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Yu J, Yuan Q, Chen C, Xu T, Jiang Y, Hu W, Liao A, Zhang J, Le X, Li H, Wang X. A root-knot nematode effector targets the Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A for degradation to suppress plant defense and promote parasitism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1500-1515. [PMID: 38516730 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most widely distributed plant-parasitic nematodes and causes severe economic losses annually. The parasite produces effector proteins that play essential roles in successful parasitism. Here, we identified one such effector named MiCE108, which is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and is upregulated in the early parasitic stage of M. incognita. A yeast signal sequence trap assay showed that MiCE108 contains a functional signal peptide for secretion. Virus-induced gene silencing of MiCE108 impaired the parasitism of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression of MiCE108 in Arabidopsis suppressed the deposition of callose, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the expression of marker genes for bacterial flagellin epitope flg22-triggered immunity, resulting in increased susceptibility to M. incognita, Botrytis cinerea, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. The MiCE108 protein physically associates with the plant defense protease RD21A and promotes its degradation via the endosomal-dependent pathway, or 26S proteasome. Consistent with this, knockout of RD21A compromises the innate immunity of Arabidopsis and increases its susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens, including M. incognita, strongly indicating a role in defense against this nematode. Together, our data suggest that M. incognita deploys the effector MiCE108 to target Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A and affect its stability, thereby suppressing plant innate immunity and facilitating parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aolin Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuhu Le
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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de Souza EP, Ferro M, Pelá VT, Fernanda-Carlos T, Borges CGG, Taira EA, Ventura TMO, Arencibia AD, Buzalaf MAR, Henrique-Silva F. Maquiberry Cystatins: Recombinant Expression, Characterization, and Use to Protect Tooth Dentin and Enamel. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051360. [PMID: 37239031 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocystatins are proteinaceous competitive inhibitors of cysteine peptidases involved in physiological and defensive roles in plants. Their application as potential therapeutics for human disorders has been suggested, and the hunt for novel cystatin variants in different plants, such as maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), is pertinent. Being an understudied species, the biotechnological potential of maqui proteins is little understood. In the present study, we constructed a transcriptome of maqui plantlets using next-generation sequencing, in which we found six cystatin sequences. Five of them were cloned and recombinantly expressed. Inhibition assays were performed against papain and human cathepsins B and L. Maquicystatins can inhibit the proteases in nanomolar order, except MaquiCPIs 4 and 5, which inhibit cathepsin B in micromolar order. This suggests maquicystatins' potential use for treating human diseases. In addition, since we previously demonstrated the efficacy of a sugarcane-derived cystatin to protect dental enamel, we tested the ability of MaquiCPI-3 to protect both dentin and enamel. Both were protected by this protein (by One-way ANOVA and Tukey's Multiple Comparisons Test, p < 0.05), suggesting its potential usage in dental products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pereira de Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Milene Ferro
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Taioqui Pelá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda-Carlos
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Even Akemi Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita Mendes Oliveira Ventura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariel Domingo Arencibia
- Center of Biotechnology in Natural Resources, Faculty of Agrarian and Forestry Sciences, Catholic University of Maule (UCM), Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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Sun Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lin R. Regulation of chloroplast protein degradation. J Genet Genomics 2023:S1673-8527(23)00049-8. [PMID: 36863685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are unique organelles that not only provide sites for photosynthesis and many metabolic processes, but also are sensitive to various environmental stresses. Chloroplast proteins are encoded by genes from both nuclear and chloroplast genomes. During chloroplast development and responses to stresses, the robust protein quality control systems are essential for regulation of protein homeostasis and the integrity of chloroplast proteome. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast protein degradation refer to protease system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the chloroplast autophagy. These mechanisms symbiotically play a vital role in chloroplast development and photosynthesis under both normal or stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, China.
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Montenegro Alonso AP, Bakkeren G. Transfection of Barley Leaf Protoplasts with a Fluorescently Tagged Fungal Effector for In Planta Localization Studies in Barley. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2659:83-93. [PMID: 37249887 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3159-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and transfection of protoplasts from plant leaves have been routinely used for transient expression and functional studies in model plants. However, current approaches to characterize pathogen effector molecules in a cereal host are inefficient and technically challenging. In this chapter, we describe a protocol to isolate and transfect barley mesophyll protoplasts with a fluorescently tagged fungal effector of the barley smut pathogen Ustilago hordei. Tagging of a fungal effector with a fluorescent protein and tracking its localization in cells of its natural host provides insight into its putative in planta localization and helps to narrow down the location of putative host interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Priscilla Montenegro Alonso
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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Cohen M, Hertweck K, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Dassa B, Fischer AM, Fluhr R. Enhanced proteostasis, lipid remodeling, and nitrogen remobilization define barley flag leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6816-6837. [PMID: 35918065 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmental process allowing nutrient remobilization to sink organs. We characterized flag leaf senescence at 7, 14, and 21 d past anthesis in two near-isogenic barley lines varying in the allelic state of the HvNAM1 transcription factor gene, which influences senescence timing. Metabolomics and microscopy indicated that, as senescence progressed, thylakoid lipids were transiently converted to neutral lipids accumulating in lipid droplets. Senescing leaves also exhibited an accumulation of sugars including glucose, while nitrogen compounds (nucleobases, nucleotides, and amino acids) decreased. RNA-Seq analysis suggested lipid catabolism via β-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, producing carbon skeletons and feeding respiration as a replacement of the diminished carbon supply from photosynthesis. Comparison of the two barley lines highlighted a more prominent up-regulation of heat stress transcription factor- and chaperone-encoding genes in the late-senescing line, suggesting a role for these genes in the control of leaf longevity. While numerous genes with putative roles in nitrogen remobilization were up-regulated in both lines, several peptidases, nucleases, and nitrogen transporters were more highly induced in the early-senescing line; this finding identifies processes and specific candidates which may affect nitrogen remobilization from senescing barley leaves, downstream of the HvNAM1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Cohen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kendra Hertweck
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andreas M Fischer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related gene family and PagATG18a enhances salt tolerance by regulating ROS homeostasis in poplar. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:1524-1540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Smoczynska A, Pacak A, Grabowska A, Bielewicz D, Zadworny M, Singh K, Dolata J, Bajczyk M, Nuc P, Kesy J, Wozniak M, Ratajczak I, Harwood W, Karlowski WM, Jarmolowski A, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z. Excess nitrogen responsive HvMADS27 transcription factor controls barley root architecture by regulating abscisic acid level. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:950796. [PMID: 36172555 PMCID: PMC9511987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important element for plant growth and development. Although several studies have examined plants' response to N deficiency, studies on plants' response to excess N, which is common in fertilizer-based agrosystems, are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the response of barley to excess N conditions, specifically the root response. Additionally, genomic mechanism of excess N response in barley was elucidated using transcriptomic technologies. The results of the study showed that barley MADS27 transcription factor was mainly expressed in the roots and its gene contained N-responsive cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in HvMADS27 expression under excess N condition; however, its expression was not significantly affected under low N condition. Phenotypic analysis of the root system of HvMADS27 knockdown and overexpressing barley plants revealed that HvMADS27 regulates barley root architecture under excess N stress. Further analysis of wild-type (WT) and transgenic barley plants (hvmads27 kd and hvmads27 c-Myc OE) revealed that HvMADS27 regulates the expression of HvBG1 β-glucosidase, which in turn regulates abscisic acid (ABA) level in roots. Overall, the findings of this study showed that HvMADS27 expression is downregulated in barley roots under excess N stress, which induces HvBG1 expression, leading to the release of ABA from ABA-glucose conjugate, and consequent shortening of the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smoczynska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pacak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grabowska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Bielewicz
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jakub Dolata
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bajczyk
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Nuc
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Kesy
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wozniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wendy Harwood
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech M. Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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8
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Domínguez F, Cejudo FJ. Chloroplast dismantling in leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5905-5918. [PMID: 33959761 PMCID: PMC8760853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic plant cells, chloroplasts act as factories of metabolic intermediates that support plant growth. Chloroplast performance is highly influenced by environmental cues. Thus, these organelles have the additional function of sensing ever changing environmental conditions, thereby playing a key role in harmonizing the growth and development of different organs and in plant acclimation to the environment. Moreover, chloroplasts constitute an excellent source of metabolic intermediates that are remobilized to sink tissues during senescence so that chloroplast dismantling is a tightly regulated process that plays a key role in plant development. Stressful environmental conditions enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by chloroplasts, which may lead to oxidative stress causing damage to the organelle. These environmental conditions trigger mechanisms that allow the rapid dismantling of damaged chloroplasts, which is crucial to avoid deleterious effects of toxic by-products of the degradative process. In this review, we discuss the effect of redox homeostasis and ROS generation in the process of chloroplast dismantling. Furthermore, we summarize the structural and biochemical events, both intra- and extraplastid, that characterize the process of chloroplast dismantling in senescence and in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Domínguez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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Passarge A, Demir F, Green K, Depotter JRL, Scott B, Huesgen PF, Doehlemann G, Misas Villamil JC. Host apoplastic cysteine protease activity is suppressed during the mutualistic association of Lolium perenne and Epichloë festucae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3410-3426. [PMID: 33630999 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants secrete various defence-related proteins into the apoplast, including proteases. Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are central components of the plant immune system. To overcome plant immunity and successfully colonize their hosts, several plant pathogens secrete effector proteins inhibiting plant PLCPs. We hypothesized that not only pathogens, but also mutualistic microorganisms interfere with PLCP-meditated plant defences to maintain endophytic colonization with their hosts. Epichloë festucae forms mutualistic associations with cool season grasses and produces a range of secondary metabolites that protect the host against herbivores. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of Lolium perenne PLCPs, analysed their evolutionary relationship, and classified them into nine PLCP subfamilies. Using activity-based protein profiling, we identified four active PLCPs in the apoplast of L. perenne leaves that are inhibited during endophyte interactions. We characterized the L. perenne cystatin LpCys1 for its inhibitory capacity against ryegrass PLCPs. LpCys1 abundance is not altered during the mutualistic interaction and it mainly inhibits LpCP2. However, since the activity of other L. perenne PLCPs is not sensitive to LpCys1, we propose that additional inhibitors, likely of fungal origin, are involved in the suppression of apoplastic PLCPs during E. festucae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Passarge
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fatih Demir
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kimberly Green
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Barry Scott
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Alomrani S, Kunert KJ, Foyer CH. Papain-like cysteine proteases are required for the regulation of photosynthetic gene expression and acclimation to high light stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3441-3454. [PMID: 33686435 PMCID: PMC8256631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are considered to be devoid of cysteine proteases. Using transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing the rice cystatin, oryzacystatin I (OC-I), in the chloroplasts (PC lines) or cytosol (CYS lines), we explored the hypothesis that cysteine proteases regulate photosynthesis. The CYS and PC lines flowered later than the wild type (WT) and accumulated more biomass after flowering. In contrast to the PC rosettes, which accumulated more leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments than the WT, the CYS lines had lower amounts of leaf pigments. High-light-dependent decreases in photosynthetic carbon assimilation and the abundance of the Rubisco large subunit protein, the D1 protein, and the phosphorylated form of D1 proteins were attenuated in the CYS lines and reversed in the PC lines relative to the WT. However, the transgenic lines had higher amounts of LHC, rbcs, pasbA, and pasbD transcripts than the WT, and also showed modified chloroplast to nucleus signalling. We conclude that cysteine proteases accelerate the reconfiguration of the chloroplast proteome after flowering and in response to high-light stress. Inhibition of cysteine proteases, such as AtCEP1, slows chloroplast protein degradation and stimulates photosynthetic gene expression and chloroplast to nucleus signalling, enhancing stress tolerance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alomrani
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Karl J Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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