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Mizuno R, Yamaguchi R, Matsuura K, Ishigami A, Sakumoto R, Sawai K, Koyama K, Okubo M, Souma K, Hirayama H. Expression and localization of anti-Müllerian hormone and its receptors in bovine corpus luteum. Theriogenology 2024; 226:228-235. [PMID: 38924892 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Although anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is involved in the regulation of granulosa cell function in female animals, its role in tissues other than ovarian follicles remains poorly understood. It has also been suggested that cows with high circulating AMH concentrations have increased fertility; however, the mechanism has not been elucidated. This study was conducted to identify the presence of the AMH-signaling system and its target cells in the bovine corpus luteum formed from an ovulated follicle. Immunoblotting revealed that the proteolytically cleaved C-terminal region in AMH (AMHC), a biologically active peptide, was present in trace amounts in the early corpus luteum and significantly increased during the mid to regressed stages. AMHC and cleaved N-terminal region (AMHN) in AMH generate a noncovalent isoform that improves the activity of AMH signaling. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AMHC, AMHN, and type II AMH receptor (AMHR2) were localized to luteal cells during the entire estrous cycle. AMH in the corpus luteum seemed to be newly synthesized since AMH expression was detected. These findings suggest that AMH signaling is involved in the regulation of luteal cell function through an autocrine and post-translational processing mechanism. The level of AMHR2 and mRNA expression of AMHR2 and type I AMH receptors (activin-like kinase 2, 3, and 6) were highest in the mid stage. Thus, AMH signaling in the corpus luteum may also be regulated by changes in the receptor levels. Since the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, to which AMH belongs, is a multifunctional polypeptide growth factor, further studies are needed to evaluate whether AMH signaling has a role in facilitating or inhibiting luteal cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riuru Mizuno
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Rin Yamaguchi
- Department of Bioproduction, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kaoru Matsuura
- Department of Bioproduction, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Ayaha Ishigami
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakumoto
- Division of Advanced Feeding Technology Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Ken Sawai
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koyama
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Michiko Okubo
- Department of Bioproduction, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kousaku Souma
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan; Department of Bioproduction, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hirayama
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan; Department of Bioproduction, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan.
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Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals an Intrinsic Heterogeneity of the Preovulatory Follicular Microenvironment. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020231. [PMID: 35204732 PMCID: PMC8961562 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicular microenvironment, including intra-follicular granulosa cells (GCs), is responsible for oocyte maturation and subsequent ovulation. However, the functions of GCs and cellular components of the follicular microenvironment in preovulatory follicles have not been extensively explored. Here, we surveyed the single-cell transcriptome of the follicular microenvironment around MII oocytes in six human preovulatory follicles in in vitro fertilization. There were six different cell types in the preovulatory follicles, including GCs and various immune cells. In GCs, we identified nine different functional clusters with different functional transcriptomic profiles, including specific clusters involved in inflammatory responses and adhesive function. Follicular macrophages are involved in immune responses, extracellular matrix remoulding and assist GCs in promoting the oocyte meiotic resumption. Interestingly, we observed that the specific terminal state subcluster of GCs with high levels of adhesive-related molecules should result in macrophage recruitment and residence, further contributing to an obvious heterogeneity of the immune cell proportion in preovulatory follicles from different patients. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptomic landscape of the preovulatory follicular microenvironment at the single-cell level. It provides valuable insights into understanding the regulation of the oocyte maturation and ovulation process, offering potential clues for the diagnosis and treatment of oocyte-maturation-related and ovulation-related diseases.
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Fan B, Han Y, Yang Y, Zhao X, Tang Y, Li X, Diao Y, Xu B. Transcriptomic analysis of ovarian signaling at the emergence of the embryo from obligate diapause in the American mink (Neovison vison). Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 232:106823. [PMID: 34390943 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mink embryonic diapause occurs when embryos, at the blastocyst stage, enter a state of a reversible arrest in development and metabolism. Some ovarian factors are required because ovariectomy leads to prevention of implantation in mink. Mechanisms regulating this process, however, remain largely unknown. To explore ovarian modifications associated with emergence of embryonic diapause in mink, there was comparison of transcriptomes after embryonic activation to when there was embryonic diapause using RNA-sequencing. A library of 655 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of all assembled 33,656 genes was generated. Among these, 558 genes were annotated with 106 genes being expressed to a greater extent in ovaries during embryonic diapause, whereas 452 genes were more abundantly expressed in ovaries after embryonic activation. The major categories of genes with differential transcript abundances include metabolic pathways, metabolism of tryptophan, tyrosine and vitamin B6, oxidoreductase activity, calcium signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis and lysosome. The APOE and APOA1 hub genes identified through the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis have important functions in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis. Transcript abundances associated with 39 genes were investigated using RT-qPCR procedures to confirm RNA-sequencing data. Of 29 mRNA transcripts, 26 were validated using RNA-sequencing, whereas three of ten indistinguishable genes determined using RNA-sequencing were confirmed. Most of these verified DEGs are involved in the prolactin signaling pathway, formation of functional corpora lutea, and steroid synthesis, suggesting these biological processes are implicated in embryonic reactivation. Overall, results provide new insights into ovarian signaling at the time of emergence of the blastocyst from diapause in mink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfeng Fan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yuping Han
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yifeng Yang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Xiangyuan Zhao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Yunfei Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Baozeng Xu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
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Haas CS, Rovani MT, Ilha GF, Bertolin K, Ferst JG, Bridi A, Bordignon V, Duggavathi R, Antoniazzi AQ, Gonçalves PBD, Gasperin BG. Transforming growth factor-beta family members are regulated during induced luteolysis in cattle. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:829-837. [PMID: 32368260 PMCID: PMC7189511 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factors beta (TGFβ) are local factors produced by ovarian cells which, after binding to their receptors, regulate follicular deviation and ovulation. However, their regulation and function during corpus luteum (CL) regression has been poorly investigated. The present study evaluated the mRNA regulation of some TGFβ family ligands and their receptors in the bovine CL during induced luteolysis in vivo. On day 10 of the estrous cycle, cows received an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and luteal samples were obtained from separate groups of cows (n= 4-5 cows per time-point) at 0, 2, 12, 24 or 48 h after treatment. Since TGF beta family comprises more than 30 ligands, we focused in some candidates genes such as activin receptors (ACVR-1A, -1B, -2A, -2B) AMH, AMHR2, BMPs (BMP-1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -7), BMP receptors (BMPR-1A, -1B and -2), inhibin subunits (INH-A, -BA, -BB) and betaglycan (TGFBR3). The mRNA levels of BMP4, BMP6 and INHBA were higher at 2 h after PGF administration (P<0.05) in comparison to 0 h. The relative mRNA abundance of BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP6, ACVR1B, INHBA and INHBB was upregulated up to 12 h post PGF (P<0.05). On the other hand, TGFBR3 mRNA that codes for a reservoir of ligands that bind to TGF-beta receptors, was lower at 48 h. In conclusion, findings from this study demonstrated that genes encoding several TGFβ family members are expressed in a time-specific manner after PGF administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sangoi Haas
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Patologia Animal, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil
| | - Monique Tomazele Rovani
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Patologia Animal, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Freitas Ilha
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Reprodução Animal, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Kalyne Bertolin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Reprodução Animal, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Juliana Germano Ferst
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Reprodução Animal, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Bridi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Reprodução Animal, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- McGill University, Department of Animal Science, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Raj Duggavathi
- McGill University, Department of Animal Science, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Quites Antoniazzi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Reprodução Animal, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Paulo Bayard Dias Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Reprodução Animal, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Li H, Chang H, Shi Z, Leung PCK. ID
3 mediates the
TGF
‐β1‐induced suppression of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in human granulosa cells. FEBS J 2019; 286:4310-4327. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Institute of Animal Science Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety‐State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Hsun‐Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Zhendan Shi
- Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Institute of Animal Science Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety‐State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Peter C. K. Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
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Inhibitor of DNA binding in heart development and cardiovascular diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:51. [PMID: 31126344 PMCID: PMC6534900 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Id proteins, inhibitors of DNA binding, are transcription regulators containing a highly conserved helix-loop-helix domain. During multiple stages of normal cardiogenesis, Id proteins play major roles in early development and participate in the differentiation and proliferation of cardiac progenitor cells and mature cardiomyocytes. The fact that a depletion of Ids can cause a variety of defects in cardiac structure and conduction function is further evidence of their involvement in heart development. Multiple signalling pathways and growth factors are involved in the regulation of Ids in a cell- and tissue- specific manner to affect heart development. Recent studies have demonstrated that Ids are related to multiple aspects of cardiovascular diseases, including congenital structural, coronary heart disease, and arrhythmia. Although a growing body of research has elucidated the important role of Ids, no comprehensive review has previously compiled these scattered findings. Here, we introduce and summarize the roles of Id proteins in heart development, with the hope that this overview of key findings might shed light on the molecular basis of consequential cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we described the future prospective researches needed to enable advancement in the maintainance of the proliferative capacity of cardiomyocytes. Additionally, research focusing on increasing embryonic stem cell culture adaptability will help to improve the future therapeutic application of cardiac regeneration.
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Ding JL, Diao LH, Yin TL, Huang CY, Yin B, Chen C, Zhang Y, Li J, Cheng YX, Zeng Y, Yang J. Aberrant expressions of endometrial Id3 and CTLA-4 are associated with unexplained repeated implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28224680 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 3 (Id3) is required for tumor angiogenesis and regulatory T-cell generation. However, the involvement of Id3 in unexplained repeated implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent miscarriage (RM) remains poorly understood. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify Id3, CD34, CTLA-4, and FOXP3 in the endometrium taken from the women with RIF (n=16), RM (n=16) and matched controls (n=8). The images were acquired and analyzed by the Vectra® automated quantitative pathology imaging system. Percentage of Id3+ cells was significantly higher in the endometrium of women with RIF and RM compared with controls. The numbers of Id3+ and CD34+ vessels in the endometrium were positively correlated in control but not in RIF or RM. Percentages of CTLA-4+ cells, but not FOXP3+ cells, were significantly increased in the endometrium of RIF and RM women than those in controls. We found aberrant expressions of endometrial Id3 and CTLA-4 in peri-implantation endometrium of women with RIF and RM, suggesting the negative roles of these angiogenesis and immune tolerance markers involving in regulating endometrium receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-Hui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tai-Lang Yin
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Biao Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Cheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wang LH, Baker NE. E Proteins and ID Proteins: Helix-Loop-Helix Partners in Development and Disease. Dev Cell 2016; 35:269-80. [PMID: 26555048 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) proteins represent a well-known class of transcriptional regulators. Many bHLH proteins act as heterodimers with members of a class of ubiquitous partners, the E proteins. A widely expressed class of inhibitory heterodimer partners-the Inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) proteins-also exists. Genetic and molecular analyses in humans and in knockout mice implicate E proteins and ID proteins in a wide variety of diseases, belying the notion that they are non-specific partner proteins. Here, we explore relationships of E proteins and ID proteins to a variety of disease processes and highlight gaps in knowledge of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Cacioppo JA, Oh SW, Kim HY, Cho J, Lin PCP, Yanagisawa M, Ko C. Loss of function of endothelin-2 leads to reduced ovulation and CL formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96115. [PMID: 24763822 PMCID: PMC3999112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-2 (EDN2), a potent vasoconstrictive peptide, is transiently produced by periovulatory follicles at the time of ovulation when corpus luteum (CL) formation begins. EDN2 induces contraction of ovarian smooth muscles ex vivo via an endothelin receptor A-mediated pathway. In this study, we aimed to determine if EDN2 is required for normal ovulation and subsequent CL formation in?vivo. In the ovaries of a mouse model that globally lacks the Edn2 gene (Edn2 knockout mouse; Edn2KO), histology showed that post-pubertal Edn2KO mice possess follicles of all developmental stages, but no corpora lutea. When exogenous gonadotropins were injected to induce super-ovulation, Edn2KO mice exhibited significantly impaired ovulation and CL formation compared to control littermates. Edn2KO ovaries that did ovulate in response to gonadotropins did not contain histologically and functionally identifiable CL. Intra-ovarian injection of EDN2 peptide results suggest partial induction of ovulation in Edn2KO mice. Endothelin receptor antagonism in wild type mice similarly disrupted ovulation, CL formation, and progesterone secretion. Overall, this study suggests that EDN2 is necessary for normal ovulation and CL formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Cacioppo
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sang Wook Oh
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biology Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hey-young Kim
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jongki Cho
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon, South Korea
| | - Po-Ching Patrick Lin
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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