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Debbarma J, Saikia B, Singha DL, Das D, Keot AK, Maharana J, Velmurugan N, Arunkumar KP, Reddy PS, Chikkaputtaiah C. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutation in XSP10 and SlSAMT Genes Impart Genetic Tolerance to Fusarium Wilt Disease of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:488. [PMID: 36833415 PMCID: PMC9956927 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is a major devastating fungal disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) which reduces the yield and production. Xylem sap protein 10 (XSP10) and Salicylic acid methyl transferase (SlSAMT) are two putative negative regulatory genes associated with Fusarium wilt of tomato. Fusarium wilt tolerance in tomato can be developed by targeting these susceptible (S) genes. Due to its efficiency, high target specificity, and versatility, CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as one of the most promising techniques for knocking out disease susceptibility genes in a variety of model and agricultural plants to increase tolerance/resistance to various plant diseases in recent years. Though alternative methods, like RNAi, have been attempted to knock down these two S genes in order to confer resistance in tomato against Fusarium wilt, there has been no report of employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system for this specific intent. In this study, we provide a comprehensive downstream analysis of the two S genes via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of single (XSP10 and SlSAMT individually) and dual-gene (XSP10 and SlSAMT simultaneously). Prior to directly advancing on to the generation of stable lines, the editing efficacy of the sgRNA-Cas9 complex was first validated using single cell (protoplast) transformation. In the transient leaf disc assay, the dual-gene editing showed strong phenotypic tolerance to Fusarium wilt disease with INDEL mutations than single-gene editing. In stable genetic transformation of tomato at the GE1 generation, dual-gene CRISPR transformants of XSP10 and SlSAMT primarily exhibited INDEL mutations than single-gene-edited lines. The dual-gene CRISPR-edited lines (CRELs) of XSP10 and SlSAMT at GE1 generation conferred a strong phenotypic tolerance to Fusarium wilt disease compared to single-gene-edited lines. Taken together, the reverse genetic studies in transient and stable lines of tomato revealed that, XSP10 and SlSAMT function together as negative regulators in conferring genetic tolerance to Fusarium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johni Debbarma
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Banashree Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhanawantari L. Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Debajit Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Keot
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
| | - Natarajan Velmurugan
- Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, Biological Sciences Division, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun 791110, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kallare P. Arunkumar
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute (CMER&TI), Lahdoigarh, Jorhat 785700, Assam, India
| | - Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Guan X, Schenk HJ, Roth MR, Welti R, Werner J, Kaack L, Trabi CL, Jansen S. Nanoparticles are linked to polar lipids in xylem sap of temperate angiosperm species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2003-2019. [PMID: 35552762 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In previous research, xylem sap of angiosperms has been found to include low concentrations of nanoparticles and polar lipids. A major goal of this study was to test predictions arising from the hypothesis that the nanoparticles consist largely of polar lipids from the original cell content of vessel elements. These predictions included that polar lipid and nanoparticle concentrations would be correlated, that they both do not pass through pit membranes and that they do not vary seasonally because they originate from living vessel element cells. We collected xylem sap of six temperate angiosperm species over the whole year to consider seasonal variation. Concentrations of nanoparticles and lipids in xylem sap and contamination control samples were measured with a NanoSight device and mass spectrometry. We found that the concentration of nanoparticles and polar lipids was (i) diluted when an increasing amount of sap was extracted, (ii) significantly correlated to each other for three species, (iii) affected by vessel anatomy, (iv) very low and largely different in chemical composition from contamination controls and (v) hardly variable among seasons. Moreover, there was a minor freezing-thawing effect with respect to nanoparticle amount and size. Xylem sap lipids included polar galactolipids and phospholipids in all species and neutral triacylglycerols in two species. These findings support the predictions and, by implication, the underlying hypothesis that nanoparticles in xylem sap consist of polar lipids from the original cell content of living vessel element cells. Further research is needed to examine the formation and stability of nanoparticles concerning lipid composition and multiphase interactions among gas, liquid and solid phases in xylem conduits of living plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Mary R Roth
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Julia Werner
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christophe L Trabi
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Barka GD, Lee J. Advances in S gene targeted genome-editing and its applicability to disease resistance breeding in selected Solanaceae crop plants. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14646-14666. [PMID: 35891620 PMCID: PMC9342254 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2099599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-editing tools for the development of traits to tolerate abiotic and biotic adversaries are the recently devised breeding techniques revolutionizing molecular breeding by addressing the issues of rapidness and precision. To that end, disease resistance development by disrupting disease susceptibility genes (S genes) to intervene in the biological mechanism of pathogenicity has significantly improved the techniques of molecular breeding. Despite the achievements in genome-editing aimed at the intervention of the function of susceptibility determinants or gene regulatory elements, off-target effects associated with yield-related traits are still the main setbacks. The challenges are attributed to the complexity of the inheritance of traits controlled by pleiotropic genes. Therefore, a more rigorous genome-editing tool with ultra-precision and efficiency for the development of broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance applied to staple crop plants is of critical importance in molecular breeding programs. The main objective of this article is to review the most impressive progresses achieved in resistance breeding against the main diseases of three Solanaceae crops (potato, Solanum tuberosum; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum and pepper, Capsicum annuum) using genome-editing by disrupting the sequences of S genes, their promoters, or pathogen genes. In this paper, we discussed the complexity and applicability of genome-editing tools, summarized the main disease of Solanaceae crops, and compiled the recent reports on disease resistance developed by S-gene silencing and their off-target effects. Moreover, GO count and gene annotation were made for pooled S-genes from biological databases. Achievements and prospects of S-gene-based next-generation breeding technologies are also discussed. Most S genes are membrane –anchored and are involved in infection and pre-penetration process S gene-editing is less likely to cause an off-target effect Gene-editing has been considered a more acceptable engineering tool Editing S genes either from the pathogen or host ends has opened new possibilities
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Affiliation(s)
- Geleta Dugassa Barka
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Jundae Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Debbarma J, Saikia B, Singha DL, Maharana J, Velmuruagan N, Dekaboruah H, Arunkumar KP, Chikkaputtaiah C. XSP10 and SlSAMT, Fusarium wilt disease responsive genes of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) express tissue specifically and interact with each other at cytoplasm in vivo. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1559-1575. [PMID: 34366597 PMCID: PMC8295444 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a major fungal disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Xylem sap protein 10 (XSP10) and Salicylic acid methyl transferase (SlSAMT) have been identified as putative negative regulatory genes associated with Fusarium wilt of tomato. Despite their importance as potential genes for developing Fusarium wilt disease tolerance, very little knowledge is available about their expression, cell biology, and functional genomics. Semi-quantitative and quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis of XSP10 and SlSAMT, in this study, revealed higher expression in root and flower tissue respectively in different tomato cultivars viz. Micro-Tom (MT), Arka Vikas (AV), and Arka Abhed (AA). Therefore, the highly up-regulated expression of XSP10 and SlSAMT in biotic stress susceptible tomato cultivar (AV) than a multiple disease resistant cultivar (AA) suggested the disease susceptibility nature of these genes for Fusarium wilt. Sub-cellular localization analysis through the expression of gateway cloning constructs in tomato protoplasts and seedlings showed the predominant localization of XSP10 in the nucleus and SlSAMT at the cytoplasm. A strong in vivo protein-protein interaction of XSP10 with SlSAMT at cytoplasm from bi-molecular fluorescent complementation study suggested that these two proteins function together in regulating responses to Fusarium wilt tolerance in tomato. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01025-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johni Debbarma
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Banashree Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Dhanawantari L. Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Distributed Information Centre (DIC), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam India
- Present Address: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Natarajan Velmuruagan
- Biological Sciences Division, Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun, 791110 Arunachal Pradesh India
| | - Hariprasanna Dekaboruah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kallare P. Arunkumar
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute (CMER&TI), Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
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Schenk HJ, Michaud JM, Mocko K, Espino S, Melendres T, Roth MR, Welti R, Kaack L, Jansen S. Lipids in xylem sap of woody plants across the angiosperm phylogeny. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1477-1494. [PMID: 33295003 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have been observed attached to lumen-facing surfaces of mature xylem conduits of several plant species, but there has been little research on their functions or effects on water transport, and only one lipidomic study of the xylem apoplast. Therefore, we conducted lipidomic analyses of xylem sap from woody stems of seven plants representing six major angiosperm clades, including basal magnoliids, monocots and eudicots, to characterize and quantify phospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids in sap using mass spectrometry. Locations of lipids in vessels of Laurus nobilis were imaged using transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Xylem sap contained the galactolipids di- and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, as well as all common plant phospholipids, but only traces of sulfolipids, with total lipid concentrations in extracted sap ranging from 0.18 to 0.63 nmol ml-1 across all seven species. Contamination of extracted sap from lipids in cut living cells was found to be negligible. Lipid composition of sap was compared with wood in two species and was largely similar, suggesting that sap lipids, including galactolipids, originate from cell content of living vessels. Seasonal changes in lipid composition of sap were observed for one species. Lipid layers coated all lumen-facing vessel surfaces of L. nobilis, and lipids were highly concentrated in inter-vessel pits. The findings suggest that apoplastic, amphiphilic xylem lipids are a universal feature of angiosperms. The findings require a reinterpretation of the cohesion-tension theory of water transport to account for the effects of apoplastic lipids on dynamic surface tension and hydraulic conductance in xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Joseph M Michaud
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Kerri Mocko
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Susana Espino
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Tatiana Melendres
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Mary R Roth
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
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Megeressa M, Siraj B, Zarina S, Ahmed A. Structural characterization and in vitro lipid binding studies of non-specific lipid transfer protein 1 (nsLTP1) from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21243. [PMID: 33277525 PMCID: PMC7718255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are cationic proteins involved in intracellular lipid shuttling in growth and reproduction, as well as in defense against pathogenic microbes. Even though the primary and spatial structures of some nsLTPs from different plants indicate their similar features, they exhibit distinct lipid-binding specificities signifying their various biological roles that dictate further structural study. The present study determined the complete amino acid sequence, in silico 3D structure modeling, and the antiproliferative activity of nsLTP1 from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds. Fennel is a member of the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It is used as a spice medicine and fresh vegetable. Fennel nsLTP1 was purified using the combination of gel filtration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its homogeneity was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The purified nsLTP1 was treated with 4-vinyl pyridine, and the modified protein was then digested with trypsin. The complete amino acid sequence of nsLTP1 established by intact protein sequence up to 28 residues, overlapping tryptic peptides, and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides. Hence, it is confirmed that fennel nsLTP1 is a 9433 Da single polypeptide chain consisting of 91 amino acids with eight conserved cysteines. Moreover, the 3D structure is predicted to have four α-helices interlinked by three loops and a long C-terminal tail. The lipid-binding property of fennel nsLTP1 is examined in vitro using fluorescent 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) and validated using a molecular docking study with AutoDock Vina. Both of the binding studies confirmed the order of binding efficiency among the four studied fatty acids linoleic acid > linolenic acid > Stearic acid > Palmitic acid. A preliminary screening of fennel nsLTP1 suppressed the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 6.98 µM after 48 h treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekdes Megeressa
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Bushra Siraj
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shamshad Zarina
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
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Jain N, Rani S, Sharma C, Sinha N, Singh A, Sharma JB, Prasad P, Saripalli G, Sharma PK, Balyan HS, Gupta PK, Prabhu KV. Large-scale stage-specific regulation of gene expression during host-pathogen interactions in CSP44 bread wheat carrying APR gene Lr48. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:203-225. [PMID: 32007128 DOI: 10.1071/fp18336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis was undertaken in a leaf-rust resistant bread wheat line CSP44 (selected from Australian cv. Condor) carrying the adult plant resistance (APR) gene Lr48. Two pre-adult plant (P-AP) susceptible stages (S48 and S96) and two adult plant (AP) resistant stages (R48 and R96) were used for RNA-seq. At the susceptible P-AP stage (during S48 to S96), expression increased in 2062 genes, and declined in 130 genes; 1775 of 2062 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) also exhibited high expression during early incompatible stage R48. Comparison of S96 with R96 showed that the expression of 80 genes was enhanced and that of 208 genes declined at the AP stage. At the resistant AP stage (during R48 to R96), expression of mere 25 genes increased and that of 126 genes declined. Apparently, the resistance during late adult stage (R96) is caused by regulation of the expression of relatively fewer genes, although at pre-adult stage (S48 to S96), expression of large number of genes increased; expression of majority of these genes kept on increasing during adult stage at R48 also. These and other results of the present study suggest that APR may mimic some kind of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The host-specific DEGs belonged to 10 different classes including genes involved in defence, transport, epigenetics, photosynthesis, genes encoding some transcription factors etc. The pathogen (Puccinia triticina) specific DEGs (including three genes encoding known biotrophic effectors) seem to help the pathogen in infection/growth through large-scale stage-specific enhanced expression of host's genes. A putative candidate gene for Lr48 containing protein kinase domain (its ortholog in rice encoding OsWAK8) was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Jain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sushma Rani
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 250004, UP, India; and Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan City, Gyeongbook 38453, South Korea
| | - Nivedita Sinha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anupam Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Jai Bhagwan Sharma
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Pramod Prasad
- Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla 171002, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumble Vinod Prabhu
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; and Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority, Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, New Delhi 110012 (India)
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de Lamo FJ, Constantin ME, Fresno DH, Boeren S, Rep M, Takken FLW. Xylem Sap Proteomics Reveals Distinct Differences Between R Gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Resistance Against Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2977. [PMID: 30564219 PMCID: PMC6288350 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance (R) genes and endophytic organisms can both protect plants against pathogens. Although the outcome of both processes is the same, little is known about the commonalities and differences between both immune responses. Here we set out to phenotypically characterize both responses in the tomato-Fusarium pathosystem, and to identify markers to distinguish these responses at the molecular level. As endophyte Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) strain Fo47 was employed, which confers protection against various pathogens, including the vascular wilt fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). As R-gene conferring Fol resistance, the I-2 gene of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used. Fol colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible and I-2 resistant tomato plants, but only causes disease in the former. Fol was found to colonize the vasculature of endophyte-colonized plants, and could be isolated from stems of non-diseased plants co-inoculated with Fo47 and Fol. Because the xylem vessels form the main interface between plant and pathogen, the xylem sap proteomes during R gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Resistance (RMR and EMR) were compared using label-free quantitative nLC-MS/MS. Surprisingly, both proteomes were remarkably similar to the mock, revealing only one or two differentially accumulated proteins in the respective resistant interactions. Whereas in I-2 plants the accumulation of the pathogenesis-related protein PR-5x was strongly induced by Fol, the endophyte triggered induction of both NP24, another PR-5 isoform, and of a β-glucanase in the presence of Fol. Notably, over 54% of the identified xylem sap proteins have a predicted intracellular localization, which implies that these might be present in exosomes. In conclusion, whereas both resistance mechanisms permit the pathogen to colonize the vasculature, this does not result in disease and this resistance coincides with specific induction of two distinct PR-5 isoforms and a β-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. de Lamo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria E. Constantin
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David H. Fresno
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Shenkarev ZO, Melnikova DN, Finkina EI, Sukhanov SV, Boldyrev IA, Gizatullina AK, Mineev KS, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. Ligand Binding Properties of the Lentil Lipid Transfer Protein: Molecular Insight into the Possible Mechanism of Lipid Uptake. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1785-1796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N. Melnikova
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav V. Sukhanov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Boldyrev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albina K. Gizatullina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin S. Mineev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Arseniev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Isaacs M, Carella P, Faubert J, Champigny MJ, Rose JKC, Cameron RK. Orthology Analysis and In Vivo Complementation Studies to Elucidate the Role of DIR1 during Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:566. [PMID: 27200039 PMCID: PMC4854023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
AtDIR1 (Defective in Induced Resistance1) is an acidic lipid transfer protein essential for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon SAR induction, DIR1 moves from locally infected to distant uninfected leaves to activate defense priming; however, a molecular function for DIR1 has not been elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis and in silico homology modeling identified putative AtDIR1 orthologs in crop species, revealing conserved protein motifs within and outside of DIR1's central hydrophobic cavity. In vitro assays to compare the capacity of recombinant AtDIR1 and targeted AtDIR1-variant proteins to bind the lipophilic probe TNS (6,P-toluidinylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate) provided evidence that conserved leucine 43 and aspartic acid 39 contribute to the size of the DIR1 hydrophobic cavity and possibly hydrophobic ligand binding. An Arabidopsis-cucumber SAR model was developed to investigate the conservation of DIR1 function in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and we demonstrated that phloem exudates from SAR-induced cucumber rescued the SAR defect in the Arabidopsis dir1-1 mutant. Additionally, an AtDIR1 antibody detected a protein of the same size as AtDIR1 in SAR-induced cucumber phloem exudates, providing evidence that DIR1 function during SAR is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber. In vitro TNS displacement assays demonstrated that recombinant AtDIR1 did not bind the SAR signals azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate or pipecolic acid. However, recombinant CsDIR1 and CsDIR2 interacted weakly with AzA and pipecolic acid. Bioinformatic and functional analyses using the Arabidopsis-cucumber SAR model provide evidence that DIR1 orthologs exist in tobacco, tomato, cucumber, and soybean, and that DIR1-mediated SAR signaling is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Isaacs
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Faubert
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marc J. Champigny
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robin K. Cameron
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Pu Z, Ino Y, Kimura Y, Tago A, Shimizu M, Natsume S, Sano Y, Fujimoto R, Kaneko K, Shea DJ, Fukai E, Fuji SI, Hirano H, Okazaki K. Changes in the Proteome of Xylem Sap in Brassica oleracea in Response to Fusarium oxysporum Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:31. [PMID: 26870056 PMCID: PMC4734173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conlutinans (Foc) is a serious root-invading and xylem-colonizing fungus that causes yellowing in Brassica oleracea. To comprehensively understand the interaction between F. oxysporum and B. oleracea, composition of the xylem sap proteome of the non-infected and Foc-infected plants was investigated in both resistant and susceptible cultivars using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after in-solution digestion of xylem sap proteins. Whole genome sequencing of Foc was carried out and generated a predicted Foc protein database. The predicted Foc protein database was then combined with the public B. oleracea and B. rapa protein databases downloaded from Uniprot and used for protein identification. About 200 plant proteins were identified in the xylem sap of susceptible and resistant plants. Comparison between the non-infected and Foc-infected samples revealed that Foc infection causes changes to the protein composition in B. oleracea xylem sap where repressed proteins accounted for a greater proportion than those of induced in both the susceptible and resistant reactions. The analysis on the proteins with concentration change > = 2-fold indicated a large portion of up- and down-regulated proteins were those acting on carbohydrates. Proteins with leucine-rich repeats and legume lectin domains were mainly induced in both resistant and susceptible system, so was the case of thaumatins. Twenty-five Foc proteins were identified in the infected xylem sap and 10 of them were cysteine-containing secreted small proteins that are good candidates for virulence and/or avirulence effectors. The findings of differential response of protein contents in the xylem sap between the non-infected and Foc-infected samples as well as the Foc candidate effectors secreted in xylem provide valuable insights into B. oleracea-Foc interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Pu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Yoko Ino
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Asumi Tago
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research CenterKitakami, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Sano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobe, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Daniel J. Shea
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Eigo Fukai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Fuji
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural UniversityAkita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keiichi Okazaki
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12
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Di X, Gomila J, Ma L, van den Burg HA, Takken FLW. Uptake of the Fusarium Effector Avr2 by Tomato Is Not a Cell Autonomous Event. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1915. [PMID: 28066471 PMCID: PMC5175262 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate the host for their own proliferation. Currently it is unclear whether the uptake of effector proteins from extracellular spaces is a host autonomous process. We study this process using the Avr2 effector protein from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). Avr2 is an important virulence factor that is secreted into the xylem sap of tomato following infection. Besides that, it is also an avirulence factor triggering immune responses in plants carrying the I-2 resistance gene. Recognition of Avr2 by I-2 occurs inside the plant nucleus. Here, we show that pathogenicity of an Avr2 knockout Fusarium (FolΔAvr2) strain is fully complemented on transgenic tomato lines that express either a secreted (Avr2) or cytosolic Avr2 (ΔspAvr2) protein, indicating that Avr2 exerts its virulence functions inside the host cells. Furthermore, our data imply that secreted Avr2 is taken up from the extracellular spaces in the presence of the fungus. Grafting studies were performed in which scions of I-2 tomato plants were grafted onto either a ΔspAvr2 or on an Avr2 rootstock. Although the Avr2 protein could readily be detected in the xylem sap of the grafted plant tissues, no I-2-mediated immune responses were induced suggesting that I-2-expressing tomato cells cannot autonomously take up the effector protein from the xylem sap. Additionally, ΔspAvr2 and Avr2 plants were crossed with I-2 plants. Whereas ΔspAvr2/I-2 F1 plants showed a constitutive immune response, immunity was not triggered in the Avr2/I-2 plants confirming that Avr2 is not autonomously taken up from the extracellular spaces to trigger I-2. Intriguingly, infiltration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in leaves of Avr2/I-2 plants triggered I-2 mediated cell death, which indicates that Agrobacterium triggers effector uptake. To test whether, besides Fol, effector uptake could also be induced by other fungal pathogens the ΔspAvr2 and Avr2 transgenic lines were inoculated with Verticillium dahliae. Whereas ΔspAvr2 plants became hyper-susceptible to infection, no difference in disease development was found in the Avr2 plants as compared to wild-type plants. These data suggest that effector uptake is not a host autonomous process and that Fol and A. tumefaciens, but not V. dahliae, facilitate Avr2 uptake by tomato cells from extracellular spaces.
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13
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Melnikova DN, Mineev KS, Finkina EI, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. A novel lipid transfer protein from the dill Anethum graveolens L.: isolation, structure, heterologous expression, and functional characteristics. J Pept Sci 2015; 22:59-66. [PMID: 26680443 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel lipid transfer protein, designated as Ag-LTP, was isolated from aerial parts of the dill Anethum graveolens L. Structural, antimicrobial, and lipid binding properties of the protein were studied. Complete amino acid sequence of Ag-LTP was determined. The protein has molecular mass of 9524.4 Da, consists of 93 amino acid residues including eight cysteines forming four disulfide bonds. The recombinant Ag-LTP was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. NMR investigation shows that the Ag-LTP spatial structure contains four α-helices, forming the internal hydrophobic cavity, and a long C-terminal tail. The measured volume of the Ag-LTP hydrophobic cavity is equal to ~800 A(3), which is much larger than those of other plant LTP1s. Ag-LTP has weak antifungal activity and unpronounced lipid binding specificity but effectively binds plant hormone jasmonic acid. Our results afford further molecular insight into biological functions of LTP in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria N Melnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin S Mineev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Finkina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Ma L, Houterman PM, Gawehns F, Cao L, Sillo F, Richter H, Clavijo-Ortiz MJ, Schmidt SM, Boeren S, Vervoort J, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M, Takken FLW. The AVR2-SIX5 gene pair is required to activate I-2-mediated immunity in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:507-18. [PMID: 25967461 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-invading microbes betray their presence to a plant by exposure of antigenic molecules such as small, secreted proteins called 'effectors'. In Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) we identified a pair of effector gene candidates, AVR2-SIX5, whose expression is controlled by a shared promoter. The pathogenicity of AVR2 and SIX5 Fol knockouts was assessed on susceptible and resistant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants carrying I-2. The I-2 NB-LRR protein confers resistance to Fol races carrying AVR2. Like Avr2, Six5 was found to be required for full virulence on susceptible plants. Unexpectedly, each knockout could breach I-2-mediated disease resistance. So whereas Avr2 is sufficient to induce I-2-mediated cell death, Avr2 and Six5 are both required for resistance. Avr2 and Six5 interact in yeast two-hybrid assays as well as in planta. Six5 and Avr2 accumulate in xylem sap of plants infected with the reciprocal knockouts, showing that lack of I-2 activation is not due to a lack of Avr2 accumulation in the SIX5 mutant. The effector repertoire of a pathogen determines its host specificity and its ability to manipulate plant immunity. Our findings challenge an oversimplified interpretation of the gene-for-gene model by showing requirement of two fungal genes for immunity conferred by one resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisong Ma
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M Houterman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur Gawehns
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lingxue Cao
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, I-10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Hanna Richter
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Myriam J Clavijo-Ortiz
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Schmidt
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben J C Cornelissen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Ren Y, Di Jiao, Gong G, Zhang H, Guo S, Zhang J, Xu Y. Genetic analysis and chromosome mapping of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) race 1 and race 2 in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.). MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2015; 35:183. [PMID: 26347205 PMCID: PMC4552779 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) is the major soilborne disease of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). The development and deployment of resistant cultivars is generally considered to be an effective approach to control FW. In this study, an F8 population consisting of 103 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the cultivar 97103 and a wild accession PI 296341-FR was used for FON race 1 and race 2 fungal inoculations. One major QTL on chromosome 1 for FON race 1 resistance was detected with a logarithm of odds of 13.2 and explained phenotypic variation R2 = 48.1 %; two QTLs of FON race 2 resistance on chromosomes 9 and 10 were discovered based on the high-density integrated genetic map we constructed. The nearest molecular marker should be useful for marker-assisted selection of FON race 1 and race 2 resistance. One receptor kinase, one glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidase precursors and three acidic chitinase located in the FON-1 QTL genomic region. In Qfon2.1 QTL region, one lipoxygenase gene, five receptor-like kinases and four glutathione S-transferase genes are discovered. One arginine biosynthesis bifunctional protein, two receptor kinase proteins and one lipid-transfer protein located in Qfon2.2 QTL region. Based on SNP analysis by using 20 re-sequenced accessions of watermelon and 231-plant F2 population generated from Black Diamond × Calhoun Grey, we developed a SNP marker Chr1SNP_502124 for FON-1 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- />National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Jiao
- />National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- />National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- />National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- />National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- />National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- />National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Gawehns F, Ma L, Bruning O, Houterman PM, Boeren S, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M, Takken FLW. The effector repertoire of Fusarium oxysporum determines the tomato xylem proteome composition following infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:967. [PMID: 26583031 PMCID: PMC4631825 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete small proteins, of which some are effectors that promote infection. During colonization of the tomato xylem vessels the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) secretes small proteins that are referred to as SIX (Secreted In Xylem) proteins. Of these, Six1 (Avr3), Six3 (Avr2), Six5, and Six6 are required for full virulence, denoting them as effectors. To investigate their activities in the plant, the xylem sap proteome of plants inoculated with Fol wild-type or either AVR2, AVR3, SIX2, SIX5, or SIX6 knockout strains was analyzed with nano-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (nLC-MSMS). Compared to mock-inoculated sap 12 additional plant proteins appeared while 45 proteins were no longer detectable in the xylem sap of Fol-infected plants. Of the 285 proteins found in both uninfected and infected plants the abundance of 258 proteins changed significantly following infection. The xylem sap proteome of plants infected with four Fol effector knockout strains differed significantly from plants infected with wild-type Fol, while that of the SIX2-knockout inoculated plants remained unchanged. Besides an altered abundance of a core set of 24 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs), each of the four effector knockout strains affected specifically the abundance of a subset of DAPs. Hence, Fol effectors have both unique and shared effects on the composition of the tomato xylem sap proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Gawehns
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisong Ma
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oskar Bruning
- RNA Biology and Applied Bioinformatics Research Group and MAD: Dutch Genomics Service and Support Provider, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Petra M. Houterman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben J. C. Cornelissen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Frank L. W. Takken
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17
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Notaguchi M, Okamoto S. Dynamics of long-distance signaling via plant vascular tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 25852714 PMCID: PMC4364159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vascular systems are constructed by specific cell wall modifications through which cells are highly specialized to make conduits for water and nutrients. Xylem vessels are formed by thickened cell walls that remain after programmed cell death, and serve as water conduits from the root to the shoot. In contrast, phloem tissues consist of a complex of living cells, including sieve tube elements and their neighboring companion cells, and translocate photosynthetic assimilates from mature leaves to developing young tissues. Intensive studies on the content of vascular flow fluids have unveiled that plant vascular tissues transport various types of gene product, and the transport of some provides the molecular basis for the long-distance communications. Analysis of xylem sap has demonstrated the presence of proteins in the xylem transpiration stream. Recent studies have revealed that CLE and CEP peptides secreted in the roots are transported to above ground via the xylem in response to plant-microbe interaction and soil nitrogen starvation, respectively. Their leucine-rich repeat transmembrane receptors localized in the shoot phloem are required for relaying the signal from the shoot to the root. These findings well-fit to the current scenario of root-to-shoot-to-root feedback signaling, where peptide transport achieves the root-to-shoot signaling, the first half of the signaling process. Meanwhile, it is now well-evidenced that proteins and a range of RNAs are transported via the phloem translocation system, and some of those can exert their physiological functions at their destinations, including roots. Thus, plant vascular systems may serve not only as conduits for the translocation of essential substances but also as long-distance communication pathways that allow plants to adapt to changes in internal and external environments at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, NagoyaJapan
- ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, NagoyaJapan
- *Correspondence: Michitaka Notaguchi and Satoru Okamoto, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan ;
| | - Satoru Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, NagoyaJapan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, TokyoJapan
- *Correspondence: Michitaka Notaguchi and Satoru Okamoto, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan ;
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18
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Swarupa V, Ravishankar KV, Rekha A. Plant defense response against Fusarium oxysporum and strategies to develop tolerant genotypes in banana. PLANTA 2014; 239:735-51. [PMID: 24420701 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil-borne fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum causes major economic losses by inducing necrosis and wilting symptoms in many crop plants. Management of fusarium wilt is achieved mainly by the use of chemical fungicides which affect the soil health and their efficiency is often limited by pathogenic variability. Hence understanding the nature of interaction between pathogen and host may help to select and improve better cultivars. Current research evidences highlight the role of oxidative burst and antioxidant enzymes indicating that ROS act as an important signaling molecule in banana defense response against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. The role of jasmonic acid signaling in plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens is well recognized. But recent studies show that the role of salicylic acid is complex and ambiguous against necrotrophic pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum, leading to many intriguing questions about its relationship between other signaling compounds. In case of banana, a major challenge is to identify specific receptors for effector proteins like SIX proteins and also the components of various signal transduction pathways. Significant progress has been made to uncover the role of defense genes but is limited to only model plants such as Arabidopsis and tomato. Keeping this in view, we review the host response, pathogen diversity, current understanding of biochemical and molecular changes that occur during host and pathogen interaction. Developing resistant cultivars through mutation, breeding, transgenic and cisgenic approaches have been discussed. This would help us to understand host defenses against Fusarium oxysporum and to formulate strategies to develop tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Swarupa
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, 560089, India
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Turnbull CGN, Lopez-Cobollo RM. Heavy traffic in the fast lane: long-distance signalling by macromolecules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:33-51. [PMID: 23398598 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The two major vascular conduits in plants, the xylem and phloem, theoretically provide opportunities for the long-distance translocation of almost any type of water-borne molecule. This review focuses on the signalling functions conveyed by the movement of macromolecules. Here, a signal is defined as the communication of information from source to destination, where it modifies development, physiology or defence through altered gene expression or by direct influences on other cellular processes. Xylem and phloem sap both contain diverse classes of proteins; in addition, phloem contains many full-length and small RNA species. Only a few of these mobile molecules have proven functions in signalling. The transduction of signals typically depends on connection to appropriate signalling pathways. Incoming protein signals require specific detection systems, generally via receptors. Mobile RNAs require either the translation or presence of a homologous target. Given that phloem sieve elements are enucleate and lack translation machinery, RNA function requires subsequent unloading at least into adjacent companion cells. The binding of RNA by proteins in ribonucleoprotein complexes enables the translocation of some signals, with evidence for both sequence-specific and size-specific binding. Several examples of long-distance macromolecular signalling are highlighted, including the FT protein signal which regulates flowering time and other developmental switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G N Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Schmidt SM, Houterman PM, Schreiver I, Ma L, Amyotte S, Chellappan B, Boeren S, Takken FLW, Rep M. MITEs in the promoters of effector genes allow prediction of novel virulence genes in Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:119. [PMID: 23432788 PMCID: PMC3599309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici (Fol) has accessory, lineage-specific (LS) chromosomes that can be transferred horizontally between strains. A single LS chromosome in the Fol4287 reference strain harbors all known Fol effector genes. Transfer of this pathogenicity chromosome confers virulence to a previously non-pathogenic recipient strain. We hypothesize that expression and evolution of effector genes is influenced by their genomic context. RESULTS To gain a better understanding of the genomic context of the effector genes, we manually curated the annotated genes on the pathogenicity chromosome and identified and classified transposable elements. Both retro- and DNA transposons are present with no particular overrepresented class. Retrotransposons appear evenly distributed over the chromosome, while DNA transposons tend to concentrate in large chromosomal subregions. In general, genes on the pathogenicity chromosome are dispersed within the repeat landscape. Effector genes are present within subregions enriched for DNA transposons. A miniature Impala (mimp) is always present in their promoters. Although promoter deletion studies of two effector gene loci did not reveal a direct function of the mimp for gene expression, we were able to use proximity to a mimp as a criterion to identify new effector gene candidates. Through xylem sap proteomics we confirmed that several of these candidates encode proteins secreted during plant infection. CONCLUSIONS Effector genes in Fol reside in characteristic subregions on a pathogenicity chromosome. Their genomic context allowed us to develop a method for the successful identification of novel effector genes. Since our approach is not based on effector gene similarity, but on unique genomic features, it can easily be extended to identify effector genes in Fo strains with different host specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schmidt
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M Houterman
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Current address: Fachgebiet Medizinische Biotechnologie, Institut für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisong Ma
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Amyotte
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, 40546-0312, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Biju Chellappan
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Denancé N, Ranocha P, Oria N, Barlet X, Rivière MP, Yadeta KA, Hoffmann L, Perreau F, Clément G, Maia-Grondard A, van den Berg GCM, Savelli B, Fournier S, Aubert Y, Pelletier S, Thomma BPHJ, Molina A, Jouanin L, Marco Y, Goffner D. Arabidopsis wat1 (walls are thin1)-mediated resistance to the bacterial vascular pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, is accompanied by cross-regulation of salicylic acid and tryptophan metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:225-39. [PMID: 22978675 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of Arabidopsis WAT1 (Walls Are Thin1), a gene required for secondary cell-wall deposition, conferred broad-spectrum resistance to vascular pathogens, including the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and the fungi Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum. Introduction of NahG, the bacterial salicylic acid (SA)-degrading salicylate hydroxylase gene, into the wat1 mutant restored full susceptibility to both R. solanacearum and X. campestris pv. campestris. Moreover, SA content was constitutively higher in wat1 roots, further supporting a role for SA in wat1-mediated resistance to vascular pathogens. By combining transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we demonstrated a general repression of indole metabolism in wat1-1 roots as shown by constitutive down-regulation of several genes encoding proteins of the indole glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway and reduced amounts of tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetic acid and neoglucobrassicin, the major form of indole glucosinolate in roots. Furthermore, the susceptibility of the wat1 mutant to R. solanacearum was partially restored when crossed with either the trp5 mutant, an over-accumulator of Trp, or Pro35S:AFB1-myc, in which indole-3-acetic acid signaling is constitutively activated. Our original hypothesis placed cell-wall modifications at the heart of the wat1 resistance phenotype. However, the results presented here suggest a mechanism involving root-localized metabolic channeling away from indole metabolites to SA as a central feature of wat1 resistance to R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denancé
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Oria
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Xavier Barlet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rivière
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, E-28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Koste A Yadeta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Hoffmann
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - François Perreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Alessandra Maia-Grondard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Grardy C M van den Berg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Savelli
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yann Aubert
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, E-28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Lise Jouanin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Yves Marco
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Ma L, Cornelissen BJC, Takken FLW. A nuclear localization for Avr2 from Fusarium oxysporum is required to activate the tomato resistance protein I-2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:94. [PMID: 23596453 PMCID: PMC3622885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to promote host colonization. During infection of tomato xylem vessels, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) secretes the Avr2 effector protein. Besides being a virulence factor, Avr2 is recognized intracellularly by the tomato I-2 resistance protein, resulting in the induction of host defenses. Here, we show that AVR2 is highly expressed in root- and xylem-colonizing hyphae three days post inoculation of roots. Co-expression of I-2 with AVR2 deletion constructs using agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that, except for the N-terminal 17 amino acids, the entire AVR2 protein is required to trigger I-2-mediated cell death. The truncated Avr2 variants are still able to form homo-dimers, showing that the central region of Avr2 is required for dimerization. Simultaneous production of I-2 and Avr2 chimeras carrying various subcellular localization signals in N. benthamiana leaves revealed that a nuclear localization of Avr2 is required to trigger I-2-dependent cell death. Nuclear exclusion of Avr2 prevented its activation of I-2, suggesting that Avr2 is recognized by I-2 in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank L. W. Takken
- *Correspondence: Frank L. W. Takken, Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands. e-mail:
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23
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Lukasik-Shreepaathy E, Vossen JH, Tameling WIL, de Vroomen MJ, Cornelissen BJC, Takken FLW. Protein-protein interactions as a proxy to monitor conformational changes and activation states of the tomato resistance protein I-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3047-60. [PMID: 22345637 PMCID: PMC3350919 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance proteins (R) are involved in pathogen recognition and subsequent initiation of defence responses. Their activity is regulated by inter- and intramolecular interactions. In a yeast two-hybrid screen two clones (I2I-1 and I2I-2) specifically interacting with I-2, a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici resistance protein of the CC-NB-LRR family, were identified. Sequence analysis revealed that I2I-1 belongs to the Formin gene family (SlFormin) whereas I2I-2 has homology to translin-associated protein X (SlTrax). SlFormin required only the N-terminal CC I-2 domain for binding, whereas SlTrax required both I-2 CC and part of the NB-ARC domain. Tomato plants stably silenced for these interactors were not compromised in I-2-mediated disease resistance. When extended or mutated forms of I-2 were used as baits, distinct and often opposite, interaction patterns with the two interactors were observed. These interaction patterns correlated with the proposed activation state of I-2 implying that active and inactive R proteins adopt distinct conformations. It is concluded that the yeast two hybrid system can be used as a proxy to monitor these different conformational states.
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Kidd BN, Kadoo NY, Dombrecht B, Tekeoglu M, Gardiner DM, Thatcher LF, Aitken EAB, Schenk PM, Manners JM, Kazan K. Auxin signaling and transport promote susceptibility to the root-infecting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:733-48. [PMID: 21281113 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-10-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a root-infecting fungal pathogen that causes wilt disease on a broad range of plant species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Currently, very little is known about the molecular or physiological processes that are activated in the host during infection and the roles these processes play in resistance and susceptibility to F. oxysporum. In this study, we analyzed global gene expression profiles of F. oxysporum-infected Arabidopsis plants. Genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis as well as jasmonate-dependent defense were coordinately induced by F. oxysporum. Similarly, tryptophan pathway genes, including those involved in both indole-glucosinolate and auxin biosynthesis, were upregulated in both the leaves and the roots of inoculated plants. Analysis of plants expressing the DR5:GUS construct suggested that root auxin homeostasis was altered during F. oxysporum infection. However, Arabidopsis mutants with altered auxin and tryptophan-derived metabolites such as indole-glucosinolates and camalexin did not show an altered resistance to this pathogen. In contrast, several auxin-signaling mutants were more resistant to F. oxysporum. Chemical or genetic alteration of polar auxin transport also conferred increased pathogen resistance. Our results suggest that, similarly to many other pathogenic and nonpathogenic or beneficial soil organisms, F. oxysporum requires components of auxin signaling and transport to colonize the plant more effectively. Potential mechanisms of auxin signaling and transport-mediated F. oxysporum susceptibility are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan N Kidd
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industy, Queensland Bioscience Precint, St Lucia, Australia
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