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Berghella L, De Angelis L, De Buysscher T, Mortazavi A, Biressi S, Forcales SV, Sirabella D, Cossu G, Wold BJ. A highly conserved molecular switch binds MSY-3 to regulate myogenin repression in postnatal muscle. Genes Dev 2008; 22:2125-38. [PMID: 18676817 DOI: 10.1101/gad.468508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myogenin is the dominant transcriptional regulator of embryonic and fetal muscle differentiation and during maturation is profoundly down-regulated. We show that a highly conserved 17-bp DNA cis-acting sequence element located upstream of the myogenin promoter (myogHCE) is essential for postnatal repression of myogenin in transgenic animals. We present multiple lines of evidence supporting the idea that repression is mediated by the Y-box protein MSY-3. Electroporation in vivo shows that myogHCE and MSY-3 are required for postnatal repression. We further show that, in the C2C12 cell culture system, ectopic MSY-3 can repress differentiation, while reduced MSY-3 promotes premature differentiation. MSY-3 binds myogHCE simultaneously with the homeodomain protein Pbx in postnatal innervated muscle. We therefore propose a model in which the myogHCE motif operates as a switch by specifying opposing functions; one that was shown previously is regulated by MyoD and Pbx and it specifies a chromatin opening, gene-activating function at the time myoblasts begin to differentiate; the other includes MYS-3 and Pbx, and it specifies a repression function that operates during and after postnatal muscle maturation in vivo and in myoblasts before they begin to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Berghella
- Institute of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Rome 00128, Italy.
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2
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Carlson BM, Borisov AB, Dedkov EI, Khalyfa A, Kostrominova TY, Macpherson PCD, Wang E, Faulkner JA. Effects of long-term denervation on skeletal muscle in old rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57:B366-74. [PMID: 12242312 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.10.b366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the reactions to denervation of limb muscles between young adult and old rats. After denervation for up to 4 months in 24-month-old rats, limb muscles were removed and analyzed for contractile properties, morphology, and levels of several key molecules, including the peptide elongation factors eEF1A-1 and eEF1A-2/S1, myogenin, gamma-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor, and cyclin D3. The principal difference between denervated old and young muscle is a somewhat slower rate of atrophy in denervated older muscle, especially among the type II fibers. Expression levels of certain molecules were higher in old than in young control muscle, but after denervation, levels of these molecules increased to the same absolute values in both young and old rats. Although many aspects of postdenervation reactions do not differ greatly between young and old animals, the lesser degree of atrophy in the old rats may reflect significant age-based mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Carlson
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2007, USA.
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3
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Calvo S, Vullhorst D, Venepally P, Cheng J, Karavanova I, Buonanno A. Molecular dissection of DNA sequences and factors involved in slow muscle-specific transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:8490-503. [PMID: 11713284 PMCID: PMC100012 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.24.8490-8503.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is a major regulatory mechanism for the generation of slow- and fast-twitch myofibers. We previously identified an upstream region of the slow TnI gene (slow upstream regulatory element [SURE]) and an intronic region of the fast TnI gene (fast intronic regulatory element [FIRE]) that are sufficient to direct fiber type-specific transcription in transgenic mice. Here we demonstrate that the downstream half of TnI SURE, containing E box, NFAT, MEF-2, and CACC motifs, is sufficient to confer pan-skeletal muscle-specific expression in transgenic mice. However, upstream regions of SURE and FIRE are required for slow and fast fiber type specificity, respectively. By adding back upstream SURE sequences to the pan-muscle-specific enhancer, we delineated a 15-bp region necessary for slow muscle specificity. Using this sequence in a yeast one-hybrid screen, we isolated cDNAs for general transcription factor 3 (GTF3)/muscle TFII-I repeat domain-containing protein 1 (MusTRD1). GTF3 is a multidomain nuclear protein related to initiator element-binding transcription factor TF II-I; the genes for both proteins are deleted in persons with Williams-Beuren syndrome, who often manifest muscle weakness. Gel retardation assays revealed that full-length GTF3, as well as its carboxy-terminal half, specifically bind the bicoid-like motif of SURE (GTTAATCCG). GTF3 expression is neither muscle nor fiber type specific. Its levels are highest during a period of fetal development that coincides with the emergence of specific fiber types and transiently increases in regenerating muscles damaged by bupivacaine. We further show that transcription from TnI SURE is repressed by GTF3 when overexpressed in electroporated adult soleus muscles. These results suggest a role for GTF3 as a regulator of slow TnI expression during early stages of muscle development and suggest how it could contribute to Williams-Beuren syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Introns
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscles/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins
- PAX7 Transcription Factor
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tissue Distribution
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Williams Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calvo
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Abstract
Muscle regulatory factor 4 (MRF4) is a member of the family of myogenic transcription factors, including MyoD, myogenin, and myf-5, that are necessary for the commitment and differentiation of mesoderm to skeletal muscle. Although the function of these transcription factors during embryonic development has been demonstrated, their role in adult muscle has remained elusive. Regulation of the MRF4 gene differs from the genes encoding the other myogenic factors in that its transcripts accumulate in neonatal muscle during maturation and continue to be expressed at relatively high levels in the adult. On the basis of its mRNA expression pattern, MRF4 has been suggested to regulate genes encoding adult contractile proteins and acetylcholine receptor subunits. To test this hypothesis, a specific antiserum was developed to study MRF4 protein expression in adult innervated and denervated muscle, because MRF4 mRNA levels increase by approximately threefold 1 day after nerve resection. By using three different immunohistochemical methods that vary widely in sensitivity, we were unable to detect MRF4 immunoreactivity in adult innervated muscles. The same results were obtained with another MRF4 antiserum generated independently. In contrast, any of these three immunologic techniques readily detected MRF4 immunoreactivity in myofiber and satellite cell nuclei of muscles denervated for 24 hours. The highest proportion of immunopositive nuclei (80%) was found 2-3 days after denervation. Immunoreactivity was no longer detectable by 14 days. There was no differential accumulation of MRF4 protein in the nuclei of satellite cells nor in sole plate (synaptic) nuclei at any time after denervation. No differences were found in the temporal accumulation of MRF4 in nuclei of type I and type II denervated myofibers, consistent with the similar distribution of MRF4 mRNAs in slow- and fast-twitch muscles. Our results are consistent with the lack of phenotype observed in the adult muscles of MRF4-null mutant mice observed by others and suggest that MRF4 may have important roles in the gene programs activated after denervation and during muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weis
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Kostrominova TY, Macpherson PC, Carlson BM, Goldman D. Regulation of myogenin protein expression in denervated muscles from young and old rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 279:R179-88. [PMID: 10896880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.1.r179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myogenin is a muscle-specific transcription factor participating in denervation-induced increases in nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) gene expression. Although myogenin RNA expression in denervated muscle is well documented, surprisingly little is known about myogenin protein expression. Therefore, we assayed myogenin protein and RNA in innervated and denervated muscles from young (4 mo) and old (24-32 mo) rats and compared this expression to that of the nAChR alpha-subunit RNA. These assays revealed increased myogenin protein expression within 1 day of denervation, preceding detectable increases in nAChR RNA. By 3 days of denervation, myogenin and nAChR alpha-subunit RNA were increased 500- and 130-fold, respectively, whereas myogenin protein increased 14-fold. Interestingly, old rats (32 mo) had 6-fold higher myogenin protein and approximately 80-fold higher mRNA levels than young rats. However, after denervation, expression levels were similar for young and old animals. The increased myogenin expression during aging, which tends to localize to small fibers, likely reflects spontaneous denervation and/or regeneration. Our results show that increased myogenin protein in denervated muscles correlates with the upregulation of its mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Kostrominova
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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6
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Nicolas N, Mira JC, Gallien CL, Chanoine C. Neural and hormonal control of expression of myogenic regulatory factor genes during regeneration of Xenopus fast muscles: myogenin and MRF4 mRNA accumulation are neurally regulated oppositely. Dev Dyn 2000; 218:112-22. [PMID: 10822264 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200005)218:1<112::aid-dvdy10>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim to investigate the influence of both innervation and thyroid hormone, on the expression of the MRFs during muscle regeneration, we performed cardiotoxin injury-induced regeneration experiments on fast muscles of adult Xenopus laevis subjected to different experimental conditions, including denervation and T3 treatment, and analyzed the accumulation of the four myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. We show here that manipulation of hormone levels or innervation resulted in differential alterations of MRF expression. Denervation and T3 treatment transiently down-regulated Myf-5 mRNA levels at the beginning of the regeneration process. Myf-5 was the only myogenic factor subject to thyroid hormone influence. Muscle denervation persistently reduces the levels of MRF4 transcripts as early as the first stages of regeneration, whereas the levels of myogenin mRNA were increased in the late stages of regeneration. This suggests that MRF4 expression may be induced by innervation and hence may be involved in mediating transcriptional responses to innervation and that myogenin expression may compensate for the down-regulation of MRF4 gene. This switch in MRF gene expression following denervation could have important consequences for the ability of Xenopus regenerating muscles to recover function after denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Musculaire, Paris, France
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7
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Seghatoleslami MR, Myers L, Knudsen KA. Upregulation of myogenin by N-cadherin adhesion in three-dimensional cultures of skeletal myogenic BHK cells. J Cell Biochem 2000; 77:252-64. [PMID: 10723091 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000501)77:2<252::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the baby hamster kidney (BHK) line express the skeletal muscle determining transcription factor MyoD but fail to differentiate. Unlike most skeletal myogenic cells, which express multiple members of the cadherin family of cell-cell adhesion proteins, the BHK cells lack a robust cadherin adhesion system. We previously published that forced expression of N- (or E)-cadherin in BHK cells increases the level of endogenous catenins, mediates strong cell-cell adhesion, and enhances differentiation of BHK cells induced to differentiate by placing them in three-dimensional (3-D) culture (Redfield et al. [1997] J. Cell. Biol. 138:1323-1331). This report demonstrates that N-cadherin adhesion upregulates the protein level of nuclear myogenin in cells induced to differentiate by 3-D culture. Myogenin is a transcription factor required for differentiation of skeletal muscle. It was not detected in monolayer culture, whether the cells expressed N-cadherin or not, nor was it upregulated in 3-D cultures of cells lacking N-cadherin. The activity of two myogenin-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter constructs containing 3.7 or 1.1 kb upstream regulatory region of the mouse myogenin gene was increased significantly in N-cadherin-expressing cells induced to differentiate by 3-D culture. Our observations indicate that N-cadherin adhesion stimulates skeletal myogenesis by upregulating myogenin.
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8
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Dulor JP, Cambon B, Vigneron P, Reyne Y, Nouguès J, Casteilla L, Bacou F. Expression of specific white adipose tissue genes in denervation-induced skeletal muscle fatty degeneration. FEBS Lett 1998; 439:89-92. [PMID: 9849884 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Denervation of skeletal muscle results in rapid atrophy with loss of contractile mass and/or progressive degeneration of muscle fibers which are replaced to a greater or lesser degree by connective and fatty tissues. In this study, we show that denervated rabbit muscles are transformed into a white adipose tissue, depending on their fiber types. This tissue does express LPL, G3PDH and particularly the ob gene, a white adipose tissue-specific marker, and does not express the brown adipose tissue molecular marker UCP1 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dulor
- UFR Productions animales, ENSA M, Laboratoire de Différenciation cellulaire et Croissance, INRA, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Buonanno A, Cheng J, Venepally P, Weis J, Calvo S. Activity-dependent regulation of muscle genes: repressive and stimulatory effects of innervation. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1998; 163:S17-26. [PMID: 9715746 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.1630s3s17.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Buonanno
- Unit of Molecular and Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Spitz F, De Vasconcelos ZA, Châtelet F, Demignon J, Kahn A, Mira JC, Maire P, Daegelen D. Proximal sequences of the aldolase A fast muscle-specific promoter direct nerve- and activity-dependent expression in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14975-81. [PMID: 9614104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.24.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle activity is known to modulate the muscle fiber phenotype. Changes in muscle activity (normal or experimentally induced) lead to modifications of the expression status of several muscle-specific genes. However, the transcription regulatory elements involved in the adaptative response are mainly unknown. The aldolase A muscle-specific promoter, pM, is expressed in adult fast twitch muscle with a preferential expression in fast glycolytic-2B fibers. Its activity is induced during postnatal muscle maturation, suggesting a role of nerve and/or muscle activity. Indeed, denervation of gastrocnemius in newborn mice prevented the activation of the promoter in this muscle, despite the nerve-independent formation of 2B fibers. Although the nerve was necessary for pM onset during development, denervating the gastrocnemius in adults had only mild effects on pM activity. By contrast, a transgene including the pM proximal regulatory sequences that are sufficient to reproduce the 2B fiber-specific expression of the endogenous promoter was shown to be highly sensitive to both neonatal and adult denervation. Transgenes containing muscle-specific pM proximal promoter elements were used to delineate the regulatory elements involved in this response to innervation and changes in the contractile activity pattern. Nerve- and activity-dependent elements could be localized in the 130-base pair-long proximal promoter region of the human aldolase A gene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Contraction/genetics
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Denervation/adverse effects
- Muscle Denervation/methods
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transgenes/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- F Spitz
- INSERM U129, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Université René Descartes Paris V, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faerman
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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12
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Abstract
MRF4, myogenin, MyoD, and Myf-5 are the four members of the basic helix-loop-helix family of muscle-specific regulatory factors (MRFs). We examined whether MRF4 could substitute for myogenin in vivo by determining if the myofiber- and MRF4-deficient phenotype of myogenin (-/-) mice could be rescued by a myogenin promoter-MRF4 transgene. When the transgene was expressed at a physiological level in myogenin-deficient fetuses, we found that expression of the endogenous MRF4 gene was restored to normal levels, whereas MyoD levels were unchanged. Thus, MRF4 can participate in a positive autoregulatory loop and can substitute for myogenin to activate its own promoter. Myogenin-deficient fetuses that expressed the transgene also had more myosin, more and larger myofibers, and a more normal ribcage morphology than myogenin-deficient littermates without the transgene. The transgene failed, however, to restore normal numbers of myofibers or viability to myogenin-deficient mice, because the approximately 1.6 kb myogenin promoter fragment was not expressed in most late-forming myofibers. These results demonstrate that MRF4 is able to substitute for myogenin to activate MRF4 expression and promote myofiber formation during the early stages of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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13
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Garry DJ, Bassel-Duby RS, Richardson JA, Grayson J, Neufer PD, Williams RS. Postnatal development and plasticity of specialized muscle fiber characteristics in the hindlimb. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1996; 19:146-56. [PMID: 8900047 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1996)19:2<146::aid-dvg6>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in defining molecular components of pathways controlling early stages of myogenesis has been substantial, but regulatory factors that govern the striking functional specialization of adult skeletal muscle fibers in vertebrate organisms have not yet been identified. A more detailed understanding of the temporal and spatial patterns by which specialized fiber characteristics arise may provide clues to the identity of the relevant regulatory factors. In this study, we used immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and Northern blot analyses to examine the time course and spatial characteristics of expression of myoglobin protein and mRNA during development of the distal hindlimb in the mouse. In adult animals, myoglobin is expressed selectively in oxidative, mitochondria-rich, fatigue-resistant myofibers, and it provides a convenient marker for this particular subset of specialized fibers. We observed only minimal expression of myoglobin in the hindlimb prior to the second day after birth, but a rapid and large (50-fold) induction of this gene in the ensuing neonatal period. Myoglobin expression was limited, however, to fibers located centrally within the limb which coexpress myosin isoforms characteristic of type I, IIA, and IIX fibers. This induction of myoglobin expression within the early postnatal period was accompanied by increased expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, and exhibited a time course similar to the upregulation of myoglobin and mitochondrial proteins, and exhibited a time course similar to the upregulation of myoglobin and mitochondrial protein expression that can be induced in adult muscle fibers by continuous motor nerve stimulation. This comparison suggests that progressive locomotor activity of neonatal animals may provide signals which trigger the development of the specialized features of oxidative, fatigue-resistant skeletal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Garry
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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14
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Su CT, Huang CF, Schmidt J. The depolarization response element in acetylcholine receptor genes is a dual-function E box. FEBS Lett 1995; 366:131-6. [PMID: 7789530 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00496-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
All acetylcholine receptor subunit genes contain E boxes and are blocked by membrane depolarization. We have used transfected C2C12 myogenic cells to investigate the response, to electrical stimulation and KCl, of wildtype and mutant regulatory regions of the chick acetylcholine receptor alpha, gamma and delta subunit, and the mouse MLC genes. Point mutations revealed that E boxes function as activating elements targeted by the depolarization signal. These experiments suggest, and insertion of a depolarization response element into an unrelated promoter confirms, that plasma membrane depolarization switches the depolarization response element from an activating to a repressive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794, USA
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15
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Schmidt J. Depolarization-transcription coupling in excitable cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 127:251-79. [PMID: 8533010 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0048269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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