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Hatziagapiou K, Bethanis K, Koniari E, Christoforides E, Nikola O, Andreou A, Mantzou A, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Lambrou GI. Biophysical Studies and In Vitro Effects of Tumor Cell Lines of Cannabidiol and Its Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040706. [PMID: 35456540 PMCID: PMC9027293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids possess anticancer properties, as established in vitro and in vivo. However, they are characterized by high lipophilicity. To improve the properties of cannabidiol (CBD), such as solubility, stability, and bioavailability, CBD inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins (CDs) might be employed, offering targeted, faster, and prolonged CBD release. The aim of the present study is to investigate the in vitro effects of CBD and its inclusion complexes in randomly methylated β-CD (RM-β-CD) and 2-hyroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD). The enhanced solubility of CBD upon complexation with CDs was examined by phase solubility study, and the structure of the inclusion complexes of CBD in 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-CD (DM-β-CD) and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-CD (TM-β-CD) was determined by X-ray crystallography. The structural investigation was complemented by molecular dynamics simulations. The cytotoxicity of CBD and its complexes with RM-β-CD and HP-β-CD was tested on two cell lines, the A172 glioblastoma and TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Methylated β-CDs exhibited the best inclusion ability for CBD. A dose-dependent effect of CBD on both cancer cell lines and improved efficacy of the CBD–CDs complexes were verified. Thus, cannabinoids may be considered in future clinical trials beyond their palliative use as possible inhibitors of cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Hatziagapiou
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.H.); (O.N.); (A.M.); (C.K.-G.)
- Division of Endocrinology, First Department of Pediatrics, Metabolism, and Diabetes, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health and Care Sciences, State University of West Attica, Agiou Spiridonos 28, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Bethanis
- Physics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Eleni Koniari
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (G.P.C.)
| | - Elias Christoforides
- Physics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Olti Nikola
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.H.); (O.N.); (A.M.); (C.K.-G.)
| | - Athena Andreou
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.H.); (O.N.); (A.M.); (C.K.-G.)
- Division of Endocrinology, First Department of Pediatrics, Metabolism, and Diabetes, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (G.P.C.)
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.H.); (O.N.); (A.M.); (C.K.-G.)
- Division of Endocrinology, First Department of Pediatrics, Metabolism, and Diabetes, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George I. Lambrou
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.H.); (O.N.); (A.M.); (C.K.-G.)
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (G.I.L.)
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Marbouti L, Zahmatkesh M, Riahi E, Shafiee Sabet M. GnRH protective effects against amyloid β-induced cognitive decline: A potential role of the 17β-estradiol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110985. [PMID: 32805333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 17β-estradiol (E2) enhances hippocampal dendritic spine synapses, facilitates learning processes, and exerts neuroprotection. Brain estrogen decline has been reported in Alzheimer's disease. The role of GnRH in modulating steroid biosynthesis convinced us to examine whether hippocampal GnRH administration could enhance the local E2 levels and overcome the development of cognition decline in amyloid β (Aβ) neurotoxicity. To explore if GnRH acts through regulating E2 synthesis, letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, has been applied in combination with GnRH. METHODS Female rats received an intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ. The GnRH and, or letrozole were injected into the CA1 for 14 consecutive days. Working memory, novel object recognition memory, and anxiety-like behavior were evaluated. Serum and hippocampal E2 levels were measured. Hippocampal mRNA expression of GnRH (GnRH-R) and E2 (ERα and ERβ) receptors was assessed. GnRH effect on the excitability of pyramidal cells was studied by in vivo single-unit recording. RESULTS GnRH increased hippocampal E2 levels, evoked an increase in the spontaneous firing of pyramidal neurons, and caused mRNA overexpression of hippocampal GnRH receptors. GnRH prevented the adverse effects of Aβ on working memory, NOR index, and anxiogenic behavior. Letrozole did not reverse GnRH modulatory effects on hippocampal E2 levels and neuroprotection. CONCLUSION GnRH prevented the Aβ-induced memory deficit, which may be mediated through hippocampal E2 levels enhancement. The electrophysiological analysis revealed the enhanced neuronal excitability in the CA1 region. All these data suggest that GnRH might be a promising candidate that reduces anxiety and improves memory indices in the context of Aβ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Marbouti
- Neuroscience and Addiction Studies Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zahmatkesh
- Neuroscience and Addiction Studies Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Esmail Riahi
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shafiee Sabet
- Family Medicine Department, Ziaeian Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hatziagapiou K, Kakouri E, Lambrou GI, Koniari E, Kanakis C, Nikola OA, Theodorakidou M, Bethanis K, Tarantilis PA. Crocins: The Active Constituents of Crocus Sativus L. Stigmas, Exert Significant Cytotoxicity on Tumor Cells In Vitro. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666181029120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background::Tumors of the childhood are considered to be grave and devastating pathologies, with high mortality rates. Current therapeutic options like cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy target both healthy and malignant cells, thus resulting in long-term neurological and intellectual sequelae and endocrinological disorders.Objectives::In this study, we focused on the anticancer potency of crocins, the main constituents of Crocus sativus L, stigmas. Crocins were first extracted using organic solvents from the dried stigmas and then were identified using the HPLC analysis.Materials and Methods::TE-671 cells were treated with the extract of crocins using a range of concentrations between 0.25-mg/ mL and 16 mg/mL. Viability of the cells was measured at 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h. In addition, we have examined the expression levels of the p53 gene using Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR.Results::Results showed that crocins exerted significant cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects in a concentration and time - dependent-manner on TE-671 cells. Furthermore, p53 manifested similar expression pattern as the anti-proliferative effect of crocin.Conclusion::Our data demonstrate that crocins could be a novel promising agent for the improvement of tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Hatziagapiou
- Haematology and Oncology Unit, Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kakouri
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, School of Food Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George I. Lambrou
- Haematology and Oncology Unit, Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Koniari
- Haematology and Oncology Unit, Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalabos Kanakis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, School of Food Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olti A. Nikola
- Haematology and Oncology Unit, Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Theodorakidou
- Haematology and Oncology Unit, Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Bethanis
- Laboratory of Physics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros A. Tarantilis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, School of Food Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Metallinou C, Asimakopoulos B, Schröer A, Nikolettos N. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Ovary. Reprod Sci 2016; 14:737-49. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719107310707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Metallinou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Greece
| | - Byron Asimakopoulos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Greece
| | - Andreas Schröer
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University Klinik of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nikos Nikolettos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Greece
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McDonald EA, Smith JE, Cederberg RA, White BR. Divergent activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene promoter among genetic lines of pigs is partially conferred by nuclear factor (NF)-B, specificity protein (SP)1-like and GATA-4 binding sites. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:36. [PMID: 27356969 PMCID: PMC4928339 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to its receptor (GnRHR) on gonadotropes within the anterior pituitary gland is essential to reproduction. In pigs, the GnRHR gene is also located near a genetic marker for ovulation rate, a primary determinant of prolificacy. We hypothesized that pituitary expression of the GnRHR gene is alternatively regulated in genetic strains with elevated ovulation rates (Chinese Meishan and Nebraska Index) vs. standard white crossbred swine (Control). METHODS Luciferase reporter vectors containing 5118 bp of GnRHR gene promoter from either the Control, Index or Meishan swine lines were generated. Transient transfection of line-specific, full length, deletion and mutation constructs into gonadotrope-derived αT3-1 cells were performed to compare promoter activity and identify regions necessary for divergent regulation of the porcine GnRHR gene. Additionally, transcription factors that bind the GnRHR promoter from each line were identified with electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). RESULTS Dramatic differences in luciferase activity among Control, Index and Meishan promoters (19-, 27- and 49-fold over promoterless control, respectively; P < 0.05) were established. A single bp substitution (-1690) within a previously identified upstream enhancer (-1779/-1667) bound GATA-4 in the Meishan promoter and the p52/p65 subunits of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in the homologous Control/Index promoters. Transient transfection of vectors containing block replacement mutations of either the GATA-4 or NF-κB binding sites within the context of their native promoters resulted in a 50 and 60 % reduction of luciferase activity, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, two single-bp substitutions in the Meishan compared to Control/Index promoters resulted in binding of the p52 and p65 subunits of NF-κB and a specificity protein 1 (SP1)-like factor (-1235) as well as GATA-4 (-845). Vectors containing the full-length Meishan promoter harboring individual mutations spanning these regions reduced luciferase activity by 25 and 20 %, respectively, compared to native sequence (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elevated activity of the Meishan GnRHR gene promoter over Control/Index promoters in αT3-1 cells is partially due to three single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in the unique binding of GATA-4 (-1690), the p52/p65 subunits of NF-kB in combination with a SP1-like factor (-1235), and GATA-4 (-845).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. McDonald
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
- Present address: Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Smith
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
- Present address: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Rebecca A. Cederberg
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Brett R. White
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
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Nakamura Y, Hattangady NG, Ye P, Satoh F, Morimoto R, Ito-Saito T, Sugawara A, Ohba K, Takahashi K, Rainey WE, Sasano H. Aberrant gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) expression and its regulation of CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone production in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:102-8. [PMID: 24472523 PMCID: PMC4242414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) has been reported in human adrenal tissues including aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). However, the details of its expression and functional role in adrenals are still not clear. In this study, quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed the mean level of GnRHR mRNA was significantly higher in APAs than in human normal adrenal (NA) (P=0.004). GnRHR protein expression was detected in human NA and neoplastic adrenal tissues. In H295R cells transfected with GnRHR, treatment with GnRH resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in CYP11B2 reporter activity. Chronic activation of GnRHR with GnRH (100nM), in a cell line with doxycycline-inducible GnRHR (H295R-TR/GnRHR), increased CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone production. These agonistic effects were inhibited by blockers for the calcium signaling pathway, KN93 and calmidazolium. These results suggest GnRH, through heterotopic expression of its receptor, may be a potential regulator of CYP11B2 expression levels in some cases of APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Namita G Hattangady
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ping Ye
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takako Ito-Saito
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koji Ohba
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Su S, Fang F, Liu Y, Li Y, Ren C, Zhang Y, Zhang X. The compensatory expression of reproductive hormone receptors in the thymus of the male rat following active immunization against GnRH. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 185:57-66. [PMID: 23395683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether hormone-receptor signaling pathways in the thymus are altered by active immunization against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone I (GnRH), 3-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats received GnRH-tandem-OVA peptides (200 μg/ml), and the effects were compared to a control group. Serum testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations were markedly reduced, with severe testicular atrophy, compared to controls, demonstrating effective blockade of the pituitary-gonadal axis. The reduction in LH and FSH concentrations in the thymus of immunized animals was lower than that observed in the serum, where a significant difference (P<0.001) in concentration was observed between both groups. Concentrations of GnRH were increased in the thymus of immunized rats. In thymic tissue, GnRHR, FSHR and LHR demonstrated stronger immunostaining, and AR weaker staining, in the immunized group compared to controls. Reproductive hormone receptor mRNA expression was consistent with protein variations in the immunized thymus. Compared to controls, GnRHR gene levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), however, AR mRNA expression were greatly decreased with immune week-age (P<0.05). Both FSHR and LHR mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the treated group than in controls in the first three samples (P<0.05). When GnRHR was blocked by an antagonist in thymocytes, all reproductive hormone receptor gene expressions were significantly increased (P<0.001). In summary, these findings suggest that active immunization against GnRH can up-regulate GnRH receptor and gonadotropin receptor signaling, by stimulating thymic autocrine and paracrine function, whereas the androgen receptor is down-regulated due to a lack of testosterone secretion in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 of Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
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Carlsson E, Krohn K, Ovaska K, Lindberg P, Häyry V, Maliniemi P, Lintulahti A, Korja M, Kivisaari R, Hussein S, Sarna S, Niiranen K, Hautaniemi S, Haapasalo H, Ranki A. Neuron navigator 3 alterations in nervous system tumors associate with tumor malignancy grade and prognosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 52:191-201. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Carlsson
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Kai Krohn
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere FI‐33521, Finland
- CliniXion Oy, Tampere FI‐33520, Finland
| | - Kristian Ovaska
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine and Genome‐Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Valtteri Häyry
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI‐00014, Finland
| | - Pilvi Maliniemi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Anu Lintulahti
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Miikka Korja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI‐00029, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku FI‐20520, Finland
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Samer Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI‐00014, Finland
| | - Seppo Sarna
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI‐00014, Finland
| | - Kirsi Niiranen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine and Genome‐Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Haapasalo
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere FI‐33521, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
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Schang AL, Quérat B, Simon V, Garrel G, Bleux C, Counis R, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Laverrière JN. Mechanisms underlying the tissue-specific and regulated activity of the Gnrhr promoter in mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:162. [PMID: 23248618 PMCID: PMC3521148 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The GnRH receptor (GnRHR) plays a central role in the development and maintenance of reproductive function in mammals. Following stimulation by GnRH originating from the hypothalamus, GnRHR triggers multiple signaling events that ultimately stimulate the synthesis and the periodic release of the gonadotropins, luteinizing-stimulating hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) which, in turn, regulate gonadal functions including steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. The concentration of GnRHR at the cell surface is essential for the amplitude and the specificity of gonadotrope responsiveness. The number of GnRHR is submitted to strong regulatory control during pituitary development, estrous cycle, pregnancy, lactation, or after gonadectomy. These modulations take place, at least in part, at the transcriptional level. To analyze this facet of the reproductive function, the 5' regulatory sequences of the gene encoding the GnRHR have been isolated and characterized through in vitro and in vivo approaches. This review summarizes results obtained with the mouse, rat, human, and ovine promoters either by transient transfection assays or by means of transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Noël Laverrière
- *Correspondence: Jean-Noël Laverrière, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC CNRS 4413, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7007, 4 rue MA Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. e-mail:
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Quintanar JL, Salinas E, Quintanar-Stephano A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:43-8. [PMID: 21056467 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the spinal cord possesses Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor and that GnRH has neurotrophic properties. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) causes neurodegeneration in spinal cord. Thus, the present study was designed to determine whether administration of GnRH reduces the severity of EAE. The clinical signs of locomotion, axonal morphometry and neurofilaments (NFs) expression were evaluated. Clinical signs remained significantly lower in EAE rats with GnRH administration compared to animals without treatment. Morphometric analysis, there were more axons of larger areas in the spinal cord of EAE+GnRH group compared to EAE animals. Western blot analysis demonstrated that GnRH administration significantly increased the expression of NFs of 68, 160 and 200kDa in the spinal cord of EAE animals. Our results indicate that GnRH administration reduces the severity of EAE in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, México.
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Bouligand J, Ghervan C, Trabado S, Brailly-Tabard S, Guiochon-Mantel A, Young J. Genetics defects in GNRH1: A paradigm of hypothalamic congenital gonadotropin deficiency. Brain Res 2010; 1364:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menopausal hot flashes compromise the quality of life for most women. The physiological mechanisms underlying hot flashes remain poorly understood, and the absence of an animal model to investigate hot flashes hinders investigations in this field. METHODS We first developed the sheep as a model to study peripheral skin temperature changes using fever-inducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 200 microg/kg) administered to ovary-intact ewes. Because a strong correlation between luteinizing hormone pulses and hot flashes has previously been reported, we then determined whether intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 1 mg), a dose sufficient to elevate cerebrospinal fluid-GnRH concentrations, could modulate ear skin temperature in both ovariectomized and low-estrogen-replaced ovariectomized ewes. RESULTS Some ewes responded to LPS in heart rate and abdominal temperature, but there was no significant effect on either parameter or cheek temperature for the group. In contrast, LPS injection caused a significant (P < 0.001) change in skin temperature at the ear. Ear temperature showed no significant change in response to GnRH relative to control injections in both ovariectomized and low estrogen ewes. CONCLUSIONS We developed a model animal system in the ewe that can accurately detect small changes in peripheral skin temperature. This system has the potential to be extremely useful in future studies investigating the pathology of hot flashes and holds several advantages over previous model systems developed for this research. GnRH per se does not seem to be involved in thermoregulatory events.
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An X, Han D, Hou J, Li G, Wang J, Yang M, Song Y, Zhou G, Wang Y, Ling L, Yan Q, Cao B. GnRHR gene polymorphisms and their effects on reproductive performance in Chinese goats. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liao M, Zhang Y, Dufau ML. Protein kinase Calpha-induced derepression of the human luteinizing hormone receptor gene transcription through ERK-mediated release of HDAC1/Sin3A repressor complex from Sp1 sites. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:1449-63. [PMID: 18372343 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LH receptor (LHR) gene transcription is subject to repression/derepression through various modes and multiple effectors. Epigenetic silencing and activation of the LHR is achieved through coordinated regulation at both histone and DNA levels. The LHR gene is subject to repression by deacetylation and methylation at its promoter region, where a HDAC/mSin3A repressor complex is anchored at Sp1 sites. The present studies revealed that protein kinase C (PKC) alpha/ERK signaling is important for the activation of LHR promoter activity, and the increase of endogenous transcripts induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) in HeLa cells. Whereas these effects were attributable to PKCalpha activity, the ERK pathway was the downstream effector in LHR activation. PMA caused a significant enhancement of Sp1 phosphorylation at serine residue (s), which was blocked by PKCalpha or ERK inhibition. The interaction of activated phosphorylated ERK with Sp1 and ERK's association with the LHR promoter points to Sp1 as a direct target of ERK. After Sp1 phosphorylation, the HDAC1/mSin3A repressor complex dissociated from Sp1 sites, histone 3 was acetylated, and transcription factor II B and RNA polymerase II were recruited. In addition, overexpression of a constitutively active PKCalpha (PKCalpha CA) strongly activated LHR transcription in MCF-7 cells (devoid of PKCalpha), induced Sp1 phosphorylation at serine residue (s) and caused derecruitment of HDAC1/mSin3A complex from the promoter. These effects were negated by cotransfection of a dominant-negative PKCalpha. In conclusion, these studies have revealed a novel regulatory signaling mechanism of transcriptional control in which the LHR is derepressed through PKCalpha/ERK-mediated Sp1 phosphorylation, causing the release of HDAC1/mSin3A complex from the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Liao
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4510, USA
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Prange-Kiel J, Jarry H, Schoen M, Kohlmann P, Lohse C, Zhou L, Rune GM. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulates spine density via its regulatory role in hippocampal estrogen synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 180:417-26. [PMID: 18227283 PMCID: PMC2213593 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spine density in the hippocampus changes during the estrus cycle and is dependent on the activity of local aromatase, the final enzyme in estrogen synthesis. In view of the abundant gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) messenger RNA expression in the hippocampus and the direct effect of GnRH on estradiol (E2) synthesis in gonadal cells, we asked whether GnRH serves as a regulator of hippocampal E2 synthesis. In hippocampal cultures, E2 synthesis, spine synapse density, and immunoreactivity of spinophilin, a reliable spine marker, are consistently up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner at low doses of GnRH but decrease at higher doses. GnRH is ineffective in the presence of GnRH antagonists or aromatase inhibitors. Conversely, GnRH-R expression increases after inhibition of hippocampal aromatase. As we found estrus cyclicity of spine density in the hippocampus but not in the neocortex and GnRH-R expression to be fivefold higher in the hippocampus compared with the neocortex, our data strongly suggest that estrus cycle–dependent synaptogenesis in the female hippocampus results from cyclic release of GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Prange-Kiel
- Institute of Anatomy I: Cellular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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