Filamentous growth is a general feature of Candida auris clinical isolates

Application of Raman spectroscopy and machine learning for Candida auris identification and characterization

Candida auris, an emerging fungal pathogen characterized by multidrug resistance and high-mortality nosocomial infections, poses a serious global health threat. However, the precise and rapid identification and characterization of C. auris remain a challenge. Here, we employed Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning to identify C. auris isolates and its closely related species as well as to predict antifungal resistance and key virulence factors at the single-cell level. The average accuracy of identification among all Candida species was 93.33%, with an accuracy of 98% for the clinically simulated samples. The drug susceptibility of C. auris to fluconazole and amphotericin B was 99% and 94%, respectively. Furthermore, the phenotypic prediction of C. auris yielded an accuracy of 100% for aggregating cells and 97% for filamentous cells. This proof-of-concept methodology not only precisely identifies C. auris at the clade-specific level but also rapidly predicts the antifungal resistance and biological characteristics, promising a valuable medical diagnostic tool to combat this multidrug-resistant pathogen in the future.

IMPORTANCE

Currently, combating Candida auris infections and transmission is challenging due to the lack of efficient identification and characterization methods for this species. To address these challenges, our study presents a novel approach that utilizes Raman spectroscopy and artificial intelligence to achieve precise identification and characterization of C. auris at the singe-cell level. It can accurately identify a single cell from the four C. auris clades. Additionally, we developed machine learning models designed to detect antifungal resistance in C. auris cells and differentiate between two distinct phenotypes based on the single-cell Raman spectrum. We also constructed prediction models for detecting aggregating and filamentous cells in C. auris, both of which are closely linked to its virulence. These results underscore the merits of Raman spectroscopy in the identification and characterization of C. auris, promising improved outcomes in the battle against C. auris infections and transmission.

Do morphogenetic switching and intraspecies variation enhance virulence of Candida auris?

Intraspecies variations that affect pathogenicity and antifungal resistance traits pose a serious obstacle to efficient therapy of Candida auris infections. Recent reports indicate that mutations determine drug susceptibility and virulence. However, mutations alone cannot fully explain a bewildering variety of phenotypes in clinical isolates from known C. auris clades, suggesting an unprecedented complexity underlying virulence traits and antifungal resistance. Hence, we wish to discuss how phenotypic plasticity promotes morphogenetic switching and how that contributes to intraspecies variations in the human fungal pathogen C. auris. Further, we will also discuss how intraspecies variations and morphogenetic events can impact the progress in molecular mycology research that aims to find better treatments for C. auris infections. Finally, we will present our opinion as to the most relevant questions to be addressed when trying to better understand the pathophysiology of C. auris.

Insight into Virulence and Mechanisms of Amphotericin B Resistance in the Candida haemulonii Complex

The Candida haemulonii complex includes emerging opportunistic human fungal pathogens with documented multidrug-resistance profiles. It comprises Candida haemulonii sensu stricto, Candida haemulonii var. vulnera, Candida duobushaemulonii, Candida pseudohaemulonii, and Candida vulturna. In recent years, rates of clinical isolation of strains from this complex have increased in multiple countries, including China, Malaysia, and Brazil. Biofilm formation, hydrolytic enzymes, surface interaction properties, phenotype switching and cell aggregation abilities, extracellular vesicles production, stress response, and immune evasion help these fungi to infect the host and exert pathological effects. Multidrug resistance profiles also enhance the threat they pose; they exhibit low susceptibility to echinocandins and azoles and an intrinsic resistance to amphotericin B (AMB), the first fungal-specific antibiotic. AMB is commonly employed in antifungal treatments, and it acts via several known mechanisms. Given the propensity of clinical Candida species to initiate bloodstream infections, clarifying how C. haemulonii resists AMB is of critical clinical importance. This review outlines our present understanding of the C. haemulonii complex's virulence factors, the mechanisms of action of AMB, and the mechanisms underlying AMB resistance.

Antifungal Activity of the Dichloromethane Extract of CaoHuangGuiXiang Formula Against Candida auris by in vitro and in vivo Evaluation

Purpose

CaoHuangGuiXiang (CHGX) formula is a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of Candida-related infection. However, its antifungal mechanisms against the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the dichloromethane extract of CHGX (CHGX-DME) and clarified its antifungal mechanims against C. auris.

Methods

The major components of CHGX-DME were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Then, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay and the time-kill kinetic assay were performed to investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of CHGX-DME against C. auris, including 8 isolates of 4 discrete clades and 2 special phenotypes (filamentous and aggregative). Furthermore, the effect of CHGX-DME on biofilm development was examined. In addition, the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of CHGX-DME were evaluated in a Galleria mellonella infection model.

Results

First, 20 major compounds in CHGX-DME were detected and characterized. The MIC50% and MIC90% of CHGX-DME against C. auris isolates ranged from 50-200 mg/L and 100-400 mg/L, respectively. At 400 mg/L, CHGX-DME was able to efficiently kill more than 70% and 90% of C. auris cells after 3 hours and 6 hours of treatment, respectively. This notable antifungal activity exhibited a dosage- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, CHGX-DME not only played a critical role in inhibiting the proliferation of filamentous and aggregative cells, but also showed restricting effect on biofilm development in C. auris. Importantly, it significantly improved the survival rate and reduced the fungal burden in G. mellonella infection models, suggesting a remarkable treatment effect against C. auris infection.

Conclusion

CHGX-DME exhibited potent antifungal activity against C. auris and significantly ameliorated this fungal infection in the G. mellonella model, confirming that it would be a promising antifungal drug for the troublesome and emerging fungal pathogen C. auris.

Vertebrate and invertebrate animal infection models of Candida auris pathogenicity

Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen with several concerning qualities. First recognized in 2009, it has arisen in multiple geographically distinct genomic clades nearly simultaneously. C. auris strains are typically multidrug resistant and colonize the skin much better than most other pathogenic fungi; it also persists on abiotic surfaces, enabling outbreaks due to transmission in health care facilities. All these suggest a biology substantially different from the 'model' fungal pathogen, Candida albicans and support intensive investigation of C. auris biology directly. To uncover novel virulence mechanisms in this species requires the development of appropriate animal infection models. Various studies using mice, the definitive model, are inconsistent due to differences in mouse and fungal strains, immunosuppressive regimes, doses, and outcome metrics. At the same time, developing models of skin colonization present a route to new insights into an aspect of fungal pathogenesis that has not been well studied in other species. We also discuss the growing use of nonmammalian model systems, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, such as zebrafish, C. elegans, Drosophila, and Galleria mellonella, that have been productively employed in virulence studies with other fungal species. This review will discuss progress in developing appropriate animal models, outline current challenges, and highlight opportunities in demystifying this curious species.

Innate immune response to Candida auris

Candida auris, a newly emergent fungal species, has been spreading in health care systems and causing life-threatening infections. Intact innate immunity is essential for protection against many invasive fungal infections, including candidiasis. Here, we highlight recent studies exploring immune interactions with C. auris, including investigations using animal models and ex vivo immune cells. We summarize innate immune studies comparing C. auris and the common fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We also discuss how structures of the C. auris cell wall influence immune recognition, the role of soluble host factors in immune recognition, and areas of future study.

Yeast and filamentous Candida auris stimulate distinct immune responses in the skin

Candida auris, an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, predominately colonizes the human skin long term leading to subsequent life-threatening invasive infections. Fungal morphology is believed to play a critical role in modulating mucocutaneous antifungal immunity. In this study, we used an intradermal mouse model of C. auris infection to examine fungal colonization and the associated innate and adaptive immune response to yeast and filamentous C. auris strains. Our results indicate that mice infected with a filamentous C. auris had significantly decreased fungal load compared to mice infected with the yeast form. Mice infected with yeast and filamentous forms of C. auris stimulated distinct innate immune responses. Phagocytic cells (CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils, CD11b+Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes, and CD11b+MHCII+CD64+ macrophages) were differentially recruited to mouse skin tissue infected with yeast and filamentous C. auris. The percentage and absolute number of interleukin 17 (IL-17) producing innate lymphoid cells, TCRγδ+, and CD4+ T cells in the skin tissue of mice infected with filamentous C. auris were significantly increased compared to the wild-type of yeast strain. Furthermore, complementation of filamentous mutant strain of C. auris (Δelm1 + ELM1) strain exhibited wild-type yeast morphology in vivo and induced comparable level of skin immune responses similar to mice infected with yeast strain. Collectively, our findings indicate that yeast and filamentous C. auris induce distinct local immune responses in the skin. The decreased fungal load observed in mouse skin infected with filamentous C. auris is associated with a potent IL-17 immune response induced by this morphotype.IMPORTANCECandida auris is a globally emerging fungal pathogen that transmits among individuals in hospitals and nursing home residents. Unlike other Candida species, C. auris predominantly colonizes and persists in skin tissue resulting in outbreaks of systemic infections. Understanding the factors that regulate C. auris skin colonization and host immune response is critical to develop novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against this emerging pathogen. We identified that yeast and filamentous forms of C. auris induce distinct skin immune responses in the skin. These findings may help explain the differential colonization and persistence of C. auris morphotypes in skin tissue. Understanding the skin immune responses induced by yeast and filamentous C. auris is important to develop novel vaccine strategies to combat this emerging fungal pathogen.

Candida auris Outbreaks: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Candida auris has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a critical priority pathogen on its latest list of fungi. C. auris infections are reported in the bloodstream and less commonly in the cerebrospinal fluid and abdomen, with mortality rates that range between 30% and 72%. However, no large-scale epidemiology studies have been reported until now. The diagnosis of C. auris infections can be challenging, particularly when employing conventional techniques. This can impede the early detection of outbreaks and the implementation of appropriate control measures. The yeast can easily spread between patients and in healthcare settings through contaminated environments or equipment, where it can survive for extended periods. Therefore, it would be desirable to screen patients for C. auris colonisation. This would allow facilities to identify patients with the disease and take appropriate prevention and control measures. It is frequently unsusceptible to drugs, with varying patterns of resistance observed among clades and geographical regions. This review provides updates on C. auris, including epidemiology, clinical characteristics, genomic analysis, evolution, colonisation, infection, identification, resistance profiles, therapeutic options, prevention, and control.

Rapid evolution of an adaptive multicellular morphology of Candida auris during systemic infection

Candida auris has become a serious threat to public health. The mechanisms of how this fungal pathogen adapts to the mammalian host are poorly understood. Here we report the rapid evolution of an adaptive C. auris multicellular aggregative morphology in the murine host during systemic infection. C. auris aggregative cells accumulate in the brain and exhibit obvious advantages over the single-celled yeast-form cells during systemic infection. Genetic mutations, specifically de novo point mutations in genes associated with cell division or budding processes, underlie the rapid evolution of this aggregative phenotype. Most mutated C. auris genes are associated with the regulation of cell wall integrity, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal properties, and cellular polarization. Moreover, the multicellular aggregates are notably more recalcitrant to the host antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and PACAP relative to the single-celled yeast-form cells. Overall, to survive in the host, C. auris can rapidly evolve a multicellular aggregative morphology via genetic mutations.

Skin and hard surface disinfection against Candida auris - What we know today

Candida auris has emerged as a global healthcare threat, displaying resistance to important healthcare antifungal therapies. Infection prevention and control protocols have become paramount in reducing transmission of C. auris in healthcare, of which cleaning and disinfection plays an important role. Candida albicans is used as a surrogate yeast for yeasticidal claims of disinfection products, but reports have been made that sensitivity to disinfectants by C. auris differs from its surrogate. In this review, we aimed to compile the information reported for products used for skin and hard surface disinfection against C. auris in its planktonic or biofilm form. A comparison was made with other Candida species, and information were gathered from laboratory studies and observations made in healthcare settings.

Mechanisms of pathogenicity for the emerging fungus Candida auris

Candida auris recently emerged as an urgent public health threat, causing outbreaks of invasive infections in healthcare settings throughout the world. This fungal pathogen persists on the skin of patients and on abiotic surfaces despite antiseptic and decolonization attempts. The heightened capacity for skin colonization and environmental persistence promotes rapid nosocomial spread. Following skin colonization, C. auris can gain entrance to the bloodstream and deeper tissues, often through a wound or an inserted medical device, such as a catheter. C. auris possesses a variety of virulence traits, including the capacity for biofilm formation, production of adhesins and proteases, and evasion of innate immune responses. In this review, we highlight the interactions of C. auris with the host, emphasizing the intersection of laboratory studies and clinical observations.

Candida auris-macrophage cellular interactions and transcriptional response

The pathogenic yeast Candida auris represents a global threat of the utmost clinical relevance. This emerging fungal species is remarkable in its resistance to commonly used antifungal agents and its persistence in the nosocomial settings. The innate immune system is one the first lines of defense preventing the dissemination of pathogens in the host. C. auris is susceptible to circulating phagocytes, and understanding the molecular details of these interactions may suggest routes to improved therapies. In this work, we examined the interactions of this yeast with macrophages. We found that macrophages avidly phagocytose C. auris; however, intracellular replication is not inhibited, indicating that C. auris resists the killing mechanisms imposed by the phagocyte. Unlike Candida albicans, phagocytosis of C. auris does not induce macrophage lysis. The transcriptional response of C. auris to macrophage phagocytosis is very similar to other members of the CUG clade (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae), i.e., downregulation of transcription/translation and upregulation of alternative carbon metabolism pathways, transporters, and induction of oxidative stress response and proteolysis. Gene family expansions are common in this yeast, and we found that many of these genes are induced in response to macrophage co-incubation. Among these, amino acid and oligopeptide transporters, as well as lipases and proteases, are upregulated. Thus, C. auris shares key transcriptional signatures shared with other fungal pathogens and capitalizes on the expansion of gene families coding for potential virulence attributes that allow its survival, persistence, and evasion of the innate immune system.

Tools and techniques to identify, study, and control Candida auris

Candida auris, is an emerging fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. Unlike many other Candida species that colonize the intestine, C. auris most efficiently colonizes the skin. Such colonization contaminates the patient's environment and can result in rapid nosocomial transmission. In addition, this transmission can lead to outbreaks of systemic infections that have mortality rates between 40% and 60%. C. auris isolates resistant to all known classes of antifungals have been identified and as such, understanding the underlying biochemical mechanisms of how skin colonization initiates and progresses is critical to developing better therapeutic options. With this review, we briefly summarize what is known about horizontal transmission and current tools used to identify, understand, and control C. auris infections.

A Candidemia Case Caused by a Novel Drug-Resistant Candida auris with the Y132F Mutation in Erg11 in Mainland China

Background

Candida auris is a pathogen first found in external ear canal, becoming a major threat to global health. Here, we describe a candidemia case caused by a novel drug-resistant Candida auris strain.

Case Presentation

An 80-year-old patient, with multiple serious medical conditions, was suffered from candidemia caused by Candida auris, died 9 days after admission in our hospital. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this C. auris isolate (designated BJCA003) belongs to the South Asian clade, carries the Y132F mutation in the protein Erg11. And antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that BJCA003 is resistant to fluconazole and amphotericin B, not susceptible to caspofungin. In addition, this strain has multiple colony and cellular morphologies under different culture conditions.

Conclusion

Strain BJCA003 is a novel drug resistant C. auris strain in mainland China, the Y132F mutation in Erg11 may attribute to fluconazole-resistance, alarming that we still face more challenges about C. auris.

Clinical isolates of Candida auris with enhanced adherence and biofilm formation due to genomic amplification of ALS4

Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen and a new global threat to human health. A unique morphological feature of this fungus is its multicellular aggregating phenotype, which has been thought to be associated with defects in cell division. In this study, we report a new aggregating form of two clinical C. auris isolates with increased biofilm forming capacity due to enhanced adherence of adjacent cells and surfaces. Unlike the previously reported aggregating morphology, this new aggregating multicellular form of C. auris can become unicellular after treatment with proteinase K or trypsin. Genomic analysis demonstrated that amplification of the subtelomeric adhesin gene ALS4 is the reason behind the strain's enhanced adherence and biofilm forming capacities. Many clinical isolates of C. auris have variable copy numbers of ALS4, suggesting that this subtelomeric region exhibits instability. Global transcriptional profiling and quantitative real-time PCR assays indicated that genomic amplification of ALS4 results in a dramatic increase in overall levels of transcription. Compared to the previously characterized nonaggregative/yeast-form and aggregative-form strains of C. auris, this new Als4-mediated aggregative-form strain of C. auris displays several unique characteristics in terms of its biofilm formation, surface colonization, and virulence.

Host-pathogen interactions upon Candida auris infection: fungal behaviour and immune response in Galleria mellonella

Candida auris has globally emerged as a multidrug-resistant fungus linked to healthcare-associated outbreaks. There is still limited evidence on its virulence, pathogenicity determinants, and complex host-pathogen interactions. This study analyzes the in vivo fungal behaviour, immune response, and host-pathogen interactions upon C. auris infection compared to C. albicans and C. parapsilosis in G. mellonella. This was performed by immunolabelling fungal structures and larval plasmatocytes and using a quantitative approach incorporating bioinformatic morphometric techniques into the study of microbial pathogenesis. C. auris presents a remarkably higher immunogenic activity than expected at its moderate degree of tissue invasion. It induces a greater inflammatory response than C. albicans and C. parapsilosis at the expense of plasmatocyte nodule formation, especially in non-aggregative strains. It specifically invades the larval respiratory system, in a pattern not previously observed in other Candida species, and presents inter-phenotypic tissue tropism differences. C. auris filaments in vivo less frequently than C. albicans or C. parapsilosis mostly through pseudohyphal growth. Filamentation might not be a major pathogenic determinant in C. auris, as less virulent aggregative phenotypes form pseudohyphae to a greater extent. C. auris has important both interspecific and intraspecific virulence and phenotype heterogeneity, with aggregative phenotypes of C. auris sharing characteristics with low pathogenic species such as C. parapsilosis. Our work suggests that C. auris owns an important morphogenetic plasticity that distinguishes it from other yeasts of the genus. Routine phenotypic identification of aggregative or non-aggregative phenotypes should be performed in the clinical setting as it may impact patient management.

HYPHAEdelity: a quantitative image analysis tool for assessing peripheral whole colony filamentation

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as brewer's yeast, can undergo a reversible stress-responsive transition from individual ellipsoidal cells to chains of elongated cells in response to nitrogen- or carbon starvation. Whole colony morphology is frequently used to evaluate phenotypic switching response; however, quantifying two-dimensional top-down images requires each pixel to be characterized as belonging to the colony or background. While feasible for a small number of colonies, this labor-intensive assessment process is impracticable for larger datasets. The software tool HYPHAEdelity has been developed to semi-automate the assessment of two-dimensional whole colony images and quantify the magnitude of peripheral whole colony yeast filamentation using image analysis tools intrinsic to the OpenCV Python library. The software application functions by determining the total area of filamentous growth, referred to as the f-measure, by subtracting the area of the inner colony boundary from the outer-boundary area associated with hyphal projections. The HYPHAEdelity application was validated against automated and manually pixel-counted two-dimensional top-down images of S. cerevisiae colonies exhibiting varying degrees of filamentation. HYPHAEdelity's f-measure results were comparable to areas determined through a manual pixel enumeration method and found to be more accurate than other whole colony filamentation software solutions.

Raman Study of Pathogenic Candida auris: Imaging Metabolic Machineries in Reaction to Antifungal Drugs

The multidrug-resistant Candida auris often defies treatments and presently represents a worldwide public health threat. Currently, the ergosterol-targeting Amphotericin B (AmB) and the DNA/RNA-synthesis inhibitor 5-flucytosine (5-FC) are the two main drugs available for first-line defense against life-threatening Candida auris infections. However, important aspects of their mechanisms of action require further clarification, especially regarding metabolic reactions of yeast cells. Here, we applied Raman spectroscopy empowered with specifically tailored machine-learning algorithms to monitor and to image in situ the susceptibility of two Candida auris clades to different antifungal drugs (LSEM 0643 or JCM15448T, belonging to the East Asian Clade II; and, LSEM 3673 belonging to the South African Clade III). Raman characterizations provided new details on the mechanisms of action against Candida auris Clades II and III, while also unfolding differences in their metabolic reactions to different drugs. AmB treatment induced biofilm formation in both clades, but the formed biofilms showed different structures: a dense and continuous biofilm structure in Clade II, and an extra-cellular matrix with a “fluffy” and discontinuous structure in Clade III. Treatment with 5-FC caused no biofilm formation but yeast-to-hyphal or pseudo-hyphal morphogenesis in both clades. Clade III showed a superior capacity in reducing membrane permeability to the drug through chemically tailoring chitin structure with a high degree of acetylation and fatty acids networks with significantly elongated chains. This study shows the suitability of the in situ Raman method in characterizing susceptibility and stress response of different C. auris clades to antifungal drugs, thus opening a path to identifying novel clinical solutions counteracting the spread of these alarming pathogens.

Forward and reverse genetic dissection of morphogenesis identifies filament-competent Candida auris strains

Candida auris is an emerging healthcare-associated pathogen of global concern. Recent reports have identified C. auris isolates that grow in cellular aggregates or filaments, often without a clear genetic explanation. To investigate the regulation of C. auris morphogenesis, we applied an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system to all four C. auris clades. We identified aggregating mutants associated with disruption of chitin regulation, while disruption of ELM1 produced a polarized, filamentous growth morphology. We developed a transiently expressed Cas9 and sgRNA system for C. auris that significantly increased targeted transformation efficiency across the four C. auris clades. Using this system, we confirmed the roles of C. auris morphogenesis regulators. Morphogenic mutants showed dysregulated chitinase expression, attenuated virulence, and altered antifungal susceptibility. Our findings provide insights into the genetic regulation of aggregating and filamentous morphogenesis in C. auris. Furthermore, the genetic tools described here will allow for efficient manipulation of the C. auris genome.

Some isolates of the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris can form cellular aggregates or filaments. Here, Santana and O’Meara use Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and a CRISPR-Cas9 system to identify several genes that regulate C. auris morphogenesis.

What Do We Know about Candida auris? State of the Art, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions

Candida auris has unprecedently emerged as a multidrug resistant fungal pathogen, considered a serious global threat due to its potential to cause nosocomial outbreaks and deep-seated infections with staggering transmissibility and mortality, that has put health authorities and institutions worldwide in check for more than a decade now. Due to its unique features not observed in other yeasts, it has been categorised as an urgent threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other international agencies. Moreover, epidemiological alerts have been released in view of the increase of healthcare-associated C. auris outbreaks in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarises the current evidence on C. auris since its first description, from virulence to treatment and outbreak control, and highlights the knowledge gaps and future directions for research efforts.

Antifungal Activity of the Phenolic Compounds Ellagic Acid (EA) and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) against Drug-Resistant Candida auris

Candida auris is an emerging healthcare-associated fungal pathogen that has become a serious global health threat. Current treatment options are limited due to drug resistance. New therapeutic strategies are required to target this organism and its pathogenicity. Plant polyphenols are structurally diverse compounds that present a vast range of biological properties. In the present study, plant-derived molecules ellagic acid (EA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were investigated for their antifungal and antivirulence activities against Candida auris. We also tested against C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for EA ranged from 0.125 to 0.25 µg/mL and for CAPE ranged from 1 to 64 µg/mL against drug-resistant C. auris strains. Killing kinetics determined that after 4 h treatment with CAPE, there was a complete reduction of viable C. auris cells compared to fluconazole. Both compounds might act by modifying the fungal cell wall. CAPE significantly reduced the biomass and the metabolic activity of C. auris biofilm and impaired C. auris adhesion to cultured human epithelial cells. Furthermore, both compounds prolonged the survival rate of Galleria mellonella infected by C. auris (p = 0.0088 for EA at 32 mg/kg and p = 0.0028 for CAPE at 4 mg/kg). In addition, EA at 4 μg/mL prolonged the survival of C. albicans-infected Caenorhabditis elegans (p < 0.0001). CAPE was not able to prolong the survival of C. albicans-infected C. elegans. These findings highlight the antifungal and antivirulence effects of EA and CAPE against C. auris, and warrant further investigation as novel antifungal agents against drug-resistant infections.

Characterization of the Differential Pathogenicity of Candida auris in a Galleria mellonella Infection Model

Candida auris is an emergent multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen considered a severe global threat due to its capacity to cause nosocomial outbreaks and deep-seated infections with high transmissibility and mortality. However, evidence on its pathogenicity and the complex host-pathogen interactions is still limited. This study used the in vivo invertebrate model in Galleria mellonella to assess its virulence, exploring the mortality kinetics, melanization response, and morphological changes after fungal infection compared to Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, with known high and low pathogenicity, respectively. All C. auris isolates presented less virulence than C. albicans strains but higher than that induced by C. parapsilosis isolates. Increased pathogenicity was observed in nonaggregative phenotypes of C. auris, while the melanization response of the larvae to fungal infection was homogeneous and independent of the causing species. C. auris was able to filament in the in vivo animal model G. mellonella, with aggregative and nonaggregative phenotypes presenting various pseudohyphal formation degrees as pathogenicity determinants in a strain-dependent manner. Histological invasiveness of C. auris mimicked that observed for C. albicans, with effective dissemination since the early stages of infection both in yeast and filamented forms, except for a remarkable respiratory tropism not previously observed in other yeasts. These characteristics widely differ between strains and advocate the hypothesis that the morphogenetic variability of C. auris is an indicator of its flexibility and adaptability, contributing to its emergence and rising worldwide prevalence.

IMPORTANCECandida auris is an emergent fungus that has become a global threat due to its multidrug resistance, mortality, and transmissibility. These unique features make it different from other Candida species, but we still do not fully know the degree of virulence and, especially, the host-pathogen interactions. In this in vivo insect model, we found that it presents an intermediate degree of virulence compared to known high- and low-virulence Candida species but with significant variability between aggregative and nonaggregative strains. Although it was previously considered unable to filament, we documented in vivo filamentation as an important pathogenic determinant. We also found that it is able to disseminate early through the host, invading both the circulatory system and many different tissues with a remarkable respiratory tropism not previously described for other yeasts. Our study provides new insights into the pathogenicity of an emergent fungal pathogen and its interaction with the host and supports the hypothesis that its morphogenetic variability contributes to its rising global prevalence.

Candida auris: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Infection Control Measures to Combat the Spread of Infections in Healthcare Facilities

Candida auris, a recently recognized, often multidrug-resistant yeast, has become a significant fungal pathogen due to its ability to cause invasive infections and outbreaks in healthcare facilities which have been difficult to control and treat. The extraordinary abilities of C. auris to easily contaminate the environment around colonized patients and persist for long periods have recently resulted in major outbreaks in many countries. C. auris resists elimination by robust cleaning and other decontamination procedures, likely due to the formation of 'dry' biofilms. Susceptible hospitalized patients, particularly those with multiple comorbidities in intensive care settings, acquire C. auris rather easily from close contact with C. auris-infected patients, their environment, or the equipment used on colonized patients, often with fatal consequences. This review highlights the lessons learned from recent studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, susceptibility, and molecular basis of resistance to antifungal drugs and infection control measures to combat the spread of C. auris infections in healthcare facilities. Particular emphasis is given to interventions aiming to prevent new infections in healthcare facilities, including the screening of susceptible patients for colonization; the cleaning and decontamination of the environment, equipment, and colonized patients; and successful approaches to identify and treat infected patients, particularly during outbreaks.