1
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Kaczmarek R, Krakowiak A, Korczyński D, Baraniak J, Nawrot B. Phosphorothioate analogs of P1,P3-di(nucleosid-5′-yl) triphosphates: Synthesis, assignment of the absolute configuration at P-atoms and P-stereodependent recognition by Fhit hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5068-5075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Ginsburg-Shmuel T, Haas M, Grbic D, Arguin G, Nadel Y, Gendron FP, Reiser G, Fischer B. UDP made a highly promising stable, potent, and selective P2Y6-receptor agonist upon introduction of a boranophosphate moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5483-95. [PMID: 22901672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
P2Y(6) nucleotide receptor (P2Y(6)-R) plays important physiological roles, such as insulin secretion and reduction of intraocular pressure. However, this receptor is still lacking potent and selective agonists to be used as potential drugs. Here, we synthesized uracil nucleotides and dinucleotides, substituted at the C5 and/or P(α) position with methoxy and/or borano groups, 18-22. Compound 18A, R(p) isomer of 5-OMe-UDP(α-B), is the most potent and P2Y(6)-R selective agonist currently known (EC(50) 0.008 μM) being 19-fold more potent than UDP and showing no activity at uridine nucleotide receptors, P2Y(2)- and P2Y(4)-R. Analogue 18A was highly chemically stable under conditions mimicking gastric juice acidity (t(1/2) = 16.9 h). It was more stable to hydrolysis by nucleotide pyrophosphatases (NPP1,3) than UDP (15% and 28% hydrolysis by NPP1 and NPP3, respectively, vs 50% and 51% hydrolysis of UDP) and metabolically stable in blood serum (t(1/2) = 17 vs 2.4, 11.9, and 21 h for UDP, 5-OMe-UDP, and UDP(α-B), respectively). This newly discovered highly potent and physiologically stable P2Y(6)-R agonist may be of future therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ginsburg-Shmuel
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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3
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Yanachkov IB, Dix EJ, Yanachkova MI, Wright GE. P1,P2-diimidazolyl derivatives of pyrophosphate and bis-phosphonates--synthesis, properties, and use in preparation of dinucleoside tetraphosphates and analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:730-8. [PMID: 21082127 PMCID: PMC5705240 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
P(1),P(2)-Diimidazolyl derivatives of pyrophosphate and halomethylene-bis-phosphonates have been synthesized and characterized, and the mechanism of their formation was studied. These reagents enable synthesis of dinucleoside tetraphosphates and tetraphosphonates conveniently and in high yields.
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4
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Eliahu S, Martín-Gil A, de Lara MJP, Pintor J, Camden J, Weisman GA, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Fischer B. 2-MeS-beta,gamma-CCl2-ATP is a potent agent for reducing intraocular pressure. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3305-19. [PMID: 20337495 PMCID: PMC4358770 DOI: 10.1021/jm100030u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides can modify the production or drainage of the aqueous humor via activation of P2 receptors and therefore affect the intraocular pressure (IOP). We have synthesized slowly hydrolyzable nucleoside di- and triphosphate analogues, 1, and 8-14. Analogues 8-14 were completely resistant to hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase over 30 min at 37 degrees C. In human blood serum, analogues 8-14 exhibited high stability, e.g., analogues 9 and 10-14 were only 15% and 0% degraded after 24 h, respectively. Moreover, analogues 8-14 were highly stable at pH 1.4 (t(1/2) 1 h-30 days). Analogues 8-14 were agonists of the P2Y(1) receptor (EC(50) 0.57-9.54 muM). Ocular administration of most analogues into rabbits reduced IOP, e.g., analogue 9 reduced IOP by 32% (EC(50) 95.5 nM). Analogue 9 was more effective at reducing IOP than several common glaucoma drugs and represents a promising alternative to timolol maleate, which cannot be used for the treatment of patients suffering from asthma or cardiac problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Eliahu
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Alba Martín-Gil
- Dept. Bioquímica, E.U. Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalon s/n, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Perez de Lara
- Dept. Bioquímica, E.U. Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalon s/n, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Dept. Bioquímica, E.U. Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalon s/n, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean Camden
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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5
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Design, synthesis and studies of triphosphate analogues for the production of anti AZT-TP antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:987-90. [PMID: 20045322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Triphosphates anabolites are the active chemical species of nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV-therapy. Herein, we describe (i) the design of stable triphosphate analogues of AZT using molecular modelling, (ii) their synthesis and (iii) their use for producing anti AZT-TP antibodies in the aim of developing an immunoassay for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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6
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Han Q, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Parniak MA, Gaffney BL, Jones RA. Synthesis of Boranoate, Selenoate, and Thioate Analogs of AZTp(4)A and Ap(4)A. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:7915-7920. [PMID: 20625456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report efficient, one-flask procedures for the synthesis of a family of fourteen analogs of AZTp(4)A and Ap(4)A containing BH(3), S, or Se, along with two bisphosphonate analogs of Ap(4)A. These compounds should slow unwanted enzymatic hydrolysis and have the potential to create unique binding interactions in biochemical and structural studies of the excision reaction responsible for resistance of HIV-1 to AZT, as well as assist in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 610 Taylor Road, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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7
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Eliahu SE, Camden J, Lecka J, Weisman GA, Sévigny J, Gélinas S, Fischer B. Identification of hydrolytically stable and selective P2Y(1) receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:1525-36. [PMID: 18760862 PMCID: PMC4354951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
P2Y nucleotide receptors (P2YRs) are attractive pharmaceutical targets. Most P2YR agonists proposed as drugs consist of a nucleotide scaffold, but their use is limited due to their chemical and enzymatic instabilities. To identify drug candidates, we developed non-hydrolyzable P2YR agonists. We synthesized ATP-beta,gamma-CH(2) analogues 2-4, and evaluated their chemical and metabolic stabilities and activities at P2Y(1,2,4,6) receptors. Analogues 2-4 exhibited t(1/2) values of 14.5-65 h in gastric juice pH. They were completely resistant to alkaline phosphatase for 30 min at 37 degrees C and slowly hydrolyzed in human blood serum (t(1/2) 12.7-71.9 h). In comparison to ATP, analogues 2-4 were barely hydrolyzed by nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, NTPDase1,2,3,8 (< 8% hydrolysis), and nucleotide pyrophosphatases, NPP1,3 (< or = 10% hydrolysis). Analogues 2 and 4B were selective agonists of the P2Y(1)R with EC(50)s of 0.08 and 17.2 microM, respectively. These features make analogues 2 and 4B potential therapeutic agents for health disorders involving the P2Y(1)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay E. Eliahu
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Jean Camden
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gélinas
- Innodia Inc., 500 Cartier Boulevard, A Suite 132, Québec H7V5B7, Canada
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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8
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Ahmadibeni Y, Parang K. Solid-phase synthesis of symmetrical 5',5'-dinucleoside mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphodiesters. Org Lett 2007; 9:4483-6. [PMID: 17915884 DOI: 10.1021/ol7018778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four classes of phosphitylating reagents were subjected to reactions with aminomethyl polystyrene resin-bound p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol to yield the corresponding polymer-bound mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphitylating reagents. The solid-phase reagents were reacted with unprotected nucleosides (e.g., thymidine, adenosine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, cytidine, or inosine) in the presence of 5-(ethylthio)-1H-tetrazole. Polymer-bound nucleosides underwent oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, deprotection of cyanoethoxy groups with DBU, and the acidic cleavage, respectively, to afford 5',5'-dinucleoside mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphodiesters in 59-78% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Ahmadibeni
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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9
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Torres-Sanchez MI, Zaccaria C, Buzzi B, Miglio G, Lombardi G, Polito L, Russo G, Lay L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphono analogues of capsular polysaccharide fragments from Neisseria meningitidis A. Chemistry 2007; 13:6623-35. [PMID: 17508372 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis type A (MenA) is a Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium that may cause explosive epidemics of meningitis, especially in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The development and manufacture of an efficient glycoconjugate vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis A is greatly hampered by the poor hydrolytic stability of its capsular polysaccharide, which is made up of (1-->6)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units. Since this chemical lability is a product of the inherent instability of the phosphodiester bridges, here we report the synthesis of phosphonoester-linked oligomers of N-acetyl mannosamine as candidates for stabilised analogues of the corresponding phosphate-bridged saccharides. The installation of each interglycosidic phosphonoester linkage was achieved by Mitsunobu coupling of a glycosyl C-phosphonate building block with the 6-OH moiety of a mannosaminyl residue. Each of the synthesised compounds contains an O-linked aminopropyl spacer at its reducing end (alpha- or beta-oriented) to allow for protein conjugation. The relative affinities of the synthetic molecules were investigated by a competitive ELISA assay and showed that a human polyclonal anti-MenA serum can recognise both the phosphonoester-bridged fragments 1-3 and their monomeric subunits, glycosides 20 and 21. Moreover, the biological results suggest that the abilities of these compounds to inhibit the binding of a specific antibody to MenA polysaccharide are dependent on the chain lengths of the molecules, but independent on the orientations of the anomeric linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Torres-Sanchez
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro Interdisciplinare Studi Bio-molecolari e Applicazioni Industriali, Università degli Studi di Milano via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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10
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] We report a one-flask route for the synthesis of dinucleoside tetra- and pentaphosphates, in isolated yields of 50-85%. This route relies on a mixture of P(III) and P(V) chemistries, using phosphitylation of a protected nucleoside with 2-chloro-4H-l,3,2-benzo-dioxaphosphorin-4-one (salicylchlorophosphite), followed by sequential reaction with inorganic pyrophosphate and a nucleoside 5' mono- or diphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, 08854, USA
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11
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Stepinski DC, Hess JN, Herlinger AW. Nitrogen Heterocyclic Bases as Catalysts for the Selective Synthesis of Symmetric P,P′-Disubstituted Bisphosphonate Esters. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120024727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Guranowski A, Starzyńska E, McLennan AG, Baraniak J, Stec WJ. Adenosine-5'-O-phosphorylated and adenosine-5'-O-phosphorothioylated polyols as strong inhibitors of (symmetrical) and (asymmetrical) dinucleoside tetraphosphatases. Biochem J 2003; 373:635-40. [PMID: 12697025 PMCID: PMC1223503 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2003] [Revised: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 04/16/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dinucleoside 5',5"'- P (1), P ( n )-polyphosphates, and particularly the diadenosine compounds, have been implicated in extracellular purinergic signalling and in various intracellular processes, including DNA metabolism, tumour suppression and stress responses. If permitted to accumulate, they may also be toxic. One approach to understanding their function is through the various specific degradative enzymes that regulate their levels. Eight adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated polyols (derivatives of glycerol, erythritol and pentaerythritol) and 11 adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothioylated polyols (derivatives of glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, butanediol and pentanediol) have been tested as inhibitors of specific diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) hydrolases. Of these two groups of novel nucleotides, the adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothioylated polyols were generally stronger inhibitors than their adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated counterparts. 1,4-Di(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio) erythritol appeared to be the strongest inhibitor of ( asymmetrical ) Ap(4)A hydrolases (EC 3.6.1.17) from both lupin and human, with K (i) values of 0.15 microM and 1.5 microM respectively. Of eight adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated polyols, 1,4-di(adenosine-5'- O -phospho) erythritol was the only compound that inhibited the lupin enzyme. Two derivatives of pentaerythritol, di(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio)-di(phosphorothio) pentaerythritol and tri(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio)-phosphorothio-pentaerythritol, proved to be the strongest inhibitors of the prokaryotic ( symmetrical ) Ap(4)A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.41) so far reported. The estimated K (i) values were 0.04 microM and 0.08 microM respectively. All of these inhibitors were competitive with respect to Ap(4)A. These new selectively acting Ap(4)A analogues should prove to be valuable tools for further studies of Ap(4)A function and of the enzymes involved in its metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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13
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Abdelghany HM, Bailey S, Blackburn GM, Rafferty JB, McLennan AG. Analysis of the catalytic and binding residues of the diadenosine tetraphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase from Caenorhabditis elegans by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:4435-9. [PMID: 12475970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211983200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions to substrate binding and catalysis of 13 amino acid residues of the Caenorhabditis elegans diadenosine tetraphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (Ap(4)A hydrolase) predicted from the crystal structure of an enzyme-inhibitor complex have been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. Sixteen glutathione S-transferase-Ap(4)A hydrolase fusion proteins were expressed and their k(cat) and K(m) values determined after removal of the glutathione S-transferase domain. As expected for a Nudix hydrolase, the wild type k(cat) of 23 s(-1) was reduced by 10(5)-, 10(3)-, and 30-fold, respectively, by replacement of the conserved P(4)-phosphate-binding catalytic residues Glu(56), Glu(52), and Glu(103) by Gln. K(m) values were not affected, indicating a lack of importance for substrate binding. In contrast, mutating His(31) to Val or Ala and Lys(83) to Met produced 10- and 16-fold increases in K(m) compared with the wild type value of 8.8 microm. These residues stabilize the P(1)-phosphate. H31V and H31A had a normal k(cat) but K83M showed a 37-fold reduction in k(cat). Lys(36) also stabilizes the P(1)-phosphate and a K36M mutant had a 10-fold reduced k(cat) but a relatively normal K(m). Thus both Lys(36) and Lys(83) may play a role in catalysis. The previously suggested roles of Tyr(27), His(38), Lys(79), and Lys(81) in stabilizing the P(2) and P(3)-phosphates were not confirmed by mutagenesis, indicating the absence of phosphate-specific binding contacts in this region. Also, mutating both Tyr(76) and Tyr(121), which clamp one substrate adenosine moiety between them in the crystal structure, to Ala only increased K(m) 4-fold. It is concluded that interactions with the P(1)- and P(4)-phosphates are minimum and sufficient requirements for substrate binding by this class of enzyme, indicating that it may have a much wider substrate range then previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Abdelghany
- School of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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14
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Xu J, Wei M. A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF N-PROTECTED 1-AMINOALKYLPHOSPHONATE MIXED MONOTHIOESTERS AND DITHIOESTERS. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-100104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Guranowski A. Specific and nonspecific enzymes involved in the catabolism of mononucleoside and dinucleoside polyphosphates. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 87:117-39. [PMID: 11007995 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review concerns enzymes that can degrade nucleoside 5'-tetra- and pentaphosphates (p(4)N and p(5)N) and those that can degrade various dinucleoside polyphosphates (Np(3-6)N'). Most of these enzymes are hydrolases, and they occur in all types of organisms. Certain fungi and protozoa also possess specific Np(n)N' phosphorylases. Specific p(4)N hydrolases have been demonstrated in mammals and in plants. In yeast, p(4)N and p(5)N are hydrolyzed by exopolyphosphatases. Among other hydrolases that can degrade these minor mononucleotides are phosphatases, apyrase, and (asymmetrical) Np(4)N' hydrolase, as well as the nonspecific adenylate deaminase. Np(n)N's are good substrates for Type I phosphodiesterases and nucleotide pyrophosphatases, and diadenosine polyphosphates are easily deaminated to diinosine polyphosphates by nonspecific adenylate deaminases. Specific Np(3)N' hydrolases occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Interestingly, the human fragile histidine triad (Fhit) tumor suppressor protein appears to be a typical Np(3)N' hydrolase. Among the specific Np(4)N' hydrolases are asymmetrically cleaving ones, which are typical of higher eukaryotes, and symmetrically cleaving enzymes found in Physarum polycephalum and in many bacteria. An enzyme that hydrolyzes both diadenosine tetraphosphate and diadenosine triphosphate has been found in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Its amino acid sequence is similar to that of the human Fhit/Np(3)N' hydrolase. Very recently, a typical (asymmetrical) Np(4)N' hydrolase has been demonstrated for the first time in a bacterium-the pathogenic Bartonella bacilliformis. Another novelty is the discovery of diadenosine 5', 5"'-P(1),P 6-hexaphosphate hydrolases in budding and fission yeasts and in mammalian cells. These enzymes and the (asymmetrical) Np(4)N' hydrolases have the amino acid motif typical of the MutT (or Nudix hydrolase) family. In contrast, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ap(4)A/Ap(3)A hydrolase, the human Fhit protein, and the yeast Np(n)N' phosphorylases belong to a superfamily GAFH, which includes the histidine triad proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guranowski
- Katedra Biochemii i Biotechnologii, Akademia Rolnicza, ul. Wo>/=yOska 35, 60-637, PoznaO, Poland.
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16
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Shipitsyn AV, Tarussova NB, Shirokova EA, Krayevsky AA. Synthesis of [bis(inosine-5')]-tetraphosphate and [bis(inosine-5')]-pentaphosphate analogues bearing the residues of methylenediphosphonic acid. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:881-9. [PMID: 10893708 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various methods of synthesis of metabolically stable phosphonate analogues of bisnucleoside oligophosphates containing two residues of methylenediphosphonic acid in the oligophosphate chain are studied. Phosphonate analogues of Ip4I and Ip5I are prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Shipitsyn
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Cartwright JL, McLennan AG. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae YOR163w gene encodes a diadenosine 5', 5"'-P1,P6-hexaphosphate (Ap6A) hydrolase member of the MutT motif (Nudix hydrolase) family. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:8604-10. [PMID: 10085096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The YOR163w open reading frame on chromosome XV of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes a member of the MutT motif (nudix hydrolase) family of enzymes of Mr 21,443. By cloning and expressing this gene in Escherichia coli and S. cerevisiae, we have shown the product to be a (di)adenosine polyphosphate hydrolase with a previously undescribed substrate specificity. Diadenosine 5',5"'-P1, P6-hexaphosphate is the preferred substrate, and hydrolysis in H218O shows that ADP and adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate are produced by attack at Pbeta and AMP and adenosine 5'-pentaphosphate are produced by attack at Palpha with a Km of 56 microM and kcat of 0.4 s-1. Diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P5-pentaphosphate, adenosine 5'-pentaphosphate, and adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate are also substrates, but not diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate or other dinucleotides, mononucleotides, nucleotide sugars, or nucleotide alcohols. The enzyme, which was shown to be expressed in log phase yeast cells by immunoblotting, displays optimal activity at pH 6.9, 50 degrees C, and 4-10 mM Mg2+ (or 200 microM Mn2+). It has an absolute requirement for a reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol (1 mM), and is inhibited by Ca2+ with an IC50 of 3.3 mM and F- (noncompetitively) with a Ki of 80 microM. Its function may be to eliminate potentially toxic dinucleoside polyphosphates during sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cartwright
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Liverpool, P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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18
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Blackburn GM, Liu X, Rösler A, Brenner C. Two hydrolase resistant analogues of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate for studies with Fhit, the human fragile histidine triad protein. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:301-8. [PMID: 9708352 PMCID: PMC2556045 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808005178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of analogues of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate that are resistant to pyrophosphate hydrolysis is described in relation to their rôle in signalling and tumorigenesis involving the Fhit protein, the human fragile histidine triad protein, which is a novel Ap3A binding/cleaving protein.
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19
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Chan SW, Gallo SJ, Kim BK, Guo MJ, Blackburn GM, Zamecnik PC. P1,P4-dithio-P2,P3-monochloromethylene diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate: a novel antiplatelet agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:4034-9. [PMID: 9108100 PMCID: PMC20563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated in a series of searches for antithrombotic agents that diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AppppA) and its analogues are competitive inhibitors of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Among various analogues, the P2,P3-monochloromethylene analog of AppppA (AppCHClppA) is superior to unmodified AppppA in its antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. In this communication, we compare the antiplatelet potency of five newly synthesized agents with that of AppCHClppA. The five new agents include four diadenosine polyphosphate analogues [Ap(s)pCHClpp(s)A (p(s) indicates a thiophosphate), dAppCHClppdA, dAp,pCHClpp(s)dA, and AppCHClpCHClppA], and an adenosine tetraphosphate analogue (AppCHClpCHClp). When tested for their inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation by ADP, the most promising agent among them was Ap(s)pCHClpp(s)A. Both molecular and functional integrity of this compound proved to be stable in blood at 37 degrees C for at least 3 h. It also showed an excellent heat stability. This agent inhibits a number of aspects of ADP-induced platelet activation-e.g., release reaction, cytoplasmic calcium mobilization, thromboxane production, fibrinogen binding sites, and platelet factor 3 activity. Moreover, platelet aggregation induced by agonists other than ADP-e.g., arachidonic acid, collagen, and epinephrine-was inhibited partially by Ap(s)pCHClpp(s)A. It is concluded that (i) Ap(s)pCHClpp(s)A is a promising antiplatelet agent; (ii) it is resistant to blood phosphodiesterases and stable to heat treatment; (iii) platelet aggregation induced by collagen, epinephrine, or arachidonic acid is also inhibited in part by this agent; and (iv) specificity of the inhibitory effects is presented by unmodified adenosine moieties of the agent. Resistance to phosphodiesterases raises the possibility of oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Chan
- Cypress Bioscience, Inc., Watertown, MA 02172, USA
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20
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Saady M, Lebeau L, Mioskowski C. First Use of Benzyl Phosphites in theMichaelis-Arbuzov Reaction synthesis of mono-, Di-, and triphosphate analogs. Helv Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Ralevic V, Hoyle CH, Burnstock G. Pivotal role of phosphate chain length in vasoconstrictor versus vasodilator actions of adenine dinucleotides in rat mesenteric arteries. J Physiol 1995; 483 ( Pt 3):703-13. [PMID: 7776252 PMCID: PMC1157811 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The isolated perfused rat mesenteric arterial bed was used to examine the activity of the adenine dinucleotides: beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD); beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD); and of the alpha,omega-diadenosine polyphosphates: adenylyl adenosine (AP1A); P1,P2-diadenosine pyrophosphate (AP2A); P1,P3-diadenosine triphosphate (AP3A); P1,P4-diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP4A); P1,P5-diadenosine pentaphosphate (AP5A); P1,P6-diadenosine hexaphosphate (AP6A). Responses were compared with those of ADP, ATP, 2-methylthio-ATP (2-meSATP) and alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP). 2. In basal tone preparations mono- and dinucleotides elicited vasoconstriction with the order of potency: alpha,beta-meATP > or = AP5A > or = AP6A > or = AP4A > or = 2-meSATP >> ATP >> ADP. The dinucleotides NAD, NADP, FAD, AP1A, AP2A and AP3A had no effect. 3. The P2X-purinoceptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (30 microM) virtually abolished vasoconstrictor responses to AP4A, AP5A and AP6A. 4. Auto- and cross-desensitization of vasoconstrictor responses to AP4A, AP5A, AP6A, ATP and alpha,beta-meATP were observed. 5. In raised tone preparations nucleotides elicited endothelium-dependent vasodilatation with the order of potency: 2-meSATP = ADP > ATP > AP3A > AP2A > AP1A = NADP = FAD > NAD. The nucleotides AP4A, AP5A, AP6A and alpha,beta-meATP had no vasodilator effects. 6. It is concluded that the alpha,omega-adenine dinucleotides AP4A, AP5A and AP6A elicit vasoconstriction, but not vasodilatation, in the rat mesenteric arterial bed via P2x-purinoceptors. In contrast, the dinucleotides NADP, FAD, AP1A, AP2A and AP3A elicit vasodilatation, but not vasoconstriction, via endothelial P2Y-purinoceptors. 7. It is suggested that there is a crucial relationship between the structure of the alpha,omega-diadenosine polyphosphates and their activity at P2X- and P2Y-purinoceptors with a pivotal role played by the polyphosphate chain. Molecules with four or more phosphates are vasoconstrictors, while those with three or less phosphates are vasodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ralevic
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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Guranowski A, Brown P, Ashton PA, Blackburn GM. Regiospecificity of the hydrolysis of diadenosine polyphosphates catalyzed by three specific pyrophosphohydrolases. Biochemistry 1994; 33:235-40. [PMID: 8286347 DOI: 10.1021/bi00167a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The different patterns of enzymatic cleavage of diadenosine polyphosphates, ApnAs, where n = 3-5, have been established by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, FAB MS, of the nucleotide products formed in the presence of H2(18)O. The three specific pyrophosphohydrolases, Ap3A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.29) and (asymmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.17) from lupin and the (symmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.41) from Escherichia coli, manifest three different regiospecificities. The Ap3A hydrolase cleaves all four substrates tested, Ap3A, Ap4A, ApCH2ppA, and ApCHFppA, to give [18O]AMP and the corresponding unlabeled adenosine nucleotide. In each case, the enzyme cleaves at the phosphate proximate to the bound adenosine moiety. The (asymmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase cleaves both Ap4A and Ap5A to give unlabeled ATP plus [18O]AMP and [18O]ADP, respectively, and is thus seen to add water at the fourth phosphate from the bound adenosine moiety. Lastly, the (symmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase from E. coli gives beta-[18O]ADP from Ap3A, Ap4A, and Ap5A along with the unlabeled nucleotide coproducts. In addition, with Ap4A alpha S (ApspppA) as substrate for the bacterial enzyme, the products are beta-[18O]ADP and unlabeled ADP alpha S. This symmetrical enzyme is thus characterized as cleaving the polyphosphate chain at the second phosphate from the bound adenosine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guranowski
- Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, U.K
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24
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Johnson SC, Tagliaferri F, Baker DC. Synthesis of the 3-deoxy-3-C-(phosphonomethyl) analogue of 1D-myo-inositol 3-(dihydrogenphosphate). Carbohydr Res 1993; 250:315-21. [PMID: 8131161 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84009-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-1600
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25
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Chen H, McLennan AG. The bis(adenosin-N6-yl)alkanes, a family of potential dinucleoside-polyphosphate analogue precursors. Cytotoxicity, adenosine-receptor binding and metabolism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 214:935-44. [PMID: 8391440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of bis(adenosin-N6-yl)alkanes, in which two adenosine residues are linked via their N6 positions by alkyl bridges comprising between 2 and 14 methylene units, were synthesized as potential precursors to dinucleoside-polyphosphate analogues. These compounds were moderately cytotoxic to mammalian cells, the toxicity increasing with the length of the alkyl chain. For example, the dose of bis(adenosin-N6-yl)dodecane, A[CH2]12A, leading to 50% inhibition of cell growth (ID50) for BHK fibroblasts, Walker 256 carcinoma cells and S-49 T-lymphoma cells were 90 +/- 8, 100 +/- 5 and 23 +/- 4 microM respectively. A significant amount of A[CH2]12A bound to serum albumin in the growth media; thus the ID50 for S-49 cells grown in serum-free medium was 9 +/- 2 microM. The corresponding bis-cytidine analogues were much less toxic; however the presence of a second adenosine moeity/molecule had little significant effect on cell growth when compared to N6-alkyladenosines. Toxicity to S-49 cells was unaffected by the nucleoside-transporter inhibitor nitrobenzylthioinosine and was even higher (ID50 = 5 +/- 0.5 microM) towards nucleoside-transport-deficient AE-1 cells, showing that the analogues could pass freely through the plasma membrane. Interaction with A1 adenosine receptors was shown by displacement of [3H]N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (Kd = 6 nM) from rat adipocyte membranes, with Ki values of 45, 65, 85 and 390 nM for the compounds containing 12, 8, 6 and 4 methylene units, respectively. Affinity for human platelet membrane A2 adenosine receptors was about 100-fold less, however the compounds were weak A2 agonists, producing up to a threefold increase in intracellular cyclic AMP in WI-38/VA-13 cells. Thus, these compounds behave, not surprisingly, as adenosine analogues. In addition, A[CH2]12A was metabolized in vitro and intracellularly by adenosine kinase (Ki = 70 nM) and adenylate kinase to yield a number of phosphorylated derivatives with the potential to act as diadenosine polyphosphate analogues. One of these, the bismonophosphate, was recognized by and inhibited adenylate kinase more effectively than adenosine(5')tetraphospho(5')adenosine (Ap4A, Ki = 3 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, England
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26
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Craik KM, McLennan AG, Fisher MJ. Adenine dinucleotide-mediated activation of glycogen phosphorylase in isolated liver cells. Cell Signal 1993; 5:89-96. [PMID: 8452757 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(93)90011-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ability of purine nucleotides (e.g. ATP) to cause a dose-dependent activation of glycogen phosphorylase in isolated liver cells is well known. These agents mediate their effects through interaction with specific P2-purinoceptors in the plasma membrane. We have investigated the ability of a range of synthetic and naturally occurring adenine dinucleotides to cause a similar stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase activity in isolated rat liver cells. Our results indicate that Ap3A and Ap4A, the most abundant naturally occurring adenine dinucleotides, cause a dose-dependent activation of glycogen phosphorylase similar to that observed with ATP. Similar responses were seen with Ap5A, Ap6A and a series of phosphorothioate analogues. In contrast, the response to phosphonate analogues depended on the position of the P-C-P bridge. The dinucleotides appear to exert their effects directly, rather than through hydrolytic products such as adenosine and/or ATP. The possibility that adenine dinucleotides are physiologically significant extracellular purinergic effectors is discussed in the light of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Craik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, U.K
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27
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Kim BK, Zamecnik P, Taylor G, Guo MJ, Blackburn GM. Antithrombotic effect of beta,beta'-monochloromethylene diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:11056-8. [PMID: 1438314 PMCID: PMC50482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.22.11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of using beta,beta'-monochloromethylene diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AppCHCl-ppA) as an antithrombotic agent was studied in a rabbit intracarotid cannula thrombosis model previously shown to be sensitive to antiplatelet agents. This analogue, having a P-C-P bridge in place of a P-O-P internucleoside linkage, has been found resistant to phosphodiesterase activity. Rabbits were infused with the dinucleotide at a dose of 50 mg per kg over a 2-hr period, at a controlled rate by pump. A 1-cm length of polyethylene cannula (1 mm i.d.) was tied into the carotid artery. Animals were stable under general anesthesia during the entire period of the experiment. In the control group, 16 of 20 animals formed clots, an incidence of 80%, whereas in the test animals, 6 of the 20 formed clots (30% incidence, P < 0.05). After preincubation of whole blood with 50 microM AppCHClppA at 37 degrees C for up to 3 hr, a consistent suppression of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was observed. The present study suggests that AppCHClppA may be useful as an antithrombotic agent in certain clinical situations, such as hemodialysis, arteriovenous shunts, and introduction of artificial heart valves. It may also possibly prevent extension of recent clots. The toxicity and metabolism of AppCHClppA have, however, yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Kim
- Platelet Research Products, Inc., Watertown, MA 02171
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28
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Zamecnik PC, Kim B, Gao MJ, Taylor G, Blackburn GM. Analogues of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) as potential anti-platelet-aggregation agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:2370-3. [PMID: 1549600 PMCID: PMC48659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dense granules of platelets contain a high content of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A). We have previously demonstrated an antithrombotic effect of this compound in a live rabbit model. In the present study we find that certain synthetic Ap4A analogues are superior to Ap4A in inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets. Analogues having a P--C--P bridge located in the P2,P3 position of Ap4A are the most potent inhibitors. These analogues are also resistant to hydrolytic enzymes. Analogues having the above characteristics exhibit competitive inhibition with ADP in the ADP-induced platelet aggregation reaction. These compounds, such as AppCHFppA, may be useful as antithrombotic agents. The analogues ApSppSpA and ApSpCHFpSpA also showed good inhibitory effects on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In addition, this action of Ap4A and its analogues provides an example of a dinucleotide inducing an antagonistic effect by occupying an extracellular mononucleotide binding site on platelets. It calls attention to the possibility that Ap4A and its analogues may act in a similar way in whole organisms, triggering effector or inhibitory responses in any one of a variety of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Zamecnik
- Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, MA 01545
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29
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Blackburn GM, Ashton PR, Guo MJ, Rogers M, Taylor G, Guranowski A, Watts D. Application of phosphonate and thiophosphate analogues of nucleotides to studies of some enzyme reactions. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.520020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Lazewska D, Guranowski A. P alpha-chiral phosphorothioate analogues of bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate (Ap4A); their enzymatic synthesis and degradation. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:6083-8. [PMID: 2172926 PMCID: PMC332409 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.20.6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of Sp and Rp diastereomers of Ap4A alpha S has been characterized in two enzymatic systems, the lysyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli and the Ap4A alpha, beta-phosphorylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The synthetase was able to use both (Sp)ATP alpha S and (Rp)ATP alpha S as acceptors of adenylate thus yielding corresponding monothioanalogues of Ap4A,(Sp) Ap4A alpha S and (Rp)Ap4A alpha S. No dithiophosphate analogue was formed. Relative synthetase velocities of the formation of Ap4A,(Sp) Ap4A alpha S and (Rp)Ap4A alpha S were 1:0.38:0.15, and the computed Km values for (Sp)ATP alpha S and (Rp)ATP alpha S were 0.48 and 1.34 mM, respectively. The yeast Ap4A phosphorylase synthesized (Sp)Ap4A alpha S and (Rp)Ap4A alpha S using adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) as source of adenylate. The adenylate was accepted by corresponding thioanalogues of ATP. In that system, relative velocities of Ap4A, (Sp)Ap4A alpha S and (Rp)Ap4A alpha S formation were 1:0.15:0.60. The two isomeric phosphorothioate analogues of Ap4A were tested as substrates for the following specific Ap4A-degrading enzymes: (asymmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.17) from yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) seeds hydrolyzed each of the analogues to AMP and the corresponding isomer of ATP alpha S; (symmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.41) from E. coli produced ADP and the corresponding diastereomer of ADP alpha S; and Ap4A phosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.53) from S. cerevisiae cleaved the Rp isomer only at the unmodified end yielding ADP and (Rp)ATP alpha S whereas the Sp isomer was degraded non-specifically yielding a mixture of ADP, (Sp)ADP alpha S, ATP and (Sp)ATP alpha S. For all the Ap4A-degrading enzymes, the Rp isomer of Ap4A alpha S appeared to be a better substrate than its Sp counterpart; stereoselectivity of the three enzymes for the Ap4A alpha S diastereomers is 51, 6 and 2.5, respectively. Basic kinetic parameters of the degradation reactions are presented and structural requirements of the Ap4A-metabolizing enzymes with respect to the potential substrates modified at the Ap4A-P alpha are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lazewska
- Katedra Biochemii, Akademia Rolnicza, Poznań, Poland
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31
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Blackburn GM, Guranowski A, Guo MJ, McLennan AG, Taylor GE. Studies on Bis(5′-Adenosyl)-P 1, P 4-Tetraphosphate, Appppa, and Some Synthetic Isosteric and Isopolar Phosphonate Analogues Using the Specific Appppaases from Artemiaand Lupin. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509008040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Guranowski
- b Department of Biochemistry , Agriculture University , Poznan , Poland
| | - M-J. Guo
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
| | - A. G. McLennan
- c Department of Biochemistry , Liverpool University , Liverpool , L69 3BX , UK
| | - G. E. Taylor
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
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Michael Blackburn G, Guo MJ, Langston SP, Taylor GE. Novel phosphonate and thiophosphate analogues of Ap3A, diadenosine 5′,5′''-P1,P3-triphosphate. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blackburn G, Guo MJ. Chemical synthesis, separation, and identification of diastereoisomers of P1,P4-dithio-5′,5‴-diadenosyl P1,P4-tetraphosphate and its P2,P3-methylene analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Guranowski A, Starzyńska E, Taylor GE, Blackburn GM. Studies on some specific Ap4A-degrading enzymes with the use of various methylene analogues of P1P4-bis-(5',5'''-adenosyl) tetraphosphate. Biochem J 1989; 262:241-4. [PMID: 2554885 PMCID: PMC1133253 DOI: 10.1042/bj2620241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six new methylenephosphonate analogues of P1P4-bis-(5',5'''-adenosyl) tetraphosphate, Ap4A, having P2-P3 carbon bridges CF2, CCl2 and CH2CH2 or P1-P2 and P3-P4 carbon bridges CF2, CCl2 and CH2CH2 in the tetraphosphate chain, were examined as substrates or inhibitors for two specific Ap4A-degrading enzymes: (asymmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.17) from yellow-lupin seeds and (symmetrical) Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.41) from Escherichia coli. All analogues in which the central oxygen atom was replaced by a stable carbon bridge were hydrolysed by the asymmetrical hydrolase (CF2 greater than CCl2 greater than O greater than CHBr greater than CH2 greater than CH2CH2). As expected, these analogues were not hydrolysed by the symmetrical hydrolase, which was also unable to act on analogues having P1-P2 and P3-P4 carbon bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guranowski
- Katedra Biochemii, Akademia Rolnicza, Poznań, Poland
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35
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McLennan AG, Prescott M, Evershed RP. Identification of point of specific enzymic cleavage of P1,P4-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate by negative ion FAB mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1989; 18:450-2. [PMID: 2548644 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200180615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A G McLennan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, U.K
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Prescott M, Milne AD, McLennan AG. Characterization of the bis(5'-nucleosidyl) tetraphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase from encysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia. Biochem J 1989; 259:831-8. [PMID: 2543371 PMCID: PMC1138592 DOI: 10.1042/bj2590831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The P1P4-bis(5'-nucleosidyl) tetraphosphate asymmetrical-pyrophosphohydrolase from encysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia has been purified over 11,000-fold to homogeneity. Anion-exchange chromatography resolves two major species with very similar properties. The enzyme is a single polypeptide of Mr 17,600 and is maximally active at pH 8.4 and 2 mM-Mg2+. It is inhibited by Ca2+ (IC50 = 0.9 mM with 2 mM-Mg2+) but not by Zn2+ ions. It preferentially hydrolyses P1P4-bis(5'-nucleosidyl) tetraphosphates, e.g. P1P4-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate (Ap4A) (kcat. = 12.7 s-1; Km = 33 microM) and P1P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate (Gp4G) (kcat. = 6.2 s-1; Km = 5 microM). With adenosine 5'-P1-tetraphospho-P4-5"'-guanosine (Ap4G) as substrate, there is a 4.5-fold preference for AMP and GTP as products and biphasic reaction kinetics are observed giving Km values of 4.7 microM and 34 microM, and corresponding rate constants of 6.5 s-1 and 11.9 s-1. The net rate constant for Ap4G hydrolysis is 7.6 s-1. The enzyme will also hydrolyse nucleotides with more than four phosphate groups, e.g. Ap5G, Ap6A and Gp5G are hydrolysed at 25%, 18% and 10% of the rate of Ap4A respectively. An NTP is always one of the products. Ap2A and Gp2G are not hydrolysed, while Ap3A and Gp3G are very poor substrates. When the enzyme is partially purified from embryos and larvae at different stages of development by sedimentation through a sucrose density gradient, its activity increases 3-fold during the first 12 h of pre-emergence development. This is followed by a slow decline during subsequent larval development. The similarity of this enzyme to other asymmetrical-pyrophosphohydrolases suggests that it did not evolve specifically to degrade the large yolk platelet store of Gp4G which is found in Artemia embryos, but that it probably serves the same general function in bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate metabolism as in other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prescott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, U.K
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37
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Thatcher RG, Kluger R. Mechanism and Catalysis of Nucleophilic Substitution in Phosphate Esters. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Substitution of pre-mRNA with phosphorothioate linkages reveals a new splicing-related reaction. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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