1
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Wang G, Mao J, Ji M, Wang W, Fu J. A comprehensive assessment of photosynthetic acclimation to shade in C4 grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:591. [PMID: 38902617 PMCID: PMC11191358 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light deficit in shaded environment critically impacts the growth and development of turf plants. Despite this fact, past research has predominantly concentrated on shade avoidance rather than shade tolerance. To address this, our study examined the photosynthetic adjustments of Bermudagrass when exposed to varying intensities of shade to gain an integrative understanding of the shade response of C4 turfgrass. RESULTS We observed alterations in photosynthetic pigment-proteins, electron transport and its associated carbon and nitrogen assimilation, along with ROS-scavenging enzyme activity in shaded conditions. Mild shade enriched Chl b and LHC transcripts, while severe shade promoted Chl a, carotenoids and photosynthetic electron transfer beyond QA- (ET0/RC, φE0, Ψ0). The study also highlighted differential effects of shade on leaf and root components. For example, Soluble sugar content varied between leaves and roots as shade diminished SPS, SUT1 but upregulated BAM. Furthermore, we observed that shading decreased the transcriptional level of genes involving in nitrogen assimilation (e.g. NR) and SOD, POD, CAT enzyme activities in leaves, even though it increased in roots. CONCLUSIONS As shade intensity increased, considerable changes were noted in light energy conversion and photosynthetic metabolism processes along the electron transport chain axis. Our study thus provides valuable theoretical groundwork for understanding how C4 grass acclimates to shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyan Mao
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China.
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2
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Sun F, Cheng H, Song Z, Yan H, Liu H, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Luo M, Wu F, Lu J, Luo K, Wei H. Phytochrome-interacting factors play shared and distinct roles in regulating shade avoidance responses in Populus trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2058-2073. [PMID: 38404129 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants adjust their growth and development in response to changing light caused by canopy shade. The molecular mechanisms underlying shade avoidance responses have been widely studied in Arabidopsis and annual crop species, yet the shade avoidance signalling in woody perennial trees remains poorly understood. Here, we first showed that PtophyB1/2 photoreceptors serve conserved roles in attenuating the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) in poplars. Next, we conducted a systematic identification and characterization of eight PtoPIF genes in Populus tomentosa. Knocking out different PtoPIFs led to attenuated shade responses to varying extents, whereas overexpression of PtoPIFs, particularly PtoPIF3.1 and PtoPIF3.2, led to constitutive SAS phenotypes under normal light and enhanced SAS responses under simulated shade. Notably, our results revealed that distinct from Arabidopsis PIF4 and PIF5, which are major regulators of SAS, the Populus homologues PtoPIF4.1 and PtoPIF4.2 seem to play a minor role in controlling shade responses. Moreover, we showed that PtoPIF3.1/3.2 could directly activate the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene PtoYUC8 in response to shade, suggesting a conserved PIF-YUC-auxin pathway in modulating SAS in tree. Overall, our study provides insights into shared and divergent functions of PtoPIF members in regulating various aspects of the SAS in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Song
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiting Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huajie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyue Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengting Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feier Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keming Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbin Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Han R, Ma L, Terzaghi W, Guo Y, Li J. Molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated responses of plants to shade and environmental stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1893-1913. [PMID: 38289877 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is triggered by a low ratio of red (R) to far-red (FR) light (R/FR ratio), which is caused by neighbor detection and/or canopy shade. In order to compete for the limited light, plants elongate hypocotyls and petioles by deactivating phytochrome B (phyB), a major R light photoreceptor, thus releasing its inhibition of the growth-promoting transcription factors PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs. Under natural conditions, plants must cope with abiotic stresses such as drought, soil salinity, and extreme temperatures, and biotic stresses such as pathogens and pests. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to simultaneously deal with multiple environmental stresses. In this review, we will summarize recent major advances in our understanding of how plants coordinately respond to shade and environmental stresses, and will also discuss the important questions for future research. A deep understanding of how plants synergistically respond to shade together with abiotic and biotic stresses will facilitate the design and breeding of new crop varieties with enhanced tolerance to high-density planting and environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 18766, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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4
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Marron AO, Sauret‐Güeto S, Rebmann M, Silvestri L, Tomaselli M, Haseloff J. An enhancer trap system to track developmental dynamics in Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:604-628. [PMID: 37583263 PMCID: PMC10952768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A combination of streamlined genetics, experimental tractability and relative morphological simplicity compared to vascular plants makes the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha an ideal model system for studying many aspects of plant biology. Here we describe a transformation vector combining a constitutive fluorescent membrane marker with a nuclear marker that is regulated by nearby enhancer elements and use this to produce a library of enhancer trap lines for Marchantia. Screening gemmae from these lines allowed the identification and characterization of novel marker lines, including markers for rhizoids and oil cells. The library allowed the identification of a margin tissue running around the thallus edge, highlighted during thallus development. The expression of this marker is correlated with auxin levels. We generated multiple markers for the meristematic apical notch region, which have different spatial expression patterns, reappear at different times during meristem regeneration following apical notch excision and have varying responses to auxin supplementation or inhibition. This reveals that there are proximodistal substructures within the apical notch that could not be observed otherwise. We employed our markers to study Marchantia sporeling development, observing meristem emergence as defining the protonema-to-prothallus stage transition, and subsequent production of margin tissue during the prothallus stage. Exogenous auxin treatment stalls meristem emergence at the protonema stage but does not inhibit cell division, resulting in callus-like sporelings with many rhizoids, whereas pharmacologically inhibiting auxin synthesis and transport does not prevent meristem emergence. This enhancer trap system presents a useful resource for the community and will contribute to future Marchantia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Susanna Sauret‐Güeto
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- Present address:
Crop Science CentreUniversity of Cambridge93 Lawrence Weaver, RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
| | - Marius Rebmann
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Linda Silvestri
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Marta Tomaselli
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
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5
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Bergman ME, Evans SE, Kuai X, Franks AE, Despres C, Phillips MA. Arabidopsis TGA256 Transcription Factors Suppress Salicylic-Acid-Induced Sucrose Starvation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3284. [PMID: 37765448 PMCID: PMC10534317 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is produced by plants in response to pathogen infection. SA binds the NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES (NPR) family of receptors to regulate both positive (NPR1) and negative (NPR3/4) plant immune responses by interacting with the clade II TGACG (TGA) motif-binding transcription factors (TGA2, TGA5, and TGA6). Here, we report that the principal metabolome-level response to SA treatment in Arabidopsis is a reduction in sucrose and other free sugars. We observed nearly identical effects in the tga256 triple mutant, which lacks all clade II TGA transcription factors. The tga256 mutant presents reduced leaf blade development and elongated hypocotyls, roots, and petioles consistent with sucrose starvation. No changes were detected in auxin levels, and mutant seedling growth could be restored to that of wild-type by sucrose supplementation. Although the retrograde signal 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate is known to stimulate SA biosynthesis and defense signaling, we detected no negative feedback by SA on this or any other intermediate of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway. Trehalose, a proxy for the sucrose regulator trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), was highly reduced in tga256, suggesting that defense-related reductions in sugar availability may be controlled by changes in T6P levels. We conclude that the negative regulatory roles of TGA2/5/6 include maintaining sucrose levels in healthy plants. Disruption of TGA2/5/6-NPR3/4 inhibitory complexes by mutation or SA triggers sucrose reductions in Arabidopsis leaves, consistent with the 'pathogen starvation' hypothesis. These findings highlight sucrose availability as a mechanism by which TGA2/5/6 balance defense and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Bergman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Sonia E. Evans
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Xiahezi Kuai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada (C.D.)
| | - Anya E. Franks
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Charles Despres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada (C.D.)
| | - Michael A. Phillips
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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6
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Martínez-Vasallo C, Cole B, Gallego-Bartolomé J, Chory J, Kay SA, Nohales MA. Epidermal GIGANTEA adjusts the response to shade at dusk by directly impinging on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533699. [PMID: 36993677 PMCID: PMC10055326 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
For plants adapted to bright light, a decrease in the amount of light received can be detrimental to their growth and survival. Consequently, in response to shade from surrounding vegetation, they initiate a suite of molecular and morphological changes known as the shade avoidance response (SAR) through which stems and petioles elongate in search for light. Under sunlight-night cycles, the plant's responsiveness to shade varies across the day, being maximal at dusk time. While a role for the circadian clock in this regulation has long been proposed, mechanistic understanding of how it is achieved is incomplete. Here we show that the clock component GIGANTEA (GI) directly interacts with the transcriptional regulator PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7), a key player in the response to shade. GI represses PIF7 transcriptional activity and the expression of its target genes in response to shade, thereby fine-tuning the magnitude of the response to limiting light conditions. We find that, under light/dark cycles, this function of GI is required to adequately modulate the gating of the response to shade at dusk. Importantly, we also show that GI expression in epidermal cells is sufficient for proper SAR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Vasallo
- Instituto de Biologίa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientίficas - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Cole
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Javier Gallego-Bartolomé
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steve A. Kay
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Maria A. Nohales
- Instituto de Biologίa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientίficas - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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7
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Lei L, Zhang JY, Pu D, Liu BZ, Meng XM, Shang QM, Duan YD, Zhang F, Zhang MX, Dong CJ. ABA-responsive AREB1/ABI3-1/ABI5 cascade regulates IAA oxidase gene SlDAO2 to inhibit hypocotyl elongation in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:498-517. [PMID: 36369997 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl elongation is dramatically influenced by environmental factors and phytohormones. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a prominent role in hypocotyl elongation, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) is regarded as an inhibitor through repressing IAA synthesis and signalling. However, the regulatory role of ABA in local IAA deactivation remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we confirmed the antagonistic interplay of ABA and IAA during the hypocotyl elongation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. We identified an IAA oxidase enzyme DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION2 (SlDAO2), and its expression was induced by both external and internal ABA signals in tomato hypocotyls. Moreover, the overexpression of SlDAO2 led to a reduced sensitivity to IAA, and the knockout of SlDAO2 alleviated the inhibitory effect of ABA on hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, an ABA-responsive regulatory SlAREB1/SlABI3-1/SlABI5 cascade was identified to act upstream of SlDAO2 and to precisely control its expression. SlAREB1 directly bound to the ABRE present in the SlDAO2 promoter to activate SlDAO2 expression, and SlABI3-1 enhanced while SlABI5 inhibited the activation ability of SlAREB1 by directly interacting with SlAREB1. Our findings revealed that ABA might induce local IAA oxidation and deactivation via SlDAO2 to modulate IAA homoeostasis and thereby repress hypocotyl elongation in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Zhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Min Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Mao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Dan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Juan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kurepa J, Shull TE, Smalle JA. Friends in Arms: Flavonoids and the Auxin/Cytokinin Balance in Terrestrialization. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:517. [PMID: 36771601 PMCID: PMC9921348 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Land plants survive the challenges of new environments by evolving mechanisms that protect them from excess irradiation, nutrient deficiency, and temperature and water availability fluctuations. One such evolved mechanism is the regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in response to water and nutrient availability by balancing the actions of the hormones auxin and cytokinin. Plant terrestrialization co-occurred with a dramatic expansion in secondary metabolism, particularly with the evolution and establishment of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Flavonoid biosynthesis is responsive to a wide range of stresses, and the numerous synthesized flavonoid species offer two main evolutionary advantages to land plants. First, flavonoids are antioxidants and thus defend plants against those adverse conditions that lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Second, flavonoids aid in protecting plants against water and nutrient deficiency by modulating root development and establishing symbiotic relations with beneficial soil fungi and bacteria. Here, we review different aspects of the relationships between the auxin/cytokinin module and flavonoids. The current body of knowledge suggests that whereas both auxin and cytokinin regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, flavonoids act to fine-tune only auxin, which in turn regulates cytokinin action. This conclusion agrees with the established master regulatory function of auxin in controlling the shoot/root growth ratio.
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9
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Zhang X, Li Y, Yan H, Cai K, Li H, Wu Z, Wu J, Yang X, Jiang H, Wang Q, Qu G, Zhao X. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal different metabolite biosynthesis profiles of Juglans mandshurica in shade. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:991874. [PMID: 36237500 PMCID: PMC9552962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Light is not only a very important source of energy for the normal growth and development of plants, but also a regulator of many development and metabolic processes. The mechanism of plant growth and development under low light conditions is an important scientific question. With the promulgation of the law to stop natural forest cutting, understory regeneration is an important method for artificial forest afforestation. Here, the growth and physiological indexes of Juglans mandshurica, an important hardwood species in Northeast China, were measured under different shade treatments. In addition, transcriptome and metabolome were compared to analyze the molecular mechanism of shade tolerance in J. mandshurica. The results showed that the seedling height of the shade treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the 50% light (L50) treatment was the highest. Compared with the control group, the contents of gibberellin, abscisic acid, brassinolide, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b in all shade treatments were significantly higher. However, the net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency decreased with increasing shade. Furthermore, the transcriptome identified thousands of differentially expressed genes in three samples. Using enrichment analysis, we found that most of the differentially expressed genes were enriched in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and chlorophyll synthesis pathways, and the expression levels of many genes encoding transcription factors were also changed. In addition, analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites showed that a total of 470 differential metabolites were identified, and flavonoids were the major differential metabolites of J. mandshurica under light stress. These results improved our understanding of the molecular mechanism and metabolite accumulation under light stress in J. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Huiling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Kewei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hanxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Scientific Research Center of Harbin Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Harbin, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Daquanzi Forest Station in Binxian County, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Daquanzi Forest Station in Binxian County, Harbin, China
| | - Haichen Jiang
- Daquanzi Forest Station in Binxian County, Harbin, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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10
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Yuan HY, Caron CT, Vandenberg A, Bett KE. RNA-Seq and Gene Ontology Analysis Reveal Differences Associated With Low R/FR-Induced Shade Responses in Cultivated Lentil and a Wild Relative. Front Genet 2022; 13:891702. [PMID: 35795209 PMCID: PMC9251359 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.891702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentil is an important pulse crop not only because of its high nutrient value but also because of its ecological advantage in a sustainable agricultural system. Our previous work showed that the cultivated lentil and wild lentil germplasm respond differently to light environments, especially to low R/FR-induced shade conditions. Little is known about how cultivated and wild lentils respond to shade at the level of gene expression and function. In this study, transcriptomic profiling of a cultivated lentil (Lupa, L. culinaris) and a wild lentil (BGE 016880, L. orientalis) at several growth stages is presented. De novo transcriptomes were assembled for both genotypes, and differential gene expression analysis and gene ontology enrichment analysis were performed. The transcriptomic resources generated in this study provide fundamental information regarding biological processes and genes associated with shade responses in lentils. BGE 016880 and Lupa shared a high similarity in their transcriptomes; however, differential gene expression profiles were not consistent between these two genotypes. The wild lentil BGE 016880 had more differentially expressed genes than the cultivated lentil Lupa. Upregulation of genes involved in gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and auxin synthesis and signaling pathways, as well as cell wall modification, in both genotypes explains their similarity in stem elongation response under the shade. Genes involved in jasmonic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were downregulated in BGE 016880 only, and biological processes involved in defense responses were significantly enriched in the wild lentil BGE 016880 only. Downregulation of WRKY and MYB transcription factors could contribute to the reduced defense response in BGE 016880 but not in Lupa under shade conditions. A better understanding of shade responses of pulse crop species and their wild relatives will play an important role in developing genetic strategies for crop improvement in response to changes in light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ying Yuan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carolyn T. Caron
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Albert Vandenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kirstin E. Bett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kirstin E. Bett,
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11
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Beatrice P, Chiatante D, Scippa GS, Montagnoli A. Photoreceptors’ gene expression of Arabidopsis thaliana grown with biophilic LED-sourced lighting systems. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269868. [PMID: 35687579 PMCID: PMC9187123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using specific photoreceptors, plants can sense light signals fundamental to their growth and development under changing light conditions. Phytochromes sense red and far-red light, cryptochromes and phototropins sense UV-A and blue light, while the UVR8 gene senses UV-B signals. The study of the molecular mechanisms used by plants to respond to artificial biophilic lighting is of pivotal importance for the implementation of biophilic approaches in indoor environments. CoeLux® is a new lighting system that reproduces the effect of natural sunlight entering through an opening in the ceiling, with a realistic sun perceived at an infinite distance surrounded by a clear blue sky. We used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to assess the gene expression of the main plant photoreceptors at different light intensities and at different times after exposure to the CoeLux® light type, using high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps as control light type. Genes belonging to different families of photoreceptors showed a similar expression pattern, suggesting the existence of a common upstream regulation of mRNA transcription. In particular, PHYA, PHYC, PHYD, CRY1, CRY2, PHOT1, and UVR8, showed a common expression pattern with marked differences between the two light types applied; under the HPS light type, the expression levels are raising with the decrease of light intensity, while under the CoeLux® light type, the expression levels remain nearly constant at a high fold. Moreover, we showed that under biophilic illumination the light spectrum plays a crucial role in the response of plants to light intensity, both at the molecular and morphological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Beatrice
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese (VA), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Donato Chiatante
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese (VA), Italy
| | | | - Antonio Montagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese (VA), Italy
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12
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Integration of Light and Auxin Signaling in Shade Plants: From Mechanisms to Opportunities in Urban Agriculture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073422. [PMID: 35408782 PMCID: PMC8998421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With intensification of urbanization throughout the world, food security is being threatened by the population surge, frequent occurrence of extreme climate events, limited area of available cultivated land, insufficient utilization of urban space, and other factors. Determining the means by which high-yielding and high-quality crops can be produced in a limited space is an urgent priority for plant scientists. Dense planting, vertical production, and indoor cultivation are effective ways to make full use of space and improve the crop yield. The results of physiological and molecular analyses of the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that the plant response to shade is the key to regulating the plant response to changes in light intensity and quality by integrating light and auxin signals. In this study, we have summarized the major molecular mechanisms of shade avoidance and shade tolerance in plants. In addition, the biotechnological strategies of enhancing plant shade tolerance are discussed. More importantly, cultivating crop varieties with strong shade tolerance could provide effective strategies for dense planting, vertical production, and indoor cultivation in urban agriculture in the future.
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13
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Using targeted metabolomics to elucidate the indole auxin network in plants. Methods Enzymol 2022; 676:239-278. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Comparison of the transcriptomic responses of two Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars to low light. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7293-7301. [PMID: 34689280 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low light is a primary regulator of chrysanthemum growth. Our aim was to analyse the different transcriptomic responses of two Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars to low light. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a transcriptomic analysis of leaf samples from the 'Nannonggongfen' and 'Nannongxuefeng' chrysanthemum cultivars following a 5-day exposure to optimal light (70%, control [CK]) or low-light (20%, LL) conditions. Gene Ontology (GO) classification of upregulated genes revealed these genes to be associated with 11 cellular components, 9 molecular functions, and 15 biological processes, with the majority being localized to the chloroplast, highlighting the role of chloroplast proteins as regulators of shading tolerance. Downregulated genes were associated with 11 cellular components, 8 molecular functions, and 16 biological processes. Heat map analyses suggested that basic helix-loop-helix domain genes and elongation factors were markedly downregulated in 'Nannongxuefeng' leaves, consistent with the maintenance of normal stem length, whereas no comparable changes were observed in 'Nanonggongfen' leaves. Subsequent qPCR analyses revealed that phytochrome-interacting factors and dormancy-associated genes were significantly upregulated under LL conditions relative to CK conditions, while succinate dehydrogenase 1, elongated hypocotyls 5, and auxin-responsive gene of were significantly downregulated under LL conditions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LL plants were significantly lower than those of the CK plants. Low-light tolerant chrysanthemum cultivars may maintain reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and elongation factor expression as a means of preventing the onset of shade-avoidance symptoms.
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15
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Otiende MA, Fricke K, Nyabundi JO, Ngamau K, Hajirezaei MR, Druege U. Involvement of the auxin-cytokinin homeostasis in adventitious root formation of rose cuttings as affected by their nodal position in the stock plant. PLANTA 2021; 254:65. [PMID: 34487248 PMCID: PMC8421306 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced levels of indole-3-acetic and raised auxin to cytokinin ratios in the stem base contribute to the positive acropetal gradient in rooting capacity of leafy single-node stem cuttings of rose. Cuttings excised from different nodal positions in stock plants can differ in subsequent adventitious root formation. We investigated the involvement of the auxin-cytokinin balance in position-affected rooting of Rosa hybrida. Leafy single-node stem cuttings of two rose cultivars were excised from top versus bottom positions. Concentrations of IAA and cytokinins were monitored in the bud region and the stem base during 8 days after planting using chromatography-MS/MS technology. The effects of nodal position and external supply of indole-butyric acid on rooting were analyzed. Most cytokinins increased particularly in the bud region and peaked at day two before the bud break was recorded. IAA increased in both tissues between day one and day eight. Top versus bottom cuttings revealed higher levels of isopentenyladenosine (IPR) in both tissues as well as higher concentrations of IAA and a higher ratio of IAA to cytokinins particularly in the stem base. The dynamic of hormones and correlation analysis indicated that the higher IPR contributed to the enhanced IAA in the bud region which served as auxin source for the auxin homeostasis in the stem base, where IAA determined the auxin-cytokinin balance. Bottom versus top cuttings produced lower numbers and lengths of roots, whereas this deficit was counterbalanced by auxin application. Further considering other studies of rose, it is concluded that cytokinin-, sucrose- and zinc-dependent auxin biosynthesis in the outgrowing buds is an important factor that contributes to the enhanced IAA levels and auxin/cytokinin ratios in the stem base of apical cuttings, promoting root induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Fricke
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 99090, Erfurt, Germany
| | | | - Kamau Ngamau
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62, Nairobi, 000-00200, Kenya
| | - Mohammad R Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Uwe Druege
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 99090, Erfurt, Germany.
- Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops (FGK), University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, 99090, Erfurt, Germany.
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16
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Basu R, Dutta S, Pal A, Sengupta M, Chattopadhyay S. Calmodulin7: recent insights into emerging roles in plant development and stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1-20. [PMID: 34398355 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of the function of Arabidopsis Calmodulin7 (CAM7) in concert with multiple regulatory proteins involved in various signal transduction processes. Calmodulin (CaM) plays various regulatory roles in multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotes. Arabidopsis CALMODULIN 7 (CAM7) is a unique member of the CAM family that works as a transcription factor in light signaling pathways. CAM7 works in concert with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5, and plays an important role in seedling development. Further, it is involved in the regulation of the activity of various Ca2+-gated channels such as cyclic nucleotide gated channel 6 (CNGC6), CNGC14 and auto-inhibited Ca2+ ATPase 8. Recent studies further indicate that CAM7 is also an integral part of multiple signaling pathways including hormone, immunity and stress. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding the multifaceted role of CAM7. We highlight the open-ended questions, and also discuss the diverse aspects of CAM7 characterization that need to be addressed for comprehensive understanding of its cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Abhideep Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Mandar Sengupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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17
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Romanowski A, Furniss JJ, Hussain E, Halliday KJ. Phytochrome regulates cellular response plasticity and the basic molecular machinery of leaf development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1220-1239. [PMID: 33693822 PMCID: PMC8195529 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are plastic organisms that optimize growth in response to a changing environment. This adaptive capability is regulated by external cues, including light, which provides vital information about the habitat. Phytochrome photoreceptors detect far-red light, indicative of nearby vegetation, and elicit the adaptive shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), which is critical for plant survival. Plants exhibiting SAS are typically more elongated, with distinctive, small, narrow leaf blades. By applying SAS-inducing end-of-day far-red (EoD FR) treatments at different times during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf 3 development, we have shown that SAS restricts leaf blade size through two distinct cellular strategies. Early SAS induction limits cell division, while later exposure limits cell expansion. This flexible strategy enables phytochromes to maintain control of leaf size through the proliferative and expansion phases of leaf growth. mRNAseq time course data, accessible through a community resource, coupled to a bioinformatics pipeline, identified pathways that underlie these dramatic changes in leaf growth. Phytochrome regulates a suite of major development pathways that control cell division, expansion, and cell fate. Further, phytochromes control cell proliferation through synchronous regulation of the cell cycle, DNA replication, DNA repair, and cytokinesis, and play an important role in sustaining ribosome biogenesis and translation throughout leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Romanowski
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Comparative Genomics of Plant Development, Fundación Instituto Leloir (FIL), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires (IIBBA) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James J Furniss
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ejaz Hussain
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J Halliday
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Author for communication:
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18
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Liu Y, Jafari F, Wang H. Integration of light and hormone signaling pathways in the regulation of plant shade avoidance syndrome. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:131-145. [PMID: 36304753 PMCID: PMC9590540 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are unable to move or escape from their neighboring competitors under high-density planting conditions. Instead, they have evolved the ability to sense changes in light quantity and quality (such as a reduction in photoactive radiation and drop in red/far-red light ratios) and evoke a suite of adaptative responses (such as stem elongation, reduced branching, hyponastic leaf orientation, early flowering and accelerated senescence) collectively termed shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Over the past few decades, much progress has been made in identifying the various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components implicated in regulating SAS, and in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms, based on extensive molecular genetic studies with the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, an emerging synthesis of the field is that light signaling integrates with the signaling pathways of various phytohormones to coordinately regulate different aspects of SAS. In this review, we present a brief summary of the various cross-talks between light and hormone signaling in regulating SAS. We also present a perspective of manipulating SAS to tailor crop architecture for breeding high-density tolerant crop cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Fereshteh Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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19
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Casal JJ, Estevez JM. Auxin-Environment Integration in Growth Responses to Forage for Resources. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040030. [PMID: 33431585 PMCID: PMC8015692 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant fitness depends on the adequate morphological adjustment to the prevailing conditions of the environment. Therefore, plants sense environmental cues through their life cycle, including the presence of full darkness, light, or shade, the range of ambient temperatures, the direction of light and gravity vectors, and the presence of water and mineral nutrients (such as nitrate and phosphate) in the soil. The environmental information impinges on different aspects of the auxin system such as auxin synthesis, degradation, transport, perception, and downstream transcriptional regulation to modulate organ growth. Although a single environmental cue can affect several of these points, the relative impacts differ significantly among the various growth processes and cues. While stability in the generation of precise auxin gradients serves to guide the basic developmental pattern, dynamic changes in the auxin system fine-tune body shape to optimize the capture of environmental resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Casal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370146, Chile
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20
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Huber M, Nieuwendijk NM, Pantazopoulou CK, Pierik R. Light signalling shapes plant-plant interactions in dense canopies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1014-1029. [PMID: 33047350 PMCID: PMC8049026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing at high densities interact via a multitude of pathways. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms and functional consequences of plant architectural responses initiated by light cues that occur in dense vegetation. We will review the current state of knowledge about shade avoidance, as well as its possible applications. On an individual level, plants perceive neighbour-associated changes in light quality and quantity mainly with phytochromes for red and far-red light and cryptochromes and phototropins for blue light. Downstream of these photoreceptors, elaborate signalling and integration takes place with the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS, several hormones and other regulators. This signalling leads to the shade avoidance responses, consisting of hyponasty, stem and petiole elongation, apical dominance and life cycle adjustments. Architectural changes of the individual plant have consequences for the plant community, affecting canopy structure, species composition and population fitness. In this context, we highlight the ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance of shade avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huber
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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21
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Pierik R, Ballaré CL. Control of Plant Growth and Defense by Photoreceptors: From Mechanisms to Opportunities in Agriculture. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:61-76. [PMID: 33276158 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants detect and respond to the proximity of competitors using light signals perceived by photoreceptor proteins. A low ratio of red to far-red radiation (R:FR ratio) is a key signal of competition that is sensed by the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB). Low R:FR ratios increase the synthesis of growth-related hormones, including auxin and gibberellins, promoting stem elongation and other shade-avoidance responses. Other photoreceptors that help plants to optimize their developmental configuration and resource allocation patterns in the canopy include blue light photoreceptors, such as cryptochromes and phototropins, and UV receptors, such as UVR8. All photoreceptors act by directly or indirectly controlling the activity of two major regulatory nodes for growth and development: the COP1/SPA ubiquitin E3 ligase complex and the PIF transcription factors. phyB is also an important modulator of hormonal pathways that regulate plant defense against herbivores and pathogens, including the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances on the studies of the mechanisms that link photoreceptors with growth and defense. Understanding these mechanisms is important to provide a functional platform for breeding programs aimed at improving plant productivity, stress tolerance, and crop health in species of agronomic interest, and to manipulate the light environments in protected agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IIBIO-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Ponnu J, Hoecker U. Illuminating the COP1/SPA Ubiquitin Ligase: Fresh Insights Into Its Structure and Functions During Plant Photomorphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662793. [PMID: 33841486 PMCID: PMC8024647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in plants and animals. Discovered originally in Arabidopsis thaliana, COP1 acts in a complex with SPA proteins as a central repressor of light-mediated responses in plants. By ubiquitinating and promoting the degradation of several substrates, COP1/SPA regulates many aspects of plant growth, development and metabolism. In contrast to plants, human COP1 acts as a crucial regulator of tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the recent important findings in COP1/SPA research including a brief comparison between COP1 activity in plants and humans.
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23
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Zhang X, Liu L, Wang H, Gu Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Wang M, Xu Y, Shi Q, Li G, Tong J, Xiao L, Wang ZY, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C. MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 Play Dual Roles in Regulation of Shade Avoidance Response under Different Environments in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228742. [PMID: 33228084 PMCID: PMC7699406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar auxin transport mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is critical for plant growth and development. As an environmental cue, shade stimulates hypocotyls, petiole, and stem elongation by inducing auxin synthesis and asymmetric distributions, which is modulated by PIN3,4,7 in Arabidopsis. Here, we characterize the MtPIN1 and MtPIN3, which are the orthologs of PIN3,4,7, in model legume species Medicago truncatula. Under the low Red:Far-Red (R:FR) ratio light, the expression of MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 is induced, and shadeavoidance response is disrupted in mtpin1 mtpin3 double mutant, indicating that MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 have a conserved function in shade response. Surprisingly, under the normal growth condition, mtpin1 mtpin3 displayed the constitutive shade avoidance responses, such as the elongated petiole, smaller leaf, and increased auxin and chlorophyll content. Therefore, MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 play dual roles in regulation of shadeavoidance response under different environments. Furthermore, these data suggest that PIN3,4,7 and its orthologs have evolved conserved and specific functions among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Minmin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qingbiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.S.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Li T, Li B, Wang L, Xie Z, Wang X, Zou L, Zhang D, Lin H. Phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4) inhibits expression of SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2 (SHY2) to promote hypocotyl growth during shade avoidance in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:857-863. [PMID: 33153717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants sense the presence of competing neighboring vegetation as a change in light quality. These changes initiate shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) responses. PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) are crucial factors in the SAS response. In particular, they mediate the expression of multiple phytohormones and cell expansion genes. Many positive regulatory factors in the SAS response have been identified, but the negative regulation of SAS transcription factors remains poorly understood. The functions of the short hypocotyl 2 (SHY2) transcription factor during the SAS response have not been established, although its roles in the participating hormone and stress responses are well documented. Here, the SHY2 loss-of-function (shy2-31) mutant had a longer hypocotyl, but the gain-of-function (shy2-2) hypocotyl was shorter than that of the wild type under white and shade conditions. We showed that the SHY2 expression level and its associated protein significantly accumulated under shade conditions. Furthermore, SHY2 transcript levels significantly increased in mutant pifQ, but decreased in PIF4OX compared to the wild type, which indicated that PIF4 is a transcriptional repressor of SHY2. ChIP assays have consistently shown that PIF4 directly binds to the promoters of SHY2. We further show that PIF4OX partially rescued the short hypocotyl characteristic of shy2-2 under white and shade conditions. Our results provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms controlling SAS mediated elongation of the hypocotyl by PIF4-SHY2 modules in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467044, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467044, China
| | - Lianzhe Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467044, China
| | - Zhaohui Xie
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467044, China
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467044, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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26
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Jia Y, Kong X, Hu K, Cao M, Liu J, Ma C, Guo S, Yuan X, Zhao S, Robert HS, Li C, Tian H, Ding Z. PIFs coordinate shade avoidance by inhibiting auxin repressor ARF18 and metabolic regulator QQS. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:609-621. [PMID: 32521046 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) arises in densely growing plants that compete for light. In Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome interacting factor (PIF) proteins link the perception of shade to stem elongation via auxin production. Here, we report that PIFs inhibit the shade-induced expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 (ARF18), and ARF18 represses auxin signaling. Therefore, PIF-mediated inhibition of ARF18 enhances auxin-dependent hypocotyl elongation in simulated shade. Furthermore, we show that both PIFs and ARF18 directly repress qua-quine starch (QQS), which controls the allocation of carbon and nitrogen. Shade-repressed QQS attenuates the conversion of starch to protein and thus reduced leaf area. Our results suggest that PIF-dependent gene regulation coordinates multiple SAS responses, including altered stem growth via ARF18, as well as altered leaf growth and metabolism via QQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Kongqin Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Mengqiang Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- The key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 004205, Czech Republic
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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De Vos D, Nelissen H, AbdElgawad H, Prinsen E, Broeckhove J, Inzé D, Beemster GT. How grass keeps growing: an integrated analysis of hormonal crosstalk in the maize leaf growth zone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2513-2525. [PMID: 31705666 PMCID: PMC7116270 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the maize leaf to understand how long-distance signals, auxin and cytokinin, control leaf growth dynamics. We constructed a mathematical model describing the transport of these hormones along the leaf growth zone and their interaction with the local gibberellin (GA) metabolism in the control of cell division. Assuming gradually declining auxin and cytokinin supply at the leaf base, the model generated spatiotemporal hormone distribution and growth patterns that matched experimental data. At the cellular level, the model predicted a basal leaf growth as a result of cell division driven by auxin and cytokinin. Superimposed on this, GA synthesis regulated growth through the control of the size of the region of active cell division. The predicted hormone and cell length distributions closely matched experimental data. To correctly predict the leaf growth profiles and final organ size of lines with reduced or elevated GA production, the model required a signal proportional to the size of the emerged part of the leaf that inhibited the basal leaf growth driven by auxin and cytokinin. Excision and shading of the emerged part of the growing leaf allowed us to demonstrate that this signal exists and depends on the perception of light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Vos
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Modeling Of Systems And Internet Communication (MOSAIC), Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding Authors ,+32 3 265 34 21 , +32 3 265 34 21
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Els Prinsen
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Broeckhove
- Modeling Of Systems And Internet Communication (MOSAIC), Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T.S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding Authors ,+32 3 265 34 21 , +32 3 265 34 21
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Tavridou E, Pireyre M, Ulm R. Degradation of the transcription factors PIF4 and PIF5 under UV-B promotes UVR8-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:507-517. [PMID: 31571300 PMCID: PMC7027837 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of hypocotyl growth is a well-established UV-B-induced photomorphogenic response that is mediated by the UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8). However, the molecular mechanism by which UVR8 signaling triggers inhibition of hypocotyl growth is poorly understood. The bZIP protein ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) functions as the main positive regulatory transcription factor in the UVR8 signaling pathway, with HY5-HOMOLOG (HYH) playing a minor role. However, here we demonstrate that hy5 hyh double mutants maintain significant UVR8-dependent hypocotyl growth inhibition. We identify UVR8-dependent inhibition of the activities of bHLH transcription factors PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and PIF5 as part of the UVR8 signaling pathway, which results in inhibition of hypocotyl growth. The UVR8-mediated repression of several hypocotyl elongation-related genes is independent of HY5 and HYH but largely associated with UVR8-dependent degradation of PIF4 and PIF5, a process that consequently diminishes PIF4/5 target promoter occupancy. Taken together, our data indicate that UVR8-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl growth involves degradation of PIF4 and PIF5. These findings contribute to our mechanistic understanding of UVR8-induced photomorphogenesis and further support the function of PIFs as integrators of different photoreceptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tavridou
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologySection of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of GenevaCH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Marie Pireyre
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologySection of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of GenevaCH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologySection of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of GenevaCH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3)University of GenevaCH-1211Geneva 4Switzerland
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29
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Wang X, Gao X, Liu Y, Fan S, Ma Q. Progress of Research on the Regulatory Pathway of the Plant Shade-Avoidance Syndrome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:439. [PMID: 32351535 PMCID: PMC7174782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
When subject to vegetational shading, shade-avoiding plants detect neighbors by perceiving reduced light quantity and altered light quality. The former includes decreases in the ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (low R:FR) and low blue light ratio (LBL) predominantly detected by phytochromes and cryptochromes, respectively. By integrating multiple signals, plants generate a suite of responses, such as elongation of a variety of organs, accelerated flowering, and reduced branching, which are collectively termed the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS). To trigger the SAS, interactions between photoreceptors and phytochrome-interacting factors are the general switch for activation of downstream signaling pathways. A number of transcription factor families and phytohormones, especially auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and brassinosteroids, are involved in the SAS processes. In this review, shade signals, the major photoreceptors involved, and the phenotypic characteristics of the shade-intolerant plant Arabidopsis thaliana are described in detail. In addition, integration of the signaling mechanisms that link photoreceptors with multiple hormone signaling pathways is presented and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Xinqiang Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Shuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuli Fan, ; Qifeng Ma,
| | - Qifeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuli Fan, ; Qifeng Ma,
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30
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The Roles of Auxin Biosynthesis YUCCA Gene Family in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246343. [PMID: 31888214 PMCID: PMC6941117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays essential roles in plant normal growth and development. The auxin signaling pathway relies on the auxin gradient within tissues and cells, which is facilitated by both local auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport (PAT). The TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA)/YUCCA (YUC) pathway is the most important and well-characterized pathway that plants deploy to produce auxin. YUCs function as flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) catalyzing the rate-limiting irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of indole-3-pyruvate acid (IPyA) to form indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The spatiotemporal dynamic expression of different YUC gene members finely tunes the local auxin biosynthesis in plants, which contributes to plant development as well as environmental responses. In this review, the recent advances in the identification, evolution, molecular structures, and functions in plant development and stress response regarding the YUC gene family are addressed.
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31
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Schneider A, Godin C, Boudon F, Demotes-Mainard S, Sakr S, Bertheloot J. Light Regulation of Axillary Bud Outgrowth Along Plant Axes: An Overview of the Roles of Sugars and Hormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 31681386 PMCID: PMC6813921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Apical dominance, the process by which the growing apical zone of the shoot inhibits bud outgrowth, involves an intricate network of several signals in the shoot. Auxin originating from plant apical region inhibits bud outgrowth indirectly. This inhibition is in particular mediated by cytokinins and strigolactones, which move from the stem to the bud and that respectively stimulate and repress bud outgrowth. The action of this hormonal network is itself modulated by sugar levels as competition for sugars, caused by the growing apical sugar sink, may deprive buds from sugars and prevents bud outgrowth partly by their signaling role. In this review, we analyze recent findings on the interaction between light, in terms of quantity and quality, and apical dominance regulation. Depending on growth conditions, light may trigger different pathways of the apical dominance regulatory network. Studies pinpoint to the key role of shoot-located cytokinin synthesis for light intensity and abscisic acid synthesis in the bud for R:FR in the regulation of bud outgrowth by light. Our analysis provides three major research lines to get a more comprehensive understanding of light effects on bud outgrowth. This would undoubtedly benefit from the use of computer modeling associated with experimental observations to deal with a regulatory system that involves several interacting signals, feedbacks, and quantitative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schneider
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Soulaiman Sakr
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
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Brumbarova T, Ivanov R. The Nutrient Response Transcriptional Regulome of Arabidopsis. iScience 2019; 19:358-368. [PMID: 31415997 PMCID: PMC6702435 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond actively to changes in their environment. Variations in nutrient availability elicit substantial transcriptional reprogramming, and we aimed to systematically describe these adjustments and identify the regulators responsible. Using gene coexpression analysis based on 13 different nutrient availability anomalies, we defined and analyzed nutrient stress response signatures. We identified known regulators and could predict functions in nutrient responses for transcriptional regulators previously associated with other processes, thus linking development and environmental interaction. Three of the identified transcriptional regulators, PIF4, HY5, and NF-Y, known from their role in light signaling, targeted a substantial part of the network and may participate in remodeling the global Arabidopsis transcriptome in response to variations of nutrient availability. We present gene coexpression and transcriptional regulation networks, which can be used as tools to further explore regulatory events and dependencies even by users with basic informatics skills. Gene coexpression analysis is a powerful tool for elucidating nutrient stress Nutrient stress elicits unique signatures of modular transcriptional response Master transcriptional regulators coordinate plant growth and nutrient utilization Analysis suggests PIF4, HY5, and the NF-Y to be master regulators
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetina Brumbarova
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rumen Ivanov
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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34
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Ma L, Li G. Auxin-Dependent Cell Elongation During the Shade Avoidance Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:914. [PMID: 31354778 PMCID: PMC6640469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant uses multiple photoreceptors and downstream components to rapidly respond to dynamic changes in environmental light. Under shade conditions, many species exhibit shade avoidance responses that promote stem and petiole elongation, thus helping plants reach the sunlight. In the last few years, the regulatory molecular mechanisms by which plants respond to shade signals have been intensively studied. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms underlying auxin-mediated cell elongation in the shade avoidance responses. In the early response to shade signals, auxin biosynthesis, transport, and sensitivity are all rapidly activated, thus promoting cell elongation of the hypocotyls and other organs. Under prolonged shade, increased auxin sensitivity-rather than increased auxin biosynthesis-plays a major role in cell elongation. In addition, we discuss the interaction network of photoreceptors and Phytochrome-Interacting Factors, and the antagonistic regulation of Auxin/Indole Acetic Acid proteins by auxin and light. This review provides perspectives to reframe how we think about shade responses in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Ma,
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Gang Li,
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35
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Carabelli M, Possenti M, Sessa G, Ruzza V, Morelli G, Ruberti I. Arabidopsis HD-Zip II proteins regulate the exit from proliferation during leaf development in canopy shade. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5419-5431. [PMID: 30239874 PMCID: PMC6255710 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance response is mainly evident as increased plant elongation at the expense of leaf and root expansion. Despite the advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying shade-induced hypocotyl elongation, little is known about the responses to simulated shade in organs other than the hypocotyl. In Arabidopsis, there is evidence that shade rapidly and transiently reduces the frequency of cell division in young first and second leaf primordia through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. However, the effects of canopy shade on leaf development are likely to be complex and need to be further investigated. Using combined methods of genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, we uncovered an effect of prolonged canopy shade on leaf development. We show that persistent shade determines early exit from proliferation in the first and second leaves of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the early exit from proliferation in the first and second leaves under simulated shade depends at least in part on the action of the Homeodomain-leucine zipper II (HD-Zip II) transcription factors ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX2 (ATHB2) and ATHB4. Finally, we provide evidence that the ATHB2 and ATHB4 proteins work in concert. Together the data contribute new insights on the mechanisms controlling leaf development under canopy shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Carabelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Possenti
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sessa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentino Ruzza
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Ruberti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Sessa G, Carabelli M, Possenti M, Morelli G, Ruberti I. Multiple Pathways in the Control of the Shade Avoidance Response. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040102. [PMID: 30453622 PMCID: PMC6313891 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To detect the presence of neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants have evolved the ability to perceive and integrate multiple signals. Among them, changes in light quality and quantity are central to elicit and regulate the shade avoidance response. Here, we describe recent progresses in the comprehension of the signaling mechanisms underlying the shade avoidance response, focusing on Arabidopsis, because most of our knowledge derives from studies conducted on this model plant. Shade avoidance is an adaptive response that results in phenotypes with a high relative fitness in individual plants growing within dense vegetation. However, it affects the growth, development, and yield of crops, and the design of new strategies aimed at attenuating shade avoidance at defined developmental stages and/or in specific organs in high-density crop plantings is a major challenge for the future. For this reason, in this review, we also report on recent advances in the molecular description of the shade avoidance response in crops, such as maize and tomato, and discuss their similarities and differences with Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Sessa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Carabelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Possenti
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ida Ruberti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Luo J, Zhou JJ, Zhang JZ. Aux/IAA Gene Family in Plants: Molecular Structure, Regulation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010259. [PMID: 29337875 PMCID: PMC5796205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays a crucial role in the diverse cellular and developmental responses of plants across their lifespan. Plants can quickly sense and respond to changes in auxin levels, and these responses involve several major classes of auxin-responsive genes, including the Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) family, the auxin response factor (ARF) family, small auxin upregulated RNA (SAUR), and the auxin-responsive Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) family. Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived nuclear proteins comprising several highly conserved domains that are encoded by the auxin early response gene family. These proteins have specific domains that interact with ARFs and inhibit the transcription of genes activated by ARFs. Molecular studies have revealed that Aux/IAA family members can form diverse dimers with ARFs to regulate genes in various ways. Functional analyses of Aux/IAA family members have indicated that they have various roles in plant development, such as root development, shoot growth, and fruit ripening. In this review, recently discovered details regarding the molecular characteristics, regulation, and protein-protein interactions of the Aux/IAA proteins are discussed. These details provide new insights into the molecular basis of the Aux/IAA protein functions in plant developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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