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Singh K, Gupta R, Shokat S, Iqbal N, Kocsy G, Pérez-Pérez JM, Riyazuddin R. Ascorbate, plant hormones and their interactions during plant responses to biotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14388. [PMID: 38946634 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Plants can experience a variety of environmental stresses that significantly impact their fitness and survival. Additionally, biotic stress can harm agriculture, leading to reduced crop yields and economic losses worldwide. As a result, plants have developed defense strategies to combat potential invaders. These strategies involve regulating redox homeostasis. Several studies have documented the positive role of plant antioxidants, including Ascorbate (Asc), under biotic stress conditions. Asc is a multifaceted antioxidant that scavenges ROS, acts as a co-factor for different enzymes, regulates gene expression, and facilitates iron transport. However, little attention has been given to Asc and its transport, regulatory effects, interplay with phytohormones, and involvement in defense processes under biotic stress. Asc interacts with other components of the redox system and phytohormones to activate various defense responses that reduce the growth of plant pathogens and promote plant growth and development under biotic stress conditions. Scientific reports indicate that Asc can significantly contribute to plant resistance against biotic stress through mutual interactions with components of the redox and hormonal systems. This review focuses on the role of Asc in enhancing plant resistance against pathogens. Further research is necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular regulatory processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpita Singh
- Department of Biological Resources, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Sajid Shokat
- Section for Crop Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kocsy
- Department of Biological Resources, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Martonvásár, Hungary
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Sowders JM, Tanaka K. A histochemical reporter system to study extracellular ATP response in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183335. [PMID: 37332691 PMCID: PMC10272726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
When cells experience acute mechanical distress, they release ATP from their cellular compartment into the surrounding microenvironment. This extracellular ATP (eATP) can then act as a danger signal-signaling cellular damage. In plants, cells adjacent to damage detect rising eATP concentrations through the cell-surface receptor kinase, P2K1. Following eATP perception, P2K1 initiates a signaling cascade mobilizing plant defense. Recent transcriptome analysis revealed a profile of eATP-induced genes sharing pathogen- and wound-response hallmarks-consistent with a working model for eATP as a defense-mobilizing danger signal. To build on the transcriptional footprint and broaden our understanding of dynamic eATP signaling responses in plants, we aimed to i) generate a visual toolkit for eATP-inducible marker genes using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter system and ii) evaluate the spatiotemporal response of these genes to eATP in plant tissues. Here, we demonstrate that the promoter activities of five genes, ATPR1, ATPR2, TAT3, WRKY46, and CNGC19, were highly sensitive to eATP in the primary root meristem and elongation zones with maximal responses at 2 h after treatment. These results suggest the primary root tip as a hub to study eATP-signaling activity and provide a proof-of-concept toward using these reporters to further dissect eATP and damage signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Sowders
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Guillou A, Earley DF, Klingler S, Nisli E, Nüesch LJ, Fay R, Holland JP. The Influence of a Polyethylene Glycol Linker on the Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of a 89Zr-Radiolabeled Antibody. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1263-1275. [PMID: 34056896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most experimental work in the space of bioconjugation chemistry focuses on using new methods to construct covalent bonds between a cargo molecule and a protein of interest such as a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Bond formation is important for generating new diagnostic tools, yet when these compounds advance to preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, and later for translation to the clinic, understanding the fate of potential metabolites that arise from chemical or enzymatic degradation of the construct is important to obtain a full picture of the pharmacokinetic performance of a new compound. In the context of designing new bioconjugate methods for labeling antibodies with the positron-emitting radionuclide 89Zr, we previously developed a photochemical process for making 89Zr-mAbs. Experimental studies on [89Zr]ZrDFO-PEG3-azepin-mAb constructs revealed that incorporation of the tris-polyethylene glycol (PEG3) linker improved the aqueous phase solubility and radiochemical conversion. However, the use of a PEG3 linker also has an impact on the whole-body residence time of the construct, leading to a more rapid excretion of the 89Zr activity when compared with radiotracers that lack the PEG3 chain. In this work, we investigated the metabolic fate of eight possible metabolites that arise from the logical disconnection of [89Zr]ZrDFO-PEG3-azepin-mAb at bonds which are susceptible to chemical or enzymatic cleavage. Synthesis combined with 89Zr-radiolabeling, small-animal positron emission tomography imaging at multiple time points from 0 to 20 h, and measurements of the effective half-life for whole-body excretion are reported. The conclusions are that the use of a PEG3 linker is non-innocent in terms of its impact on enhancing the metabolism of [89Zr]ZrDFO-PEG3-azepin-mAbs. In most cases, degradation can produce metabolites that are rapidly eliminated from the body, thereby enhancing image contrast by reducing nonspecific accumulation and retention of 89Zr in background organs such as the liver, spleen, kidney, and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Guillou
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Earley
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Klingler
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eda Nisli
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura J Nüesch
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachael Fay
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason P Holland
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhou Z, Zhi T, Han C, Peng Z, Wang R, Tong J, Zhu Q, Ren C. Cell death resulted from loss of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase in Arabidopsis is related to phytohormone jasmonate but not salicylic acid. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13714. [PMID: 32792583 PMCID: PMC7426959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) catalyzes the final step in Tyr degradation pathway essential to animals but not well understood in plants. Previously, we found that mutation of SSCD1 encoding Arabidopsis FAH causes cell death under short day, which uncovered an important role of Tyr degradation pathway in plants. Since phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) are involved in programmed cell death, in this study, we investigated whether sscd1 cell death is related to SA and JA, and found that (1) it is accompanied by up-regulation of JA- and SA-inducible genes as well as accumulation of JA but not SA; (2) it is repressed by breakdown of JA signaling but not SA signaling; (3) the up-regulation of reactive oxygen species marker genes in sscd1 is repressed by breakdown of JA signaling; (4) treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis with succinylacetone, an abnormal metabolite caused by loss of FAH, induces expression of JA-inducible genes whereas treatment with JA induces expression of some Tyr degradation genes with dependence of JA signaling. These results demonstrated that cell death resulted from loss of FAH in Arabidopsis is related to JA but not SA, and suggested that JA signaling positively regulates sscd1 cell death by up-regulating Tyr degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiantian Zhi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Chengyun Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ruozhong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chunmei Ren
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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A coumarin analogue NFA from endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus improves drought resistance in rice as an antioxidant. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:50. [PMID: 30808281 PMCID: PMC6390358 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought and its resulting oxidative damage are the major yield limiting factors for crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Recent studies have found that endophytic fungi coexisting in plants can alleviate biotic or abiotic damage to plant growth and development. In order to screen for the endophytes associated with drought stress, 12 strains of endophytic fungi with high antioxidant activity isolated from riparian plants Myricaria laxiflora were evaluated for their effects in rice by the crude extracts. RESULTS Of the 12 endophytic fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus SG-17 functioned most effectively, with the crude extract exhibiting relatively higher antioxidant capacity both in vivo and in vitro. The subsequent MS and NMR analysis showed that the primary substance responsible for the antioxidant activity in the extract was (Z)-N-(4-hydroxystyryl) formamide (NFA), an analogue of coumarin. Enzyme activity assay in nerve cells SH-SY5Y showed that NFA could maintain the membrane integrity and regulate the antioxidase activity under oxidative stress. In rice suffering drought stress, NFA effectively alleviated the harm by regulating the contents of NADPH oxidases, antioxidants and heat shock proteins, all of which are closely related with the reactive oxygen species pathway. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that some endophytes from plants often subjected to flooding and oxidative stress could enhance drought resistance by producing compounds such as NFA to regulate the oxidative pathway.
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Bernal-Vicente A, Cantabella D, Petri C, Hernández JA, Diaz-Vivancos P. The Salt-Stress Response of the Transgenic Plum Line J8-1 and Its Interaction with the Salicylic Acid Biosynthetic Pathway from Mandelonitrile. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113519. [PMID: 30413110 PMCID: PMC6274726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is considered as one of the most important abiotic challenges that affect crop productivity. Plant hormones, including salicylic acid (SA), are key factors in the defence signalling output triggered during plant responses against environmental stresses. We have previously reported in peach a new SA biosynthetic pathway from mandelonitrile (MD), the molecule at the hub of the cyanogenic glucoside turnover in Prunus sp. In this work, we have studied whether this new SA biosynthetic pathway is also present in plum and the possible role this pathway plays in plant plasticity under salinity, focusing on the transgenic plum line J8-1, which displays stress tolerance via an enhanced antioxidant capacity. The SA biosynthesis from MD in non-transgenic and J8-1 micropropagated plum shoots was studied by metabolomics. Then the response of J8-1 to salt stress in presence of MD or Phe (MD precursor) was assayed by measuring: chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters, stress related hormones, levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants, the expression of two genes coding redox-related proteins, and the content of soluble nutrients. The results from in vitro assays suggest that the SA synthesis from the MD pathway demonstrated in peach is not clearly present in plum, at least under the tested conditions. Nevertheless, in J8-1 NaCl-stressed seedlings, an increase in SA was recorded as a result of the MD treatment, suggesting that MD could be involved in the SA biosynthesis under NaCl stress conditions in plum plants. We have also shown that the plum line J8-1 was tolerant to NaCl under greenhouse conditions, and this response was quite similar in MD-treated plants. Nevertheless, the MD treatment produced an increase in SA, jasmonic acid (JA) and reduced ascorbate (ASC) contents, as well as in the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN) and the gene expression of Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis-Related 1 (NPR1) and thioredoxin H (TrxH) under salinity conditions. This response suggested a crosstalk between different signalling pathways (NPR1/Trx and SA/JA) leading to salinity tolerance in the transgenic plum line J8-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Bernal-Vicente
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Daniel Cantabella
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Cesar Petri
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Hernández
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- Biotechnology of Fruit Trees Group, Department Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidative enzyme status in Solanum lycopersicum on priming with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. against Fusarium oxysporum. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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König K, Vaseghi MJ, Dreyer A, Dietz KJ. The significance of glutathione and ascorbate in modulating the retrograde high light response in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:262-273. [PMID: 28984358 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signals from the chloroplast control expression of nuclear genes. A large fraction of these genes is affected rapidly upon light intensity shifts. This study was designed to address the interdependence of signaling pathways involved in the rapid high light response and redox and reactive oxygen species signaling by exploiting the glutathione and ascorbate deficient mutants pad2 and vtc1. In the first set of experiments the transcriptional response of the two transcription factors ERF6 and ERF105 that had previously been shown to rapidly respond to light was shown to be deregulated in the pad2 mutant but not in the vtc1 background. The transcriptional response after combining the low-to-high light transfer with methylviologen pretreatment further demonstrated the significance of glutathione in strongly modulating the retrograde response. Transcripts encoding small heat shock proteins (HSP17.4, HSP176a, HSP20-like1 and HSP20-like2) and the lipid transfer protein LTP3 were taken as markers responding to the combinatorial treatment in wild type, and most strongly in pad2 in high light or upon methylviologen treatment. A correlation with H2 O2 accumulation was not observed. It is concluded that glutathione-dependent processes participate in light-triggered rapid gene regulation independent on cellular H2 O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina König
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mohamad Javad Vaseghi
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna Dreyer
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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Weng QY, Song JH, Zhao YT, Zheng X, Huang CC, Wang GY, Zhang J, Xing JH, Dong JG. T1N6_22 positively regulates Botrytis cinerea resistance but negatively regulates Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1318717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Foyer CH. Oxidative stress and antioxidative systems: recipes for successful data collection and interpretation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1140-60. [PMID: 26864619 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common to many fundamental responses of plants. Enormous and ever-growing interest has focused on this research area, leading to an extensive literature that documents the tremendous progress made in recent years. As in other areas of plant biology, advances have been greatly facilitated by developments in genomics-dependent technologies and the application of interdisciplinary techniques that generate information at multiple levels. At the same time, advances in understanding ROS are fundamentally reliant on the use of biochemical and cell biology techniques that are specific to the study of oxidative stress. It is therefore timely to revisit these approaches with the aim of providing a guide to convenient methods and assisting interested researchers in avoiding potential pitfalls. Our critical overview of currently popular methodologies includes a detailed discussion of approaches used to generate oxidative stress, measurements of ROS themselves, determination of major antioxidant metabolites, assays of antioxidative enzymes and marker transcripts for oxidative stress. We consider the applicability of metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics approaches and discuss markers such as damage to DNA and RNA. Our discussion of current methodologies is firmly anchored to future technological developments within this popular research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technologie Park 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Cheng F, Lu J, Gao M, Shi K, Kong Q, Huang Y, Bie Z. Redox Signaling and CBF-Responsive Pathway Are Involved in Salicylic Acid-Improved Photosynthesis and Growth under Chilling Stress in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1519. [PMID: 27777580 PMCID: PMC5056192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the potential role of SA in alleviating the adverse effects of chilling stress on photosynthesis and growth in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Chilling stress induced the simultaneous accumulation of free and conjugated SA in watermelon plants, and the chilling-induced SA production was attributed to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway. Applying SA at moderate concentrations induced chilling tolerance, whereas inhibition of SA biosynthesis by L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) increased the photooxidation of PS II under chilling stress in watermelon, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and growth. Chilling induced a transient increase in the ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione and reduced ascorbate to dehydroascorbate. Then, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. Furthermore, SA-induced chilling tolerance was associated with cellular glutathione and ascorbate homeostasis, which served as redox signals to regulate antioxidant metabolism under chilling stress. AOPP treatment stimulated the chilling-induced expression of cold-responsive genes, particularly via C-repeat binding factors CBF3 and CBF4. These results confirm the synergistic role of SA signaling and the CBF-dependent responsive pathway during chilling stress in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Junyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhilong Bie,
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Lim B, Smirnoff N, Cobbett CS, Golz JF. Ascorbate-Deficient vtc2 Mutants in Arabidopsis Do Not Exhibit Decreased Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1025. [PMID: 27468291 PMCID: PMC4943039 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants the L-galactose pathway represents the major route for ascorbate biosynthesis. The first committed step of this pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase and is encoded by two paralogs in Arabidopsis - VITAMIN C2 (VTC2) and VTC5. The first mutant of this enzyme, vtc2-1, isolated via an EMS mutagenesis screen, has approximately 20-30% of wildtype ascorbate levels and has been reported to have decreased growth under standard laboratory conditions. Here, we show that a T-DNA insertion into the VTC2 causes a similar reduction in ascorbate levels, but does not greatly affect plant growth. Subsequent segregation analysis revealed the growth defects of vtc2-1 mutants segregate independently of the vtc2-1 mutation. These observations suggest that it is the presence of an independent cryptic mutation that affects growth of vtc2-1 mutants, and not the 70-80% decrease in ascorbate levels that has been assumed in past studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Lim
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, UK
| | | | - John F. Golz
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: John F. Golz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9478-5459
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Cheng F, Lu J, Gao M, Shi K, Kong Q, Huang Y, Bie Z. Redox Signaling and CBF-Responsive Pathway Are Involved in Salicylic Acid-Improved Photosynthesis and Growth under Chilling Stress in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27777580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the potential role of SA in alleviating the adverse effects of chilling stress on photosynthesis and growth in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Chilling stress induced the simultaneous accumulation of free and conjugated SA in watermelon plants, and the chilling-induced SA production was attributed to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway. Applying SA at moderate concentrations induced chilling tolerance, whereas inhibition of SA biosynthesis by L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) increased the photooxidation of PS II under chilling stress in watermelon, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and growth. Chilling induced a transient increase in the ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione and reduced ascorbate to dehydroascorbate. Then, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. Furthermore, SA-induced chilling tolerance was associated with cellular glutathione and ascorbate homeostasis, which served as redox signals to regulate antioxidant metabolism under chilling stress. AOPP treatment stimulated the chilling-induced expression of cold-responsive genes, particularly via C-repeat binding factors CBF3 and CBF4. These results confirm the synergistic role of SA signaling and the CBF-dependent responsive pathway during chilling stress in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Junyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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14
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Jozefczak M, Bohler S, Schat H, Horemans N, Guisez Y, Remans T, Vangronsveld J, Cuypers A. Both the concentration and redox state of glutathione and ascorbate influence the sensitivity of arabidopsis to cadmium. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:601-12. [PMID: 26070641 PMCID: PMC4577996 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that elicits oxidative stress. Plants respond to Cd toxicity via increasing their Cd-chelating and antioxidative capacities. They predominantly chelate Cd via glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs), while antioxidative defence is mainly based on the use and recycling of both GSH and ascorbate (AsA), complemented by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, both metabolites act as a substrate for the regeneration of other essential antioxidants, which neutralize and regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Together, these functions influence the concentration and cellular redox state of GSH and AsA. In this study, these two parameters were examined in plants of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to sub-lethal Cd concentrations. METHODS Wild-type plants and mutant arabidopsis plants containing 30-45 % of wild-type levels of GSH (cad2-1) or 40-50 % of AsA (vtc1-1), together with the double-mutant (cad2-1 vtc1-1) were cultivated in a hydroponic system and exposed to sub-lethal Cd concentrations. Cadmium detoxification was investigated at different levels including gene expression and metabolite concentrations. KEY RESULTS In comparison with wild-type plants, elevated basal thiol levels and enhanced PC synthesis upon exposure to Cd efficiently compensated AsA deficiency in vtc1-1 plants and contributed to decreased sensitivity towards Cd. Glutathione-deficient (cad2-1 and cad2-1 vtc1-1) mutants, however, showed a more oxidized GSH redox state, resulting in initial oxidative stress and a higher sensitivity to Cd. In order to cope with the Cd stress to which they were exposed, GSH-deficient mutants activated multiple alternative pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that GSH and AsA deficiency differentially alter plant GSH homeostasis, resulting in opposite Cd sensitivities relative to wild-type plants. Upon Cd exposure, GSH-deficient mutants were hampered in chelation. They experienced phenotypic disturbances and even more oxidative stress, and therefore activated multiple alternative pathways such as SOD, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, indicating a higher Cd sensitivity. Ascorbate deficiency, however, was associated with enhanced PC synthesis in comparison with wild-type plants after Cd exposure, which contributed to decreased sensitivity towards Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Jozefczak
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sacha Bohler
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Henk Schat
- Free University of Amsterdam, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nele Horemans
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium and
| | - Yves Guisez
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Middelheim campus, G.U616, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tony Remans
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium,
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15
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Vaahtera L, Brosché M, Wrzaczek M, Kangasjärvi J. Specificity in ROS signaling and transcript signatures. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1422-41. [PMID: 24180661 PMCID: PMC4158988 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS), important signaling molecules in plants, are involved in developmental control and stress adaptation. ROS production can trigger broad transcriptional changes; however, it is not clear how specificity in transcriptional regulation is achieved. RECENT ADVANCES A large collection of public transcriptome data from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is available for analysis. These data can be used for the analysis of biological processes that are associated with ROS signaling and for the identification of suitable transcriptional indicators. Several online tools, such as Genevestigator and Expression Angler, have simplified the task to analyze, interpret, and visualize this wealth of data. CRITICAL ISSUES The analysis of the exact transcriptional responses to ROS requires the production of specific ROS in distinct subcellular compartments with precise timing, which is experimentally difficult. Analyses are further complicated by the effect of ROS production in one subcellular location on the ROS accumulation in other compartments. In addition, even subtle differences in the method of ROS production or treatment can lead to significantly different outcomes when various stimuli are compared. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the difficulty of inducing ROS production specifically with regard to ROS type, subcellular localization, and timing, we propose that the concept of a "ROS marker gene" should be re-evaluated. We suggest guidelines for the analysis of transcriptional data in ROS signaling. The use of "ROS signatures," which consist of a set of genes that together can show characteristic and indicative responses, should be preferred over the use of individual marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vaahtera
- 1 Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Dietz KJ. Redox regulation of transcription factors in plant stress acclimation and development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1356-72. [PMID: 24182193 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The redox regulatory signaling network of the plant cell controls and co-regulates transcriptional activities, thereby enabling adjustment of metabolism and development in response to environmental cues, including abiotic stress. RECENT ADVANCES Our rapidly expanding knowledge on redox regulation of plant transcription is driven by methodological advancements such as sensitive redox proteomics and in silico predictions in combination with classical targeted genetic and molecular approaches, often in Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, transcription factors (TFs) are both direct and indirect targets of redox-dependent activity modulation. Redox control of TF activity involves conformational switching, nucleo-cytosolic partitioning, assembly with coregulators, metal-S-cluster regulation, redox control of upstream signaling elements, and proteolysis. CRITICAL ISSUES While the significance of redox regulation of transcription is well established for prokaryotes and non-plant eukaryotes, the momentousness of redox-dependent control of transcription in plants still receives insufficient awareness and, therefore, is discussed in detail in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Improved proteome sensitivity will enable characterization of low abundant proteins and to simultaneously address the various post-translational modifications such as nitrosylation, hydroxylation, and glutathionylation. Combining such approaches by gradually increasing biotic and abiotic stress strength is expected to result in a systematic understanding of redox regulation. In the end, only the combination of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro results will provide conclusive pictures on the rather complex mechanism of redox regulation of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University , Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Xu E, Brosché M. Salicylic acid signaling inhibits apoplastic reactive oxygen species signaling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:155. [PMID: 24898702 PMCID: PMC4057906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are used by plants as signaling molecules during stress and development. Given the amount of possible challenges a plant face from their environment, plants need to activate and prioritize between potentially conflicting defense signaling pathways. Until recently, most studies on signal interactions have focused on phytohormone interaction, such as the antagonistic relationship between salicylic acid (SA)-jasmonic acid and cytokinin-auxin. RESULTS In this study, we report an antagonistic interaction between SA signaling and apoplastic ROS signaling. Treatment with ozone (O3) leads to a ROS burst in the apoplast and induces extensive changes in gene expression and elevation of defense hormones. However, Arabidopsis thaliana dnd1 (defense no death1) exhibited an attenuated response to O3. In addition, the dnd1 mutant displayed constitutive expression of defense genes and spontaneous cell death. To determine the exact process which blocks the apoplastic ROS signaling, double and triple mutants involved in various signaling pathway were generated in dnd1 background. Simultaneous elimination of SA-dependent and SA-independent signaling components from dnd1 restored its responsiveness to O3. Conversely, pre-treatment of plants with SA or using mutants that constitutively activate SA signaling led to an attenuation of changes in gene expression elicited by O3. CONCLUSIONS Based upon these findings, we conclude that plants are able to prioritize the response between ROS and SA via an antagonistic action of SA and SA signaling on apoplastic ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjun Xu
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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18
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Wrzaczek M, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi J. ROS signaling loops - production, perception, regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:575-82. [PMID: 23876676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are recognized as important signaling components in a wide range of processes in plants and most other organisms. Reactive oxygen species are produced in different subcellular compartments in response to specific stimuli and the production is under tight control in order to avoid detrimental side-effects. Calcium signaling, protein phosphorylation and other signaling pathways are intimately involved in the control and coordination of reactive oxygen production. Any signal that should result in a specific response must eventually be perceived. Direct redox modification of transcription factors and other proteins are critical for the perception of intracellular reactive oxygen species; however, sensing of their extracellular counterparts awaits elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Han Y, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Noctor G. Regulation of basal and oxidative stress-triggered jasmonic acid-related gene expression by glutathione. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1135-46. [PMID: 23210597 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a determinant of cellular redox state with roles in defence and detoxification. Emerging concepts suggest that this compound also has functions in cellular signalling. Here, we report evidence that glutathione plays potentially important roles in setting signalling strength through the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Firstly, we show that basal expression of JA-related genes is correlated with leaf glutathione content when the latter is manipulated either genetically or pharmacologically. Secondly, analyses of an oxidative stress signalling mutant, cat2, reveal that up-regulation of the JA pathway triggered by intracellular oxidation requires accompanying glutathione accumulation. Genetically blocking this accumulation in a cat2 cad2 line largely annuls H2 O2 -induced expression of JA-linked genes, and this effect can be rescued by exogenously supplying glutathione. While most attention on glutathione functions in biotic stress responses has been focused on the thiol-regulated protein NPR1, a comparison of JA-linked gene expression in cat2 cad2 and cat2 npr1 double mutants provides evidence that glutathione acts through other components to regulate the response of this pathway to oxidative stress. Our study provides new information implicating glutathione as a factor determining basal JA gene expression and suggests novel glutathione-dependent control points that regulate JA signalling in response to intracellular oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris Sud 11, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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20
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Kerchev PI, Karpińska B, Morris JA, Hussain A, Verrall SR, Hedley PE, Fenton B, Foyer CH, Hancock RD. Vitamin C and the abscisic acid-insensitive 4 transcription factor are important determinants of aphid resistance in Arabidopsis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2091-105. [PMID: 23343093 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aphids, like other insects, are probably unable to synthesize vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is therefore an essential dietary nutrient that has to be obtained from the host plant. Plant responses to aphids involve hormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA), but hormone/redox interactions remain poorly characterized. We therefore investigated hormone/redox signaling in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to infestation by the aphid Myzus persicae, focusing on the interactions between ascorbic acid and ABA, together with the influence of altered ascorbate and ABA signaling on the SA- and JA-dependent pathways. RESULTS Whole-genome microarray analysis revealed highly dynamic transcriptional responses to aphid infestation with extensive differences between transcript profiles of infested and systemic leaves, revealing aphid-dependent effects on the suites of transcripts involved in the redox, SA, and ABA responses. Central roles for ascorbate, ABA-insensitive 4 (ABI4), and oxidative signal-inducible 1 in plant resistance to aphids were demonstrated by altered fecundity on respective mutants. However, ABA had a negative effect on aphid resistance, as did ABI4 or redox-responsive transcription factor 1. The decrease in aphid fecundity observed in mutants defective in ascorbate accumulation (vtc2) was absent from abi4vtc2 double mutants that are also deficient in ABA signaling (abi4). Aphid-dependent transcriptome responses reveal a role for ascorbate-regulated receptor-like kinases in plant defenses against aphids. INNOVATION Vitamin C deficiency enhances plant resistance to aphids through redox signaling pathways rather than dietary requirements. CONCLUSION ABI4 is a linchpin of redox regulation of the innate immune response to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Kerchev
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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21
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Karpiński S, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Wituszyńska W, Burdiak P. Light acclimation, retrograde signalling, cell death and immune defences in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:736-44. [PMID: 23046215 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review confronts the classical view of plant immune defence and light acclimation with recently published data. Earlier findings have linked plant immune defences to nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR)-dependent recognition of pathogen effectors and to the role of plasma membrane-localized NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase (AtRbohD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA). However, recent results suggest that plant immune defence also depends on the absorption of excessive light energy and photorespiration. Rapid changes in light intensity and quality often cause the absorption of energy, which is in excess of that required for photosynthesis. Such excessive light energy is considered to be a factor triggering photoinhibition and disturbance in ROS/hormonal homeostasis, which leads to cell death in foliar tissues. We highlight here the tight crosstalk between ROS- and SA-dependent pathways leading to light acclimation, and defence responses leading to pathogen resistance. We also show that LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 (LSD1) regulates and integrates these processes. Moreover, we discuss the role of plastid-nucleus signal transduction, photorespiration, photoelectrochemical signalling and 'light memory' in the regulation of acclimation and immune defence responses. All of these results suggest that plants have evolved a genetic system that simultaneously regulates systemic acquired resistance (SAR), cell death and systemic acquired acclimation (SAA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland.
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22
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Iyer NJ, Tang Y, Mahalingam R. Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to a combination of drought and ozone in Medicago truncatula. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:706-20. [PMID: 22946485 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought and tropospheric ozone are escalating climate change problems that can co-occur. In this study, we observed Medicago truncatula cultivar Jemalong that is sensitive to ozone and drought stress when applied singly, showed tolerance when subjected to a combined application of these stresses. Lowered stomatal conductance may be a vital tolerance mechanism to overcome combined ozone and drought. Sustained increases in both reduced ascorbate and glutathione in response to combined stress may play a role in lowering reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide toxicity. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes associated with glucan metabolism, responses to temperature and light signalling may play a role in dampening ozone responses due to drought-induced stomatal closure during combined occurrence of these two stresses. Gene ontologies for jasmonic acid signalling and innate immunity were enriched among the 300 differentially expressed genes unique to combined stress. Differential expression of transcription factors associated with redox, defence signalling, jasmonate responses and chromatin modifications may be important for evoking novel gene networks during combined occurrence of drought and ozone. The alterations in redox milieu and distinct transcriptome changes in response to combined stress could aid in tweaking the metabolome and proteome to annul the detrimental effects of ozone and drought in Jemalong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjani J Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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23
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Sarwat M, Naqvi AR, Ahmad P, Ashraf M, Akram NA. Phytohormones and microRNAs as sensors and regulators of leaf senescence: assigning macro roles to small molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1153-71. [PMID: 23453916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ageing or senescence is an intricate and highly synchronized developmental phase in the life of plant parts including leaf. Senescence not only means death of a plant part, but during this process, different macromolecules undergo degradation and the resulting components are transported to other parts of the plant. During the period from when a leaf is young and green to the stage when it senesces, a multitude of factors such as hormones, environmental factors and senescence associated genes (SAGs) are involved. Plant hormones including salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene advance leaf senescence, whereas others like cytokinins, gibberellins, and auxins delay this process. The environmental factors which generally affect plant development and growth, can hasten senescence, the examples being nutrient dearth, water stress, pathogen attack, radiations, high temperature and light intensity, waterlogging, and air, water or soil contamination. Other important influences include carbohydrate accumulation and high carbon/nitrogen level. To date, although several genes involved in this complex process have been identified, still not much information exists in the literature on the signalling mechanism of leaf senescence. Now, the Arabidopsis mutants have paved our way and opened new vistas to elucidate the signalling mechanism of leaf senescence for which various mutants are being utilized. Recent studies demonstrating the role of microRNAs in leaf senescence have reinforced our knowledge of this intricate process. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the information gained particularly on the roles of several plant growth regulators and microRNAs in regulation of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sarwat
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), NOIDA, India.
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24
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Mathys J, De Cremer K, Timmermans P, Van Kerckhove S, Lievens B, Vanhaecke M, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. Genome-Wide Characterization of ISR Induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Trichoderma hamatum T382 Against Botrytis cinerea Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:108. [PMID: 22661981 PMCID: PMC3362084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the molecular basis of the induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Arabidopsis thaliana by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma hamatum T382 against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea B05-10 was unraveled by microarray analysis both before (ISR-prime) and after (ISR-boost) additional pathogen inoculation. The observed high numbers of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are involved. By focusing on pathways instead of genes, a holistic picture of the mechanisms underlying ISR emerged. In general, a close resemblance is observed between ISR-prime and systemic acquired resistance, the systemic defense response that is triggered in plants upon pathogen infection leading to increased resistance toward secondary infections. Treatment with T. hamatum T382 primes the plant (ISR-prime), resulting in an accelerated activation of the defense response against B. cinerea during ISR-boost and a subsequent moderation of the B. cinerea induced defense response. Microarray results were validated for representative genes by qRT-PCR. The involvement of various defense-related pathways was confirmed by phenotypic analysis of mutants affected in these pathways, thereby proving the validity of our approach. Combined with additional anthocyanin analysis data these results all point to the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in T. hamatum T382-induced ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janick Mathys
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Pieter Timmermans
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Lievens
- Scientia Terrae Research InstituteSint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Consortium for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (CIMB), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven AssociationSint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mieke Vanhaecke
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenHeverlee, Belgium
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