1
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Gao Y, Zhang Y, Ma C, Chen Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang S, Chen X. Editing the nuclear localization signals of E1 and E1Lb enables the production of tropical soybean in temperate growing regions. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2145-2156. [PMID: 38511622 PMCID: PMC11258983 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Soybean is a typical short-day crop, and most commercial soybean cultivars are restricted to a relatively narrow range of latitudes due to photoperiod sensitivity. Photoperiod sensitivity hinders the utilization of soybean germplasms across geographical regions. When grown in temperate regions, tropical soybean responds to prolonged day length by increasing the vegetative growth phase and delaying flowering and maturity, which often pushes the harvest window past the first frost date. In this study, we used CRISPR/LbCas12a to edit a North American subtropical soybean cultivar named 06KG218440 that belongs to maturity group 5.5. By designing one gRNA to edit the nuclear localization signal (NLS) regions of both E1 and E1Lb, we created a series of new germplasms with shortened flowering time and time to maturity and determined their favourable latitudinal zone for cultivation. The novel partial function alleles successfully achieve yield and early maturity trade-offs and exhibit good agronomic traits and high yields in temperate regions. This work offers a straightforward editing strategy to modify subtropical and tropical soybean cultivars for temperate growing regions, a strategy that could be used to enrich genetic diversity in temperate breeding programmes and facilitate the introduction of important crop traits such as disease tolerance or high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Yuguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Chuanyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Yanhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Chunxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Seed Technology China Co., Ltd.YanglingChina
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Songyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular BreedingSyngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., LtdBeijingChina
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2
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Zhang L, Wang P, Wang M, Xu X, Jia H, Wu T, Yuan S, Jiang B, Sun S, Han T, Wang L, Chen F. GmTCP40 Promotes Soybean Flowering under Long-Day Conditions by Binding to the GmAP1a Promoter and Upregulating Its Expression. Biomolecules 2024; 14:465. [PMID: 38672481 PMCID: PMC11047976 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a short-day (SD) plant that is sensitive to photoperiod, which influences flowering, maturity, and even adaptation. TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors have been shown to regulate photoperiodic flowering. However, the roles of TCPs in SD plants such as soybean, rice, and maize remain largely unknown. In this study, we cloned the GmTCP40 gene from soybean and investigated its expression pattern and function. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, GmTCP40-overexpression plants flowered earlier under long-day (LD) conditions but not under SD conditions. Consistent with this, the overexpression lines showed upregulation of the flowering-related genes GmFT2a, GmFT2b, GmFT5a, GmFT6, GmAP1a, GmAP1b, GmAP1c, GmSOC1a, GmSOC1b, GmFULa, and GmAG under LD conditions. Further investigation revealed that GmTCP40 binds to the GmAP1a promoter and promotes its expression. Analysis of the GmTCP40 haplotypes and phenotypes of soybean accessions demonstrated that one GmTCP40 haplotype (Hap6) may contribute to delayed flowering at low latitudes. Taken together, our findings provide preliminary insights into the regulation of flowering time by GmTCP40 while laying a foundation for future research on other members of the GmTCP family and for efforts to enhance soybean adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (L.Z.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (X.X.); (H.J.); (T.W.); (S.Y.); (B.J.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Fulu Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (L.Z.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (X.X.); (H.J.); (T.W.); (S.Y.); (B.J.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
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3
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Song H, Sun H, Xin J, Yang D, Deng X, Liu J, Li J, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yang M. FLOWERING LOCUS T genes control floral induction in lotus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108339. [PMID: 38199028 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The transition to flowering is a vital process in the lotus life cycle that significantly impacts its ornamental value and seed production. However, the molecular basis of floral transition in lotus remains largely unknown. Here, eight homologous FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes were initially characterized in lotus, which were designated as NnFT1-NnFT8. All of these genes were found to possess the conserved PEBP domain and exhibited high transcript levels in both lotus leaves and floral organs. The proNnFT:β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay exhibited GUS staining in the vascular tissues of leaves. Furthermore, subcellular localization revealed that NnFT proteins were present in various cellular organelles, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum. Overexpression of two NnFT homologs, NnFT2 and NnFT3, rescued the late flowering phenotype in the Arabidopsis ft-10 mutant, indicating the stimulative roles of NnFTs in floral induction. Moreover, NnFTs demonstrated interactions with a bZIP transcription factor, FLOWERING LOCUS D (NnFD), both in vitro and in vivo. These findings will not only deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying lotus floral transition, but also provide valuable genetic resources for creating new lotus varieties with extended blooming periods using molecular strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Song
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Heng Sun
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jia Xin
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Dong Yang
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xianbao Deng
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China.
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Mei Yang
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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4
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Escamilla DM, Dietz N, Bilyeu K, Hudson K, Rainey KM. Genome-wide association study reveals GmFulb as candidate gene for maturity time and reproductive length in soybeans (Glycine max). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294123. [PMID: 38241340 PMCID: PMC10798547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to adapt to different latitudes is attributed to genetic variation in major E genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining flowering time (R1), maturity (R8), and reproductive length (RL). Fully revealing the genetic basis of R1, R8, and RL in soybeans is necessary to enhance genetic gains in soybean yield improvement. Here, we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWA) with 31,689 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to detect novel loci for R1, R8, and RL using a soybean panel of 329 accessions with the same genotype for three major E genes (e1-as/E2/E3). The studied accessions were grown in nine environments and observed for R1, R8 and RL in all environments. This study identified two stable peaks on Chr 4, simultaneously controlling R8 and RL. In addition, we identified a third peak on Chr 10 controlling R1. Association peaks overlap with previously reported QTLs for R1, R8, and RL. Considering the alternative alleles, significant SNPs caused RL to be two days shorter, R1 two days later and R8 two days earlier, respectively. We identified association peaks acting independently over R1 and R8, suggesting that trait-specific minor effect loci are also involved in controlling R1 and R8. From the 111 genes highly associated with the three peaks detected in this study, we selected six candidate genes as the most likely cause of R1, R8, and RL variation. High correspondence was observed between a modifying variant SNP at position 04:39294836 in GmFulb and an association peak on Chr 4. Further studies using map-based cloning and fine mapping are necessary to elucidate the role of the candidates we identified for soybean maturity and adaptation to different latitudes and to be effectively used in the marker-assisted breeding of cultivars with optimal yield-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Escamilla
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Dietz
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristin Bilyeu
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)−Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karen Hudson
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Katy Martin Rainey
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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5
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Su Q, Chen L, Cai Y, Wang L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Gao Y, Sun S, Han T, Hou W. The FLOWERING LOCUS T 5b positively regulates photoperiodic flowering and improves the geographical adaptation of soybean. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:246-258. [PMID: 37830787 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants can sense the photoperiod to flower at the right time. As a sensitive short-day crop, soybean (Glycine max) flowering varies greatly depending on photoperiods, affecting yields. Adaptive changes in soybeans rely on variable genetic loci such as E1 and FLOWERING LOCUS T orthologs. However, the precise coordination and control of these molecular components remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that GmFT5b functions as a crucial factor for soybean flowering. Overexpressed or mutated GmFT5b resulted in significantly early or later flowering, altering expression profiles for several downstream flowering-related genes under a long-day photoperiod. GmFT5b interacts with the transcription factor GmFDL15, suggesting transcriptional tuning of flowering time regulatory genes via the GmFT5b/GmFDL15 complex. Notably, GmFT5a partially compensated for GmFT5b function, as ft5a ft5b double mutants exhibited an enhanced late-flowering phenotype. Association mapping revealed that GmFT5b was associated with flowering time, maturity, and geographical distribution of soybean accessions, all associated with the E1 locus. Therefore, GmFT5b is a valuable target for enhancing regional adaptability. Natural variants or multiple mutants in this region can be utilized to generate optimized soybean varieties with precise flowering times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Su
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luping Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Syngenta Biotechnology (China) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Zhang J, Chen L, Cai Y, Su Q, Chen Y, Li M, Hou W. A novel MORN-motif type gene GmMRF2 controls flowering time and plant height of soybean. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125464. [PMID: 37348581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The flowering time of soybean is a highly important agronomic characteristic, which affects the adaptability and yield. AtMRF1, a MORN-repeat motif gene, acts as a floral promoter in Arabidopsis, its functions in soybean are not yet understood. Here, we employed qRT-PCR to analyze the tissue expression patten of MRF1 homologs in soybean and determined that the GmMRF2 gene, containing a MORN-motif, highly expressed in the shoot and responded to photoperiod. GmMRF2 overexpression soybean lines exhibited earlier flowering time under long-day (LD) conditions, and increased plant height under both LD and short-day (SD) conditions compared to wild-type (WT) plants. The expression levels of gibberellic acid (GA) pathway genes that positively regulate plant height genes and flowering-promoting genes were up-regulated in the GmMRF2 overexpression lines, were up-regulated in the GmMRF2 overexpression lines. Further study revealed that GmMRF2 interacted with GmTCP15 to co-induce the expression of GmSOC1b. Together, our results preliminarily reveal the functions and mechanisms of GmMRF2 in regulating flowering time and plant height, provide a new promising gene for soybean crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Su
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Clark CB, Ma J. The genetic basis of shoot architecture in soybean. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:55. [PMID: 37351274 PMCID: PMC10281916 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Shoot architecture refers to the three-dimensional body plan of the above ground organs of the plant. The patterning of this body plan results from the tight genetic control of the size and maintenance of meristems, the initiation of axillary growth, and the timing of developmental phase transition. Variation in shoot architecture can result in dramatic differences in plant productivity and/or grain yield due to their effects on light interception, photosynthetic efficiency, response to agronomic inputs, and environmental adaptation. The fine-tuning of shoot architecture has consequently been of great interest to plant breeders, driving the need for deeper understanding of the genes and molecular mechanisms governing these traits. In soybean, the world's most important oil and protein crop, major components of shoot architecture include stem growth habit, plant height, branch angle, branch number, leaf petiole angle, and the size and shape of leaves. Key genes underlying some of these traits have been identified to integrate hormonal, developmental, and environmental signals modulating the growth and orientation of shoot organs. Here we summarize the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of the genetic control of these important architectural traits in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chancelor B. Clark
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, 47907 IN USA
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, 47907 IN USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
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8
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Jiang L, Wang P, Jia H, Wu T, Yuan S, Jiang B, Sun S, Zhang Y, Wang L, Han T. Haplotype Analysis of GmSGF14 Gene Family Reveals Its Roles in Photoperiodic Flowering and Regional Adaptation of Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119436. [PMID: 37298387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine soybean adaptation to a given region or a wide range of geographic environments. The General Regulatory Factors (GRFs), also known as 14-3-3 family, are involved in protein-protein interactions in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, thus regulating ubiquitous biological processes, such as photoperiodic flowering, plant immunity and stress response. In this study, 20 soybean GmSGF14 genes were identified and divided into two categories according to phylogenetic relationships and structural characteristics. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that GmSGF14g, GmSGF14i, GmSGF14j, GmSGF14k, GmSGF14m and GmSGF14s were highly expressed in all tissues compared to other GmSGF14 genes. In addition, we found that the transcript levels of GmSGF14 family genes in leaves varied significantly under different photoperiodic conditions, indicating that their expression responds to photoperiod. To explore the role of GmSGF14 in the regulation of soybean flowering, the geographical distribution of major haplotypes and their association with flowering time in six environments among 207 soybean germplasms were studied. Haplotype analysis confirmed that the GmSGF14mH4 harboring a frameshift mutation in the 14-3-3 domain was associated with later flowering. Geographical distribution analysis demonstrated that the haplotypes related to early flowering were frequently found in high-latitude regions, while the haplotypes associated with late flowering were mostly distributed in low-latitude regions of China. Taken together, our results reveal that the GmSGF14 family genes play essential roles in photoperiodic flowering and geographical adaptation of soybean, providing theoretical support for further exploring the function of specific genes in this family and varietal improvement for wide adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peiguo Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hongchang Jia
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Heihe Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heihe 164399, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shan Yuan
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shi Sun
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Wei Z, Guo W, Jiang S, Yan D, Shi Y, Wu B, Xin X, Chen L, Cai Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Huang H, Li J, Yan F, Zhang C, Hou W, Chen J, Sun Z. Transcriptional profiling reveals a critical role of GmFT2a in soybean staygreen syndrome caused by the pest Riptortus pedestris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1876-1890. [PMID: 36404128 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean staygreen syndrome, characterized by delayed leaf and stem senescence, abnormal pods, and aborted seeds, has recently become a serious and prominent problem in soybean production. Although the pest Riptortus pedestris has received increasing attention as the possible cause of staygreen syndrome, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we clarify that direct feeding by R. pedestris, not transmission of a pathogen by this pest, is the primary cause of typical soybean staygreen syndrome and that critical feeding damage occurs at the early pod stage. Transcriptome profiling of soybean indicated that many signal transduction pathways, including photoperiod, hormone, defense response, and photosynthesis, respond to R. pedestris infestation. Importantly, we discovered that members of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene family were suppressed by R. pedestris infestation, and overexpression of floral inducer GmFT2a attenuates staygreen symptoms by mediating soybean defense response and photosynthesis. Together, our findings systematically illustrate the association between pest infestation and soybean staygreen syndrome and provide the basis for establishing a targeted soybean pest prevention and control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Information and Computational Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dankan Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiangqi Xin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haijian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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10
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Du H, Fang C, Li Y, Kong F, Liu B. Understandings and future challenges in soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:468-495. [PMID: 36511121 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a major source of plant protein and oil. Soybean breeding has benefited from advances in functional genomics. In particular, the release of soybean reference genomes has advanced our understanding of soybean adaptation to soil nutrient deficiencies, the molecular mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and the roles of flowering time in regional adaptation, plant architecture, and seed yield and quality. Nevertheless, many challenges remain for soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding, mainly related to improving grain yield through high-density planting, maize-soybean intercropping, taking advantage of wild resources, utilization of heterosis, genomic prediction and selection breeding, and precise breeding through genome editing. This review summarizes the current progress in soybean functional genomics and directs future challenges for molecular breeding of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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11
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Wu Q, Bai X, Nie M, Li L, Luo Y, Fan Y, Liu C, Ye X, Zou L. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis disclose the pivotal PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE BINDING PROTEIN members that may be utilized for yield improvement of Chenopodium quinoa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1119049. [PMID: 36704176 PMCID: PMC9871630 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1119049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a prospective orphan crop that needs yield improvement. Previous studies indicate PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE BINDING PROTEIN (PEBP) family genes are highly associated with the key agronomic traits of crops. Characterizing the pivotal PEBP genes will speed up the domestication and yield improvement of quinoa. Previous investigations on PEBP genes of Chenopodium species indicated that, the PEBP genes, despite in the same subclade, may have experienced functional diversification. Especially, the allotetraploidy (AABB) and numerous segmental duplications and chromosomal rearrangements in quinoa make it more difficult to understand the functions of PEBP genes. More recently, 6 quinoa FT subfamily genes were predicted to be related to flowering of quinoa. However, investigation on the whole PEBP family members is still lacking. In this study, we obtained 23 PEBP genes, including 5 MFT, 11 FTL and 7 TFL genes. We found 7 orthologous gene pairs, from sub-genome A and sub-genome B, respectively, showing collinearities with sugar beet. Evolution analysis on PEBP genes of two quinoa sub-genomes, sugar beet and relatives of diploid ancestors indicated that, the reasons for gene duplication events varied and 4 tandem duplications are the major reason for PEBP family expansion. Tissue-specific expression analysis suggested that expression patterns are mostly differing between orthologous gene pairs. Analysis on gene expressions at 6 stages suggested the possible positive roles of CqFTL1/CqFTL2, CqFTL5, CqFTL8, CqFTL6/CqFTL9 and CqTFL6/CqTFL7, and negative roles of CqTFL1/CqTFL2/CqTFL3, CqTFL4/CqTFL5 in inflorescence branching. Expression analysis in ABA-treated seed, in combination with the cis-acting element distribution analysis, indicated that CqMFT2, CqMFT3 and CqMFT4 may regulate seed germination via ABA signaling. Observations on responses to night break and photoperiod changes highlighted the roles of CqFTL5 and CqFTL8 under short day, and CqFTL6 under long day for quinoa flowering. Further, co-expression network analysis indicated that 64 transcription factors may act upstream of CqFTL5 and CqFTL8 to regulate flowering. Together, this study will help us identify the pivotal PEBP genes that may be utilized for quinoa breeding in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengping Nie
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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12
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Yue L, Pei X, Kong F, Zhao L, Lin X. Divergence of functions and expression patterns of soybean bZIP transcription factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150363. [PMID: 37123868 PMCID: PMC10146240 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a major protein and oil crop. Soybean basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors are involved in many regulatory pathways, including yield, stress responses, environmental signaling, and carbon-nitrogen balance. Here, we discuss the members of the soybean bZIP family and their classification: 161 members have been identified and clustered into 13 groups. Our review of the transcriptional regulation and functions of soybean bZIP members provides important information for future study of bZIP transcription factors and genetic resources for soybean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Pei
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Ministry of Education China, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Ministry of Education China, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoya Lin, ; Lin Zhao,
| | - Xiaoya Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoya Lin, ; Lin Zhao,
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13
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Yang G, Li W, Fan C, Liu M, Liu J, Liang W, Wang L, Di S, Fang C, Li H, Ding G, Bi Y, Lai Y. Genome-wide association study uncovers major genetic loci associated with flowering time in response to active accumulated temperature in wild soybean population. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:749. [DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFlowering time and active accumulated temperature (AAT) are two key factors that limit the expanded production especially for soybean across different regions. Wild soybean provides an important germplasm for functional genomics study in cultivar soybean. However, the studies on genetic basis underlying flowering time in response to AAT especially in wild soybean were rarely reported. In this study, we used 294 wild soybean accessions derived from major soybean production region characterized by different AAT in Northeast of China. Based on genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified 96 SNPs corresponded to 342 candidate genes that significantly associated with flowering time recorded in two-year experiments. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis suggests that the pathways of photosynthesis light reaction and actin filament binding were significantly enriched. We found three lead SNPs with -log10(p-value) > 32 across the two-year experiments, i.e., Chr02:9490318, Chr04:8545910 and Chr09:49553555. Linkage disequilibrium block analysis shows 28 candidate genes within the genomic region centered on the lead SNPs. Among them, expression levels of three genes (aspartic peptidase 1, serine/threonine-protein kinase and protein SCAR2-like) were significantly differed between two subgroups possessing contrasting flowering time distributed at chromosome 2, 4 and 9, respectively. There are 6, 7 and 3 haplotypes classified on the coding regions of the three genes, respectively. Collectively, accessions with late flowering time phenotype are typically derived from AAT zone 1, which is associated with the haplotypic distribution and expression levels of the three genes. This study provides an insight into a potential mechanism responsible for flowering time in response to AAT in wild soybean, which could promote the understanding of genetic basis for other major crops.
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14
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Yuan S, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Zhang L, Jiang B, Wu T, Chen L, Xu X, Cai Y, Sun S, Chen F, Song W, Wu C, Hou W, Yu L, Han T. GmFT3a fine-tunes flowering time and improves adaptation of soybean to higher latitudes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:929747. [PMID: 35958200 PMCID: PMC9358591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Onset of flowering of plants is precisely controlled by extensive environmental factors and internal molecular networks, in which FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a key flowering integrator. In soybean, a typical short-day plant, 11 FT homologues are found in its genome, of which several homologues are functionally diversified in flowering pathways and the others including GmFT3a are yet unknown. In the current study, we characterized GmFT3a, which is located on the same chromosome as the flowering promoters GmFT2a and GmFT5a. Overexpression of GmFT3a significantly promoted flowering of Arabidopsis under the inductive long-day (LD) photoperiod. GmFT3a over-expressed soybean also flowered earlier than the control under LD, but they were not significantly different under inductive short-day (SD) conditions, indicating that GmFT3a acts as a flowering promoter in the non-inductive photoperiod in soybean. Compared with other GmFT homologues, GmFT3a exhibited a slighter effect in flowering promotion than GmFT2a, GmFT5a and GmFT2b under LD conditions. GmFT3a promoted flowering by regulating the expression of downstream flowering-related genes and also affected the expression of other GmFTs. According to the re-sequencing data, the regional distributions of two major haplotypes in 176 soybean varieties were analyzed. The varieties with GmFT3a-Hap2 haplotype matured relatively early, and relative higher expression of GmFT3a was detected in early maturing varieties, implying that Hap2 variation may contribute to the adaptation of soybean to higher latitude regions by increasing expression level of genes in metabolism and signaling pathways. The early flowering germplasm generated by overexpression of GmFT3a has potential to be planted at higher latitudes where non-inductive long day is dominant in the growing season, and GmFT3a can be used to fine-tune soybean flowering and maturity time and improve the geographical adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yuan
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yining Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Junya Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Cai
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Sun
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fulu Chen
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
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15
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Harada A, Tsuji N, Fujimoto N, Matsuo M, Saito M, Kanzawa N. Heterologous expression of flowering locus T promotes flowering but does not affect diurnal movement in the legume Lotus japonicus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:155-163. [PMID: 35937532 PMCID: PMC9300419 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flowering locus T (FT) is known to promote flowering in response to photoperiodic conditions and has recently been shown to contribute to other phenomenon, such as diurnal stomatal movement. In legumes, FTs are classified into three subtypes, though the role of each subtype is not well defined. It has been reported that when FT of Lotus japonicus (LjFT) is heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis, LjFT functions as a mobile florigen to promote flowering, similar to Arabidopsis FT (AtFT). In this study, we expressed AtFT in L. japonicus using the SUC2 promoter and showed that heterologous expression of AtFT was able to promote flowering in the plant. We also showed that AtFT expression does not affect stomatal closing nor nyctinastic leaf movement. These findings contribute to our understanding of flower development and have potential application to breeding or plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Harada
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Nanami Tsuji
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Nozomi Fujimoto
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mia Matsuo
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Miha Saito
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kanzawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
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16
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Zhou X, Wang D, Mao Y, Zhou Y, Zhao L, Zhang C, Liu Y, Chen J. The Organ Size and Morphological Change During the Domestication Process of Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:913238. [PMID: 35755657 PMCID: PMC9221068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.913238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important legume crops that can provide the rich source of protein and oil for human beings and livestock. In the twenty-one century, the total production of soybean is seriously behind the needs of a growing world population. Cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was domesticated from wild soybean (G. soja Sieb. and Zucc.) with the significant morphology and organ size changes in China around 5,000 years ago, including twisted stems to erect stems, small seeds to large seeds. Then it was spread worldwide to become one of the most popular and important crops. The release of the reference soybean genome and omics data provides powerful tools for researchers and breeders to dissect the functional genes and apply the germplasm in their work. Here, we summarized the function genes related to yield traits and organ size in soybean, including stem growth habit, leaf size and shape, seed size and weight. In addition, we also summarized the selection of organ traits during soybean domestication. In the end, we also discussed the application of new technology including the gene editing on the basic research and breeding of soybean, and the challenges and research hotspots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfa Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yawen Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqiong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chunbao Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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17
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Zhai H, Wan Z, Jiao S, Zhou J, Xu K, Nan H, Liu Y, Xiong S, Fan R, Zhu J, Jiang W, Pang T, Luo X, Wu H, Yang G, Bai X, Kong F, Xia Z. GmMDE genes bridge the maturity gene E1 and florigens in photoperiodic regulation of flowering in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1021-1036. [PMID: 35234946 PMCID: PMC9157081 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is highly sensitive to photoperiod, which affects flowering time and plant architecture and thus limits the distribution range of elite soybean cultivars. The major maturity gene E1 confers the most prominent effect on photoperiod sensitivity, but its downstream signaling pathway remains largely unknown. Here, we confirm that the encoded E1 protein is a transcriptional repressor. The expression of seven GmMDE genes (Glycine max MADS-box genes downregulated by E1) was suppressed when E1 was overexpressed and promoted when E1 was knocked out through clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated mutagenesis. These GmMDEs exhibited similar tissue specificity and expression patterns, including in response to photoperiod, E1 expression, and E1 genotype. E1 repressed GmMDE promoter activity. Results for two GmMDEs showed that E1 epigenetically silences their expression by directly binding to their promoters to increase H3K27me3 levels. The overexpression of GmMDE06 promoted flowering and post-flowering termination of stem growth. The late flowering phenotype of E1-overexpressing soybean lines was reversed by the overexpression of GmMDE06, placing GmMDE06 downstream of E1. The overexpression of GmMDE06 increased the expression of the soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T orthologs GmFT2a and GmFT5a, leading to feedback upregulation of GmMDE, indicating that GmMDE and GmFT2a/GmFT5a form a positive regulatory feedback loop promoting flowering. GmMDE06 also promoted post-flowering termination of stem growth by repressing the expression of the shoot identity gene Dt1. The E1-GmMDEs-GmFT2a/5a-Dt1 signaling pathway illustrates how soybean responds to photoperiod by modulating flowering time and post-flowering stem termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Jiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shangshang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Fan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wenting Jiang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tian Pang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Cultivation and Crop Tillage Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Bai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengjun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding (2013DP173244), Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
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18
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Zhao C, Ma J, Zhang Y, Yang S, Feng X, Yan J. The miR166 mediated regulatory module controls plant height by regulating gibberellic acid biosynthesis and catabolism in soybean. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:995-1006. [PMID: 35312167 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in regulating plant growth and development. Here, we used Short Tandem Target Mimic (STTM) technology to generate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) miRNA knockdown lines and identify miRNAs that regulate plant height, a key agronomic trait that affects yield. STTM166 successfully silenced miR166 in soybean and upregulated the expression of miR166 target genes, such as ATHB14-LIKE. The miR166 knockdown lines (GmSTTM166) displayed a reduced plant height phenotype. Moreover, GmSTTM166 plants contained lower levels of bioactive gibberellic acid (GA3) than wild-type plants, and application of exogenous GA partially rescued the dwarf phenotype of GmSTTM166. Knockdown of miR166 altered the expression of genes involved in GA biosynthesis and catabolism. Further analysis revealed that ATHB14-LIKE directly represses transcription of the GA biosynthesis genes GmGA1 and GmGA2, while activating transcription of the GA catabolic gene GIBBERLLIN 2 OXIDASE 2 (GmGA2ox2). Collectively, these results reveal a pivotal role for miR166 in the genetic control of plant height in soybean, thereby providing invaluable insights for molecular breeding to improve soybean yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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19
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Su Q, Chen L, Cai Y, Chen Y, Yuan S, Li M, Zhang J, Sun S, Han T, Hou W. Functional Redundancy of FLOWERING LOCUS T 3b in Soybean Flowering Time Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2497. [PMID: 35269637 PMCID: PMC8910378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoperiodic flowering is an important agronomic trait that determines adaptability and yield in soybean and is strongly influenced by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes. Due to the presence of multiple FT homologs in the genome, their functions in soybean are not fully understood. Here, we show that GmFT3b exhibits functional redundancy in regulating soybean photoperiodic flowering. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that GmFT3b is a typical floral inducer FT homolog and that the protein is localized to the nucleus. Moreover, GmFT3b expression was induced by photoperiod and circadian rhythm and was more responsive to long-day (LD) conditions. We generated a homozygous ft3b knockout and three GmFT3b-overexpressing soybean lines for evaluation under different photoperiods. There were no significant differences in flowering time between the wild-type, the GmFT3b overexpressors, and the ft3b knockouts under natural long-day, short-day, or LD conditions. Although the downstream flowering-related genes GmFUL1 (a, b), GmAP1d, and GmLFY1 were slightly down-regulated in ft3b plants, the floral inducers GmFT5a and GmFT5b were highly expressed, indicating potential compensation for the loss of GmFT3b. We suggest that GmFT3b acts redundantly in flowering time regulation and may be compensated by other FT homologs in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Su
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (L.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (L.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (L.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Yingying Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (L.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Shan Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Jialing Zhang
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (L.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.S.); (L.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.); (T.H.)
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20
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Dong L, Cheng Q, Fang C, Kong L, Yang H, Hou Z, Li Y, Nan H, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Zhang C, Kou K, Su T, Wang L, Li S, Li H, Lin X, Tang Y, Zhao X, Lu S, Liu B, Kong F. Parallel selection of distinct Tof5 alleles drove the adaptation of cultivated and wild soybean to high latitudes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:308-321. [PMID: 34673232 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod responsiveness is a key factor limiting the geographic distribution of cultivated soybean and its wild ancestor. In particular, the genetic basis of the adaptation in wild soybean remains poorly understood. In this study, by combining whole-genome resequencing and genome-wide association studies we identified a novel locus, Time of Flowering 5 (Tof5), which promotes flowering and enhances adaptation to high latitudes in both wild and cultivated soybean. By genomic, genetic and transgenic analyses we showed that Tof5 encodes a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana FRUITFULL (FUL). Importantly, further analyses suggested that different alleles of Tof5 have undergone parallel selection. The Tof5H1 allele was strongly selected by humans after the early domestication of cultivated soybean, while Tof5H2 allele was naturally selected in wild soybean, and in each case facilitating adaptation to high latitudes. Moreover, we found that the key flowering repressor E1 suppresses the transcription of Tof5 by binding to its promoter. In turn, Tof5 physically associates with the promoters of two important FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FT2a and FT5a, to upregulate their transcription and promote flowering under long photoperiods. Collectively, our findings provide insights into how wild soybean adapted to high latitudes through natural selection and indicate that cultivated soybean underwent changes in the same gene but evolved a distinct allele that was artificially selected after domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Dong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Qun Cheng
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhihong Hou
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Department of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Chunbao Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Soybean, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Kun Kou
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Tong Su
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lingshuang Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shichen Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoya Lin
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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21
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Zhang M, Liu S, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Liang Q, Yang X, Duan Z, Liu Y, Kong F, Liu B, Ren B, Tian Z. Progress in soybean functional genomics over the past decade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:256-282. [PMID: 34388296 PMCID: PMC8753368 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important oilseed and fodder crops. Benefiting from the efforts of soybean breeders and the development of breeding technology, large number of germplasm has been generated over the last 100 years. Nevertheless, soybean breeding needs to be accelerated to meet the needs of a growing world population, to promote sustainable agriculture and to address future environmental changes. The acceleration is highly reliant on the discoveries in gene functional studies. The release of the reference soybean genome in 2010 has significantly facilitated the advance in soybean functional genomics. Here, we review the research progress in soybean omics (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and proteomics), germplasm development (germplasm resources and databases), gene discovery (genes that are responsible for important soybean traits including yield, flowering and maturity, seed quality, stress resistance, nodulation and domestication) and transformation technology during the past decade. At the end, we also briefly discuss current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qianjin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zongbiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yucheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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22
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Li Y, Hou Z, Li W, Li H, Lu S, Gan Z, Du H, Li T, Zhang Y, Kong F, Cheng Y, He M, Ma L, Liao C, Li Y, Dong L, Liu B, Cheng Q. The legume-specific transcription factor E1 controls leaf morphology in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:531. [PMID: 34773981 PMCID: PMC8590347 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leaf is a determinate organ essential for photosynthesis, whose size and shape determine plant architecture and strongly affect agronomic traits. In soybean, the molecular mechanism of leaf development is not well understood. The flowering repressor gene E1, which encodes a legume-specific B3-like protein, is known to be the gene with the largest influence on soybean flowering and maturity. However, knowledge of its potential other functions remains poor. RESULTS Here, we identified a novel function of E1 protein in leaf development. Unifoliolate leaves of E1-overexpression (E1-OE) lines were smaller and curlier than those of wild type DongNong 50 (DN50) and Williams 82 (W82). Transverse histological sections showed disorganized cells and significantly elevated palisade tissue number, spongy tissue number, and bulliform cell number in E1-OE lines. Our results indicate that E1 binds to the promoters of the leaf- development-related CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor genes to negatively regulate their expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify E1 as an important new factor in soybean leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Zhihong Hou
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Keshan, 161606, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Zhuoran Gan
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Hao Du
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Tai Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yuhan Cheng
- Beijing International Urban Agricultural Science and Technology Park, Zhong Nong Fu Tong, Beijng, 100000, China
| | - Milan He
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Chunmei Liao
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China.
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China.
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Qun Cheng
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 516000, China.
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23
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Li X, Fang C, Yang Y, Lv T, Su T, Chen L, Nan H, Li S, Zhao X, Lu S, Dong L, Cheng Q, Tang Y, Xu M, Abe J, Hou X, Weller JL, Kong F, Liu B. Overcoming the genetic compensation response of soybean florigens to improve adaptation and yield at low latitudes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3755-3767.e4. [PMID: 34270946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The classical soybean (Glycine max) trait long juvenile (LJ) is essentially a reduction in sensitivity to short-day (SD) conditions for induction and completion of flowering, and has been introduced into soybean cultivars to improve yield in tropical environments. However, only one locus, J, is known to confer LJ in low-latitude varieties. Here, we defined two quantitative trait loci contributing to the LJ trait, LJ16.1 and LJ16.2, and identified them as the florigen (FT) homologs FT2a and FT5a, respectively. The two selected florigen variations both delay flowering time under SD conditions by repressing the floral meristem identity gene GmAPETALA1. Single mutants have a relatively subtle effect on flowering time and displayed a substantial genetic compensation response, but this was absent in ft2a ft5a double mutants, which showed an enhanced LJ phenotype that translated to higher yields under SD conditions. A survey of sequence diversity suggests that FT2a and FT5a variants have diverse origins and have played distinct roles as soybean spread to lower latitudes. Our results show that integration of variants in the florigen genes offers a strategy for customizing flowering time to adjust adaptation and improve crop productivity in tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianxiao Lv
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Su
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shichen Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meilan Xu
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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24
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Xu X, Zhang L, Cao X, Liu L, Jiang B, Zhang C, Jia H, Lyu X, Su Y, Cai Y, Liu L, Zhang S, Chen F, Wu C, Liu B, Hou W, Sun S, Lai J, Han T. Cotyledons facilitate the adaptation of early-maturing soybean varieties to high-latitude long-day environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2551-2564. [PMID: 34050544 PMCID: PMC8362131 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max), a typical short-day plant (SDP) domesticated in temperate regions, has expanded to high latitudes where daylengths are long from soybean emergence to bloom, but rapidly decrease from seed filling to maturity. Cotyledons are well known as the major storage organs in seeds, but it is unclear whether developing cotyledons store flowering substances at filling stage in SD for upcoming seedlings, or instead respond to photoperiod for floral induction after emergence of matured seeds in long-day (LD). Here, we report that cotyledons accelerate flowering of early-maturing varieties not resulting from stored floral stimuli but by perceiving photoperiod after emergence. We found that light signal is indispensable to activate cotyledons for floral induction, and flowering promoting gene GmFT2a is required for cotyledon-dependent floral induction via upregulation of floral identity gene GmAP1. Interestingly, cotyledons are competent to support the entire life cycle of a cotyledon-only plant to produce seeds, underlying a new photoperiod study system in soybean and other dicots. Taken together, these results demonstrate a substantial role for cotyledons in flowering process, whereby we propose a 'cotyledon-based self-reliance' model highlighting floral induction from emergence as a key ecological adaptation for rapid flowering of SDPs grown in LD environments at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoning Cao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongchang Jia
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiangguang Lyu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yumei Su
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yupeng Cai
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Luping Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fulu Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bin Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Lin X, Liu B, Weller JL, Abe J, Kong F. Molecular mechanisms for the photoperiodic regulation of flowering in soybean. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:981-994. [PMID: 33090664 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiodic flowering is one of the most important factors affecting regional adaptation and yield in soybean (Glycine max). Plant adaptation to long-day conditions at higher latitudes requires early flowering and a reduction or loss of photoperiod sensitivity; adaptation to short-day conditions at lower latitudes involves delayed flowering, which prolongs vegetative growth for maximum yield potential. Due to the influence of numerous major loci and quantitative trait loci (QTLs), soybean has broad adaptability across latitudes. Forward genetic approaches have uncovered the molecular basis for several of these major maturity genes and QTLs. Moreover, the molecular characterization of orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana flowering genes has enriched our understanding of the photoperiodic flowering pathway in soybean. Building on early insights into the importance of the photoreceptor phytochrome A, several circadian clock components have been integrated into the genetic network controlling flowering in soybean: E1, a repressor of FLOWERING LOCUS T orthologs, plays a central role in this network. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in elucidating photoperiodic flowering in soybean, how it contributes to our fundamental understanding of flowering time control, and how this information could be used for molecular design and breeding of high-yielding soybean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Lin
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Jun Abe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
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26
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Yue L, Li X, Fang C, Chen L, Yang H, Yang J, Chen Z, Nan H, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li H, Hou X, Dong Z, Weller JL, Abe J, Liu B, Kong F. FT5a interferes with the Dt1-AP1 feedback loop to control flowering time and shoot determinacy in soybean. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1004-1020. [PMID: 33458938 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time and stem growth habit determine inflorescence architecture in soybean, which in turn influences seed yield. Dt1, a homolog of Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), is a major controller of stem growth habit, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Dt1 affects node number and plant height, as well as flowering time, in soybean under long-day conditions. The bZIP transcription factor FDc1 physically interacts with Dt1, and the FDc1-Dt1 complex directly represses the expression of APETALA1 (AP1). We propose that FT5a inhibits Dt1 activity via a competitive interaction with FDc1 and directly upregulates AP1. Moreover, AP1 represses Dt1 expression by directly binding to the Dt1 promoter, suggesting that AP1 and Dt1 form a suppressive regulatory feedback loop to determine the fate of the shoot apical meristem. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of Dt1 and FT5a in controlling the stem growth habit and flowering time in soybean, which determine the adaptability and grain yield of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhonghui Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Linnan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xingliang Hou
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Zhicheng Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Jun Abe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Baohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 1500000, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 1500000, China
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27
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Zhang P, Liu H, Mysore KS, Wen J, Meng Y, Lin H, Niu L. MtFDa is essential for flowering control and inflorescence development in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 260:153412. [PMID: 33845341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants display a vast diversity of flowering time and inflorescence architecture, which plays an important role in determining seed yield and fruit production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the flowering control and compound inflorescence development, especially in legumes, remain to be elucidated. Here, we reported the identification of MtFDa, an essential regulator of flowering in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Mutation of MtFDa, led to the late flowering, abnormal secondary inflorescences as well as severe floral organ defects. Biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that MtFDa physically interacts with M. truncaula FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog, MtFTa1, a key regulator of Medicago flowering time, and this interaction facilitates MtFDa's function in activating the expression of MtSOC1a. Moreover, we demonstrated that MtFDa may affect secondary inflorescence development via regulating MtFULc expression in M. truncatula. Our findings help elucidate the mechanism of MtFDa-mediated regulation of flowering time and inflorescence development and provide insights into understanding the genetic regulatory network underlying complex productive development in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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28
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Zhang S, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Molecular characterization of a soybean FT homologue, GmFT7. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3651. [PMID: 33574496 PMCID: PMC7878754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a vital oilseed legume crop that provides protein and oil for humans and feedstock for animals. Flowering is a prerequisite for seed production. Floral transition, from vegetative to reproductive stage, in a plant, is regulated by environmental (light, temperature) and endogenous factors. In Arabidopsis, Flowering Locus T (FT) protein is shown to be a mobile signal that moves from leaf to shoot apical meristem to induce flowering. However, FTs role in soybean is not fully resolved due to the presence of multiple (ten) homologs in the genome. Two of the ten FT homologs (GmFT2a and GmFT5a) have a role in the floral transition while GmFT1a and GmFT4 suppress soybean flowering. Recent deep sequencing data revealed that six FT homologs are expressed in shoot apical meristem and leaves during floral transition. One FT homolog, GmFT7 showed strong expression during soybean floral transition. Though bioinformatic analyses revealed that GmFT7 had high similarity with GmFT2a, ectopic GmFT7 expression in Arabidopsis could not promote flowering or rescue the late-flowering phenotype of Arabidopsis ft-10 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senhao Zhang
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mohan B Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Prem L Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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29
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Yang Q, Lin G, Lv H, Wang C, Yang Y, Liao H. Environmental and genetic regulation of plant height in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:63. [PMID: 33494700 PMCID: PMC7836565 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoot architecture is fundamentally crucial to crop growth and productivity. As a key component of shoot architecture, plant height is known to be controlled by both genetic and environmental factors, though specific details remain scarce. RESULTS In this study, 308 representative soybean lines from a core collection and 168 F9 soybean progeny were planted at distinct field sites. The results demonstrated the presence of significant genotype × environment interaction (G × E) effects on traits associated with plant height in a natural soybean population. In total, 19 loci containing 51 QTLs (quantitative trait locus) for plant height were identified across four environments, with 23, 13 and 15 being QTLs for SH (shoot height), SNN (stem node number) and AIL (average internode length), respectively. Significant LOD ranging from 2.50 to 16.46 explained 2.80-26.10% of phenotypic variation. Intriguingly, only two loci, Loc11 and Loc19-1, containing 20 QTLs, were simultaneously detected across all environments. Results from Pearson correlation analysis and PCA (principal component analysis) revealed that each of the five agro-meteorological factors and four soil properties significantly affected soybean plant height traits, and that the corresponding QTLs had additive effects. Among significant environmental factors, AD (average day-length), AMaT (average maximum temperature), pH, and AN (available nitrogen) had the largest impacts on soybean plant height. Therefore, in spite of uncontrollable agro-meteorological factors, soybean shoot architecture might be remolded through combined efforts to produce superior soybean genetic materials while also optimizing soil properties. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the comprehensive set of relationships outlined herein among environment factors, soybean genotypes and QTLs in effects on plant height opens new avenues to explore in work aiming to increase soybean yield through improvements in shoot architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Gaoming Lin
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huiyong Lv
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Cunhu Wang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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30
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Zhu J, Zhao H, Kong F, Liu B, Liu M, Dong Z. Cotranscriptional and Posttranscriptional Features of the Transcriptome in Soybean Shoot Apex and Leaf. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:649634. [PMID: 33897737 PMCID: PMC8063115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.649634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcription is the first step of central dogma, in which the genetic information stored in DNA is copied into RNA. In addition to mature RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), high-throughput nascent RNA assays have been established and applied to provide detailed transcriptional information. Here, we present the profiling of nascent RNA from trifoliate leaves and shoot apices of soybean. In combination with nascent RNA (chromatin-bound RNA, CB RNA) and RNA-seq, we found that introns were largely spliced cotranscriptionally. Although alternative splicing (AS) was mainly determined at nascent RNA biogenesis, differential AS between the leaf and shoot apex at the mature RNA level did not correlate well with cotranscriptional differential AS. Overall, RNA abundance was moderately correlated between nascent RNA and mature RNA within each tissue, but the fold changes between the leaf and shoot apex were highly correlated. Thousands of novel transcripts (mainly non-coding RNA) were detected by CB RNA-seq, including the overlap of natural antisense RNA with two important genes controlling soybean reproductive development, FT2a and Dt1. Taken together, we demonstrated the adoption of CB RNA-seq in soybean, which may shed light on gene expression regulation of important agronomic traits in leguminous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Liu,
| | - Zhicheng Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhicheng Dong,
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31
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Chen L, Nan H, Kong L, Yue L, Yang H, Zhao Q, Fang C, Li H, Cheng Q, Lu S, Kong F, Liu B, Dong L. Soybean AP1 homologs control flowering time and plant height. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1868-1879. [PMID: 32619080 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time and plant height are key agronomic traits that directly affect soybean (Glycine max) yield. APETALA1 (AP1) functions as a class A gene in the ABCE model for floral organ development, helping to specify carpel, stamen, petal, and sepal identities. There are four AP1 homologs in soybean, all of which are mainly expressed in the shoot apex. Here, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) - CRISPR-associated protein 9 technology to generate a homozygous quadruple mutant, gmap1, with loss-of-function mutations in all four GmAP1 genes. Under short-day (SD) conditions, the gmap1 quadruple mutant exhibited delayed flowering, changes in flower morphology, and increased node number and internode length, resulting in plants that were taller than the wild type. Conversely, overexpression of GmAP1a resulted in early flowering and reduced plant height compared to the wild type under SD conditions. The gmap1 mutant and the overexpression lines also exhibited altered expression of several genes related to flowering and gibberellic acid metabolism, thereby providing insight into the role of GmAP1 in the regulatory networks controlling flowering time and plant height in soybean. Increased node number is the trait with the most promise for enhancing soybean pod number and grain yield. Therefore, the mutant alleles of the four AP1 homologs described here will be invaluable for molecular breeding of improved soybean yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Chen
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingsong Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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32
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Evolution and functional diversification of FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 family genes in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:20-30. [PMID: 32507412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development, particularly the induction of flowering, are tightly controlled by key regulators in response to endogenous and environmental cues. The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) family of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes is central to plant development, especially the regulation of flowering time and plant architecture. FT, the long-sought florigen, promotes flowering and TFL1 represses flowering. The balance between FT and TFL1 modulates plant architecture by switching the meristem from indeterminate to determinate growth, or vice versa. Recent studies in a broad range of plant species demonstrated that, in addition to their roles in flowering time and plant architecture, FT/TFL1 family genes participate in diverse aspects of plant development, such as bamboo seed germination and potato tuber formation. In this review, we briefly summarize the evolution of the FT/TFL1 family and highlight recent findings on their conserved and divergent functions in different species.
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