW and varied from 0.13 to 1.05 mg g-1 for shattercane cultivar S7 and cultivated sorghum cultivar 992123, respectively. Regarding volume of root biomass, sorgoleone-358 levels averaged 0.49 mg g-1 (range, 0.06-1.46 mg g-1 ) for sorghum cultivar AAS3479 and shattercane cultivar S2, respectively. Segregation of commercial sorghum cultivars according to their maturity group did not show any difference in root biomass and dry extract production, but early-maturing cultivars produced on average 18% less sorgoleone-358 compared with medium- and late-maturing cultivars. These results suggest that sorgoleone production may be genetically constitutive because sorghum growing conditions were identical across cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Dep. of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Travis W Gannon
- Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wesley J Everman
- Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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22
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Ding H, Ali A, Cheng Z. An Allelopathic Role for Garlic Root Exudates in the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cucumber in a Hydroponic Co-Culture System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E45. [PMID: 31892150 PMCID: PMC7020217 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Garlic is considered to have a strong positive effect on the growth and yield of receptors under soil cultivation conditions. However, how this positive promotion is produced by changing the growth environment of the receptors or directly acting on the receptors is still not very clear. The direct influence of co-culturing with different quantities of garlic plants (the control 5, 10, 15, 20) on the growth and biochemical processes of cucumber plants was studied using a hydroponic co-culture system. Different numbers of garlic bulbs inhibited the growth of cucumber plants and increased the production and induction of reactive oxygen species, which accompanied the enhancement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to cucumber. This allelopathic exposure further reduced the chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rate, and consequently impaired the photosynthetic performance of photosystem II (PSII). Garlic root exudates increased the leaves' carbohydrates accumulation, such as soluble sugar contents and sucrose levels by regulating the activities of metabolismic enzymes; however, no such accumulation was observed in the roots. Our results suggested that garlic root exudates can mediate negative plant-plant interactions and its phytotoxic influence on cucumber plants may have occurred through the application of oxidative stress, which consequently imbalanced the source-to-sink photo-assimilate flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ding
- School of public health, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China;
| | - Ahmad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
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23
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Macías FA, Mejías FJ, Molinillo JM. Recent advances in allelopathy for weed control: from knowledge to applications. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2413-2436. [PMID: 30684299 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is the biological phenomenon of chemical interactions between living organisms in the ecosystem, and must be taken into account in addressing pest and weed problems in future sustainable agriculture. Allelopathy is a multidisciplinary science, but in some cases, aspects of its chemistry are overlooked, despite the need for a deep knowledge of the chemical structural characteristics of allelochemicals to facilitate the design of new herbicides. This review is focused on the most important advances in allelopathy, paying particular attention to the design and development of phenolic compounds, terpenoids and alkaloids as herbicides. The isolation of allelochemicals is mainly addressed, but other aspects such as the analysis and activities of derivatives or analogs are also covered. Furthermore, the use of allelopathy in the fight against parasitic plants is included. The past 12 years have been a prolific period for publications on allelopathy. This critical review discusses future research areas in this field and the state of the art is analyzed from the chemist's perspective. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Jr Mejías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Mg Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Lebecque S, Lins L, Dayan FE, Fauconnier ML, Deleu M. Interactions Between Natural Herbicides and Lipid Bilayers Mimicking the Plant Plasma Membrane. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:329. [PMID: 30936889 PMCID: PMC6431664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural phytotoxic compounds could become an alternative to traditional herbicides in the framework of sustainable agriculture. Nonanoic acid, sarmentine and sorgoleone are such molecules extracted from plants and able to inhibit the growth of various plant species. However, their mode of action is not fully understood and despite clues indicating that they could affect the plant plasma membrane, molecular details of such phenomenon are lacking. In this paper, we investigate the interactions between those natural herbicides and artificial bilayers mimicking the plant plasma membrane. First, their ability to affect lipid order and fluidity is evaluated by means of fluorescence measurements. It appears that sorgoleone has a clear ordering effect on lipid bilayers, while nonanoic acid and sarmentine induce no or little change to these parameters. Then, a thermodynamic characterization of interactions of each compound with lipid vesicles is obtained with isothermal titration calorimetry, and their respective affinity for bilayers is found to be ranked as follows: sorgoleone > sarmentine > nonanoic acid. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations give molecular details about the location of each compound within a lipid bilayer and confirm the rigidifying effect of sorgoleone. Data also suggest that mismatch in alkyl chain length between nonanoic acid or sarmentine and lipid hydrophobic tails could be responsible for bilayer destabilization. Results are discussed regarding their implications for the phytotoxicity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lebecque
- TERRA, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- TERRA – AgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- TERRA, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Franck E. Dayan
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- General and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Magali Deleu
- TERRA, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Magali Deleu,
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Chaipon S, Suwitchayanon P, Iwasaki A, Suenaga K, Kato-Noguchi H. Isolation and identification of a growth inhibitory substance from Heliotropium indicum L. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:259-269. [PMID: 30257579 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2018.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heliotropium indicum L. belongs to the family Boraginaceae. The plant has been used as a folk medicine because it contains substances of various biological activities. It is also identified as a common weed which grows wildly in crop fields in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. However, there is little information on the allelopathic effect in this plant. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the growth inhibitory effect and to identify the growth inhibitory substances in H. indicum. An aqueous methanol extract of H. indicum inhibited shoot and root growth of barnyard grass, foxtail fescue, timothy, cress, lettuce and rapeseed at concentrations higher than 10 mg dry weight equivalent extract/mL. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition (I50) of those test plants ranged from 3-282 mg dry weight equivalent extract/mL. The extract was then separated using a sequence of chromatographic fractionations and a growth inhibitory substance was isolated and identified by spectral analysis as methyl caffeate. Methyl caffeate inhibited the growth of lettuce and foxtail fescue at concentrations higher than 1.0 mM. The results suggest that methyl caffeate may contribute to the growth inhibitory effect of H. indicum and may play an important role in the allelopathic effect of H. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinapa Chaipon
- 1 Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University , Miki, Kagawa 761-0795 , Japan
| | - Prapaipit Suwitchayanon
- 1 Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University , Miki, Kagawa 761-0795 , Japan
- 3 The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Ehime University , 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566 , Japan
| | - Arihiro Iwasaki
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University , Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- 1 Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University , Miki, Kagawa 761-0795 , Japan
- 3 The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Ehime University , 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566 , Japan
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Pan Z, Baerson SR, Wang M, Bajsa‐Hirschel J, Rimando AM, Wang X, Nanayakkara NPD, Noonan BP, Fromm ME, Dayan FE, Khan IA, Duke SO. A cytochrome P450 CYP71 enzyme expressed in Sorghum bicolor root hair cells participates in the biosynthesis of the benzoquinone allelochemical sorgoleone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:616-629. [PMID: 29461628 PMCID: PMC5887931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sorgoleone, a major component of the hydrophobic root exudates of Sorghum spp., is probably responsible for many of the allelopathic properties attributed to members of this genus. Much of the biosynthetic pathway for this compound has been elucidated, with the exception of the enzyme responsible for the catalysis of the addition of two hydroxyl groups to the resorcinol ring. A library prepared from isolated Sorghum bicolor root hair cells was first mined for P450-like sequences, which were then analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to identify those preferentially expressed in root hairs. Full-length open reading frames for each candidate were generated, and then analyzed biochemically using both a yeast expression system and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated repression in transgenic S. bicolor was used to confirm the roles of these candidates in the biosynthesis of sorgoleone in planta. A P450 enzyme, designated CYP71AM1, was found to be capable of catalyzing the formation of dihydrosorgoleone using 5-pentadecatrienyl resorcinol-3-methyl ether as substrate, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). RNAi-mediated repression of CYP71AM1 in S. bicolor resulted in decreased sorgoleone contents in multiple independent transformant events. Our results strongly suggest that CYP71AM1 participates in the biosynthetic pathway of the allelochemical sorgoleone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Pan
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Scott R. Baerson
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products ResearchSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Joanna Bajsa‐Hirschel
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Agnes M. Rimando
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76203USA
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products ResearchSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Brice P. Noonan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Michael E. Fromm
- Epicrop Technologies Inc.5701 N. 58th Street, Suite 1LincolnNE 68507USA
| | - Franck E. Dayan
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products ResearchSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Stephen O. Duke
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
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Allelopathic prospective of Retama raetam L. against the noxious weed Phalaris minor Retz. growing in Triticum aestivum L. fields. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Holz M, Zarebanadkouki M, Kuzyakov Y, Pausch J, Carminati A. Root hairs increase rhizosphere extension and carbon input to soil. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:61-69. [PMID: 29267846 PMCID: PMC5786240 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although it is commonly accepted that root exudation enhances plant-microbial interactions in the rhizosphere, experimental data on the spatial distribution of exudates are scarce. Our hypothesis was that root hairs exude organic substances to enlarge the rhizosphere farther from the root surface. METHODS Barley (Hordeum vulgare 'Pallas' - wild type) and its root-hairless mutant (brb) were grown in rhizoboxes and labelled with 14CO2. A filter paper was placed on the soil surface to capture, image and quantify root exudates. KEY RESULTS Plants with root hairs allocated more carbon (C) to roots (wild type: 13 %; brb: 8 % of assimilated 14C) and to rhizosheaths (wild type: 1.2 %; brb: 0.2 %), while hairless plants allocated more C to shoots (wild type: 65 %; brb: 75 %). Root hairs increased the radial rhizosphere extension three-fold, from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. Total exudation on filter paper was three times greater for wild type plants compared to the hairless mutant. CONCLUSION Root hairs increase exudation and spatial rhizosphere extension, which probably enhance rhizosphere interactions and nutrient cycling in larger soil volumes. Root hairs may therefore be beneficial to plants under nutrient-limiting conditions. The greater C allocation below ground in the presence of root hairs may additionally foster C sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire Holz
- Division of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- For correspondence.
| | | | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems and Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Division of Agroecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Division of Soil Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Gomes MP, Garcia QS, Barreto LC, Pimenta LPS, Matheus MT, Figueredo CC. Allelopathy: An overview from micro- to macroscopic organisms, from cells to environments, and the perspectives in a climate-changing world. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Massalha H, Korenblum E, Tholl D, Aharoni A. Small molecules below-ground: the role of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:788-807. [PMID: 28333395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil communities are diverse taxonomically and functionally. This ecosystem experiences highly complex networks of interactions, but may also present functionally independent entities. Plant roots, a metabolically active hotspot in the soil, take an essential part in below-ground interactions. While plants are known to release an extremely high portion of the fixated carbon to the soil, less information is known about the composition and role of C-containing compounds in the rhizosphere, in particular those involved in chemical communication. Specialized metabolites (or secondary metabolites) produced by plants and their associated microbes have a critical role in various biological activities that modulate the behavior of neighboring organisms. Thus, elucidating the chemical composition and function of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere is a key element in understanding interactions in this below-ground environment. Here, we review key classes of specialized metabolites that occur as mostly non-volatile compounds in root exudates or are emitted as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The role of these metabolites in below-ground interactions and response to nutrient deficiency, as well as their tissue and cell type-specific biosynthesis and release are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Massalha
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elisa Korenblum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Aschehoug ET, Brooker R, Atwater DZ, Maron JL, Callaway RM. The Mechanisms and Consequences of Interspecific Competition Among Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the past 100 years, studies spanning thousands of taxa across almost all biomes have demonstrated that competition has powerful negative effects on the performance of individuals and can affect the composition of plant communities, the evolution of traits, and the functioning of whole ecosystems. In this review, we highlight new and important developments that have the potential to greatly improve our understanding of how plants compete and the consequences of competition from individuals to communities in the following major areas of research: (a) mechanisms of competition, (b) competitive effect and response, (c) direct and indirect effects of competition, (d) population-level effects of competition, (e) biogeographical differences in competition, and (f) conditionality of competition. Ecologists have discovered much about competition, but the mechanisms of competition and how competition affects the organization of communities in nature still require both theoretical and empirical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Aschehoug
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Rob Brooker
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Z. Atwater
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
- The Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
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Zhang KM, Shen Y, Zhou XQ, Fang YM, Liu Y, Ma LQ. Photosynthetic electron-transfer reactions in the gametophyte of Pteris multifida reveal the presence of allelopathic interference from the invasive plant species Bidens pilosa. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cheng F, Cheng Z. Research Progress on the use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1020. [PMID: 26635845 PMCID: PMC4647110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and have beneficial or detrimental effects on target organisms. Plant allelopathy is one of the modes of interaction between receptor and donor plants and may exert either positive effects (e.g., for agricultural management, such as weed control, crop protection, or crop re-establishment) or negative effects (e.g., autotoxicity, soil sickness, or biological invasion). To ensure sustainable agricultural development, it is important to exploit cultivation systems that take advantage of the stimulatory/inhibitory influence of allelopathic plants to regulate plant growth and development and to avoid allelopathic autotoxicity. Allelochemicals can potentially be used as growth regulators, herbicides, insecticides, and antimicrobial crop protection products. Here, we reviewed the plant allelopathy management practices applied in agriculture and the underlying allelopathic mechanisms described in the literature. The major points addressed are as follows: (1) Description of management practices related to allelopathy and allelochemicals in agriculture. (2) Discussion of the progress regarding the mode of action of allelochemicals and the physiological mechanisms of allelopathy, consisting of the influence on cell micro- and ultra-structure, cell division and elongation, membrane permeability, oxidative and antioxidant systems, growth regulation systems, respiration, enzyme synthesis and metabolism, photosynthesis, mineral ion uptake, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. (3) Evaluation of the effect of ecological mechanisms exerted by allelopathy on microorganisms and the ecological environment. (4) Discussion of existing problems and proposal for future research directions in this field to provide a useful reference for future studies on plant allelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Dayan FE, Owens DK, Watson SB, Asolkar RN, Boddy LG. Sarmentine, a natural herbicide from Piper species with multiple herbicide mechanisms of action. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:222. [PMID: 25904929 PMCID: PMC4389368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sarmentine, 1-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-(2E,4E)-2,4-decadien-1-one, is a natural amide isolated from the fruits of Piper species. The compound has a number of interesting biological properties, including its broad-spectrum activity on weeds as a contact herbicide. Initial studies highlighted a similarity in response between plants treated with sarmentine and herbicidal soaps such as pelargonic acid (nonanoic acid). However, little was known about the mechanism of action leading to the rapid desiccation of foliage treated by sarmentine. In cucumber cotyledon disc-assays, sarmentine induced rapid light-independent loss of membrane integrity at 100 μM or higher concentration, whereas 3 mM pelargonic acid was required for a similar effect. Sarmentine was between 10 and 30 times more active than pelargonic acid on wild mustard, velvetleaf, redroot pigweed and crabgrass. Additionally, the potency of 30 μM sarmentine was greatly stimulated by light, suggesting that this natural product may also interfere with photosynthetic processes. This was confirmed by observing a complete inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport at that concentration. Sarmentine also acted as an inhibitor of photosystem II (PSII) on isolated thylakoid membranes by competing for the binding site of plastoquinone. This can be attributed in part to structural similarities between herbicides like sarmentine and diuron. While this mechanism of action accounts for the light stimulation of the activity of sarmentine, it does not account for its ability to destabilize membranes in darkness. In this respect, sarmentine has some structural similarity to crotonoyl-CoA, the substrate of enoyl-ACP reductase, a key enzyme in the early steps of fatty acid synthesis. Inhibitors of this enzyme, such as triclosan, cause rapid loss of membrane integrity in the dark. Sarmentine inhibited the activity of enoyl-ACP reductase, with an I 50app of 18.3 μM. Therefore, the herbicidal activity of sarmentine appears to be a complex process associated with multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck E. Dayan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Thad Cochran Center, University of MississippiMS, USA
| | - Daniel K. Owens
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Thad Cochran Center, University of MississippiMS, USA
| | - Susan B. Watson
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Thad Cochran Center, University of MississippiMS, USA
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Subbarao GV, Yoshihashi T, Worthington M, Nakahara K, Ando Y, Sahrawat KL, Rao IM, Lata JC, Kishii M, Braun HJ. Suppression of soil nitrification by plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:155-164. [PMID: 25711823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification, the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, weakens the soil's ability to retain N and facilitates N-losses from production agriculture through nitrate-leaching and denitrification. This process has a profound influence on what form of mineral-N is absorbed, used by plants, and retained in the soil, or lost to the environment, which in turn affects N-cycling, N-use efficiency (NUE) and ecosystem health and services. As reactive-N is often the most limiting in natural ecosystems, plants have acquired a range of mechanisms that suppress soil-nitrifier activity to limit N-losses via N-leaching and denitrification. Plants' ability to produce and release nitrification inhibitors from roots and suppress soil-nitrifier activity is termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). With recent developments in methodology for in-situ measurement of nitrification inhibition, it is now possible to characterize BNI function in plants. This review assesses the current status of our understanding of the production and release of biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) and their potential in improving NUE in agriculture. A suite of genetic, soil and environmental factors regulate BNI activity in plants. BNI-function can be genetically exploited to improve the BNI-capacity of major food- and feed-crops to develop next-generation production systems with reduced nitrification and N2O emission rates to benefit both agriculture and the environment. The feasibility of such an approach is discussed based on the progresses made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntur Venkata Subbarao
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Yoshihashi
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Nakahara
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ando
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kanwar Lal Sahrawat
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Lata
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7618, InstitutiEESParis, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex, France; Department of Geoecology and Geochemistry, Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Street, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Masahiro Kishii
- CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Hans-Joachim Braun
- CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Mizuno H, Yazawa T, Kasuga S, Sawada Y, Ogata J, Ando T, Kanamori H, Yonemaru JI, Wu J, Hirai MY, Matsumoto T, Kawahigashi H. Expression level of a flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene determines pathogen-induced color variation in sorghum. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:761. [PMID: 25346182 PMCID: PMC4219097 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) accumulates 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and exhibits orange to purple coloration on parts of the leaf in response to infection with the fungus Bipolaris sorghicola. We aimed to identify the key genes determining this color variation. Results Sorghum populations derived from Nakei-MS3B and M36001 accumulated apigeninidin, or both apigeninidin and luteolinidin, in different proportions in lesions caused by B. sorghicola infection, suggesting that the relative proportions of the two 3-deoxyanthocyanidins determine color variation. QTL analysis and genomic sequencing indicated that two closely linked loci on chromosome 4, containing the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and Tannin1 (Tan1) genes, were responsible for the lesion color variation. The F3′H locus in Nakei-MS3B had a genomic deletion resulting in the fusion of two tandemly arrayed F3′H genes. The recessive allele at the Tan1 locus derived from M36001 had a genomic insertion and encoded a non-functional WD40 repeat transcription factor. Whole-mRNA sequencing revealed that expression of the fused F3′H gene was conspicuously induced in purple sorghum lines. The levels of expression of F3′H matched the relative proportions of apigeninidin and luteolinidin. Conclusions Expression of F3′H is responsible for the synthesis of luteolinidin; the expression level of this gene is therefore critical in determining color variation in sorghum leaves infected with B. sorghicola. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-761) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizuno
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Root Exudation: How Important is Heterogeneity in Allelopathic Interactions? J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:940-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Uddin MR, Park SU, Dayan FE, Pyon JY. Herbicidal activity of formulated sorgoleone, a natural product of sorghum root exudate. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:252-7. [PMID: 23785031 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The allelochemical sorgoleone, a major component of the hydrophobic root exudates of Sorghum bicolor, was formulated as a wettable powder [4.6 WP] and evaluated as a natural herbicide on several weed and crop species under different growth conditions. RESULTS Formulated sorgoleone [4.6 WP] suppressed germination and shoot growth of weeds, with broadleaf species showing greater susceptibility than grass weed species. Germination and growth of broadleaf weed species were completely suppressed (100%) at 0.2 g a.i. L(-1) sorgoleone in a growth chamber study. Post-emergence applications of the wettable formulation of sorgoleone [4.6 WP] inhibited 20-25% higher growth of weeds than pre-emergence applications under greenhouse conditions. Broadleaf weeds were more susceptible than grass species to both methods of application. In all studies, growth was suppressed in more than 90% of the broadleaf weeds and two species, in particular, Rumex japonicus and Plantago asiatica, were completely suppressed at 0.4 kg a.i. ha(-1) sorgoleone. The crop species, on the other hand, were much more tolerant to sorgoleone, with 30% inhibition, at most, at the highest rate of 0.4 kg a.i. ha(-1) sorgoleone. CONCLUSION The results of this study reveal that sorgoleone, after formulation as a WP, is more effective in inhibiting weed growth, and crop species are tolerant to it. The strong weed suppressive ability of formulated sorgoleone therefore offers interesting possibilities as an effective natural environment-friendly approach for weed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Romij Uddin
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Duke SO, Owens DK, Dayan FE. The Growing Need for Biochemical Bioherbicides. BIOPESTICIDES: STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1172.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O. Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Cochran Research Center, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Daniel K. Owens
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Cochran Research Center, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Franck E. Dayan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Cochran Research Center, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Uddin MR, Thwe AA, Kim YB, Park WT, Chae SC, Park SU. Effects of jasmonates on sorgoleone accumulation and expression of genes for sorgoleone biosynthesis in sorghum roots. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:712-22. [PMID: 23702703 PMCID: PMC3669516 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of jasmonates in the regulation of sorgoleone accumulation and the expression of genes involved in sorgoleone biosynthesis in sorghum roots. Both methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and jasmonic acid (JA) substantially promoted root hair formation, secondary root development, root weight, and sorgoleone accumulation in sorghum roots. Sorgoleone content varied widely depending on the concentration of JA or MeJa and the duration of their application. Root weight and sorgoleone accumulation were highest after the application of JA or MeJa at a concentration of 5.0 μM, and then declined with increasing concentrations of jasmonates. At 5.0 μM, JA and MeJa increased sorgoleone content by 4.1 and 3.4-fold, respectively. Transcript accumulation was apparent for all genes, particularly for the O-methyltransferase 3 gene, which increased in expression levels up to 8.1-fold after a 36-h exposure to MeJa and 3.5-fold after a 48-h exposure to JA. The results of this study pave the way for more effective biosynthesis of sorgoleone, an important and useful allelochemical obtained from a variety of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Romij Uddin
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Sorghum allelopathy--from ecosystem to molecule. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:142-53. [PMID: 23393005 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sorghum allelopathy has been reported in a series of field experiments following sorghum establishment. In recent years, sorghum phytotoxicity and allelopathic interference also have been well-described in greenhouse and laboratory settings. Observations of allelopathy have occurred in diverse locations and with various sorghum plant parts. Phytotoxicity has been reported when sorghum was incorporated into the soil as a green manure, when residues remained on the soil surface in reduced tillage settings, or when sorghum was cultivated as a crop in managed fields. Allelochemicals present in sorghum tissues have varied with plant part, age, and cultivar evaluated. A diverse group of sorghum allelochemicals, including numerous phenolics, a cyanogenic glycoside (dhurrin), and a hydrophobic p-benzoquinone (sorgoleone) have been isolated and identified in recent years from sorghum shoots, roots, and root exudates, as our capacity to analyze and identify complex secondary products in trace quantities in the plant and in the soil rhizosphere has improved. These allelochemicals, particularly sorgoleone, have been widely investigated in terms of their mode(s) of action, specific activity and selectivity, release into the rhizosphere, and uptake and translocation into sensitive indicator species. Both genetics and environment have been shown to influence sorgoleone production and expression of genes involved in sorgoleone biosynthesis. In the soil rhizosphere, sorgoleone is released continuously by living root hairs where it accumulates in significant concentrations around its roots. Further experimentation designed to study the regulation of sorgoleone production by living sorghum root hairs may result in increased capacity to utilize sorghum cover crops more effectively for suppression of germinating weed seedlings, in a manner similar to that of soil-applied preemergent herbicides like trifluralin.
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Mizuno H, Kawahigashi H, Kawahara Y, Kanamori H, Ogata J, Minami H, Itoh T, Matsumoto T. Global transcriptome analysis reveals distinct expression among duplicated genes during sorghum-interaction. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:121. [PMID: 22838966 PMCID: PMC3480847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a rich source of natural phytochemicals. We performed massive parallel sequencing of mRNA to identify differentially expressed genes after sorghum BTx623 had been infected with Bipolaris sorghicola, a necrotrophic fungus causing a sorghum disease called target leaf spot. RESULT Seventy-six-base-pair reads from mRNAs of mock- or pathogen-infected leaves were sequenced. Unannotated transcripts were predicted on the basis of the piling-up of mapped short reads. Differentially expressed genes were identified statistically; particular genes in tandemly duplicated putative paralogs were highly upregulated. Pathogen infection activated the glyoxylate shunt in the TCA cycle; this changes the role of the TCA cycle from energy production to synthesis of cell components. The secondary metabolic pathways of phytoalexin synthesis and of sulfur-dependent detoxification were activated by upregulation of the genes encoding amino acid metabolizing enzymes located at the branch point between primary and secondary metabolism. Coordinated gene expression could guide the metabolic pathway for accumulation of the sorghum-specific phytochemicals 3-deoxyanthocyanidin and dhurrin. Key enzymes for synthesizing these sorghum-specific phytochemicals were not found in the corresponding region of the rice genome. CONCLUSION Pathogen infection dramatically changed the expression of particular paralogs that putatively encode enzymes involved in the sorghum-specific metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizuno
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawahigashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawahara
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Jun Ogata
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Minami
- Mitsubishi Space Software Co. Ltd, Takezono 1-6-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itoh
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Agrogenomics Research Center, 1-2, Kannondai 2-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Butnariu M. An analysis of Sorghum halepense's behavior in presence of tropane alkaloids from Datura stramonium extracts. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:75. [PMID: 22839364 PMCID: PMC3518826 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to quantify the allelopathic potential of Datura stramonium (Jimson weed). Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass) tolerance was assessed by germinating, seed and growing seedlings, dosing of photo-synthesis pigments, followed by treatment with D. stramonium extract tropane alkaloids. RESULTS Preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of alkaloids.The presence of alkaloids was confirmed through HPLC-UV system analysis. Various concentrations of analytic purity alkaloids had similar effects on germination and development of S. halepense's root systems with those of extracts from of D. stramonium. Germination was not affected by any of the tested extracts, but growth was inhibited by the presence of tropane alkaloids. Extracts had effects at higher alkaloid concentrations. Seedlings of S. halepense developed toxicity symptoms in the presence of alkaloid extracts, but the occurrence of several chlorotic and necrotic areas was noticed in the flower extract biotest. CONCLUSIONS Results show that the tested species is sensitive to alkaloids in their growth environment. This research justifies the fact that aqueous extracts from D. stramonium are adequate to the situations in which S. halepense becomes damaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Butnariu
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Calea Aradului, no, 119, Timisoara, 300645, Romania.
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Weston LA, Ryan PR, Watt M. Mechanisms for cellular transport and release of allelochemicals from plant roots into the rhizosphere. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3445-54. [PMID: 22378954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Allelochemicals and other metabolites released by plant roots play important roles in rhizosphere signalling, plant defence and responses to abiotic stresses. Plants use a variety of sequestration and transport mechanisms to move and export bioactive products safely into the rhizosphere. The use of mutants and molecular tools to study gene expression has revealed new information regarding the diverse group of transport proteins and conjugation processes employed by higher plants. Transport systems used for moving secondary products into and out of root cells are similar to those used elsewhere in the plant but are closely linked to soil environmental conditions and local root health. Root cells can rapidly generate and release large quantities of allelochemicals in response to stress or local rhizosphere conditions, so the production and transport of these compounds in cells are often closely linked. Plants need to manage the potentially toxic allelochemicals and metabolites they produce by sequestering them to the vacuole or other membrane-bound vesicles. These compartments provide secure storage areas and systems for safely moving bioactive chemicals throughout the cytosol. Release into the apoplast occurs either by exocytosis or through membrane-bound transport proteins. This review discusses the possible transport mechanisms involved in releasing specific root-produced allelochemicals by combining microscopic observations of the specialized root cells with the physical and chemical properties of the exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Weston
- EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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Santos I, Silva CD, Santos SD, Maia M. Sorgoleone: benzoquinona lipídica de sorgo com efeitos alelopáticos na agricultura como herbicida. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572012000100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cultura do sorgo cresceu rapidamente nestes últimos anos, por ser uma planta com características xerófilas, apresentando um aumento de sua produção principalmente na região nordeste devido a sua capacidade de suportar ambientes de cultivo mais secos. As ervas daninhas são um grande problema para os cultivares, pois estas podem reduzir significativamente a produção de grãos, particularmente quando surgem nas fases iniciais das culturas. Visando a obtenção de culturas resistentes às ervas daninhas, estudos têm sido realizados demonstrando que algumas plantas possuem uma defesa natural que consiste na capacidade de um organismo produzir metabólitos que atuam inibindo ou o crescimento ou o desenvolvimento de outros organismos que estão próximos; a esta capacidade dá-se o nome de alelopatia. O sorgo é uma das plantas que possuem sua alelopatia comprovada, produzindo um complexo de substâncias lipídicas e proteínas denominados genericamente de sorgoleone, tendo como seu principal composto o 2-hidroxi-5-metoxi-3-[(Z,Z)-8',11',14'-pentadecatrieno]-p-benzoquinona, que é naturalmente liberado para o solo a partir dos tricomas das suas raízes e, no momento em que entram em contato com as ervas daninhas, inibem seu crescimento. Devido a tais características inerentes à cultura do sorgo, este trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer sobre os possíveis benefícios do uso desse cereal devido a sua comprovada alelopatia, bem como informar os conhecidos mecanismos de produção e atuação dos principais compostos constituintes do sorgoleone produzidos pelas suas raízes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M.M.D. Maia
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
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Inderjit, Wardle DA, Karban R, Callaway RM. The ecosystem and evolutionary contexts of allelopathy. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:655-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Enhancing Sorgoleone Levels in Grain Sorghum Root Exudates. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:914-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dayan FE, Rimando AM, Pan Z, Baerson SR, Gimsing AL, Duke SO. Sorgoleone. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1032-9. [PMID: 20385394 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sorgoleone, a major component of the hydrophobic root exudate of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], is one of the most studied allelochemicals. The exudate also contains an equivalent amount of a lipid resorcinol analog as well as a number of minor sorgoleone congeners. Synthesis of sorgoleone is constitutive and compartmentalized within root hairs, which can accumulate up to 20 microg of exudate/mg root dry weight. The biosynthesis pathway involves unique fatty acid desaturases which produce an atypical 16:3 fatty acyl-CoA starter unit for an alkylresorcinol synthase that catalyzes the formation of a pentadecatrienylresorcinol intermediate. This intermediate is then methylated by SAM-dependent O-methyltransferases and dihydroxylated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. An EST data set derived from a S. bicolor root hair-specific cDNA library contained all the candidate sequences potentially encoding enzymes involved in the sorgoleone biosynthetic pathway. Sorgoleone interferes with several molecular target sites, including inhibition of photosynthesis in germinating seedlings. Sorgoleone is not translocated acropetally in older plants, but can be absorbed through the hypocotyl and cotyledonary tissues. Therefore, the mode of action of sorgoleone may be the result of inhibition of photosynthesis in young seedlings in concert with inhibition of its other molecular target sites in older plants. Due to its hydrophobic nature, sorgoleone is strongly sorbed in soil which increases its persistence, but experiments show that it is mineralized by microorganisms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck E Dayan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Cook D, Rimando AM, Clemente TE, Schröder J, Dayan FE, Nanayakkara ND, Pan Z, Noonan BP, Fishbein M, Abe I, Duke SO, Baerson SR. Alkylresorcinol synthases expressed in Sorghum bicolor root hairs play an essential role in the biosynthesis of the allelopathic benzoquinone sorgoleone. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:867-87. [PMID: 20348430 PMCID: PMC2861460 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.072397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor is considered to be an allelopathic crop species, producing phytotoxins such as the lipid benzoquinone sorgoleone, which likely accounts for many of the allelopathic properties of Sorghum spp. Current evidence suggests that sorgoleone biosynthesis occurs exclusively in root hair cells and involves the production of an alkylresorcinolic intermediate (5-[(Z,Z)-8',11',14'-pentadecatrienyl]resorcinol) derived from an unusual 16:3Delta(9,12,15) fatty acyl-CoA starter unit. This led to the suggestion of the involvement of one or more alkylresorcinol synthases (ARSs), type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) that produce 5-alkylresorcinols using medium to long-chain fatty acyl-CoA starter units via iterative condensations with malonyl-CoA. In an effort to characterize the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the pentadecyl resorcinol intermediate, a previously described expressed sequence tag database prepared from isolated S. bicolor (genotype BTx623) root hairs was first mined for all PKS-like sequences. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that three of these sequences were preferentially expressed in root hairs, two of which (designated ARS1 and ARS2) were found to encode ARS enzymes capable of accepting a variety of fatty acyl-CoA starter units in recombinant enzyme studies. Furthermore, RNA interference experiments directed against ARS1 and ARS2 resulted in the generation of multiple independent transformant events exhibiting dramatically reduced sorgoleone levels. Thus, both ARS1 and ARS2 are likely to participate in the biosynthesis of sorgoleone in planta. The sequences of ARS1 and ARS2 were also used to identify several rice (Oryza sativa) genes encoding ARSs, which are likely involved in the production of defense-related alkylresorcinols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Agnes M. Rimando
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Thomas E. Clemente
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Joachim Schröder
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Biologie II, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck E. Dayan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - N.P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Brice P. Noonan
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Mark Fishbein
- Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Stephen O. Duke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Scott R. Baerson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, Mississippi 38677
- Address correspondence to
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