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Liu L, Wang Y, Cao W, Yang L, Zhang C, Yuan L, Wang D, Wang W, Zhang H, Schiefelbein J, Yu F, An L. TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 defines trichome cell shape by modulating actin cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1256-1276. [PMID: 38391271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2) gene encodes a WRKY transcription factor that regulates a range of development events like trichome, seed coat, and atrichoblast formation. Loss-of-function of TTG2 was previously shown to reduce or eliminate trichome specification and branching. Here, we report the identification of an allele of TTG2, ttg2-6. In contrast to the ttg2 mutants described before, ttg2-6 displayed unique trichome phenotypes. Some ttg2-6 mutant trichomes were hyper-branched, whereas others were hypo-branched, distorted, or clustered. Further, we found that in addition to specifically activating R3 MYB transcription factor TRIPTYCHON (TRY) to modulate trichome specification, TTG2 also integrated cytoskeletal signaling to regulate trichome morphogenesis. The ttg2-6 trichomes displayed aberrant cortical microtubules (cMTs) and actin filaments (F-actin) configurations. Moreover, genetic and biochemical analyses showed that TTG2 could directly bind to the promoter and regulate the expression of BRICK1 (BRK1), which encodes a subunit of the actin nucleation promoting complex suppressor of cyclic AMP repressor (SCAR)/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin homologous protein (WAVE). Collectively, taking advantage of ttg2-6, we uncovered a function for TTG2 in facilitating cMTs and F-actin cytoskeleton-dependent trichome development, providing insight into cellular signaling events downstream of the core transcriptional regulation during trichome development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weihua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lanxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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2
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Liu C, Mentzelopoulou A, Hatzianestis IH, Tzagkarakis E, Skaltsogiannis V, Ma X, Michalopoulou VA, Romero-Campero FJ, Romero-Losada AB, Sarris PF, Marhavy P, Bölter B, Kanterakis A, Gutierrez-Beltran E, Moschou PN. A proxitome-RNA-capture approach reveals that processing bodies repress coregulated hub genes. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:559-584. [PMID: 37971938 PMCID: PMC10896293 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellular condensates are usually ribonucleoprotein assemblies with liquid- or solid-like properties. Because these subcellular structures lack a delineating membrane, determining their compositions is difficult. Here we describe a proximity-biotinylation approach for capturing the RNAs of the condensates known as processing bodies (PBs) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). By combining this approach with RNA detection, in silico, and high-resolution imaging approaches, we studied PBs under normal conditions and heat stress. PBs showed a much more dynamic RNA composition than the total transcriptome. RNAs involved in cell wall development and regeneration, plant hormonal signaling, secondary metabolism/defense, and RNA metabolism were enriched in PBs. RNA-binding proteins and the liquidity of PBs modulated RNA recruitment, while RNAs were frequently recruited together with their encoded proteins. In PBs, RNAs follow distinct fates: in small liquid-like PBs, RNAs get degraded while in more solid-like larger ones, they are stored. PB properties can be regulated by the actin-polymerizing SCAR (suppressor of the cyclic AMP)-WAVE (WASP family verprolin homologous) complex. SCAR/WAVE modulates the shuttling of RNAs between PBs and the translational machinery, thereby adjusting ethylene signaling. In summary, we provide an approach to identify RNAs in condensates that allowed us to reveal a mechanism for regulating RNA fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Andriani Mentzelopoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Ioannis H Hatzianestis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | | | - Vasileios Skaltsogiannis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Xuemin Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vassiliki A Michalopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Francisco J Romero-Campero
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville 41012, Spain
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Ana B Romero-Losada
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville 41012, Spain
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter Marhavy
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Plant Biochemistry, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Alexandros Kanterakis
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emilio Gutierrez-Beltran
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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3
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Feng YZ, Zhu QF, Xue J, Chen P, Yu Y. Shining in the dark: the big world of small peptides in plants. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:238-256. [PMID: 37970469 PMCID: PMC10638237 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides represent a subset of dark matter in plant proteomes. Through differential expression patterns and modes of action, small peptides act as important regulators of plant growth and development. Over the past 20 years, many small peptides have been identified due to technical advances in genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and chemical biology. In this article, we summarize the classification of plant small peptides and experimental strategies used to identify them as well as their potential use in agronomic breeding. We review the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of small peptides in plants, discuss current problems in small peptide research and highlight future research directions in this field. Our review provides crucial insight into small peptides in plants and will contribute to a better understanding of their potential roles in biotechnology and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhao Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Qing-Feng Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
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4
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Kirchhelle C, Hamant O. Discretizing the cellular bases of plant morphogenesis: Emerging properties from subcellular and noisy patterning. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102159. [PMID: 36966612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how multicellular organisms robustly shape their organs. In the past decade, much progress has been made not just in identifying biochemical and biophysical factors underpinning morphogenesis, but also in analyzing their spatio-temporal dynamics. A remarkable outcome of such analyses is that morphogenesis involves high levels of heterogeneity and fluctuations at local scales. Although this could be considered as white noise to be averaged over time, there is increasing evidence that these heterogeneities and fluctuations are instructive cues for development. In this review, we highlight some of the new questions that such heterogeneities raise for plant morphogenesis. We also investigate their effects across scales, focusing on how subcellular heterogeneities contribute to organ shape robustness and evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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5
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Liu C, Mentzelopoulou A, Muhammad A, Volkov A, Weijers D, Gutierrez-Beltran E, Moschou PN. An actin remodeling role for Arabidopsis processing bodies revealed by their proximity interactome. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111885. [PMID: 36741000 PMCID: PMC10152145 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular condensates can comprise membrane-less ribonucleoprotein assemblies with liquid-like properties. These cellular condensates influence various biological outcomes, but their liquidity hampers their isolation and characterization. Here, we investigated the composition of the condensates known as processing bodies (PBs) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana through a proximity-biotinylation proteomics approach. Using in situ protein-protein interaction approaches, genetics and high-resolution dynamic imaging, we show that processing bodies comprise networks that interface with membranes. Surprisingly, the conserved component of PBs, DECAPPING PROTEIN 1 (DCP1), can localize to unique plasma membrane subdomains including cell edges and vertices. We characterized these plasma membrane interfaces and discovered a developmental module that can control cell shape. This module is regulated by DCP1, independently from its role in decapping, and the actin-nucleating SCAR-WAVE complex, whereby the DCP1-SCAR-WAVE interaction confines and enhances actin nucleation. This study reveals an unexpected function for a conserved condensate at unique membrane interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andriani Mentzelopoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amna Muhammad
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Andriy Volkov
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilio Gutierrez-Beltran
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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6
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Zhou Y, Niu R, Tang Z, Mou R, Wang Z, Zhu S, Yang H, Ding P, Xu G. Plant HEM1 specifies a condensation domain to control immune gene translation. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:289-301. [PMID: 36797349 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Translational reprogramming is a fundamental layer of immune regulation, but how such a global regulatory mechanism operates remains largely unknown. Here we perform a genetic screen and identify Arabidopsis HEM1 as a global translational regulator of plant immunity. The loss of HEM1 causes exaggerated cell death to restrict bacterial growth during effector-triggered immunity (ETI). By improving ribosome footprinting, we reveal that the hem1 mutant increases the translation efficiency of pro-death immune genes. We show that HEM1 contains a plant-specific low-complexity domain (LCD) absent from animal homologues. This LCD endows HEM1 with the capability of phase separation in vitro and in vivo. During ETI, HEM1 interacts and condensates with the translation machinery; this activity is promoted by the LCD. CRISPR removal of this LCD causes more ETI cell death. Our results suggest that HEM1 condensation constitutes a brake mechanism of immune activation by controlling the tissue health and disease resistance trade-off during ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruixia Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sitao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongchun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guoyong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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8
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Yang Y, Xiang Y, Niu Y. An Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms and Functions of Autophagic Pathways in Plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1977527. [PMID: 34617497 PMCID: PMC9208794 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1977527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for the degradation of damaged or toxic components. Under normal conditions, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis. It can be triggered by senescence and various stresses. In the process of autophagy, autophagy-related (ATG) proteins not only function as central signal regulators but also participate in the development of complex survival mechanisms when plants suffer from adverse environments. Therefore, ATGs play significant roles in metabolism, development and stress tolerance. In the past decade, both the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and a large number of components involved in the assembly of autophagic vesicles have been identified. In recent studies, an increasing number of components, mechanisms, and receptors have appeared in the autophagy pathway. In this paper, we mainly review the recent progress of research on the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy, as well as its function under biotic stress and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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9
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Qin L, Liu L, Tu J, Yang G, Wang S, Quilichini TD, Gao P, Wang H, Peng G, Blancaflor EB, Datla R, Xiang D, Wilson KE, Wei Y. The ARP2/3 complex, acting cooperatively with Class I formins, modulates penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew invasion. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3151-3175. [PMID: 34181022 PMCID: PMC8462814 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton regulates an array of diverse cellular activities that support the establishment of plant-microbe interactions and plays a critical role in the execution of plant immunity. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the assembly and rearrangement of actin filaments (AFs) at plant-pathogen interaction sites remain largely elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that one of the earliest cellular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana upon powdery mildew attack is the formation of patch-like AF structures beneath fungal invasion sites. The AFs constituting actin patches undergo rapid turnover, which is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex (W/SRC). The focal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate at fungal penetration sites appears to be a crucial upstream modulator of the W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway-mediated actin patch formation. Knockout of W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway subunits partially compromised penetration resistance with impaired endocytic recycling of the defense-associated t-SNARE protein PEN1 and its deposition into apoplastic papillae. Simultaneously knocking out ARP3 and knocking down the Class I formin (AtFH1) abolished actin patch formation, severely impaired the deposition of cell wall appositions, and promoted powdery mildew entry into host cells. Our results demonstrate that the ARP2/3 complex and formins, two actin-nucleating systems, act cooperatively and contribute to Arabidopsis penetration resistance to fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Jiangying Tu
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Gary Peng
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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10
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Chin S, Kwon T, Khan BR, Sparks JA, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB, Blancaflor EB. Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2131-2148. [PMID: 33881536 PMCID: PMC8364238 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Eileen L. Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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11
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García-González J, van Gelderen K. Bundling up the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Primary Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777119. [PMID: 34975959 PMCID: PMC8716943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary root growth is required by the plant to anchor in the soil and reach out for nutrients and water, while dealing with obstacles. Efficient root elongation and bending depends upon the coordinated action of environmental sensing, signal transduction, and growth responses. The actin cytoskeleton is a highly plastic network that constitutes a point of integration for environmental stimuli and hormonal pathways. In this review, we present a detailed compilation highlighting the importance of the actin cytoskeleton during primary root growth and we describe how actin-binding proteins, plant hormones, and actin-disrupting drugs affect root growth and root actin. We also discuss the feedback loop between actin and root responses to light and gravity. Actin affects cell division and elongation through the control of its own organization. We remark upon the importance of longitudinally oriented actin bundles as a hallmark of cell elongation as well as the role of the actin cytoskeleton in protein trafficking and vacuolar reshaping during this process. The actin network is shaped by a plethora of actin-binding proteins; however, there is still a large gap in connecting the molecular function of these proteins with their developmental effects. Here, we summarize their function and known effects on primary root growth with a focus on their high level of specialization. Light and gravity are key factors that help us understand root growth directionality. The response of the root to gravity relies on hormonal, particularly auxin, homeostasis, and the actin cytoskeleton. Actin is necessary for the perception of the gravity stimulus via the repositioning of sedimenting statoliths, but it is also involved in mediating the growth response via the trafficking of auxin transporters and cell elongation. Furthermore, auxin and auxin analogs can affect the composition of the actin network, indicating a potential feedback loop. Light, in its turn, affects actin organization and hence, root growth, although its precise role remains largely unknown. Recently, fundamental studies with the latest techniques have given us more in-depth knowledge of the role and organization of actin in the coordination of root growth; however, there remains a lot to discover, especially in how actin organization helps cell shaping, and therefore root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Judith García-González,
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Kasper van Gelderen,
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12
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Gavrin A, Rey T, Torode TA, Toulotte J, Chatterjee A, Kaplan JL, Evangelisti E, Takagi H, Charoensawan V, Rengel D, Journet EP, Debellé F, de Carvalho-Niebel F, Terauchi R, Braybrook S, Schornack S. Developmental Modulation of Root Cell Wall Architecture Confers Resistance to an Oomycete Pathogen. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4165-4176.e5. [PMID: 32888486 PMCID: PMC7658807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall is the primary interface between plant cells and their immediate environment and must balance multiple functionalities, including the regulation of growth, the entry of beneficial microbes, and protection against pathogens. Here, we demonstrate how API, a SCAR2 protein component of the SCAR/WAVE complex, controls the root cell wall architecture important for pathogenic oomycete and symbiotic bacterial interactions in legumes. A mutation in API results in root resistance to the pathogen Phytophthora palmivora and colonization defects by symbiotic rhizobia. Although api mutant plants do not exhibit significant overall growth and development defects, their root cells display delayed actin and endomembrane trafficking dynamics and selectively secrete less of the cell wall polysaccharide xyloglucan. Changes associated with a loss of API establish a cell wall architecture with altered biochemical properties that hinder P. palmivora infection progress. Thus, developmental stage-dependent modifications of the cell wall, driven by SCAR/WAVE, are important in balancing cell wall developmental functions and microbial invasion. The SCAR protein API controls actin and endomembrane trafficking dynamics SCAR proteins of several plant species can support symbiosis and pathogen infection A mutation in API affects specific biochemical properties of plant cell walls An altered wall architecture results in root resistance to Phytophthora palmivora
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Gavrin
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Thomas A Torode
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Justine Toulotte
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jonathan Louis Kaplan
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Institute, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, and Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - David Rengel
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Etienne-Pascal Journet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; AGIR, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENSFEA, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Frédéric Debellé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | | | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Institute, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Siobhan Braybrook
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, 610 Charles E Young Drive South, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
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13
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Wang P, Gao E, Hussey PJ. Autophagosome Biogenesis in Plants: An Actin Cytoskeleton Perspective. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:850-858. [PMID: 32345568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At the subcellular level, the cytoskeleton regulates cell structure, organelle movement, and cytoplasmic streaming. Autophagy is a process to remove unwanted biomaterials or damaged organelles through double membrane compartments known as autophagosomes. Autophagosome biogenesis requires vesicle trafficking between donor and acceptor compartments, membrane expansion, and fusion, which is very likely to be regulated by the cytoskeleton. Recent studies have demonstrated that by knocking out key actin-regulating proteins, autophagosome biogenesis is inhibited. However, the formation of ATG8 positive structures are not affected when the entire actin network is disrupted. Here, we discuss this paradox and propose the function of the actin cytoskeleton in plant autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China.
| | - Erlin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, CZ 128 43 Praha 2, Czechia.
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14
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ELLIOTT L, KIRCHHELLE C. The importance of being edgy: cell geometric edges as an emerging polar domain in plant cells. J Microsc 2020; 278:123-131. [PMID: 31755561 PMCID: PMC7318577 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is an essential feature of multicellular organisms and underpins growth and development as well as physiological functions. In polyhedral plant cells, polar domains at different faces have been studied in detail. In recent years, cell edges (where two faces meet) have emerged as discrete spatial domains with distinct biochemical identities. Here, we review and discuss recent advances in our understanding of cell edges as functional polar domains in plant cells and other organisms, highlighting conceptual parallels and open questions regarding edge polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. ELLIOTT
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
| | - C. KIRCHHELLE
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
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15
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García-González J, Kebrlová Š, Semerák M, Lacek J, Kotannal Baby I, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 Complex Is Required for Auxin-Driven Cell Expansion Through Regulation of Auxin Transporter Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:486. [PMID: 32425966 PMCID: PMC7212389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is an actin nucleator shown to be required throughout plant morphogenesis, contributing to processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation or cell wall assembly. A recent publication demonstrated that plants lacking functional Arp2/3 complex also present defects in auxin distribution and transport. This work shows that Arp2/3 complex subunits are predominantly expressed in the provasculature, although other plant tissues also show promoter activity (e.g., cotyledons, apical meristems, or root tip). Moreover, auxin can trigger subunit expression, indicating a role of this phytohormone in mediating the complex activity. Further investigation of the functional interaction between Arp2/3 complex and auxin signaling also reveals their cooperation in determining pavement cell shape, presumably through the role of Arp2/3 complex in the correct auxin carrier trafficking. Young seedlings of arpc5 mutants show increased auxin-triggered proteasomal degradation of DII-VENUS and altered PIN3 distribution, with higher levels of the protein in the vacuole. Closer observation of vacuolar morphology revealed the presence of a more fragmented vacuolar compartment when Arp2/3 function is abolished, hinting a generalized role of Arp2/3 complex in endomembrane function and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štépánka Kebrlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matěj Semerák
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Innu Kotannal Baby
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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16
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Wang P, Pleskot R, Zang J, Winkler J, Wang J, Yperman K, Zhang T, Wang K, Gong J, Guan Y, Richardson C, Duckney P, Vandorpe M, Mylle E, Fiserova J, Van Damme D, Hussey PJ. Plant AtEH/Pan1 proteins drive autophagosome formation at ER-PM contact sites with actin and endocytic machinery. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5132. [PMID: 31723129 PMCID: PMC6853982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis EH proteins (AtEH1/Pan1 and AtEH2/Pan1) are components of the endocytic TPLATE complex (TPC) which is essential for endocytosis. Both proteins are homologues of the yeast ARP2/3 complex activator, Pan1p. Here, we show that these proteins are also involved in actin cytoskeleton regulated autophagy. Both AtEH/Pan1 proteins localise to the plasma membrane and autophagosomes. Upon induction of autophagy, AtEH/Pan1 proteins recruit TPC and AP-2 subunits, clathrin, actin and ARP2/3 proteins to autophagosomes. Increased expression of AtEH/Pan1 proteins boosts autophagosome formation, suggesting independent and redundant pathways for actin-mediated autophagy in plants. Moreover, AtEHs/Pan1-regulated autophagosomes associate with ER-PM contact sites (EPCS) where AtEH1/Pan1 interacts with VAP27-1. Knock-down expression of either AtEH1/Pan1 or VAP27-1 makes plants more susceptible to nutrient depleted conditions, indicating that the autophagy pathway is perturbed. In conclusion, we identify the existence of an autophagy-dependent pathway in plants to degrade endocytic components, starting at the EPCS through the interaction among AtEH/Pan1, actin cytoskeleton and the EPCS resident protein VAP27-1. Arabidopsis EH/Pan1 proteins are part of the TPLATE complex (TPC) that is required for endocytosis in plants. Here, the authors show AtEH/Pan1 proteins also act in actin-mediated autophagy, by interacting with VAP27-1 at ER-PM contact sites and recruiting TPLATE and AP-2 complex subunits, clathrin and ARP2/3/ proteins to autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Wang
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jingze Zang
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Joanna Winkler
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Yperman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Jinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | | | - Patrick Duckney
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michael Vandorpe
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jindriska Fiserova
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.,Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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17
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Pratap Sahi V, Cifrová P, García-González J, Kotannal Baby I, Mouillé G, Gineau E, Müller K, Baluška F, Soukup A, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking the ARP2/3 complex show defects in cell wall assembly and auxin distribution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:777-789. [PMID: 29293873 PMCID: PMC6215044 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The cytoskeleton plays an important role in the synthesis of plant cell walls. Both microtubules and actin cytoskeleton are known to be involved in the morphogenesis of plant cells through their role in cell wall building. The role of ARP2/3-nucleated actin cytoskeleton in the morphogenesis of cotyledon pavement cells has been described before. Seedlings of Arabidopsis mutants lacking a functional ARP2/3 complex display specific cell wall-associated defects. METHODS In three independent Arabidopsis mutant lines lacking subunits of the ARP2/3 complex, phenotypes associated with the loss of the complex were analysed throughout plant development. Organ size and anatomy, cell wall composition, and auxin distribution were investigated. KEY RESULTS ARP2/3-related phenotype is associated with changes in cell wall composition, and the phenotype is manifested especially in mature tissues. Cell walls of mature plants contain less cellulose and a higher amount of homogalacturonan, and display changes in cell wall lignification. Vascular bundles of mutant inflorescence stems show a changed pattern of AUX1-YFP expression. Plants lacking a functional ARP2/3 complex have decreased basipetal auxin transport. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the ARP2/3 complex has a morphogenetic function related to cell wall synthesis and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidurya Pratap Sahi
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gregory Mouillé
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Karel Müller
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
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18
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Yanagisawa M, Alonso JM, Szymanski DB. Microtubule-Dependent Confinement of a Cell Signaling and Actin Polymerization Control Module Regulates Polarized Cell Growth. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2459-2466.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Paez-Garcia A, Sparks JA, de Bang L, Blancaflor EB. Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: New Functions from Old Scaffold. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69944-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Wang P, Hawes C, Hussey PJ. Plant Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Contact Sites. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:289-297. [PMID: 27955928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acts as a superhighway with multiple sideroads that connects the different membrane compartments including the ER to the plasma membrane (PM). ER-PM contact sites (EPCSs) are a common feature in eukaryotic organisms, but have not been studied well in plants owing to the lack of molecular markers and to the difficulty in resolving the EPCS structure using conventional microscopy. Recently, however, plant protein complexes required for linking the ER and PM have been identified. This is a further step towards understanding the structure and function of plant EPCSs. We highlight some recent studies in this field and suggest several hypotheses that relate to the possible function of EPCSs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Wang
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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21
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Wang P, Richardson C, Hawes C, Hussey P. Arabidopsis NAP1 Regulates the Formation of Autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2060-2069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Dyachok J, Paez-Garcia A, Yoo CM, Palanichelvam K, Blancaflor EB. Fluorescence Imaging of the Cytoskeleton in Plant Roots. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1365:139-53. [PMID: 26498783 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3124-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades the use of live cytoskeletal probes has increased dramatically due to the introduction of the green fluorescent protein. However, to make full use of these live cell reporters it is necessary to implement simple methods to maintain plant specimens in optimal growing conditions during imaging. To image the cytoskeleton in living Arabidopsis roots, we rely on a system involving coverslips coated with nutrient supplemented agar where the seeds are directly germinated. This coverslip system can be conveniently transferred to the stage of a confocal microscope with minimal disturbance to the growth of the seedling. For roots with a larger diameter such as Medicago truncatula, seeds are first germinated in moist paper, grown vertically in between plastic trays, and roots mounted on glass slides for confocal imaging. Parallel with our live cell imaging approaches, we routinely process fixed plant material via indirect immunofluorescence. For these methods we typically use non-embedded vibratome-sectioned and whole mount permeabilized root tissue. The clearly defined developmental regions of the root provide us with an elegant system to further understand the cytoskeletal basis of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dyachok
- McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ana Paez-Garcia
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Cheol-Min Yoo
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
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23
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Havelková L, Nanda G, Martinek J, Bellinvia E, Sikorová L, Šlajcherová K, Seifertová D, Fischer L, Fišerová J, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 complex subunit ARPC2 binds to microtubules. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:96-108. [PMID: 26706062 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arp2/3 complex plays a fundamental role in the nucleation of actin filaments (AFs) in yeasts, plants, and animals. In plants, the aberrant shaping and elongation of several types of epidermal cells observed in Arp2/3 complex knockout plant mutants suggest the importance of Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation for various morphogenetic processes. Here we show that ARPC2, a core Arp2/3 complex subunit, interacts with both actin filaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). Plant GFP-ARPC2 expressed in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cells, leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana and root epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana decorated MTs. The interaction with MTs was demonstrated by pharmacological approach selectively interfering with either AFs or MTs dynamics as well as by the in vitro co-sedimentation assays. A putative MT-binding domain of tobacco NtARPC2 protein was identified using the co-sedimentation of several truncated NtARPC2 proteins with MTs. Newly identified MT-binding ability of ARPC2 subunit of Arp2/3 complex may represent a new molecular mechanism of AFs and MTs interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Havelková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Gitanjali Nanda
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Erica Bellinvia
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Šlajcherová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Seifertová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fischer
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřiška Fišerová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Tian J, Han L, Feng Z, Wang G, Liu W, Ma Y, Yu Y, Kong Z. Orchestration of microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton in trichome cell shape determination by a plant-unique kinesin. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26287478 PMCID: PMC4574192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (F-actin) function cooperatively to regulate plant cell morphogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal systems, particularly in cell shape control, remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that introduction of the MyTH4-FERM tandem into KCBP (kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein) during evolution conferred novel functions. The MyTH4 domain and the FERM domain in the N-terminal tail of KCBP physically bind to MTs and F-actin, respectively. During trichome morphogenesis, KCBP distributes in a specific cortical gradient and concentrates at the branching sites and the apexes of elongating branches, which lack MTs but have cortical F-actin. Further, live-cell imaging and genetic analyses revealed that KCBP acts as a hub integrating MTs and actin filaments to assemble the required cytoskeletal configuration for the unique, polarized diffuse growth pattern during trichome cell morphogenesis. Our findings provide significant insights into the mechanisms underlying cytoskeletal regulation of cell shape determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Daher FB, Braybrook SA. How to let go: pectin and plant cell adhesion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:523. [PMID: 26236321 PMCID: PMC4500915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells do not, in general, migrate. They maintain a fixed position relative to their neighbors, intimately linked through growth and differentiation. The mediator of this connection, the pectin-rich middle lamella, is deposited during cell division and maintained throughout the cell's life to protect tissue integrity. The maintenance of adhesion requires cell wall modification and is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. There are developmental processes that require cell separation, such as organ abscission, dehiscence, and ripening. In these instances, the pectin-rich middle lamella must be actively altered to allow cell separation, a process which also requires cell wall modification. In this review, we will focus on the role of pectin and its modification in cell adhesion and separation. Recent insights gained in pectin gel mechanics will be discussed in relation to existing knowledge of pectin chemistry as it relates to cell adhesion. As a whole, we hope to begin defining the physical mechanisms behind a cells' ability to hang on, and how it lets go.
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26
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Liu Z, Persson S, Zhang Y. The connection of cytoskeletal network with plasma membrane and the cell wall. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:330-40. [PMID: 25693826 PMCID: PMC4405036 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall provides external support of the plant cells, while the cytoskeletons including the microtubules and the actin filaments constitute an internal framework. The cytoskeletons contribute to the cell wall biosynthesis by spatially and temporarily regulating the transportation and deposition of cell wall components. This tight control is achieved by the dynamic behavior of the cytoskeletons, but also through the tethering of these structures to the plasma membrane. This tethering may also extend beyond the plasma membrane and impact on the cell wall, possibly in the form of a feedback loop. In this review, we discuss the linking components between the cytoskeletons and the plasma membrane, and/or the cell wall. We also discuss the prospective roles of these components in cell wall biosynthesis and modifications, and aim to provide a platform for further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Liu
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of MelbourneParkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
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27
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Yanagisawa M, Desyatova AS, Belteton SA, Mallery EL, Turner JA, Szymanski DB. Patterning mechanisms of cytoskeletal and cell wall systems during leaf trichome morphogenesis. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15014. [PMID: 27246881 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is an unstable network of filaments that influences polarized growth through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we used a combination of live cell imaging and finite element computational modelling of Arabidopsis trichome morphogenesis to determine how the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons cooperate to pattern the cell wall and growth. The actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex generates an actin meshwork that operates within a tip-localized, microtubule-depleted zone to modulate cell wall anisotropy locally. The actin meshwork also positions an actin bundle network that organizes organelle flow patterns. This activity is required to maintain cell wall thickness gradients that enable tip-biased diffuse growth. These newly discovered couplings between cytoskeletal patterns and wall textures provide important insights into the cellular mechanism of growth control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yanagisawa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Anastasia S Desyatova
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Eileen L Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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28
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Facette MR, Park Y, Sutimantanapi D, Luo A, Cartwright HN, Yang B, Bennett EJ, Sylvester AW, Smith LG. The SCAR/WAVE complex polarizes PAN receptors and promotes division asymmetry in maize. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:14024. [PMID: 27246760 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pre-mitotic establishment of polarity is a key event in the preparation of mother cells for asymmetric cell divisions that produce daughters of distinct fates, and ensures correct cellular patterning of tissues and eventual organ function. Previous work has shown that two receptor-like kinases, PANGLOSS2 (PAN2) and PAN1, and the small GTPase RHO GTPASE OF PLANTS (ROP) promote mother cell polarity and subsequent division asymmetry in developing maize stomata. PAN proteins become polarized prior to asymmetric cell division, however, the mechanism of this polarization is unknown. Here we show that the SCAR/WAVE regulatory complex, which activates the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex, is the first known marker of polarity in this asymmetric division model and is required for PAN polarization. These findings implicate actin, and specifically branched actin networks, in PAN polarization and asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Facette
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yeri Park
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Dena Sutimantanapi
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Anding Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Heather N Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Anne W Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Laurie G Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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29
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Wang P, Hussey PJ. Interactions between plant endomembrane systems and the actin cytoskeleton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:422. [PMID: 26106403 PMCID: PMC4460326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking, organelle movement, and morphogenesis in plant cells are mainly controlled by the actin cytoskeleton. Not all proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics in animal systems have functional homologs in plants, especially for those proteins that form the bridge between the cytoskeleton and membrane; the membrane-actin adaptors. Their nature and function is only just beginning to be elucidated and this field has been greatly enhanced by the recent identification of the NETWORKED (NET) proteins, which act as membrane-actin adaptors. In this review, we will summarize the role of the actin cytoskeleton and its regulatory proteins in their interaction with endomembrane compartments and where they potentially act as platforms for cell signaling and the coordination of other subcellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. Hussey
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Hussey, School of Biological and Biomedical Science, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,
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30
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Dyachok J, Sparks JA, Liao F, Wang YS, Blancaflor EB. Fluorescent protein-based reporters of the actin cytoskeleton in living plant cells: Fluorophore variant, actin binding domain, and promoter considerations. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2014; 71:311-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dyachok
- Plant Biology Division; The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation; Ardmore Oklahoma
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Plant Biology Division; The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation; Ardmore Oklahoma
| | - Fuqi Liao
- Department of Computing Services; The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation; Ardmore Oklahoma
| | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Plant Signal Research Group; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1 Tartu 50411 Estonia
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31
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Li J, Staiger BH, Henty-Ridilla JL, Abu-Abied M, Sadot E, Blanchoin L, Staiger CJ. The availability of filament ends modulates actin stochastic dynamics in live plant cells. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1263-75. [PMID: 24523291 PMCID: PMC3982992 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-07-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of individual filaments that undergoes incessant remodeling through a process known as stochastic dynamics comprises the cortical actin cytoskeleton in plant epidermal cells. From images at high spatial and temporal resolution, it has been inferred that the regulation of filament barbed ends plays a central role in choreographing actin organization and turnover. How this occurs at a molecular level, whether different populations of ends exist in the array, and how individual filament behavior correlates with the overall architecture of the array are unknown. Here we develop an experimental system to modulate the levels of heterodimeric capping protein (CP) and examine the consequences for actin dynamics, architecture, and cell expansion. Significantly, we find that all phenotypes are the opposite for CP-overexpression (OX) cells compared with a previously characterized cp-knockdown line. Specifically, CP OX lines have fewer filament-filament annealing events, as well as reduced filament lengths and lifetimes. Further, cp-knockdown and OX lines demonstrate the existence of a subpopulation of filament ends sensitive to CP concentration. Finally, CP levels correlate with the biological process of axial cell expansion; for example, epidermal cells from hypocotyls with reduced CP are longer than wild-type cells, whereas CP OX lines have shorter cells. On the basis of these and other genetic studies in this model system, we hypothesize that filament length and lifetime positively correlate with the extent of axial cell expansion in dark-grown hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2064 Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel Institut de Recherches en Technologie et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Comissariat a l'Energie Atomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institute de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier, F38054 Grenoble, France Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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32
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Zhao Y, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Qu X, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Jiang X, Huang S, Yuan M, Schumaker KS, Guo Y. The actin-related Protein2/3 complex regulates mitochondrial-associated calcium signaling during salt stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4544-59. [PMID: 24280386 PMCID: PMC3875735 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfilament and Ca(2+) dynamics play important roles in stress signaling in plants. Through genetic screening of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are defective in stress-induced increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]cyt), we identified Actin-Related Protein2 (Arp2) as a regulator of [Ca(2+)]cyt in response to salt stress. Plants lacking Arp2 or other proteins in the Arp2/3 complex exhibited enhanced salt-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]cyt, decreased mitochondria movement, and hypersensitivity to salt. In addition, mitochondria aggregated, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opened, and mitochondrial membrane potential Ψm was impaired in the arp2 mutant, and these changes were associated with salt-induced cell death. When opening of the enhanced mitochondrial permeability transition pore was blocked or increases in [Ca(2+)]cyt were prevented, the salt-sensitive phenotype of the arp2 mutant was partially rescued. These results indicate that the Arp2/3 complex regulates mitochondrial-dependent Ca(2+) signaling in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100193, China
- Address correspondence to
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33
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Zhang C, Mallery E, Reagan S, Boyko VP, Kotchoni SO, Szymanski DB. The endoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex signaling in the Arabidopsis leaf. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:689-706. [PMID: 23613272 PMCID: PMC3668063 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During plant cell morphogenesis, signal transduction and cytoskeletal dynamics interact to locally organize the cytoplasm and define the geometry of cell expansion. The WAVE/SCAR (for WASP family verprolin homologous/suppressor of cyclic AMP receptor) regulatory complex (W/SRC) is an evolutionarily conserved heteromeric protein complex. Within the plant kingdom W/SRC is a broadly used effector that converts Rho-of-Plants (ROP)/Rac small GTPase signals into Actin-Related Protein2/3 and actin-dependent growth responses. Although the components and biochemistry of the W/SRC pathway are well understood, a basic understanding of how cells partition W/SRC into active and inactive pools is lacking. In this paper, we report that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle for W/SRC regulation. We determined that a large intracellular pool of the core W/SRC subunit NAP1, like the known positive regulator of W/SRC, the DOCK family guanine nucleotide-exchange factor SPIKE1 (SPK1), localizes to the surface of the ER. The ER-associated NAP1 is inactive because it displays little colocalization with the actin network, and ER localization requires neither activating signals from SPK1 nor a physical association with its W/SRC-binding partner, SRA1. Our results indicate that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf pavement cells and trichomes, the ER is a reservoir for W/SRC signaling and may have a key role in the early steps of W/SRC assembly and/or activation.
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34
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Yanagisawa M, Zhang C, Szymanski DB. ARP2/3-dependent growth in the plant kingdom: SCARs for life. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:166. [PMID: 23802001 PMCID: PMC3689024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the human experience SCARs (suppressor of cAMP receptors) are permanent reminders of past events, not always based on bad decisions, but always those in which an interplay of opposing forces leaves behind a clear record in the form of some permanent watery mark. During plant morphogenesis, SCARs are important proteins that reflect an unusual evolutionary outcome, in which the plant kingdom relies heavily on this single class of actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3 complex activator to dictate the time and place of actin filament nucleation. This unusually simple arrangement may serve as a permanent reminder that cell shape control in plants is fundamentally different from that of crawling cells in mammals that use the power of actin polymerization to define and maintain cell shape. In plant cells, actin filaments indirectly affect cell shape by determining the transport properties of organelles and cargo molecules that modulate the mechanical properties of the wall. It is becoming increasingly clear that polarized bundles of actin filaments operate at whole cell spatial scales to organize the cytoplasm and dictate the patterns of long-distance intracellular transport and secretion. The number of actin-binding proteins and actin filament nucleators that are known to participate in the process of actin network formation are rapidly increasing. In plants, formins and ARP2/3 are two important actin filament nucleators. This review will focus on ARP2/3, and the apparent reliance of most plant species on the SCAR/WAVE (WASP family verprolin homologous) regulatory complex as the sole pathway for ARP2/3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Szymanski, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 1150 Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1150, USA e-mail:
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35
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Blancaflor EB. Regulation of plant gravity sensing and signaling by the actin cytoskeleton. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:143-52. [PMID: 23002165 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is a process by which plant organs readjust their growth toward or away from the gravity vector when the plant is reoriented. The actin cytoskeleton has often been a significant component of models explaining gravitropism, but its role in this process has become somewhat controversial in light of reports showing that actin inhibitors enhance the gravitropic response. The work with inhibitors implies that actin might function as a negative regulator of gravitropism. In this article, possibilities for how such a role might be accomplished are presented. First, the organization of actin in statocytes is revisited in an attempt to rationalize how compressive forces exerted by statoliths on membranes can lead to enhanced gravity sensing. Second, recent genetic work in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is discussed, focusing on the potential involvement of the protein degradation machinery in actin-mediated control of statolith dynamics and on the intriguing possibility that an actin-regulated, ligand-receptor mechanism for gravity signal transduction might operate in higher plants. Third, modifications in the trafficking of auxin efflux transporters are considered as possible mechanisms for the enhanced gravity responses observed in plant organs when the actin cytoskeleton is disrupted by chemical inhibitors. The various possibilities presented in this review emphasize the large amount of research that remains to be done before we can fully understand how the actin cytoskeleton modulates tropisms in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA.
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36
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Zhang C, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB. ARP2/3 localization in Arabidopsis leaf pavement cells: a diversity of intracellular pools and cytoskeletal interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:238. [PMID: 23874346 PMCID: PMC3709099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells the actin cytoskeleton adopts many configurations, but is best understood as an unstable, interconnected track that rearranges to define the patterns of long distance transport of organelles during growth. Actin filaments do not form spontaneously; instead filament nucleators, such as the evolutionarily conserved actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3 complex, can efficiently generate new actin filament networks when in a fully activated state. A growing number of genetic experiments have shown that ARP2/3 is necessary for morphogenesis in processes that range from tip growth during root nodule formation to the diffuse polarized growth of leaf trichomes and pavement cells. Although progress has been rapid in the identification of proteins that function in series to positively regulate ARP2/3, less has been learned about the actual function of ARP2/3 in cells. In this paper, we analyze the localization of ARP2/3 in Arabidopsis leaf pavement cells. We detect a pool of ARP2/3 in the nucleus, and also find that ARP2/3 is efficiently and specifically clustered on multiple organelle surfaces and associates with both the actin filament and microtubule cytoskeletons. Our mutant analyses and ARP2/3 and actin double labeling experiments indicate that the clustering of ARP2/3 on organelle surfaces and an association with actin bundles does not necessarily reflect an active pool of ARP2/3, and instead most of the complex appears to exist as a latent organelle-associated pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Szymanski, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lily Hall of Life Sciences, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA e-mail:
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37
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Pei W, Du F, Zhang Y, He T, Ren H. Control of the actin cytoskeleton in root hair development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 187:10-8. [PMID: 22404828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of root hair includes four stages: bulge site selection, bulge formation, tip growth, and maturation. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in all of these stages and is organized into distinct arrangements in the different stages. In addition to the actin configuration, actin isoforms also play distinct roles in the different stages. The actin cytoskeleton is regulated by actin-binding proteins, such as formin, Arp2/3 complex, profilin, actin depolymerizing factor, and villin. Some upstream signals, i.e. calcium, phospholipids, and small GTPase regulate the activity of these actin-binding proteins to produce the proper actin configuration. We constructed a working model on how the actin cytoskeleton is controlled by actin-binding proteins and upstream signaling in root hair development based on the current literature: at the tip of hairs, actin polymerization appears to be facilitated by Arp2/3 complex that is activated by small GTPase, and profilin that is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Meanwhile, actin depolymerization and turnover are likely mediated by villin and actin depolymerizing factor, which are stimulated by calcium. At the shank, actin cables are produced by formin and villin. Under the complicated interaction, the actin cytoskeleton is controlled spatially and temporally during root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Pei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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38
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Ambrose C, Wasteneys GO. Nanoscale and geometric influences on the microtubule cytoskeleton in plants: thinking inside and outside the box. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 1:S69-76. [PMID: 22002743 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton found in the cell cortex of plants drives cell expansion via cell wall modifications. In the last decade, live cell imaging studies employing green fluorescent protein have helped unravel the mechanisms behind how cells arrange cortical MTs into complex arrays and shape cell expansion. In this review, we explore the reverse scenario: how cell geometry and organelles influence and constrain the organization and behavior of cortical MTs. This newly emerging principle explains how cells perceive local nanoscale structural input from MT-organizing centers, such as the nucleus, endomembranes, and cell edges, and translate this into global cell-wide order via MT self-organization. Studies primarily using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco BY-2 suspension cultures have broadened our understanding of how cells form not only elegant parallel arrays but also more complex MT configurations, including the prominent MT bundles found in preprophase bands, leaf epidermal cells, and developing xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ambrose
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Dyachok J, Zhu L, Liao F, He J, Huq E, Blancaflor EB. SCAR mediates light-induced root elongation in Arabidopsis through photoreceptors and proteasomes. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3610-26. [PMID: 21972261 PMCID: PMC3229138 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ARP2/3 complex, a highly conserved nucleator of F-actin, and its activator, the SCAR complex, are essential for growth in plants and animals. In this article, we present a pathway through which roots of Arabidopsis thaliana directly perceive light to promote their elongation. The ARP2/3-SCAR complex and the maintenance of longitudinally aligned F-actin arrays are crucial components of this pathway. The involvement of the ARP2/3-SCAR complex in light-regulated root growth is supported by our finding that mutants of the SCAR complex subunit BRK1/HSPC300, or other individual subunits of the ARP2/3-SCAR complex, showed a dramatic inhibition of root elongation in the light, which mirrored reduced growth of wild-type roots in the dark. SCAR1 degradation in dark-grown wild-type roots by constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) E3 ligase and 26S proteasome accompanied the loss of longitudinal F-actin and reduced root growth. Light perceived by the root photoreceptors, cryptochrome and phytochrome, suppressed COP1-mediated SCAR1 degradation. Taken together, our data provide a biochemical explanation for light-induced promotion of root elongation by the ARP2/3-SCAR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dyachok
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Ling Zhu
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Fuqi Liao
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Enamul Huq
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Address correspondence to
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40
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Du F, Ren H. Development and application of probes for labeling the actin cytoskeleton in living plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:239-50. [PMID: 20803158 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is one of the most important components of eukaryotic cytoskeletons. It participates in numerous crucial procedures of cells and has been studied by using various methods. The development and application of appropriate probes for actin visualization is the first and foremost step for functional analysis of actin in vivo. Since the actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic and sensitive structure, methods previously used to visualize actin often harm cells and cannot reveal the native state of the actin cytoskeleton in living cells. The development of labeling technologies for living plant cells, especially the emergence and application of green fluorescent protein-tagged actin markers, has provided new insights into the structure and function of the actin cytoskeleton in vivo. There has been a number of probes for actin labeling in living plant cells though they each present different advantages and defects. In this review, we discuss and compare those widely used methods for actin visualization and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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41
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Blanchoin L, Boujemaa-Paterski R, Henty JL, Khurana P, Staiger CJ. Actin dynamics in plant cells: a team effort from multiple proteins orchestrates this very fast-paced game. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 13:714-23. [PMID: 20970372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gazing at a giant redwood tree in the Pacific Northwest, that has grown to enormous heights over centuries, does little to convince one that plants are built for speed and versatility. Even at the cellular level, a system of polymers-the cell skeleton or cytoskeleton-integrates signals and generates subcellular structures spanning scales of a few nanometers to hundreds of micrometers that coordinate cell growth. The term cytoskeleton itself connotes a stable structure. Clearly, this is not the case. Recent studies using advanced imaging modalities reveal the plant actin cytoskeleton to be a highly dynamic, ever changing assemblage of polymers. These insights along with growing evidence about the biochemical/biophysical properties of plant cytoskeletal polymers, especially those obtained by single filament imaging and reconstituted systems of purified proteins analyzed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, allow the generation of a unique model for the dynamic turnover of actin filaments, termed stochastic dynamics. Here, we review several significant advances and highlight opportunities that will position plants at the vanguard of research on actin organization and turnover. A challenge for the future will be to apply the power of reverse-genetics in several model organisms to test the molecular details of this new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Blanchoin
- Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant - iRTSV, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique /Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier, CEA Grenoble, F38054, Grenoble, France.
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42
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Dietz KJ, Jacquot JP, Harris G. Hubs and bottlenecks in plant molecular signalling networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:919-38. [PMID: 20958306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Conditional control of plant cell function and development relies on appropriate signal perception, signal integration and processing. The development of high throughput technologies such as proteomics and interactomics has enabled the identification of protein interaction networks that mediate signal processing from inputs to appropriate outputs. Such networks can be depicted in graphical representations using nodes and edges allowing for the immediate visualization and analysis of the network's topology. Hubs are network elements characterized by many edges (often degree grade k ≥ 5) which confer a degree of topological importance to them. The review introduces the concept of networks, hubs and bottlenecks and describes four examples from plant science in more detail, namely hubs in the redox regulatory network of the chloroplast with ferredoxin, thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, in mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signal processing, in photomorphogenesis with the COP9 signalosome, COP1 and CDD, and monomeric GTPase function. Some guidance is provided to appropriate internet resources, web repositories, databases and their use. Plant networks can be generated from existing public databases and this type of analysis is valuable in support of existing hypotheses, or to allow for the generation of new concepts or ideas. However, intensive manual curating of in silico networks is still always necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Jörgens CI, Grünewald N, Hülskamp M, Uhrig JF. A role for ABIL3 in plant cell morphogenesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:925-35. [PMID: 20345606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin nucleation facilitated by the ARP2/3 complex plays a central role in plant cell shape development. The molecular characterization of the distorted class of trichome mutants has recently revealed the SCAR/WAVE complex as an essential upstream activator of ARP2/3 function in plants. The SCAR/WAVE complex is conserved from animals to plants and, generally, is composed of the five subunits SCAR/WAVE, PIR121, NAP125, BRICK and ABI. In plants, four of the five subunits have been shown to participate in trichome and pavement morphogenesis. Plant ABI-like proteins (ABIL), however, which constitute a small four-member protein family in Arabidopsis thaliana, have not been characterized functionally, so far. Here we demonstrate that microRNA knock-down of the ABIL3 gene leads to a distorted trichome phenotype reminiscent of ARP2/3 mutant phenotypes and consistent with a crucial role of the ABIL3 protein in an ARP2/3-activating SCAR/WAVE complex. In contrast to ARP2/3 mutants, however, the ABIL3 knock-down stimulated cell elongation in the root, indicating distinct functions of the ABIL3 protein in different tissues. Furthermore, we provide evidence that ABIL3 associates with microtubules in vivo, opening up the intriguing possibility that ABI-like proteins have a function in linking SCAR/WAVE-dependent actin nucleation with organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula I Jörgens
- Botanical Institute III, University of Köln, Gyrhofstr. 15, 50931 Köln, Germany
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Kotchoni SO, Zakharova T, Mallery EL, Le J, El-Assal SED, Szymanski DB. The association of the Arabidopsis actin-related protein2/3 complex with cell membranes is linked to its assembly status but not its activation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:2095-109. [PMID: 19801398 PMCID: PMC2785977 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.143859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In growing plant cells, the combined activities of the cytoskeleton, endomembrane, and cell wall biosynthetic systems organize the cytoplasm and define the architecture and growth properties of the cell. These biosynthetic machineries efficiently synthesize, deliver, and recycle the raw materials that support cell expansion. The precise roles of the actin cytoskeleton in these processes are unclear. Certainly, bundles of actin filaments position organelles and are a substrate for long-distance intracellular transport, but the functional linkages between dynamic actin filament arrays and the cell growth machinery are poorly understood. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) "distorted group" mutants have defined protein complexes that appear to generate and convert small GTPase signals into an Actin-Related Protein2/3 (ARP2/3)-dependent actin filament nucleation response. However, direct biochemical knowledge about Arabidopsis ARP2/3 and its cellular distribution is lacking. In this paper, we provide biochemical evidence for a plant ARP2/3. The plant complex utilizes a conserved assembly mechanism. ARPC4 is the most critical core subunit that controls the assembly and steady-state levels of the complex. ARP2/3 in other systems is believed to be mostly a soluble complex that is locally recruited and activated. Unexpectedly, we find that Arabidopsis ARP2/3 interacts strongly with cell membranes. Membrane binding is linked to complex assembly status and not to the extent to which it is activated. Mutant analyses implicate ARP2 as an important subunit for membrane association.
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45
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Zhang X, Oppenheimer DG. IRREGULAR TRICHOME BRANCH 2 (ITB2) encodes a putative aminophospholipid translocase that regulates trichome branch elongation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:195-206. [PMID: 19566596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The P4 ATPase family in Arabidopsis consists of 12 members that encode putative aminophospholipid translocases (ALA1-12). Until recently, no mutations in these genes have been shown to cause a visible phenotype, although reduced expression of ALA1 in transgenic plants expressing an antisense construct has been shown to result in reduced plant size when plants were grown under cold conditions. During a genetic screen for mutations that affect trichome shape, we isolated several alleles of the irregular trichome branch 2 (itb2) mutation. Subsequent positional cloning of this locus showed that ITB2 encoded ALA3. Phenotypic and genetic analyses of multiple itb2 alleles, including the T-DNA insertion alleles, showed that the loss of ITB2/ALA3 function leads to aberrant trichome expansion, reduced primary root growth and longer root hairs. We also found that itb2/ala3 mutant pollen does not grow as well as wild-type pollen, leading to severe segregation distortion. Our results suggest that aminophospholipid translocases play an important role in the polar growth of plant cells, which is consistent with the proposed role of ALA3 in membrane trafficking. Furthermore, itb2/ala3 mutants provide a convenient visible phenotype for further genetic analysis of the ALA family in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8526, USA.
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46
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Panteris E, Adamakis IDS, Tzioutziou NA. Abundance of actin filaments in the preprophase band and mitotic spindle of brick1 Zea mays mutant. PROTOPLASMA 2009; 236:103-106. [PMID: 19434475 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The preprophase band and mitotic spindle of dividing protodermal cells of wild-type Zea mays leaves include few actin filaments. Surprisingly, abundant actin filaments were observed in the above arrays, in dividing protodermal cells in the leaves of the brick1 mutant. The same abundance was observed in the spindle of Taxol-treated brick1 mitotic protodermal cells. Apart from the above difference, the relevant arrays displayed normal microtubule organization in both wild type and mutant cells, as far as can be discerned by immunofluorescence microscopy. Accordingly, the abundance of actin filaments in the preprophase band and spindle of brick1 mitotic cells seems not to influence the structure of the above arrays and might be a non-functional "side-effect" of defective F-actin organization in this mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Macedonia, Greece.
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