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Grisolia JC, Rosalen PL, Santos LA, Ikegaki M, Malaquias LCC, Burger E. Itraconazole and neutrophil interactions in the immune-inflammatory response of paracoccidioidomycosis using a murine air pouch infection model. Life Sci 2023; 315:121371. [PMID: 36621540 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), is a severe mycosis, prevalent in tropical countries. The presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in lesions is conspicuous, indicating their central role in innate immunity through the direct killing of Pb and the production of cytokines that activate acquired immunity in the presence of itraconazole (Itra). The toxicity and direct antifungal activity of Itra on Pb in splenocyte co-cultures were evaluated in vitro. Itra showed no toxic effect but marked antifungal activity against Pb. Purified PMN were obtained by the subcutaneous (SC) injection of Pb into mice. Results showed the effect of Itra on the size of the air pouch produced, the cellular population that migrated to the infection site, protein, and mitochondrial metabolism patterns, production of ROS an NO, and the number of cytokines synthesized. Lower doses (3 and 10 mg/kg) of Itra did not affect the cellular profile but led to a lower influx of viable more active PMN, and increased production of ROS and proteins. At a dose of 50 mg/kg the PMN profile remained unchanged along with all other parameters analyzed remained unaltered. Decreases in most cytokine levels were inversely proportional to the Itra concentration. Lower Itra concentrations may elicit activation of the immune response because the combined effects of therapy and immune response are needed, while the higher dose does not require it. Itra also promotes the activation of the cytokines which elicit PMN activation and consequently the resolution of Pb18 infection in the air pouch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Masaharu Ikegaki
- Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Eva Burger
- Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Borgia F, Custurone P, Li Pomi F, Vaccaro M, Alessandrello C, Gangemi S. IL-33 and IL-37: A Possible Axis in Skin and Allergic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010372. [PMID: 36613827 PMCID: PMC9820694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-37 and IL-33 are among the latest cytokines identified, playing a role in several inflammatory conditions, spanning from systemic conditions to tumors to localized diseases. As newly discovered interleukins, their role is still scarcely understood, but their potential role as therapeutic targets or disease activity markers suggests the need to reorganize the current data for a better interpretation. The aim of this review is to collect and organize data produced by several studies to create a complete picture. The research was conducted on the PubMed database, and the resulting articles were sorted by title, abstract, English language, and content. Several studies have been assessed, mostly related to atopic dermatitis and immunologic pathways. Collective data demonstrates a pro-inflammatory role of IL-33 and an anti-inflammatory one for IL-37, possibly related to each other in an IL-33/IL-37 axis. Although further studies are needed to assess the safety and plausibility of targeting these two interleukins for patients affected by skin conditions, the early results indicate that both IL-33 and IL-37 represent markers of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Custurone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Li Pomi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Clara Alessandrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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3
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Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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The Impact of NLRP3 Activation on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111845. [PMID: 34769275 PMCID: PMC8584591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is an intracellular protein that after recognizing a broad spectrum of stressors, such as microbial motifs and endogenous danger signals, promotes the activation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, thus playing an essential role in the innate immune response. Several blood cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), express NLRP3, where it has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. For example, NLRP3 participates in the development and expansion of HSPCs, and their release from bone marrow into the peripheral blood has been implicated in certain hematological disorders including various types of leukemia. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that activation of NLRP3 plays a pivotal role in the development of transplant complications in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) including graft versus host disease, severe infections, and transplant-related mortality. The majority of these complications are triggered by the severe tissue damage derived from the conditioning regimens utilized in HSCT which, in turn, activates NLRP3 and, ultimately, promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Here, we summarize the implications of NLRP3 in HSCT with an emphasis on the involvement of this inflammasome component in transplant complications.
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Griffiths JS, Camilli G, Kotowicz NK, Ho J, Richardson JP, Naglik JR. Role for IL-1 Family Cytokines in Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633047. [PMID: 33643264 PMCID: PMC7902786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens kill approximately 1.5 million individuals per year and represent a severe disease burden worldwide. It is estimated over 150 million people have serious fungal disease such as recurrent mucosal infections or life-threatening systemic infections. Disease can ensue from commensal fungi or new infection and involves different fungal morphologies and the expression of virulence factors. Therefore, anti-fungal immunity is complex and requires coordination between multiple facets of the immune system. IL-1 family cytokines are associated with acute and chronic inflammation and are essential for the innate response to infection. Recent research indicates IL-1 cytokines play a key role mediating immunity against different fungal infections. During mucosal disease, IL-1R and IL-36R are required for neutrophil recruitment and protective Th17 responses, but function through different mechanisms. During systemic disease, IL-18 drives protective Th1 responses, while IL-33 promotes Th2 and suppresses Th1 immunity. The IL-1 family represents an attractive anti-fungal immunotherapy target. There is a need for novel anti-fungal therapeutics, as current therapies are ineffective, toxic and encounter resistance, and no anti-fungal vaccine exists. Furthering our understanding of the IL-1 family cytokines and their complex role during fungal infection may aid the development of novel therapies. As such, this review will discuss the role for IL-1 family cytokines in fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Griffiths
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Camilli
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia K Kotowicz
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima Ho
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Burger E. Paracoccidioidomycosis Protective Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020137. [PMID: 33668671 PMCID: PMC7918802 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against Paracoccidioides consists of a stepwise activation of numerous effector mechanisms that comprise many cellular and soluble components. At the initial phase of non-specific innate immunity, resistance against Paracoccidioides comes from phagocytic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes, supplemented by soluble factors such as cytokines and complement system components. Invariant receptors (Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Dectins) which are present in cells of the immune system, detect patterns present in Paracoccidioides (but not in the host) informing the hosts cells that there is an infection in progress, and that the acquired immunity must be activated. The role of components involved in the innate immunity of paracoccidioidomycosis is herein presented. Humoral immunity, represented by specific antibodies which control the fungi in the blood and body fluids, and its role in paracoccidioidomycosis (which was previously considered controversial) is also discussed. The protective mechanisms (involving various components) of cellular immunity are also discussed, covering topics such as: lysis by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the participation of lytic products, and the role of cytokines secreted by T helper lymphocytes in increasing the efficiency of Paracoccidioides, lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
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7
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Unraveling the susceptibility of paracoccidioidomycosis: Insights towards the pathogen-immune interplay and immunogenetics. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104586. [PMID: 33039601 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. This disease comprises three clinical forms: symptomatic acute and chronic forms (PCM disease) and PCM infection, a latent form without clinical symptoms. PCM disease differs markedly according to severity, clinical manifestations, and host immune response. Fungal virulence factors and adhesion molecules are determinants for entry, latency, immune escape and invasion, and dissemination in the host. Neutrophils and macrophages play a paramount role in first-line defense against the fungus through the recognition of antigens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating their microbicidal machinery. Furthermore, the clinical outcome of the PCM is strongly associated with the variability of cytokines and immunoglobulins produced by T and B cells. While the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility or resistance to infection are dictated by the immune system, some genetic factors may alter gene expression and its final products and, hence, modulate how the organism responds to infection and injury. This review outlines the main findings relative to this topic, addressing the complexity of the immune response triggered by Paracoccidioides spp. infection from preclinical investigations to studies in humans. Here, we focus on mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, the patterns of innate and adaptive immunity, and the genetic and molecular basis related to immune response and susceptibility to the development of the PCM and its clinical forms. Immunogenetic features such as HLA system, cytokines/cytokines receptors genes and other immune-related genes, and miRNAs are likewise discussed. Finally, we point out the occurrence of PCM in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and call attention to the research gaps and challenges faced by the PCM field.
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Sato PK, Busser FD, Carvalho FMDC, Gomes Dos Santos A, Sadahiro A, Diogo CL, Kono ASG, Moretti ML, Luiz ODC, Shikanai-Yasuda MA. Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the IL18 Gene and the Association With Severity on Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:542210. [PMID: 33117339 PMCID: PMC7559583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.542210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an important endemic, systemic disease in Latin America caused by Paracoccidioides spp. This mycosis has been associated with high morbidity and sequels, and its clinical manifestations depend on the virulence of the infecting strain, the degree and type of immune response, infected tissues, and intrinsic characteristics of the host. The T helper(Th)1 and Th17/Th22 cells are related to resistance and control of infection, and a Th2/Th9 response is associated with disease susceptibility. In this study, we focused on interleukin(IL)-12p35 (IL12A), IL-18 (IL18), and IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1) genetic polymorphisms because their respective roles have been described in human PCM. Real-time PCR was employed to analyze IL12A-504 G/T (rs2243115), IL18-607 C/A (rs1946518), and IFNGR1-611 A/G (rs1327474) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). One hundred forty-nine patients with the acute form (AF), multifocal chronic (MC), or unifocal chronic (UC) forms of PCM and 110 non-PCM individuals as a control group were included. In the unconditional logistic regression analysis adjusted by ethnicity and sex, we observed a high risk of the IL18-607 A-allele for both AF [p = 0.015; OR = 3.10 (95% CI: 1.24–7.77)] and MC groups [p = 0.023; OR = 2.61 (95% CI: 1.14–5.96)] when compared with UC. The IL18-607 A-allele associated risk for the AF and MC groups as well as the protective role of the C-allele in UC are possibly linked to higher levels of IL-18 at different periods of the course of the disease. Therefore, a novel role of IL18-607 C/A SNP is shown in the present study, highlighting its importance in the outcome of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Keiko Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Delatorre Busser
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Mendes da Cunha Carvalho
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Gomes Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aya Sadahiro
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Constancia Lima Diogo
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luiza Moretti
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Hospital das Clínicas, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Olinda do Carmo Luiz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Shikanai-Yasuda
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vecchié A, Bonaventura A, Toldo S, Dagna L, Dinarello CA, Abbate A. IL-18 and infections: Is there a role for targeted therapies? J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1638-1657. [PMID: 32794180 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family, first identified for its interferon-γ-inducing properties. IL-18 regulates both T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 responses. It acts synergistically with IL-12 in the Th1 paradigm, whereas with IL-2 and without IL-12 it can induce Th2 cytokine production from cluster of differentation (CD)4+ T cells, natural killer (NK cells, NKT cells, as well as from Th1 cells. IL-18 also plays a role in the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a life-threatening condition characterized by a cytokine storm that can be secondary to infections. IL-18-mediated inflammation was largely studied in animal models of bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections. These studies highlight the contribution of either IL-18 overproduction by the host or overresponsiveness of the host to IL-18 causing an exaggerated inflammatory burden and leading to tissue injury. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The damage in the later phase of the disease appears to be driven by a cytokine storm, including interleukin IL-1 family members and secondary cytokines like IL-6. IL-18 may participate in this hyperinflammation, as it was previously found to be able to cause injury in the lung tissue of infected animals. IL-18 blockade has become an appealing therapeutic target and has been tested in some IL-18-mediated rheumatic diseases and infantile-onset macrophage activation syndrome. Given its role in regulating the immune response to infections, IL-18 blockade might represent a therapeutic option for COVID-19, although further studies are warranted to investigate more in detail the exact role of IL-18 in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vecchié
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Aldo Bonaventura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Bonifaz A, Estrada-Caraveo Y, Tirado-Sánchez A. Epidemiology of Endemic Mycosis in Children. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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de Castro LF, Longhi LNA, Paião MR, Justo-Júnior ADS, de Jesus MB, Blotta MHDSL, Mamoni RL. NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the recognition of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by human dendritic cells and in the induction of Th17 cells. J Infect 2018; 77:137-144. [PMID: 29746940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the involvement of NLRP3 in the effector functions of human dendritic cells (DCs) in response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells (Pb) and to evaluate its role in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. METHODS DCs were differentiated from purified peripheral blood monocytes and analyzed in relation to the participation of TLR-2, dectin-1, and Syk in Pb recognition, as well as, the indirect mechanisms (Reactive Oxygen Species production, endosome acidification, or K+ efflux) involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation after the stimulus with Pb. Additionally, we analyzed the role of NLRP3 in the activation of T cells. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cytokines production by DCs are dependent on ROS generation, endosome acidification, and K+ efflux and involve the Pb recognition by dectin-1 and Syk phosphorylation. Our data also demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome is essential for the activation/expansion of Th1/Th17 cells and its inhibition leads to an increased frequency of Th2 and Treg cells. CONCLUSION Altogether our data indicated that activation of NLRP3 presents an important role in both the induction of the initial inflammatory response and in the development of the acquired immune response associated with resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Furquim de Castro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Nara Alegrini Longhi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Munir Regini Paião
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Amauri da Silva Justo-Júnior
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ronei Luciano Mamoni
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí (FMJ), Jundiaí, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Ruas LP, Genaro LM, Justo-Junior AS, Coser LO, de Castro LF, Trabasso P, Mamoni RL, Roque-Barreira MC, Blotta MHSL. Effect of ArtinM on Human Blood Cells During Infection With Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 29780375 PMCID: PMC5945982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by fungi are prominent in our environment and can be potentially fatal. paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus, is the most frequent systemic mycosis in Brazil and the main cause of death among immunocompetent individuals. The antifungal therapy for PCM is usually effective but side effects and relapses are often reported. The latter could be avoided with alternative or complementary therapies aimed at boosting the immune response to combat this pathogen. Recent reports have pointed at the importance of an effective cellular immune response, with the participation of Th1 cells, in the resistance to and control of Paracoccidioides infection. The ArtinM lectin, extracted from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds, exhibits immunomodulatory activity against several intracellular pathogens, including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, by promoting the development of a Th1 immune response. The aim of this work was to characterize the effect of ArtinM on peripheral blood cells of patients with PCM and on those of control individuals infected with fungal yeasts cells in vitro. Our results demonstrate that ArtinM activates human neutrophils in vitro, leading to an increase in cytokine production and CD54 expression. ArtinM activated P. brasiliensis-infected neutrophils from both healthy individuals and patients with PCM. This activation was not dependent on the dectin-1 receptor, because pre-incubation with laminarin, a dectin-1 receptor blocker, did not reverse the activated state of the cells. ArtinM also stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to secrete pro-inflammatory Th1-related cytokines, which are protective against Paracoccidioides infection. These data support the immunostimulatory action of ArtinM and encourage new studies using the lectin for the immunotherapy of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Ruas
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Livia M Genaro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Amauri S Justo-Junior
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lilian O Coser
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lívia F de Castro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Plinio Trabasso
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ronei L Mamoni
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria-Heloisa S L Blotta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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