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Yu TF, Hou ZH, Wang HL, Chang SY, Song XY, Zheng WJ, Zheng L, Wei JT, Lu ZW, Chen J, Zhou YB, Chen M, Sun SL, Jiang QY, Jin LG, Ma YZ, Xu ZS. Soybean steroids improve crop abiotic stress tolerance and increase yield. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38600703 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Sterols have long been associated with diverse fields, such as cancer treatment, drug development, and plant growth; however, their underlying mechanisms and functions remain enigmatic. Here, we unveil a critical role played by a GmNF-YC9-mediated CCAAT-box transcription complex in modulating the steroid metabolism pathway within soybeans. Specifically, this complex directly activates squalene monooxygenase (GmSQE1), which is a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that overexpression of either GmNF-YC9 or GmSQE1 significantly enhances soybean stress tolerance, while the inhibition of SQE weakens this tolerance. Field experiments conducted over two seasons further reveal increased yields per plant in both GmNF-YC9 and GmSQE1 overexpressing plants under drought stress conditions. This enhanced stress tolerance is attributed to the reduction of abiotic stress-induced cell oxidative damage. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses shed light on the upregulation of multiple sterol compounds, including fucosterol and soyasaponin II, in GmNF-YC9 and GmSQE1 overexpressing soybean plants under stress conditions. Intriguingly, the application of soybean steroids, including fucosterol and soyasaponin II, significantly improves drought tolerance in soybean, wheat, foxtail millet, and maize. These findings underscore the pivotal role of soybean steroids in countering oxidative stress in plants and offer a new research strategy for enhancing crop stress tolerance and quality from gene regulation to chemical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Hao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yang Chang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Song
- Agro-biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Tong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Su-Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy/College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Long-Guo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy/College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy/College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, China
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Fan F, Cheng M, Yuan H, Li N, Liu M, Cai M, Luo X, Ahmad A, Li N, Li S. A transposon-derived gene family regulates heading date in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111871. [PMID: 37722508 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of transposon domestication, transposon-derived proteins often acquire important biological functions. However, there have been limited studies on transposon-derived proteins in rice, and a systematic analysis of transposon-derived genes is lacking. Here, for the first time, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the DDE_Tnp_4 (DDE) gene family, which originated from transposons but lost their transpositional ability and acquired new gene functions in Oryza species. A total of 58 DDE family genes, categorized into six groups, were identified in Oryza species, including 13 OsDDE genes in Oryza sativa ssp. japonica. Our analysis indicates that gene duplication events were not the primary mechanism behind the expansion of OsDDE genes in rice. Promoter cis-element analysis combined with haplotype analysis confirmed that OsDDEs regulate the heading date in rice. Specifically, OsDDE9 is a nuclear-localized protein expressed ubiquitously, which promotes heading date by regulating the expression of Ghd7 and Ehd1 under both short-day and long-day conditions. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations in the OsDDE9 promoter leads to changes in promoter activity, resulting in variations in heading dates. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular function and mechanism of the OsDDE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingxing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huanran Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Manman Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nengwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shaoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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3
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Peng M, Gan F, Lin X, Yang R, Li S, Li W, Wu L, Fan X, Chen K. Overexpression of OsNF-YB4 leads to flowering early, improving photosynthesis and better grain yield in hybrid rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111661. [PMID: 36813243 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For cereal crops, such as rice, the grain yield mainly comes from the accumulation of carbohydrates in the seed, which depends ultimately on photosynthesis during the growth period. To create early ripen variety, higher efficiency of photosynthesis is thus necessary to get higher grain yield with shorter growth period. In this study, flowering early was observed in the hybrid rice with overexpression of OsNF-YB4. Along with the flowering early, the hybrid rice also was shorter in plant height with less of leaves and internodes, but no changes of panicle length and leaf emergence. The grain yield was kept or even increased in the hybrid rice with shorter growth period. Transcription analysis revealed that Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 was activated early to promote the flowering transition in the overexpression hybrids. RNA-Seq study further showed that carbohydrate-related pathways were significantly altered in addition to circadian pathway. Notably, up-regulation of three pathways related to plant photosynthesis was observed, as well. Increased carbon assimilation with alteration of chlorophyll contents was subsequently detected in the following physiological experiments. All these results demonstrate that overexpression of OsNF-YB4 in the hybrid rice activates flowering early and improves photosynthesis resulting in better grain yield with shorter growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Gan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaomin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Run Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoyi Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China
| | - Kegui Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 Shizishan Road, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China.
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Du J, Ge C, Wang T, Wang J, Ni Z, Xiao S, Zhao F, Zhao M, Qiao Y. Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals multiple pathways involved in self-pollen tube development and the potential roles of FviYABBY1 in self-incompatibility in Fragaria viridis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927001. [PMID: 36186066 PMCID: PMC9515988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fragaria viridis exhibits S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility, in which S-RNase is the major factor inhibiting pollen tube growth. However, the pathways involved in and the immediate causes of the inhibition of pollen tube growth remain unknown. Here, interactive RNA sequencing and proteome analysis revealed changes in the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of F. viridis styles harvested at 0 and 24 h after self-pollination. A total of 2,181 differentially expressed genes and 200 differentially abundant proteins were identified during the pollen development stage of self-pollination. Differentially expressed genes and differentially abundant proteins associated with self-incompatible pollination were further mined, and multiple pathways were found to be involved. Interestingly, the expression pattern of the transcription factor FviYABBY1, which is linked to polar growth, differed from those of other genes within the same family. Specifically, FviYABBY1 expression was extremely high in pollen, and its expression trend in self-pollinated styles was consistent with that of S-RNase. Furthermore, FviYABBY1 interacted with S-RNase in a non-S haplotype way. Therefore, FviYABBY1 affects the expression of polar growth-related genes in self-pollen tubes and is positively regulated by S-RNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianke Du
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunfeng Ge
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyou Ni
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Xiao
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengli Zhao
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mizhen Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yushan Qiao
- Laboratory of Fruit Crop Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Badoni S, Parween S, Henry RJ, Sreenivasulu N. Systems seed biology to understand and manipulate rice grain quality and nutrition. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35723584 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2058460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most essential crops since it meets the calorific needs of 3 billion people around the world. Rice seed development initiates upon fertilization, leading to the establishment of two distinct filial tissues, the endosperm and embryo, which accumulate distinct seed storage products, such as starch, storage proteins, and lipids. A range of systems biology tools deployed in dissecting the spatiotemporal dynamics of transcriptome data, methylation, and small RNA based regulation operative during seed development, influencing the accumulation of storage products was reviewed. Studies of other model systems are also considered due to the limited information on the rice transcriptome. This review highlights key genes identified through a holistic view of systems biology targeted to modify biochemical composition and influence rice grain quality and nutritional value with the target of improving rice as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Badoni
- Consumer-Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila, Philippines
| | - Sabiha Parween
- Consumer-Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila, Philippines
| | - Robert J Henry
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer-Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila, Philippines
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Fan X, Liu J, Zhang Z, Xi Y, Li S, Xiong L, Xing Y. A long transcript mutant of the rubisco activase gene RCA upregulated by the transcription factor Ghd2 enhances drought tolerance in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:673-687. [PMID: 35106849 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Ghd2 increases rice yield potential under normal conditions and accelerates leaf senescence under drought stress. However, its mechanism on the regulation of leaf senescence under drought stress remains unclear. In the present study, to unveil the mechanism, one target of Ghd2, the Rubisco activase gene RCA, was identified through the combined analysis of Ghd2-CRISPR transcriptome data and Ghd2-overexpression microarray data. Ghd2 binds to the 'CACA' motif in the RCA promoter by its CCT domain and upregulates RCA expression. RCA has alternative transcripts, RCAS and RCAL, which are predominantly expressed under normal conditions and drought stress, respectively. Similar to Ghd2-overexpressing plants, RCAL-overexpressing plants were more sensitive to drought stress than the wild-type. However, the plants overexpressing RCAS showed a weak drought-sensitive phenotype. Moreover, RCAL knockdown and knockout plants did not show yield loss under normal conditions, but exhibited enhanced drought tolerance and delayed leaf senescence. The chlorophyll content, the free amino acid content and the expression of senescence-related genes in the RCAL mutant were lower than those in the wild-type plants under drought stress. In summary, Ghd2 induces leaf senescence by upregulating RCAL expression under drought stress, and the RCAL mutant has important values in breeding drought-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juhong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhanyi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanli Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangle Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Singh A, Mathan J, Yadav A, K. Goyal A, Chaudhury A. Molecular and Transcriptional Regulation of Seed Development in Cereals: Present Status and Future Prospects. CEREAL GRAINS - VOLUME 1 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils and protein, making them the world’s most important source of nutrition. The influence of rising global population, as well as the emergence and spread of disease, has the major impact on cereal production. To meet the demand, there is a pressing need to increase cereal production. Optimal seed development is a key agronomical trait that contributes to crop yield. The seed development and maturation is a complex process that includes not only embryo and endosperm development, but also accompanied by huge physiological, biochemical, metabolic, molecular and transcriptional changes. This chapter discusses the growth of cereal seed and highlights the novel biological insights, with a focus on transgenic and new molecular breeding, as well as biotechnological intervention strategies that have improved crop yield in two major cereal crops, primarily wheat and rice, over the last 21 years (2000–2021).
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Peng M, Gan F, Yang F, Pan C, Lin X, Fan X, Chen K, Gao P. Nuclear factor OsNF-YB4 promotes flowering by negatively regulating the floral repressor gene Ghd7 in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 571:32-37. [PMID: 34303193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Flowering time or heading date is a critical agronomic trait of rice and is regulated by numerous genes, including several genes encoding nuclear factor YB (NF-YB) in rice, NF-YB11 is one of the genes well known to be involved in the process, delaying flowering under long-day (LD) conditions but promoting flowering under short-day (SD) conditions. In this study, we identified another NF-YB gene, OsNF-YB4. Overexpression of OsNF-YB4 promoted rice flowering under both natural long-day (NLD) and natural short-day (NSD) conditions, whereas suppression or loss-of-function of this gene delayed flowering. The transcription of OsNF-YB4 exhibited an obvious circadian pattern and was induced by light under both LD and SD conditions. Expression analyses of flowering regulators in the photoperiodic flowering pathway demonstrated that up-regulation of OsNF-YB4 resulted in down-regulation of floral repressor Grain number, plant height and heading date 7 (Ghd7), and thus activating the Early heading date 1 (Ehd1)-mediated flowering pathway. Besides, OsNF-YB4 was observed to bind to the specific CCAAT-box regions in the Ghd7 promoter in vitro and interact with GHD7 in yeast. All these evidences support that OsNF-YB4 functions as a flowering promoter by negatively regulating the expression of floral repressor Ghd7 in rice photoperiodic flowering-time regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Feng Gan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Chunmei Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Kegui Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, PR China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
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Mei X, Nan J, Zhao Z, Yao S, Wang W, Yang Y, Bai Y, Dong E, Liu C, Cai Y. Maize transcription factor ZmNF-YC13 regulates plant architecture. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4757-4772. [PMID: 33831218 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaf angle and leaf orientation value (LOV) are critical agronomic traits for maize plant architecture. The functions of NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) members in regulating plant architecture have not been reported yet. Here, we identified a regulator of maize plant architecture, NF-Y subunit C13 (ZmNF-YC13). ZmNF-YC13 was highly expressed in the leaf base zone of maize plants. ZmNF-YC13 overexpressing plants showed upright leaves with narrow leaf angle and larger LOV, while ZmNF-YC13 knockout plants had larger leaf angle and smaller LOV compared with wild-type plants. The changes in plant architecture were due to the changes in the expression of cytochrome P450 family members. ZmNF-YC13 interacts with two NF-Y subunit B members (ZmNF-YB9 and ZmNF-YB10) of the LEAFY COTYLEDON1 sub-family, and further recruits NF-Y subunit A (ZmNF-YA3) to form two NF-Y complexes. The two complexes can both activate the promoters of transcriptional repressors (ZmWRKY76 and ZmBT2), and the promoters of PLASTOCHRON group genes can be repressed by ZmWRKY76 and ZmBT2 in maize protoplasts. We propose that ZmNF-YC13 functions as a transcriptional regulator and, together with ZmNF-YBs and ZmNF-YA3, affects plant architecture by regulating the expression of ZmWRKY76 and ZmBT2, which repress the expression of cytochrome P450 family members in PLASTOCHRON branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Mei
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Nan
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikun Zhao
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Yao
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqin Wang
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bai
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Erfei Dong
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoxian Liu
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Cai
- Maize Research Institute, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Fan X, Hu Y, Zhou X, He Q, Liang L, Xing Y. Global analysis of CCT family knockout mutants identifies four genes involved in regulating heading date in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:913-923. [PMID: 32889758 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many genes encoding CCT domain-containing proteins regulate flowering time. In rice (Oryza sativa), 41 such genes have been identified, but only a few have been shown to regulate heading date. Here, to test whether and how additional CCT family genes regulate heading date in rice, we classified these genes into five groups based on their diurnal expression patterns. The expression patterns of genes in the same subfamily or in close phylogenetic clades tended to be similar. We generated knockout mutants of the entire gene family via CRISPR/Cas9. The heading dates of knockout mutants of only 4 of 14 genes previously shown to regulate heading date were altered, pointing to functional redundancy of CCT family genes in regulating this trait. Analysis of mutants of four other genes showed that OsCCT22, OsCCT38, and OsCCT41 suppress heading under long-day conditions and promote heading under short-day conditions. OsCCT03 promotes heading under both conditions and upregulates the expression of Hd1 and Ehd1, a phenomenon not previously reported for other such genes. To date, at least 18 CCT domain-containing genes involved in regulating heading have been identified, providing diverse, flexible gene combinations for generating rice varieties with a given heading date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Xiaowei Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangchun Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qin He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liwen Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Liang L, Zhang Z, Cheng N, Liu H, Song S, Hu Y, Zhou X, Zhang J, Xing Y. The transcriptional repressor OsPRR73 links circadian clock and photoperiod pathway to control heading date in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:842-855. [PMID: 33377200 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is triggered by internal and external signals that participate in circadian clock in plants. We identified a rice floral inhibitor OsPRR73 encoding a CONSTANS protein. Overexpression of OsPRR73 resulted in late heading under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Knockout mutants led to early heading under LD conditions but no change under SD. OsPRR73 mRNA accumulated at noon and exhibited a robust oscillation under constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD) conditions. OsPRR73 overexpression exerted negative feedback on endogenous OsPRR73 expression and altered diurnal expressions of key flowering genes and circadian clock genes. OsPRR73 bound to the promoters of the floral gene Ehd1 and the circadian gene OsLHY, and significantly suppressed their expression at dawn. In LL and DD, the oscillatory patterns of the circadian genes OsLHY, OsTOC1, OsGI and OsELF3 were varied in OsPRR73OX and osprr73 mutants. OsPRR73 expression was decreased in osphyb mutants, and overexpression of OsPRR73 complemented the early heading date phenotype of osphyb, indicating OsPRR73 works downstream of OsPhyB. Therefore, OsPRR73 is involved in a feedback loop of the rice clock and connects the photoperiod flowering pathway by binding to the Ehd1 promoter in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhanyi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Niannian Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- College of Agriculture, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Song Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangchun Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Pabuayon ICM, Kitazumi A, Gregorio GB, Singh RK, de los Reyes BG. Contributions of Adaptive Plant Architecture to Transgressive Salinity Tolerance in Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rice: Molecular Mechanisms Based on Transcriptional Networks. Front Genet 2020; 11:594569. [PMID: 33193743 PMCID: PMC7644915 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.594569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic novelties are important nucleators of adaptive speciation. Transgressive segregation is a major mechanism that creates genetic novelties with morphological and developmental attributes that confer adaptive advantages in certain environments. This study examined the morpho-developmental and physiological profiles of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the salt-sensitive IR29 and salt-tolerant Pokkali rice, representing the total range of salt tolerance including the outliers at both ends of the spectrum. Morpho-developmental and physiological profiles were integrated with a hypothesis-driven interrogation of mRNA and miRNA transcriptomes to uncover the critical genetic networks that have been rewired for novel adaptive architecture. The transgressive super-tolerant FL510 had a characteristic small tiller angle and wider, more erect, sturdier, and darker green leaves. This unique morphology resulted in lower transpiration rate, which also conferred a special ability to retain water more efficiently for osmotic avoidance. The unique ability for water retention conferred by such adaptive morphology appeared to enhance the efficacy of defenses mediated by Na+ exclusion mechanism (SalTol-effects) inherited from Pokkali. The super-tolerant FL510 and super-sensitive FL499 had the smallest proportions of differentially expressed genes with little overlaps. Genes that were steadily upregulated in FL510 comprised a putative cytokinin-regulated genetic network that appeared to maintain robust growth under salt stress through well-orchestrated cell wall biogenesis and cell expansion, likely through major regulatory (OsRR23, OsHK5) and biosynthetic (OsIPT9) genes in the cytokinin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, a constitutively expressed cluster in FL510 prominently featured two transcription factors (OsIBH1, TAC3) that control tiller angle and growth habit through the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. Both the putative cytokinin-mediated and brassinosteroid-mediated clusters appeared to function as highly coordinated network synergies in FL510. In contrast, both networks appeared to be sub-optimal and inferior in the other RILs and parents as they were disjointed and highly fragmented. Transgressively expressed miRNAs (miR169, miR397, miR827) were also identified as prominent signatures of FL510, with functional implications to mechanisms that support robust growth, homeostasis, and osmotic stress avoidance. Results of this study demonstrate how genetic recombination creates novel morphology that complements inducible defenses hence transgressive adaptive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai Kitazumi
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Das S, Parida SK, Agarwal P, Tyagi AK. Transcription factor OsNF-YB9 regulates reproductive growth and development in rice. PLANTA 2019; 250:1849-1865. [PMID: 31482329 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OsNF-YB9 controls heading by affecting expression of regulators of flowering. It affects the development of the reproductive meristem by interacting with MADS1 and controlling expression of hormone-related genes. Nuclear Factor-Y (NF-Y) family of transcription factors takes part in many aspects of growth and development in eukaryotes. They have been classified into three subunit classes, namely, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. In plants, this transcription factor family is much diverged and takes part in several developmental processes and stress. We investigated NF-Y subunit genes of rice (Oryza sativa) and found OsNF-YB9 as the closest homologue of LEAFY COTYLEDON1. OsNF-YB9 delayed the heading date when ectopically expressed in rice. Expression of several heading date regulating genes such as Hd1, Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 were altered. OsNF-YB9 overexpression also resulted in morphological defects in the reproductive organs and led to pseudovivipary. OsNF-YB9 interacted with MADS1, a key regulator of floral development. This NF-Y subunit acted upstream to several transcription factors as well as signalling proteins involved in brassinosteroid and gibberellic acid metabolism and cell cycle. OsNF-YB9 and OsNF-YC12 interacted in planta and the latter also delayed heading in rice upon overexpression suggesting its involvement in a similar pathway. Our data provide new insights into the rice heading date pathway integrating these OsNF-Y subunit members to the network. These features can be exploited to improve vegetative growth and yield of rice plants in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Xiong Y, Ren Y, Li W, Wu F, Yang W, Huang X, Yao J. NF-YC12 is a key multi-functional regulator of accumulation of seed storage substances in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3765-3780. [PMID: 31211389 PMCID: PMC6685661 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Starch and storage proteins, the primary storage substances of cereal endosperm, are a major source of food for humans. However, the transcriptional regulatory networks of the synthesis and accumulation of storage substances remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a rice endosperm-specific gene, NF-YC12, that encodes a putative nuclear factor-Y transcription factor subunit C. NF-YC12 is expressed in the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm during grain development. Knockout of NF-YC12 significantly decreased grain weight as well as altering starch and protein accumulation and starch granule formation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that in the nf-yc12 mutant genes related to starch biosynthesis and the metabolism of energy reserves were enriched in the down-regulated category. In addition, starch and protein contents in seeds differed between NF-YC12-overexpression lines and the wild-type. NF-YC12 was found to interact with NF-YB1. ChIP-qPCR and yeast one-hybrid assays showed that NF-YC12 regulated the rice sucrose transporter OsSUT1 in coordination with NF-YB1 in the aleurone layer. In addition, NF-YC12 was directly bound to the promoters of FLO6 (FLOURY ENDOSPERM6) and OsGS1;3 (glutamine synthetase1) in developing endosperm. This study demonstrates a transcriptional regulatory network involving NF-YC12, which coordinates multiple pathways to regulate endosperm development and the accumulation of storage substances in rice seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Ren
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengsheng Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Herath V. The architecture of the GhD7 promoter reveals the roles of GhD7 in growth, development and the abiotic stress response in rice. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 82:1-8. [PMID: 31247396 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Grain number, plant height and heading date 7 (GhD7) is considered to be one of the key yield-related genes in the production of high-yielding and climate-ready super rice varieties. GhD7 delays the plant's flowering under long-day conditions, which ultimately results in increased yield. Recent findings indicate that GhD7 also plays a major role in the abiotic stress response; however, the fine regulatory mechanisms controlling Ghd7 expression have yet to be uncovered. This study was carried out to explore the transcription factor binding site (TFBS) architecture of the GhD7 promoter to identify the regulatory dynamics of GhD7 transcription. The promoter sequence (-2000 to +200 base pairs from the transcription start site) was retrieved from the PlantPAN 2.0 database. Ab initio promoter analysis, DNase I hypersensitive site (DHS) analysis, and methylation analysis were carried out to identify TFBSs. The TFBS diversity among rice varieties was also assessed. In addition to the previously identified 8 cis-elements, 448 novel cis-elements were identified in the GhD7 promoter that provide binding sites for 25 transcription factor families. Furthermore, a DNase I hypersensitive site and a CpG island were also identified. The identified transcription factor families include key transcription factors involved in both development and abiotic stress responses, revealing the regulatory dynamics of GhD7. Comparative analysis of multiple GhD7 promoters identified 31 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that result in TFBS variations among rice accessions. These variations are mostly found in relation to flowering and abiotic stress responsive TFBSs on the promoter. This study supports the model that GhD7 acts as a central regulator of rice growth, development, and the abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
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16
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Zhang H, Zhu S, Liu T, Wang C, Cheng Z, Zhang X, Chen L, Sheng P, Cai M, Li C, Wang J, Zhang Z, Chai J, Zhou L, Lei C, Guo X, Wang J, Wang J, Jiang L, Wu C, Wan J. DELAYED HEADING DATE1 interacts with OsHAP5C/D, delays flowering time and enhances yield in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:531-539. [PMID: 30107076 PMCID: PMC6335081 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heading date is an important agronomic trait affecting crop yield. The GRAS protein family is a plant-specific super family extensively involved in plant growth and signal transduction. However, GRAS proteins are rarely reported have a role in regulating rice heading date. Here, we report a GRAS protein DHD1 (Delayed Heading Date1) delays heading and enhances yield in rice. Biochemical assays showed DHD1 physically interacts with OsHAP5C/D both in vitro and in vivo. DHD1 and OsHAP5C/D located in the nucleus and showed that rhythmic expression. Both DHD1 and OsHAP5C/D affect heading date by regulating expression of Ehd1. We propose that DHD1 interacts with OsHAP5C/D to delay heading date by inhibiting expression of Ehd1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tianzhen Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chunming Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liping Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Peike Sheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Maohong Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiachang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Juntao Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Liang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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17
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Huang Y, Han Z, Cheng N, Luo M, Bai X, Xing Y. Minor Effects of 11 Dof Family Genes Contribute to the Missing Heritability of Heading Date in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1739. [PMID: 32038697 PMCID: PMC6993249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA binding with one finger (Dof) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors with important and diverse functions in seed germination, flowering time, and biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, haplotype-based association analysis was conducted between heading date and 30 Dof family genes in a worldwide germplasm collection. Of these, 22 Dof genes were associated with heading date. Multiple comparisons among haplotypes revealed their diverse functions in promoting and suppressing heading date under short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions. They cumulatively made a considerable contribution to the missing heritability of heading date. A set of knockout mutants of 30 Dof genes generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology showed that 11 and 9 Dof genes regulated heading date under LD and SD, respectively. Phenotype measurement of mutants showed that these 11 and 9 Dof genes slightly regulated heading with effects of 2-5 days under LD and SD, respectively. Both mutant and natural variation assays indicated functional redundancy in regulating heading date among Dof family genes. Nucleotide diversity analysis suggested that most Dof genes have been subjected to selection during domestication and improvement. Beyond heading date, this set of mutants is also a good resource for evaluating the function of Dof genes in regulating stress tolerance and seed germination.
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18
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Assis R. Lineage-Specific Expression Divergence in Grasses Is Associated with Male Reproduction, Host-Pathogen Defense, and Domestication. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:207-219. [PMID: 30398650 PMCID: PMC6331041 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poaceae (grasses) is an agriculturally important and widely distributed family of plants with extraordinary phenotypic diversity, much of which was generated under recent lineage-specific evolution. Yet, little is known about the genes and functional modules involved in the lineage-specific divergence of grasses. Here, I address this question on a genome-wide scale by applying a novel branch-based statistic of lineage-specific expression divergence, LED, to RNA-seq data from nine tissues of the wild grass Brachypodium distachyon and its domesticated relatives Oryza sativa japonica (rice) and Sorghum bicolor (sorghum). I find that LED is generally smallest in B. distachyon and largest in O. sativa japonica, which underwent domestication earlier than S. bicolor, supporting the hypothesis that domestication may increase the rate of lineage-specific expression divergence in grasses. Moreover, in all three species, LED is positively correlated with protein-coding sequence divergence and tissue specificity, and negatively correlated with network connectivity. Further analysis reveals that genes with large LED are often primarily expressed in anther, implicating lineage-specific expression divergence in the evolution of male reproductive phenotypes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis also identifies an overrepresentation of terms related to male reproduction in the two domesticated grasses, as well as to those involved in host-pathogen defense in all three species. Last, examinations of genes with the largest LED reveal that their lineage-specific expression divergence may have contributed to antimicrobial functions in B. distachyon, to enhanced adaptation and yield during domestication in O. sativa japonica, and to defense against a widespread and devastating fungal pathogen in S. bicolor. Together, these findings suggest that lineage-specific expression divergence in grasses may increase under domestication and preferentially target rapidly evolving genes involved in male reproduction, host-pathogen defense, and the origin of domesticated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Assis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
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19
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He Q, Yang L, Hu W, Zhang J, Xing Y. Overexpression of an auxin receptor OsAFB6 significantly enhanced grain yield by increasing cytokinin and decreasing auxin concentrations in rice panicle. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14051. [PMID: 30232356 PMCID: PMC6145926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays critical roles in many developmental processes of plants. The auxin signaling pathway is a series of plant responses to auxin stimuli. However, the functions of many genes in this pathway are still obscure. As auxin receptors, TIR/AFB family genes encode F-Box proteins that directly bind auxin and then transduce the stimulus through the signaling pathway. In this paper, we generated an overexpression line of Auxin-signaling F-Box 6 (OsAFB6) in rice, which largely delayed heading, greatly increased spikelets per panicle and primary branch number and ultimately enhanced grain yield by 50%. OsAFB6 is preferentially expressed in young tissues with stronger meristem activities and suppresses flowering by upregulating OsRR1 and downregulating Ehd1 expression levels. Overexpression of OsAFB6 delayed heading, increased cytokinin (CK) by suppressing the expression level of Gn1a and simultaneously decreased the IAA concentration in the young panicle, which promoted inflorescence meristem development and resulted in large panicles with more spikelets per panicle, primary branches and increased grain yield. It would be a beneficial strategy to generate lines with varied expression levels of OsAFB6 to breed high-yielding cultivars for specific regions that can fully utilize the local sunlight and temperature resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Xuanyuan G, Lu C, Zhang R, Jiang J. Overexpression of StNF-YB3.1 reduces photosynthetic capacity and tuber production, and promotes ABA-mediated stomatal closure in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 261:50-59. [PMID: 28554693 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is one of the most ubiquitous transcription factors (TFs), comprising NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC subunits, and has been identified and reported in various aspects of development for plants and animals. In this work, StNF-YB3.1, a putative potato NF-YB subunit encoding gene, was isolated from Solanum tuberosum by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Overexpression of StNF-YB3.1 in potato (cv. Atlantic) resulted in accelerated onset of flowering, and significant increase in leaf chlorophyll content in field trials. However, transgenic potato plants overexpressing StNF-YB3.1 (OEYB3.1) showed significant decreases in photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance both at tuber initiation and bulking stages. OEYB3.1 lines were associated with significantly fewer tuber numbers and yield reduction. Guard cell size and stomatal density were not changed in OEYB3.1 plants, whereas ABA-mediated stomatal closure was accelerated compared to that of wild type plants because of the up-regulation of genes for ABA signaling, such as StCPK10-like, StSnRK2.6/OST1-like, StSnRK2.7-like and StSLAC1-like. We speculate that the acceleration of stomatal closure was a possible reason for the significantly decreased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Xuanyuan
- Inner Mongolia Potato Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Congming Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ruofang Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Potato Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Jiming Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Goretti D, Martignago D, Landini M, Brambilla V, Gómez-Ariza J, Gnesutta N, Galbiati F, Collani S, Takagi H, Terauchi R, Mantovani R, Fornara F. Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Mechanisms Limit Heading Date 1 (Hd1) Function to Adapt Rice to High Latitudes. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006530. [PMID: 28068345 PMCID: PMC5221825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice flowering is controlled by changes in the photoperiod that promote the transition to the reproductive phase as days become shorter. Natural genetic variation for flowering time has been largely documented and has been instrumental to define the genetics of the photoperiodic pathway, as well as providing valuable material for artificial selection of varieties better adapted to local environments. We mined genetic variation in a collection of rice varieties highly adapted to European regions and isolated distinct variants of the long day repressor HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1) that perturb its expression or protein function. Specific variants allowed us to define novel features of the photoperiodic flowering pathway. We demonstrate that a histone fold domain scaffold formed by GRAIN YIELD, PLANT HEIGHT AND HEADING DATE 8 (Ghd8) and several NF-YC subunits can accommodate distinct proteins, including Hd1 and PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 37 (PRR37), and that the resulting OsNF-Y complex containing Hd1 can bind a specific sequence in the promoter of HEADING DATE 3A (Hd3a). Artificial selection has locally favored an Hd1 variant unable to assemble in such heterotrimeric complex. The causal polymorphism was defined as a single conserved lysine in the CCT domain of the Hd1 protein. Our results indicate how genetic variation can be stratified and explored at multiple levels, and how its description can contribute to the molecular understanding of basic developmental processes. Many plant species flower in response to changes in day length and can be categorized depending on their requirements for long or short days. Rice has tropical origins and normally flowers in response to shortening days. However, artificial selection operated by ancient farmers or modern breeders adapted rice cultivation to several environments, including those typical of temperate regions characterized by long days during the cropping season. Modifications of the genetic network controlling flowering that are causal to such expansion have been the subject of extensive studies, but the full complement of genes that regulate it and the molecular bases of their activity remains unknown. We took advantage of germplasm cultivated in Europe—and highly adapted to flower under long days–to isolate widespread variants of the HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1) gene that limits flowering in temperate areas, and showed that such variants are non-functional and unable to prevent long day flowering. We identified the DNA changes causing the gene to be non-functional and used such mutant alleles as tools to demonstrate that Hd1 can bind a specific DNA sequence in the promoter of a florigenic rice gene. Mining genetic diversity becomes thus instrumental to define the molecular properties of regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Goretti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Damiano Martignago
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Landini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Brambilla
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Production, Territory, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Jorge Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
| | - Nerina Gnesutta
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Galbiati
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Collani
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center and Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center and Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fornara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Zhu S, Wang J, Cai M, Zhang H, Wu F, Xu Y, Li C, Cheng Z, Zhang X, Guo X, Sheng P, Wu M, Wang J, Lei C, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wu C, Wang H, Wan J. The OsHAPL1-DTH8-Hd1 complex functions as the transcription regulator to repress heading date in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:553-568. [PMID: 28043949 PMCID: PMC6055584 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heading date is an important agronomic trait related to crop yield. Many genes related to heading date have already been identified in rice (Oryza sativa), and a complicated, preliminary regulatory genetic network has also already been established, but the protein regulatory network is poorly understood. We have identified a novel heading date regulator, Heme Activator Protein like 1 (OsHAPL1), which inhibits flowering under long-day conditions. OsHAPL1 is a nuclear-localized protein that is highly expressed in leaves in a rhythmic manner. OsHAPL1 can physically interact with Days To Heading on chromosome 8 (DTH8), which physically interacts with Heading date 1 (Hd1) both in vitro and in vivo. OsHAPL1 forms a complex with DTH8 and Hd1 in Escherichia coli. OsHAPL1, DTH8, and Hd1 physically interact with the HAP complex, and also with general transcription factors in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Further studies showed that OsHAPL1 represses the expression of the florigen genes and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1) and Hd3a through Early heading date 1 (Ehd1). We propose that OsHAPL1 functions as a transcriptional regulator and, together with DTH8, Hd1, the HAP complex, and general transcription factors, regulates the expression of target genes and then affects heading date by influencing the expression of Hd3a and RFT1 through Ehd1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiachang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Maohong Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peike Sheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingming Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
- Correspondence:
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23
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Brambilla V, Fornara F. Y flowering? Regulation and activity of CONSTANS and CCT-domain proteins in Arabidopsis and crop species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1860:655-660. [PMID: 27793713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in day length regulate the proper timing of flowering in several plant species. The genetic architecture of this process is based on CCT-domain proteins, many of which interact with NF-Y subunits to regulate transcription of target genes. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the CONSTANS CCT-domain protein is a central photoperiodic sensor. We will discuss how the diurnal rhythms of its transcription and protein accumulation are generated, and how the protein engages into multiple complexes to control production of a systemic flowering signal. Regulatory parallels will be drawn between Arabidopsis and major crops that indicate conservation of some CCT/NF-Y modules during plant evolution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Factor Y in Development and Disease, edited by Prof. Roberto Mantovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Brambilla
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fornara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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