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Lin X, Provasi D, Niswender CM, Asher WB, Javitch JA. Elucidating the molecular logic of a metabotropic glutamate receptor heterodimer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8552. [PMID: 39362861 PMCID: PMC11450022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor protomers can heterodimerize, leading to different pharmacology compared to their homodimeric counterparts. Here, we use complemented donor-acceptor resonance energy transfer (CODA-RET) technology that distinguishes signaling from defined mGlu heterodimers or homodimers, together with targeted mutagenesis of receptor protomers and computational docking, to elucidate the mechanism of activation and differential pharmacology in mGlu2/4 heteromers. We demonstrate that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that bind an upper allosteric pocket in the mGlu4 transmembrane domain are active at both mGlu4/4 homomers and mGlu2/4 heteromers, while those that bind a lower allosteric pocket within the same domain are efficacious in homomers but not heteromers. We further demonstrate that both protomers of mGlu2/4 heteromers are cis-activated by their orthosteric agonists, signaling independently with no trans-activation detected. Intriguingly, however, upper pocket mGlu4 PAMs enable trans-activation in mGlu2/4 heteromers from mGlu4 to the mGlu2 protomer and also enhance cis-activation of the mGlu2 protomer. While mGlu2 PAMs enhanced mGlu2 cis-activation in the heterodimer, we were unable to detect trans-activation in the opposite direction from mGlu2 to the mGlu4 protomer, suggesting an asymmetry of signaling. These insights into the molecular logic of this receptor heteromer are critical to building toward precision targeted therapies for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Davide Provasi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wesley B Asher
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Wannitikul P, Dachphun I, Sakulkoo J, Suttangkakul A, Wonnapinij P, Simister R, Gomez LD, Vuttipongchaikij S. In Vivo Proximity Cross-Linking and Immunoprecipitation of Cell Wall Epitopes Identify Proteins Associated with the Biosynthesis of Matrix Polysaccharides. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31438-31454. [PMID: 39072051 PMCID: PMC11270709 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Identification of proteins involved in cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis is crucial to understand plant cell wall biology. We utilized in vivo cross-linking and immunoprecipitation with cell wall antibodies that recognized xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and homogalacturonan to capture proteins associated with matrix polysaccharides in Arabidopsis protoplasts. The use of cross-linkers allowed us to capture proteins actively associated with cell wall polymers, including those directly interacting with glycans via glycan-protein (GP) cross-linkers and those associated with proteins linked to glycans via a protein-protein (PP) cross-linker. Immunoprecipitations led to the identification of 65 Arabidopsis protein IDs localized in the Golgi, ER, plasma membrane, and others without subcellular localization data. Among these, we found several glycosyltransferases directly involved in polysaccharide synthesis, along with proteins related to cell wall modification and vesicle trafficking. Protein interaction networks from DeepAraPPI and AtMAD databases showed interactions between various IDs, including those related to cell-wall-associated proteins and membrane/vesicle trafficking proteins. Gene expression and coexpression analyses supported the presence and relevance of the proteins to the cell wall processes. Reverse genetic studies using T-DNA insertion mutants of selected proteins revealed changes in cell wall composition and saccharification, further supporting their potential roles in cell wall biosynthesis. Overall, our approach represents a novel approach for studying cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and associated proteins, providing advantages over traditional immunoprecipitation techniques. This study provides a list of putative proteins associated with different matrix polysaccharides for further investigation and highlights the complexity of cell wall biosynthesis and trafficking within plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaporn Wannitikul
- Department
of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Issariya Dachphun
- Department
of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jenjira Sakulkoo
- Department
of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department
of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics
Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department
of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics
Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP,
Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- CNAP,
Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department
of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics
Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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3
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Simoni EB, Oliveira CC. The Split-Luciferase Complementation Assay to Detect and Quantify Protein-Protein Interactions in Planta. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2724:247-255. [PMID: 37987911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3485-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play a critical role in plant viral infection and defense responses against pathogens. This protocol provides a detailed and reliable methodology for investigating protein-protein interactions using a luciferase-based complementation assay that includes easy luminescence-based normalization within a single plate. The protocol includes step-by-step procedures, reagent lists, and considerations for data interpretation, ensuring robust and reproducible results. By following this protocol, researchers can advance on understanding of the crucial role of protein-protein interactions in plant viral infection and defense responses to other pathogen attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bassi Simoni
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Célio Cabral Oliveira
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Zhang N, Julian JD, Yap CE, Swaminathan S, Zabotina OA. The Arabidopsis xylosyltransferases, XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5, are essential to complete the fully xylosylated glucan backbone XXXG-type structure of xyloglucans. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1986-1999. [PMID: 36856333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although most xyloglucans (XyGs) biosynthesis enzymes have been identified, the molecular mechanism that defines XyG branching patterns is unclear. Four out of five XyG xylosyltransferases (XXT1, XXT2, XXT4, and XXT5) are known to add the xylosyl residue from UDP-xylose onto a glucan backbone chain; however, the function of XXT3 has yet to be demonstrated. Single xxt3 and triple xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to determine the specific function of XXT3. Combined biochemical, bioinformatic, and morphological data conclusively established for the first time that XXT3, together with XXT4 and XXT5, adds xylosyl residue specifically at the third glucose in the glucan chain to synthesize XXXG-type XyGs. We propose that the specificity of XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5 is directed toward the prior synthesis of the acceptor substrate by the other two enzymes, XXT1 and XXT2. We also conclude that XXT5 plays a dominant role in the synthesis of XXXG-type XyGs, while XXT3 and XXT4 complementarily contribute their activities in a tissue-specific manner. The newly generated xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant produces only XXGG-type XyGs, which further helps to understand the impact of structurally deficient polysaccharides on plant cell wall organization, growth, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jordan D Julian
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Cheng Ern Yap
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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5
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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6
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Lin X, Fisher NM, Dogra S, Senter RK, Reed CW, Kalbfleisch JJ, Lindsley CW, Asher WB, Xiang Z, Niswender CM, Javitch JA. Differential activity of mGlu 7 allosteric modulators provides evidence for mGlu 7/8 heterodimers at hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102458. [PMID: 36063995 PMCID: PMC9531177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate acts at eight metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes expressed in a partially overlapping fashion in distinct brain circuits. Recent evidence indicates that specific mGlu receptor protomers can heterodimerize and that these heterodimers can exhibit different pharmacology when compared to their homodimeric counterparts. Group III mGlu agonist-induced suppression of evoked excitatory potentials and induction of long-term potentiation at Schaffer collateral-CA1 (SC-CA1) synapses in the rodent hippocampus can be blocked by the selective mGlu7 negative allosteric modulator (NAM), ADX71743. Curiously, a different mGlu7 NAM, 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3-pyridin-4-ylisoxazonolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one, failed to block these responses in brain slices despite its robust activity at mGlu7 homodimers in vitro. We hypothesized that this might result from heterodimerization of mGlu7 with another mGlu receptor protomer and focused on mGlu8 as a candidate given the reported effects of mGlu8-targeted compounds in the hippocampus. Here, we used complemented donor acceptor-resonance energy transfer to study mGlu7/8 heterodimer activation in vitro and observed that ADX71743 blocked responses of both mGlu7/7 homodimers and mGlu7/8 heterodimers, whereas 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3-pyridin-4-ylisoxazonolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one only antagonized responses of mGlu7/7 homodimers. Taken together with our electrophysiology observations, these results suggest that a receptor with pharmacology consistent with an mGlu7/8 heterodimer modulates the activity of SC-CA1 synapses. Building on this hypothesis, we identified two additional structurally related mGlu7 NAMs that also differ in their activity at mGlu7/8 heterodimers, in a manner consistent with their ability to inhibit synaptic transmission and plasticity at SC-CA1. Thus, we propose that mGlu7/8 heterodimers are a key molecular target for modulating the activity of hippocampal SC-CA1 synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole M Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shalini Dogra
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca K Senter
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carson W Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacob J Kalbfleisch
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wesley B Asher
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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7
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Chen M, Yan C, Qin F, Zhang XE. Near-Infrared Luciferase Complementation Assay with Enhanced Bioluminescence for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions and Drug Evaluation Under Physiological Conditions. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13700-13709. [PMID: 36135776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Identification of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that occur in various cellular processes helps to reveal their potential molecular mechanisms, and there is still an urgent need to develop the assays to explore PPIs in living subjects. Here, we reported a near-infrared split luciferase complementation assay (SLCA) with enhanced bioluminescence produced by cleaving a luciferase, Akaluc, for exploring and visualizing PPIs in living cells and live mice. Compared with the previously developed and widely used red SLCA based on split firefly luciferase (Fluc-SLCA), the signal intensities for PPI recognition in living cells and live mice of the Akaluc-SLCA increased by ∼3.79-fold and ∼18.06-fold in the measured condition, respectively. Additionally, the interactions between the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and cellular RNA processing proteins were identified, and the drug evaluation assays were also performed in living cells using Akaluc-SLCA. This study provides a new tool in the near-infrared region for the identification of PPIs in living cells and in vivo and new information for the understanding and treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fujun Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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8
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Julian JD, Zabotina OA. Xyloglucan Biosynthesis: From Genes to Proteins and Their Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:920494. [PMID: 35720558 PMCID: PMC9201394 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.920494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant's recalcitrant cell wall is composed of numerous polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The most abundant hemicellulose in dicot cell walls is xyloglucan, which consists of a β-(1- > 4) glucan backbone with α-(1- > 6) xylosylation producing an XXGG or XXXG pattern. Xylose residues of xyloglucan are branched further with different patterns of arabinose, fucose, galactose, and acetylation that varies between species. Although xyloglucan research in other species lag behind Arabidopsis thaliana, significant advances have been made into the agriculturally relevant species Oryza sativa and Solanum lycopersicum, which can be considered model organisms for XXGG type xyloglucan. In this review, we will present what is currently known about xyloglucan biosynthesis in A. thaliana, O. sativa, and S. lycopersicum and discuss the recent advances in the characterization of the glycosyltransferases involved in this complex process and their organization in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Julian
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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9
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Subcellular coordination of plant cell wall synthesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:933-948. [PMID: 33761322 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organelles of the plant cell cooperate to synthesize and secrete a strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based extracellular matrix: the cell wall. Cell wall composition varies among plant species, across cell types within a plant, within different regions of a single cell wall, and in response to intrinsic or extrinsic signals. This diversity in cell wall makeup is underpinned by common cellular mechanisms for cell wall production. Cellulose synthase complexes function at the plasma membrane and deposit their product into the cell wall. Matrix polysaccharides are synthesized by a multitude of glycosyltransferases in hundreds of mobile Golgi stacks, and an extensive set of vesicle trafficking proteins govern secretion to the cell wall. In this review, we discuss the different subcellular locations at which cell wall synthesis occurs, review the molecular mechanisms that control cell wall biosynthesis, and examine how these are regulated in response to different perturbations to maintain cell wall homeostasis.
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10
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Niraula PM, Zhang X, Jeremic D, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase increases tightly-bound xyloglucan and chain number but decreases chain length contributing to the defense response that Glycine max has to Heterodera glycines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244305. [PMID: 33444331 PMCID: PMC7808671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glycine max xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (EC 2.4.1.207), GmXTH43, has been identified through RNA sequencing of RNA isolated through laser microdissection of Heterodera glycines-parasitized root cells (syncytia) undergoing the process of defense. Experiments reveal that genetically increasing XTH43 transcript abundance in the H. glycines-susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] decreases parasitism. Experiments presented here show decreasing XTH43 transcript abundance through RNA interference (RNAi) in the H. glycines-resistant G. max[Peking/PI 548402] increases susceptibility, but it is unclear what role XTH43 performs. The experiments presented here show XTH43 overexpression decreases the relative length of xyloglucan (XyG) chains, however, there is an increase in the amount of those shorter chains. In contrast, XTH43 RNAi increases XyG chain length. The experiments show that XTH43 has the capability to function, when increased in its expression, to limit XyG chain extension. This outcome would likely impair the ability of the cell wall to expand. Consequently, XTH43 could provide an enzymatically-driven capability to the cell that would allow it to limit the ability of parasitic nematodes like H. glycines to develop a feeding structure that, otherwise, would facilitate parasitism. The experiments presented here provide experimentally-based proof that XTHs can function in ways that could be viewed as being able to limit the expansion of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
| | - Dragica Jeremic
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
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11
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Interactomes: Experimental and In Silico Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1346:107-117. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80352-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Zabotina OA, Zhang N, Weerts R. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases and Their Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625307. [PMID: 33679837 PMCID: PMC7933479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that catalyze reactions attaching an activated sugar to an acceptor substrate, which may be a polysaccharide, peptide, lipid, or small molecule. In the past decade, notable progress has been made in revealing and cloning genes encoding polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs. However, the vast majority of GTs remain structurally and functionally uncharacterized. The mechanism by which they are organized in the Golgi membrane, where they synthesize complex, highly branched polysaccharide structures with high efficiency and fidelity, is also mostly unknown. This review will focus on current knowledge about plant polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs, specifically focusing on protein-protein interactions and the formation of multiprotein complexes.
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13
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Krasitskaya VV, Bashmakova EE, Frank LA. Coelenterazine-Dependent Luciferases as a Powerful Analytical Tool for Research and Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7465. [PMID: 33050422 PMCID: PMC7590018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: The functioning of bioluminescent systems in most of the known marine organisms is based on the oxidation reaction of the same substrate-coelenterazine (CTZ), catalyzed by luciferase. Despite the diversity in structures and the functioning mechanisms, these enzymes can be united into a common group called CTZ-dependent luciferases. Among these, there are two sharply different types of the system organization-Ca2+-regulated photoproteins and luciferases themselves that function in accordance with the classical enzyme-substrate kinetics. Along with deep and comprehensive fundamental research on these systems, approaches and methods of their practical use as highly sensitive reporters in analytics have been developed. The research aiming at the creation of artificial luciferases and synthetic CTZ analogues with new unique properties has led to the development of new experimental analytical methods based on them. The commercial availability of many ready-to-use assay systems based on CTZ-dependent luciferases is also important when choosing them by first-time-users. The development of analytical methods based on these bioluminescent systems is currently booming. The bioluminescent systems under consideration were successfully applied in various biological research areas, which confirms them to be a powerful analytical tool. In this review, we consider the main directions, results, and achievements in research involving these luciferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilisa V. Krasitskaya
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Eugenia E. Bashmakova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Ludmila A. Frank
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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14
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Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. Dynamic Construction, Perception, and Remodeling of Plant Cell Walls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:39-69. [PMID: 32084323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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15
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Wiertelak W, Sosicka P, Olczak M, Maszczak-Seneczko D. Analysis of homologous and heterologous interactions between UDP-galactose transporter and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 using NanoBiT. Anal Biochem 2020; 593:113599. [PMID: 32004544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Split luciferase complementation assay is one of the approaches enabling identification and analysis of protein-protein interactions in vivo. The NanoBiT technology is the most recent improvement of this strategy. Nucleotide sugar transporters and glycosyltransferases of the Golgi apparatus are the key players in glycosylation. Here we demonstrate the applicability of the NanoBiT system for studying homooligomerization of these proteins. We also report and discuss a novel heterologous interaction between UDP-galactose transporter and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wiertelak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Sosicka
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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16
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Lund CH, Stenbæk A, Atmodjo MA, Rasmussen RE, Moller IE, Erstad SM, Biswal AK, Mohnen D, Mravec J, Sakuragi Y. Pectin Synthesis and Pollen Tube Growth in Arabidopsis Involves Three GAUT1 Golgi-Anchoring Proteins: GAUT5, GAUT6, and GAUT7. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:585774. [PMID: 33072156 PMCID: PMC7533613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.585774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The major cell wall pectic glycan homogalacturonan (HG) is crucial for plant growth, development, and reproduction. HG synthesis occurs in the Golgi and is catalyzed by members of the galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT) family with GAUT1 being the archetypal and best studied family member. In Arabidopsis suspension culture cells and tobacco leaves, the Golgi localization of Arabidopsis GAUT1 has been shown to require protein-protein interactions with its homolog GAUT7. Here we show that in pollen tubes GAUT5 and GAUT6, homologs of GAUT7, also target GAUT1 to the Golgi apparatus. Pollen tube germination and elongation in double homozygous knock-out mutants (gaut5 gaut6, gaut5 gaut7, and gaut6 gaut7) are moderately impaired, whereas gaut5 -/- gaut6 -/- gaut7 +/- triple mutant is severely impaired and male infertile. Amounts and distributions of methylesterified HG in the pollen tube tip were severely distorted in the double and heterozygous triple mutants. A chimeric protein comprising GAUT1 and a non-cleavable membrane anchor domain was able to partially restore pollen tube germination and elongation and to reverse male sterility in the triple mutant. These results indicate that GAUT5, GAUT6, and GAUT7 are required for synthesis of native HG in growing pollen tubes and have critical roles in pollen tube growth and male fertility in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Have Lund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Stenbæk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Melani A. Atmodjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Randi Engelberth Rasmussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Isabel E. Moller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Simon Matthé Erstad
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ajaya Kumar Biswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jozef Mravec,
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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17
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Lin T, Scott BL, Hoppe AD, Chakravarty S. FRETting about the affinity of bimolecular protein-protein interactions. Protein Sci 2019; 27:1850-1856. [PMID: 30052312 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool to study macromolecular interactions such as protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Fluorescent protein (FP) fusions enable FRET-based PPI analysis of signaling pathways and molecular structure in living cells. Despite FRET's importance in PPI studies, FRET has seen limited use in quantifying the affinities of PPIs in living cells. Here, we have explored the relationship between FRET efficiency and PPI affinity over a wide range when expressed from a single plasmid system in Escherichia coli. Using live-cell microscopy and a set of 20 pairs of small interacting proteins, belonging to different structural folds and interaction affinities, we demonstrate that FRET efficiency can reliably measure the dissociation constant (KD ) over a range of mM to nM. A 10-fold increase in the interaction affinity results in 0.05 unit increase in FRET efficiency, providing sufficient resolution to quantify large affinity differences (> 10-fold) using live-cell FRET. This approach provides a rapid and simple strategy for assessment of PPI affinities over a wide range and will have utility for high-throughput analysis of protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007
| | - Brandon L Scott
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007.,BioSNTR, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007
| | - Suvobrata Chakravarty
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007.,BioSNTR, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007
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18
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Wilkop T, Pattathil S, Ren G, Davis DJ, Bao W, Duan D, Peralta AG, Domozych DS, Hahn MG, Drakakaki G. A Hybrid Approach Enabling Large-Scale Glycomic Analysis of Post-Golgi Vesicles Reveals a Transport Route for Polysaccharides. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:627-644. [PMID: 30760563 PMCID: PMC6482635 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system facilitates the transport of polysaccharides, associated enzymes, and glycoproteins through its dynamic pathways. Although enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, little is known about the endomembrane-based transport of glycan components. This is partially attributed to technical challenges in biochemically determining polysaccharide cargo in specific vesicles. Here, we introduce a hybrid approach addressing this limitation. By combining vesicle isolation with a large-scale carbohydrate antibody arraying technique, we charted an initial large-scale map describing the glycome profile of the SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS61 (SYP61) trans-Golgi network compartment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A library of antibodies recognizing specific noncellulosic carbohydrate epitopes allowed us to identify a range of diverse glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans (XyGs), and arabinogalactan proteins in isolated vesicles. Changes in XyG- and pectin-specific epitopes in the cell wall of an Arabidopsis SYP61 mutant corroborate our findings. Our data provide evidence that SYP61 vesicles are involved in the transport and deposition of structural polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Adaptation of our methodology can enable studies characterizing the glycome profiles of various vesicle populations in plant and animal systems and their respective roles in glycan transport defined by subcellular markers, developmental stages, or environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Light Microscopy Core, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - Guangxi Ren
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenlong Bao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dechao Duan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angelo G Peralta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7271
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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19
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Wierzbicki MP, Maloney V, Mizrachi E, Myburg AA. Xylan in the Middle: Understanding Xylan Biosynthesis and Its Metabolic Dependencies Toward Improving Wood Fiber for Industrial Processing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:176. [PMID: 30858858 PMCID: PMC6397879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, encompassing cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose in plant secondary cell walls (SCWs), is the most abundant source of renewable materials on earth. Currently, fast-growing woody dicots such as Eucalyptus and Populus trees are major lignocellulosic (wood fiber) feedstocks for bioproducts such as pulp, paper, cellulose, textiles, bioplastics and other biomaterials. Processing wood for these products entails separating the biomass into its three main components as efficiently as possible without compromising yield. Glucuronoxylan (xylan), the main hemicellulose present in the SCWs of hardwood trees carries chemical modifications that are associated with SCW composition and ultrastructure, and affect the recalcitrance of woody biomass to industrial processing. In this review we highlight the importance of xylan properties for industrial wood fiber processing and how gaining a greater understanding of xylan biosynthesis, specifically xylan modification, could yield novel biotechnology approaches to reduce recalcitrance or introduce novel processing traits. Altering xylan modification patterns has recently become a focus of plant SCW studies due to early findings that altered modification patterns can yield beneficial biomass processing traits. Additionally, it has been noted that plants with altered xylan composition display metabolic differences linked to changes in precursor usage. We explore the possibility of using systems biology and systems genetics approaches to gain insight into the coordination of SCW formation with other interdependent biological processes. Acetyl-CoA, s-adenosylmethionine and nucleotide sugars are precursors needed for xylan modification, however, the pathways which produce metabolic pools during different stages of fiber cell wall formation still have to be identified and their co-regulation during SCW formation elucidated. The crucial dependence on precursor metabolism provides an opportunity to alter xylan modification patterns through metabolic engineering of one or more of these interdependent pathways. The complexity of xylan biosynthesis and modification is currently a stumbling point, but it may provide new avenues for woody biomass engineering that are not possible for other biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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20
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Moosavi B, Mousavi B, Yang WC, Yang GF. Yeast-based assays for detecting protein-protein/drug interactions and their inhibitors. Eur J Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28645461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding cellular processes at molecular levels in health and disease requires the knowledge of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). In line with this, identification of PPIs at genome-wide scale is highly valuable to understand how different cellular pathways are interconnected, and it eventually facilitates designing effective drugs against certain PPIs. Furthermore, investigating PPIs at a small laboratory scale for deciphering certain biochemical pathways has been demanded for years. In this regard, yeast two hybrid system (Y2HS) has proven an extremely useful tool to discover novel PPIs, while Y2HS derivatives and novel yeast-based assays are contributing significantly to identification of protein-drug/inhibitor interaction at both large- and small-scale set-ups. These methods have been evolving over time to provide more accurate, reproducible and quantitative results. Here we briefly describe different yeast-based assays for identification of various protein-protein/drug/inhibitor interactions and their specific applications, advantages, shortcomings, and improvements. The broad range of yeast-based assays facilitates application of the most suitable method(s) for each specific need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Moosavi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
| | - Bibimaryam Mousavi
- Laboratory of Organometallics, Catalysis and Ordered Materials, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
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22
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Expression, purification and biochemical characterization of AtFUT1, a xyloglucan-specific fucosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:183-92. [PMID: 27580247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to identify genes and characterize enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides have yet to produce and purify to homogeneity an active plant cell wall synthesizing enzyme suitable for structural studies. In Arabidopsis, the last step of xyloglucan (XG) biosynthesis is catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 1 (AtFUT1), which transfers l-fucose from GDP-β-l-fucose to a specific galactose on the XG core. Here, we describe the production of a soluble form of AtFUT1 (HisΔ68-AtFUT1) and its purification to milligram quantities. An active form of AtFUT1 was produced in an insect cell culture medium, using a large-scale expression system, and purified in a two-step protocol. Characterization of purified HisΔ68-AtFUT1 revealed that the enzyme behaves as a non-covalent homodimer in solution. A bioluminescent transferase assay confirmed HisΔ68-AtFUT1 activity on its substrates, namely GDP-fucose and tamarind XG, with calculated Km values of 42 μM and 0.31 μM, respectively. Moreover, the length of the XG-derived acceptor quantitatively affected fucosyltransferase activity in a size-dependent manner. The affinity of HisΔ68-AtFUT1 for tamarind XG and GDP was determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Interestingly, ITC data suggest that HisΔ68-AtFUT1 undergoes conformational changes in the presence of its first co-substrate (XG or GDP), which then confers greater affinity for the second co-substrate. The procedure described in this study can potentially be transferred to other enzymes involved in plant cell wall synthesis.
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23
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Culbertson AT, Smith AL, Cook MD, Zabotina OA. Truncations of xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 2 provide insights into the roles of the N- and C-terminus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 128:12-19. [PMID: 27193738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants. In Arabidopsis, three xyloglucan xylosyltransferases, XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5, participate in xylosylation of the xyloglucan backbone. Despite the importance of these enzymes, there is a lack of information on their structure and the critical residues required for substrate binding and transferase activity. In this study, the roles of different domains of XX2 in protein expression and catalytic activity were investigated by constructing a series of N- and C-terminal truncations. XXT2 with an N-terminal truncation of 31 amino acids after the predicted transmembrane domain showed the highest protein expression, but truncations of more than 31 residues decreased protein expression and catalytic activity. XXT2 constructs with C-terminal truncations showed increased protein expression but decreased activity, particularly for truncations of 44 or more amino acids. Site-directed mutagenesis was also used to investigate six positively charged residues near the C-terminus and found that four of the mutants showed decreased enzymatic activity. We conclude that the N- and C-termini of XXT2 have important roles in protein folding and enzymatic activity: the stem region (particularly the N-terminus of the catalytic domain) is critical for protein folding and the C-terminus is essential for enzymatic activity but not for protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Adrienne L Smith
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew D Cook
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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24
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Culbertson AT, Chou YH, Smith AL, Young ZT, Tietze AA, Cottaz S, Fauré R, Zabotina OA. Enzymatic Activity of Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase 5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1893-904. [PMID: 27208276 PMCID: PMC4936567 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan, the most abundant hemicellulosic component of the primary cell wall of flowering plants, is composed of a β-(1,4)-glucan backbone decorated with d-xylosyl residues. Three xyloglucan xylosyltransferases (XXTs) participate in xyloglucan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Two of these, XXT1 and XXT2, have been shown to be active in vitro, whereas the catalytic activity of XXT5 has yet to be demonstrated. By optimizing XXT2 expression in a prokaryotic system and in vitro activity assay conditions, we demonstrate that nonglycosylated XXT2 lacking its cytosolic amino-terminal and transmembrane domain displays high catalytic activity. Using this optimized procedure for the expression of XXT5, we report, to our knowledge for the first time, that recombinant XXT5 shows enzymatic activity in vitro, although at a significantly slower rate than XXT1 and XXT2. Kinetic analysis showed that XXT5 has a 7-fold higher Km and 9-fold lower kcat compared with XXT1 and XXT2. Activity assays using XXT5 in combination with XXT1 or XXT2 indicate that XXT5 is not specific for their products. In addition, mutagenesis experiments showed that the in vivo function and in vitro catalytic activity of XXT5 require the aspartate-serine-aspartate motif. These results demonstrate that XXT5 is a catalytically active xylosyltransferase involved in xylosylation of the xyloglucan backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Yi-Hsiang Chou
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Adrienne L Smith
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Zachary T Young
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Alesia A Tietze
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Régis Fauré
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Xing S, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. Techniques for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:727-58. [PMID: 27208310 PMCID: PMC4902627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. The ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (PPIs) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. PPIs derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishment of cross-species networks. This review provides a historical view of the development of PPI technology over the past three decades, particularly focusing on in vivo PPI techniques that are inexpensive to perform and/or easy to implement in a state-of-the-art molecular biology laboratory. Special emphasis is given to their feasibility and application for plant biology as well as recent improvements or additions to these established techniques. The biology behind each method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, as are the design, execution, and evaluation of PPI analysis. We also aim to raise awareness about the technological considerations and the inherent flaws of these methods, which may have an impact on the biological interpretation of PPIs. Ultimately, we hope this review serves as a useful reference when choosing the most suitable PPI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Zeng W, Lampugnani ER, Picard KL, Song L, Wu AM, Farion IM, Zhao J, Ford K, Doblin MS, Bacic A. Asparagus IRX9, IRX10, and IRX14A Are Components of an Active Xylan Backbone Synthase Complex that Forms in the Golgi Apparatus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:93-109. [PMID: 26951434 PMCID: PMC4854693 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteroxylans are abundant components of plant cell walls and provide important raw materials for the food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. A number of studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have suggested that the IRREGULAR XYLEM9 (IRX9), IRX10, and IRX14 proteins, as well as their homologs, are involved in xylan synthesis via a Golgi-localized complex termed the xylan synthase complex (XSC). However, both the biochemical and cell biological research lags the genetic and molecular evidence. In this study, we characterized garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) stem xylan biosynthesis genes (AoIRX9, AoIRX9L, AoIRX10, AoIRX14A, and AoIRX14B) by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana We reconstituted and partially purified an active XSC and showed that three proteins, AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A, are necessary for xylan xylosyltranferase activity in planta. To better understand the XSC structure and its composition, we carried out coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis to show the molecular interactions between these three IRX proteins. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we showed that the DxD motifs of AoIRX10 and AoIRX14A are crucial for the catalytic activity. These data provide, to our knowledge, the first lines of biochemical and cell biological evidence that AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A are core components of a Golgi-localized XSC, each with distinct roles for effective heteroxylan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Lili Song
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Isabela M Farion
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Jia Zhao
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kris Ford
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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28
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Anderson CT. We be jammin': an update on pectin biosynthesis, trafficking and dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:495-502. [PMID: 26590862 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are complex polysaccharides that contain acidic sugars and are major determinants of the cohesion, adhesion, extensibility, porosity and electrostatic potential of plant cell walls. Recent evidence has solidified their positions as key regulators of cellular growth and tissue morphogenesis, although important details of how they achieve this regulation are still missing. Pectins are also hypothesized to function as ligands for wall integrity sensors that enable plant cells to respond to intrinsic defects in wall biomechanics and to wall degradation by attacking pathogens. This update highlights recent advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis of pectins, how they are delivered to the cell surface and become incorporated into the cell wall matrix and how pectins are modified over time in the apoplast. It also poses unanswered questions for further research into this enigmatic but essential class of carbohydrate polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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29
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Kong Y, Peña MJ, Renna L, Avci U, Pattathil S, Tuomivaara ST, Li X, Reiter WD, Brandizzi F, Hahn MG, Darvill AG, York WS, O'Neill MA. Galactose-depleted xyloglucan is dysfunctional and leads to dwarfism in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1296-306. [PMID: 25673778 PMCID: PMC4378170 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is a polysaccharide that has important roles in the formation and function of the walls that surround growing land plant cells. Many of these plants synthesize xyloglucan that contains galactose in two different side chains (L and F), which exist in distinct molecular environments. However, little is known about the contribution of these side chains to xyloglucan function. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants devoid of the F side chain galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) form xyloglucan that lacks F side chains and contains much less galactosylated xylose than its wild-type counterpart. The galactose-depleted xyloglucan is dysfunctional, as it leads to mutants that are dwarfed with curled rosette leaves, short petioles, and short inflorescence stems. Moreover, cell wall matrix polysaccharides, including xyloglucan and pectin, are not properly secreted and instead accumulate within intracellular aggregates. Near-normal growth is restored by generating mur3 mutants that produce no detectable amounts of xyloglucan. Thus, cellular processes are affected more by the presence of the dysfunctional xyloglucan than by eliminating xyloglucan altogether. To identify structural features responsible for xyloglucan dysfunction, xyloglucan structure was modified in situ by generating mur3 mutants that lack specific xyloglucan xylosyltransferases (XXTs) or that overexpress the XYLOGLUCAN L-SIDE CHAIN GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE2 (XLT2) gene. Normal growth was restored in the mur3-3 mutant overexpressing XLT2 and in mur3-3 xxt double mutants when the dysfunctional xyloglucan was modified by doubling the amounts of galactosylated side chains. Our study assigns a role for galactosylation in normal xyloglucan function and demonstrates that altering xyloglucan side chain structure disturbs diverse cellular and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Kong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Luciana Renna
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Sami T Tuomivaara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Xuemei Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Wolf-Dieter Reiter
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Alan G Darvill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
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