1
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Vidal PJ, Pérez AP, Yahya G, Aldea M. Transcriptomic balance and optimal growth are determined by cell size. Mol Cell 2024; 84:3288-3301.e3. [PMID: 39084218 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Cell size and growth are intimately related across the evolutionary scale, but whether cell size is important to attain maximal growth or fitness is still an open question. We show that growth rate is a non-monotonic function of cell volume, with maximal values around the critical size of wild-type yeast cells. The transcriptome of yeast and mouse cells undergoes a relative inversion in response to cell size, which we associate theoretically and experimentally with the necessary genome-wide diversity in RNA polymerase II affinity for promoters. Although highly expressed genes impose strong negative effects on fitness when the DNA/mass ratio is reduced, transcriptomic alterations mimicking the relative inversion by cell size strongly restrain cell growth. In all, our data indicate that cells set the critical size to obtain a properly balanced transcriptome and, as a result, maximize growth and fitness during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Vidal
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alexis P Pérez
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Galal Yahya
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Martí Aldea
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Yasukawa T, Iwama R, Yamasaki Y, Masuo N, Noda Y. Yeast Rim11 kinase responds to glutathione-induced stress by regulating the transcription of phospholipid biosynthetic genes. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar8. [PMID: 37938929 PMCID: PMC10881166 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide composed of glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid, is an abundant thiol found in a wide variety of cells, ranging from bacterial to mammalian cells. Adequate levels of GSH are essential for maintaining iron homeostasis. The ratio of oxidized/reduced GSH is strictly regulated in each organelle to maintain the cellular redox potential. Cellular redox imbalances cause defects in physiological activities, which can lead to various diseases. Although there are many reports regarding the cellular response to GSH depletion, studies on stress response to high levels of GSH are limited. Here, we performed genome-scale screening in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified RIM11, BMH1, and WHI2 as multicopy suppressors of the growth defect caused by GSH stress. The deletion strains of each gene were sensitive to GSH. We found that Rim11, a kinase important in the regulation of meiosis, was activated via autophosphorylation upon GSH stress in a glucose-rich medium. Furthermore, RNA-seq revealed that transcription of phospholipid biosynthetic genes was downregulated under GSH stress, and introduction of multiple copies of RIM11 counteracted this effect. These results demonstrate that S. cerevisiae copes with GSH stress via multiple stress-responsive pathways, including a part of the adaptive pathway to glucose limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yasukawa
- Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Limited, Tokyo Takarazuka Building 14F, 1-1-3 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0006, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwama
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamasaki
- Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Limited, Tokyo Takarazuka Building 14F, 1-1-3 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0006, Japan
| | - Naohisa Masuo
- Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Limited, Tokyo Takarazuka Building 14F, 1-1-3 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0006, Japan
| | - Yoichi Noda
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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3
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Chidambaram R, Ramachandran G, Rajasekharan R, Nachiappan V. Impairment of transcription factor Gcr1p binding motif perturbs OPI3 transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1032-1052. [PMID: 35416329 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription factor GCR1 plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism and in the current study we tried to elucidate its role in lipid metabolism. In silico analysis revealed the upstream activation sequence (UAS) in the promoter region of OPI3 possessed six conserved recognition sequences for Gcr1p and the ChIP assay confirmed the binding of Gcr1p on the OPI3 promoter region. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and promoter-reporter activity revealed a substantial reduction in OPI3 expression and was supported with decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) level that is rescued with exogenous choline supplementation in gcr1∆ cells. Simultaneously, there was an increase in triacylglycerol level, accompanied with increased number and size of lipid droplets in gcr1∆ cells. The expression of pT1, pT2 truncations in opi3∆ cells revealed the -1 to -500 bp in the promoter region is essential for the activation of OPI3 transcription. The mutation specifically at UASCT box (-265) in the OPI3 promoter region displayed a reduction in the PC level and the additional mutation at UASINO (-165) further reduced the PC level. Collectively, our data suggest that the GCR1 transcription factor also regulates the OPI3 expression and has an impact on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Chidambaram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowsalya Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasanthi Nachiappan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Stephan OOH. Interactions, structural aspects, and evolutionary perspectives of the yeast 'START'-regulatory network. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 22:6461095. [PMID: 34905017 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular signal transduction networks which conduct transcription at the G1 to S phase transition of the eukaryotic cell division cycle have been identified in diverse taxa from mammals to baker´s yeast with analogous functional organization. However, regarding some network components, such as the transcriptional regulators STB1 and WHI5, only few orthologs exist which are confined to individual Saccharomycotina species. While Whi5 has been characterized as yeast analog of human Rb protein, in the particular case of Stb1 (Sin three binding protein 1) identification of functional analogs emerges as difficult because to date its exact functionality still remains obscured. By aiming to resolve Stb1´s enigmatic role this Perspectives article especially surveys works covering relations between Cyclin/CDKs, the heteromeric transcription factor complexes SBF (Swi4/Swi6) and MBF (Mbp1/Swi6), as well as additional coregulators (Whi5, Sin3, Rpd3, Nrm1) which are collectively associated with the orderly transcription at 'Start' of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. In this context, interaction capacities of the Sin3-scaffold protein are widely surveyed because its four PAH domains (Paired Amphiphatic Helix) represent a 'recruitment-code' for gene-specific targeting of repressive histone deacetylase activity (Rpd3) via different transcription factors. Here Stb1 plays a role in Sin3´s action on transcription at the G1/S-boundary. Through bioinformatic analyses a potential Sin3-interaction domain (SID) was detected in Stb1, and beyond that, connections within the G1/S-regulatory network are discussed in structural and evolutionary context thereby providing conceptual perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
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5
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Sahu RK, Singh S, Tomar RS. The ATP-dependent SWI/SNF and RSC chromatin remodelers cooperatively induce unfolded protein response genes during endoplasmic reticulum stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2021; 1864:194748. [PMID: 34454103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2021.194748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF subfamily remodelers (SWI/SNF and RSC) generally promote gene expression by displacing or evicting nucleosomes at the promoter regions. Their action creates a nucleosome-depleted region where transcription machinery accesses the DNA. Their function has been shown critical for inducing stress-responsive transcription programs. Although the role of SWI/SNF and RSC complexes in transcription regulation of heat shock responsive genes is well studied, their involvement in other pathways such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and protein quality control (PQC) is less known. This study shows that SWI/SNF occupies the promoters of UPR, HSP and PQC genes in response to unfolded protein stress, and its recruitment at UPR promoters depends on Hac1 transcription factor and other epigenetic factors like Ada2 and Ume6. Disruption of SWI/SNF's activity does not affect the remodeling of these promoters or gene expression. However, inactivation of RSC and SWI/SNF together diminishes induction of most of the UPR, HSP and PQC genes tested. Furthermore, RSC and SWI/SNF colocalize at these promoters, suggesting that these two remodelers functionally cooperate to induce stress-responsive genes under proteotoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sahu
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Singh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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6
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Vizoso-Vázquez Á, Lamas-Maceiras M, González-Siso MI, Cerdán ME. Ixr1 Regulates Ribosomal Gene Transcription and Yeast Response to Cisplatin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3090. [PMID: 29449612 PMCID: PMC5814428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixr1 is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae HMGB protein that regulates the hypoxic regulon and also controls the expression of other genes involved in the oxidative stress response or re-adaptation of catabolic and anabolic fluxes when oxygen is limiting. Ixr1 also binds with high affinity to cisplatin-DNA adducts and modulates DNA repair. The influence of Ixr1 on transcription in the absence or presence of cisplatin has been analyzed in this work. Ixr1 regulates other transcriptional factors that respond to nutrient availability or extracellular and intracellular stress stimuli, some controlled by the TOR pathway and PKA signaling. Ixr1 controls transcription of ribosomal RNAs and genes encoding ribosomal proteins or involved in ribosome assembly. qPCR, ChIP, and 18S and 25S rRNAs measurement have confirmed this function. Ixr1 binds directly to several promoters of genes related to rRNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis. Cisplatin treatment mimics the effect of IXR1 deletion on rRNA and ribosomal gene transcription, and prevents Ixr1 binding to specific promoters related to these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Vizoso-Vázquez
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Mónica Lamas-Maceiras
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - M Isabel González-Siso
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - M Esperanza Cerdán
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain.
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7
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Usher J, Thomas G, Haynes K. Utilising established SDL-screening methods as a tool for the functional genomic characterisation of model and non-model organisms. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov091. [PMID: 26472754 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend for large-scale genetic and phenotypic screens has revealed a wealth of information on biological systems. A major challenge is understanding how genes function and putative roles in networks. The majority of current gene knowledge is garnered from studies utilising the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that synthetic dosage lethal genetic array methodologies can be used to study genetic networks in other yeasts, namely the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata, which has limited forward genetic tools, due to the lack of 'natural' mating. We performed two SDL screens in S. cerevisiae, overexpressing the transcriptional regulator UME6 as bait in the first screen and its C. glabrata ortholog CAGL0F05357g in the second. Analysis revealed that SDL maps share 204 common interactors, with 10 genetic interactions unique to C. glabrata indicating a level of genetic rewiring, indicative of linking genotype to phenotype in fungal pathogens. This was further validated by incorporating our results into the global genetic landscape map of the cell from Costanzo et al. to identify common and novel gene attributes. This data demonstrated the utility large data sets and more robust analysis made possible by interrogating exogenous genes in the context of the eukaryotic global genetic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Usher
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Graham Thomas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ken Haynes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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8
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Sakakibara K, Eiyama A, Suzuki SW, Sakoh-Nakatogawa M, Okumura N, Tani M, Hashimoto A, Nagumo S, Kondo-Okamoto N, Kondo-Kakuta C, Asai E, Kirisako H, Nakatogawa H, Kuge O, Takao T, Ohsumi Y, Okamoto K. Phospholipid methylation controls Atg32-mediated mitophagy and Atg8 recycling. EMBO J 2015; 34:2703-19. [PMID: 26438722 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of mitochondria via selective autophagy, termed mitophagy, contributes to mitochondrial quality and quantity control whose defects have been implicated in oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, aberrant cell differentiation, and neurodegeneration. How mitophagy is regulated in response to cellular physiology remains obscure. Here, we show that mitophagy in yeast is linked to the phospholipid biosynthesis pathway for conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine by the two methyltransferases Cho2 and Opi3. Under mitophagy-inducing conditions, cells lacking Opi3 exhibit retardation of Cho2 repression that causes an anomalous increase in glutathione levels, leading to suppression of Atg32, a mitochondria-anchored protein essential for mitophagy. In addition, loss of Opi3 results in accumulation of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME) and, surprisingly, generation of Atg8-PMME, a mitophagy-incompetent lipid conjugate of the autophagy-related ubiquitin-like modifier. Amelioration of Atg32 expression and attenuation of Atg8-PMME conjugation markedly rescue mitophagy in opi3-null cells. We propose that proper regulation of phospholipid methylation is crucial for Atg32-mediated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinori Eiyama
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho W Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Nobuaki Okumura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nagumo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Chika Kondo-Kakuta
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Asai
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kirisako
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Kuge
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Ecologically Driven Competence for Exogenous DNA Uptake in Yeast. Curr Microbiol 2015; 70:883-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Pathways and Mechanisms of Yeast Competence: A New Frontier of Yeast Genetics. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10142-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Abstract
The overproduction and secretion of inositol (i.e., Opi−) phenotype is associated with defects in regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in yeast. Here we report a screen of the essential yeast gene set using a conditional-expression library. This screen identified novel functions previously unknown to affect phospholipid synthesis.
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12
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The response to inositol: regulation of glycerolipid metabolism and stress response signaling in yeast. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 180:23-43. [PMID: 24418527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on discoveries of the mechanisms governing the regulation of glycerolipid metabolism and stress response signaling in response to the phospholipid precursor, inositol. The regulation of glycerolipid lipid metabolism in yeast in response to inositol is highly complex, but increasingly well understood, and the roles of individual lipids in stress response are also increasingly well characterized. Discoveries that have emerged over several decades of genetic, molecular and biochemical analyses of metabolic, regulatory and signaling responses of yeast cells, both mutant and wild type, to the availability of the phospholipid precursor, inositol are discussed.
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13
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Yeast competence for exogenous DNA uptake: towards understanding its genetic component. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 103:1181-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Due to its genetic tractability and increasing wealth of accessible data, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model system of choice for the study of the genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology of eukaryotic lipid metabolism. Glycerolipids (e.g., phospholipids and triacylglycerol) and their precursors are synthesized and metabolized by enzymes associated with the cytosol and membranous organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. Genetic and biochemical analyses have revealed that glycerolipids play important roles in cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and anchoring of membrane proteins in addition to membrane structure. The expression of glycerolipid enzymes is controlled by a variety of conditions including growth stage and nutrient availability. Much of this regulation occurs at the transcriptional level and involves the Ino2–Ino4 activation complex and the Opi1 repressor, which interacts with Ino2 to attenuate transcriptional activation of UASINO-containing glycerolipid biosynthetic genes. Cellular levels of phosphatidic acid, precursor to all membrane phospholipids and the storage lipid triacylglycerol, regulates transcription of UASINO-containing genes by tethering Opi1 to the nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane and controlling its translocation into the nucleus, a mechanism largely controlled by inositol availability. The transcriptional activator Zap1 controls the expression of some phospholipid synthesis genes in response to zinc availability. Regulatory mechanisms also include control of catalytic activity of glycerolipid enzymes by water-soluble precursors, products and lipids, and covalent modification of phosphorylation, while in vivo function of some enzymes is governed by their subcellular location. Genome-wide genetic analysis indicates coordinate regulation between glycerolipid metabolism and a broad spectrum of metabolic pathways.
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15
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Konarzewska P, Esposito M, Shen CH. INO1 induction requires chromatin remodelers Ino80p and Snf2p but not the histone acetylases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:483-8. [PMID: 22281492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional co-activators contribute to gene expression through different mechanisms. We used various biochemical tools available for Saccharomyces cerevisiae to examine the mechanism of INO1 expression. INO1 encodes inositol-3-phosphate synthase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of inositol, a key player in phospholipid biosynthesis. Herein, we had demonstrated that the recruitment of histone acetylases Gcn5p and Esa1p mainly relied on the presence of transcriptional activator Ino2p during INO1 activation. However, the presence of the chromatin remodelers, Ino80p and Snf2p, may contribute to the additive effect of Gcn5p recruitment. We also showed that the recruitment of chromatin remodelers, Ino80p and Snf2p, is independent of the presence of histone acetylases. Furthermore, INO1 expression can be activated exclusively by the activator and chromatin remodelers, suggesting a dispensable role of histone acetylases in INO1 induction. Therefore, our data provide a mechanism for cross talk within transcriptional co-activators during INO1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Konarzewska
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd., Staten Island, NY 10314, United States
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16
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Derepression of INO1 transcription requires cooperation between the Ino2p-Ino4p heterodimer and Cbf1p and recruitment of the ISW2 chromatin-remodeling complex. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1845-55. [PMID: 20935143 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00144-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae INO1 gene encodes the structural enzyme inositol-3-phosphate synthase for the synthesis de novo of inositol and inositol-containing phospholipids. The transcription of INO1 is completely derepressed in the absence of inositol and choline (I(-) C(-)). Derepression requires the binding of the Ino2p-Ino4p basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) heterodimer to the UAS(INO) promoter element. We report here the requirement of a third bHLH protein, centromere-binding factor 1 (Cbf1p), for the complete derepression of INO1 transcription. We found that Cbf1p regulates INO1 transcription by binding to sites distal to the INO1 promoter and encompassing the upstream SNA3 open reading frame (ORF) and promoter. The binding of Cbf1p requires Ino2p-Ino4p binding to the UAS(INO) sites in the INO1 promoter and vice versa, suggesting a cooperative mechanism. Furthermore, Cbf1p binding to the upstream sites was required for the binding of the ISW2 chromatin-remodeling complex to the Ino2p-Ino4p-binding sites on the INO1 promoter. Consistent with this, ISW2 was also required for the complete derepression of INO1 transcription.
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17
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Esposito M, Konarzewska P, Odeyale O, Shen CH. Gene-wide histone acetylation at the yeast INO1 requires the transcriptional activator Ino2p. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:1285-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Burston HE, Maldonado-Báez L, Davey M, Montpetit B, Schluter C, Wendland B, Conibear E. Regulators of yeast endocytosis identified by systematic quantitative analysis. J Cell Biol 2009; 185:1097-110. [PMID: 19506040 PMCID: PMC2711619 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200811116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of receptors at the plasma membrane is controlled by a complex mechanism that includes clathrin, adaptors, and actin regulators. Many of these proteins are conserved in yeast yet lack observable mutant phenotypes, which suggests that yeast endocytosis may be subject to different regulatory mechanisms. Here, we have systematically defined genes required for internalization using a quantitative genome-wide screen that monitors localization of the yeast vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin homologue Snc1. Genetic interaction mapping was used to place these genes into functional modules containing known and novel endocytic regulators, and cargo selectivity was evaluated by an array-based comparative analysis. We demonstrate that clathrin and the yeast AP180 clathrin adaptor proteins have a cargo-specific role in Snc1 internalization. We additionally identify low dye binding 17 (LDB17) as a novel conserved component of the endocytic machinery. Ldb17 is recruited to cortical actin patches before actin polymerization and regulates normal coat dynamics and actin assembly. Our findings highlight the conserved machinery and reveal novel mechanisms that underlie endocytic internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Burston
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael Davey
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamen Montpetit
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cayetana Schluter
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beverly Wendland
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells control their cell size at a point in late G(1) called Start. Here, we describe a negative role for the Sin3/Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex in the regulation of cell size at Start. Initiation of G(1)/S-specific transcription of CLN1, CLN2 and PCL1 in a sin3Delta strain occurs at a reduced cell size compared with a wild-type strain. In addition, inactivation of the transcriptional regulator SIN3 partially suppressed a cln3Delta mutant, causing sin3Deltacln3Delta double mutants to start the cell cycle at wild-type size. Chromatin immunoprecipitation results demonstrate that Sin3 and Rpd3 are recruited to promoters of SBF (Swi4/Swi6)-regulated genes, and reveal that binding of Sin3 to SBF-specific promoters is cell-cycle regulated. We observe that transcriptional repression of SBF-dependent genes in early G(1) coincides with the recruitment of Sin3 to specific promoters, whereas binding of Sin3 is abolished from Swi4/Swi6-regulated promoters when transcription is activated at the G(1) to S phase transition. We conclude that the Sin3/Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex helps to prevent premature activation of the S phase in daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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20
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Jani NM, Lopes JM. Regulated transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic gene, PIS1, yields pleiotropic effects on phospholipid synthesis. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:552-64. [PMID: 19456874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol is an important membrane lipid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other eukaryotes. Phosphatidylinositol and its metabolites (phosphoinositides, inositol polyphosphates, etc.) affect many cellular processes with implications in human diseases. Phosphatidylinositol synthesis in S. cerevisiae requires the essential PIS1 gene. Recent studies reveal that PIS1 expression is regulated at the level of transcription in response to carbon source, oxygen, and zinc. However, the consequence of this regulation on phosphatidylinositol levels and functions has not been thoroughly studied. To investigate this, we created a strain with a galactose-inducible GAL1-PIS1 gene. In this strain, the amount of phosphatidylinositol correlated with PIS1 expression but did not exceed c. 25% of the total phospholipid composition. Interestingly, we found that 4% phosphatidylinositol was sufficient for cell growth. We also found that reduced PIS1 expression yielded derepression of two phospholipid biosynthetic genes (INO1 and CHO1) and the INO2 regulatory gene. Consistent with this derepression, reduced PIS1 expression also yielded an overproduction of inositol (Opi(-)) phenotype. The effect on transcription of the INO1, CHO1, and INO2 genes is consistent with the accepted model that phosphatidic acid (PA) is the signal for regulation of these genes because decreased phosphatidylinositol synthesis would affect PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketa M Jani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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21
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Jani NM, Lopes JM. Transcription regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PIS1 gene by inositol and the pleiotropic regulator, Ume6p. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:1529-39. [PMID: 19019152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes (e.g. INO1, CHO1, CHO2 and OPI3) is repressed by growth in the presence of inositol and choline and derepressed in their absence. This regulation requires the Ino2p and Ino4p activators and the Opi1p repressor. The PIS1 structural gene is required for the synthesis of the essential lipid phosphatidylinositol. Previous reports show that PIS1 expression is uncoupled from inositol/choline regulation, but is regulated by carbon source, hypoxia and zinc. However, in this study we found that the expression of PIS1 is induced twofold by inositol. This regulation did not require Ino2p and Ino4p, although Ino4p was required for full expression. Ino4p is a basic helix-loop-helix protein that requires a binding partner. Curiously, none of the other basic helix-loop-helix proteins affected PIS1 expression. Inositol induction did require another general regulator of phospholipid biosynthesis, Ume6p. Ume6p was found to be a positive regulator of PIS1 gene expression. Ume6p, and several associated factors, were required for inositol-mediated induction and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Ume6p directly regulates PIS1 expression. Thus, we demonstrate novel regulation of the PIS1 gene by Ume6p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketa M Jani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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22
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Metabolic control of transcription: paradigms and lessons from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 2008; 414:177-87. [PMID: 18687061 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The comparatively simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of some 6000 individual genes. Specific sets of these genes can be transcribed co-ordinately in response to particular metabolic signals. The resultant integrated response to nutrient challenge allows the organism to survive and flourish in a variety of environmental conditions while minimal energy is expended upon the production of unnecessary proteins. The Zn(II)2Cys6 family of transcriptional regulators is composed of some 46 members in S. cerevisiae and many of these have been implicated in mediating transcriptional responses to specific nutrients. Gal4p, the archetypical member of this family, is responsible for the expression of the GAL genes when galactose is utilized as a carbon source. The regulation of Gal4p activity has been studied for many years, but we are still uncovering both nuances and fundamental control mechanisms that impinge on its function. In the present review, we describe the latest developments in the regulation of GAL gene expression and compare the mechanisms employed here with the molecular control of other Zn(II)2Cys6 transcriptional regulators. This reveals a wide array of protein-protein, protein-DNA and protein-nutrient interactions that are employed by this family of regulators.
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23
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Ford J, Odeyale O, Eskandar A, Kouba N, Shen CH. A SWI/SNF- and INO80-dependent nucleosome movement at the INO1 promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:974-9. [PMID: 17681272 PMCID: PMC2034749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation in yeast INO1 chromatin was studied using the indirect end-labeling technique. INO1 chromatin is organized into an ordered, overlapping nucleosomal array under repressing conditions. Nucleosome positions were only disrupted at the promoter region under inducing conditions in the presence of SWI/SNF and INO80. Mutants lacking either remodeler demonstrated identical positioning patterns as the wild type under repressing conditions. This indicates that these two remodelers are responsible and essential for local nucleosomal mobilization at the INO1 promoter. The area of local nucleosome movement is consistent with the previously identified region of histone deacetylation activity. In light of these findings, we suggest that nucleosomes subject to local mobilization are also targets for local histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ford
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Oluwafemi Odeyale
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Antonious Eskandar
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Nafila Kouba
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Chang-Hui Shen
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
- Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 718-982-3998. Fax: (718) 982-3852. E-mail:
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24
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Chen M, Hancock LC, Lopes JM. Transcriptional regulation of yeast phospholipid biosynthetic genes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1771:310-21. [PMID: 16854618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The last several years have been witness to significant developments in understanding transcriptional regulation of the yeast phospholipid structural genes. The response of most phospholipid structural genes to inositol is now understood on a mechanistic level. The roles of specific activators and repressors are also well established. The knowledge of specific regulatory factors that bind the promoters of phospholipid structural genes serves as a foundation for understanding the role of chromatin modification complexes. Collectively, these findings present a complex picture for transcriptional regulation of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes. The INO1 gene is an ideal example of the complexity of transcriptional control and continues to serve as a model for studying transcription in general. Furthermore, transcription of the regulatory genes is also subject to complex and essential regulation. In addition, databases resulting from a plethora of genome-wide studies have identified regulatory signals that control one of the essential phospholipid biosynthetic genes, PIS1. These databases also provide significant clues for other regulatory signals that may affect phospholipid biosynthesis. Here, we have tried to present a complete summary of the transcription factors and mechanisms that regulate the phospholipid biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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25
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Abstract
Most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are coordinately regulated in response to inositol and choline. Inositol affects the intracellular levels of phosphatidic acid (PA). Opi1p is a repressor of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes and specifically binds PA in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the presence of inositol, PA levels decrease, releasing Opi1p into the nucleus where it represses transcription. The opi1 mutant overproduces and excretes inositol into the growth medium in the absence of inositol and choline (Opi(-) phenotype). To better understand the mechanism of Opi1p repression, the viable yeast deletion set was screened to identify Opi(-) mutants. In total, 89 Opi(-) mutants were identified, of which 7 were previously known to have the Opi(-) phenotype. The Opi(-) mutant collection included genes with roles in phospholipid biosynthesis, transcription, protein processing/synthesis, and protein trafficking. Included in this set were all nonessential components of the NuA4 HAT complex and six proteins in the Rpd3p-Sin3p HDAC complex. It has previously been shown that defects in phosphatidylcholine synthesis (cho2 and opi3) yield the Opi(-) phenotype because of a buildup of PA. However, in this case the Opi(-) phenotype is conditional because PA can be shuttled through a salvage pathway (Kennedy pathway) by adding choline to the growth medium. Seven new mutants present in the Opi(-) collection (fun26, kex1, nup84, tps1, mrpl38, mrpl49, and opi10/yol032w) were also suppressed by choline, suggesting that these affect PC synthesis. Regulation in response to inositol is also coordinated with the unfolded protein response (UPR). Consistent with this, several Opi(-) mutants were found to affect the UPR (yhi9, ede1, and vps74).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandria C Hancock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia R Nunez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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Kaadige MR, Lopes JM. Analysis of Opi1p repressor mutants. Curr Genet 2005; 49:30-8. [PMID: 16322993 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-005-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Opi1p is the only known repressor protein specific to the phospholipid biosynthetic pathway. Opi1p is required for repression in response to inositol and choline supplementation. However, the mechanism of Opi1p repression is not completely understood. In part, this is because previously identified opi1 mutants contained nonsense mutations and thus provided little insight into the mechanism of Opi1p function. We have recently reported isolating novel opi1 mutants (rum and dim mutants) that contain missense mutations. Here, we show that these opi1 mutants produce Opi1p product at levels comparable to a wild-type strain. However, these mutants mis-regulate expression of two target genes, INO2-HIS3 and INO1-lacZ, and are also defective in autoregulation. An opi1-S339F mutant is particularly interesting because it completely eliminated autoregulation, but only abated regulation of an INO1-lacZ reporter. Two of the mutations in OPI1 (V343Q and S339F) provide genetic evidence for an interaction between Opi1p and the Ino2p activator since they reside in a region of Opi1p recently shown to interact with Ino2p in vitro. A third mutation (L252F) resides in a region of Opi1p with no known function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan R Kaadige
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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28
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Gardocki ME, Bakewell M, Kamath D, Robinson K, Borovicka K, Lopes JM. Genomic analysis of PIS1 gene expression. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 4:604-14. [PMID: 15755922 PMCID: PMC1087795 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.3.604-614.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PIS1 gene is essential and required for the final step in the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylinositol. Transcription of the PIS1 gene is uncoupled from the factors that regulate other yeast phospholipid biosynthetic genes. Most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes are regulated in response to inositol and choline via a regulatory circuit that includes the Ino2p:Ino4p activator complex and the Opi1p repressor. PIS1 is regulated in response to carbon source and anaerobic growth conditions. Both of these regulatory responses are modest, which is not entirely surprising since PIS1 is essential. However, even modest regulation of PIS1 expression has been shown to affect phosphatidylinositol metabolism and to affect cell cycle progression. This prompted the present study, which employed a genomic screen, database mining, and more traditional promoter analysis to identify genes that affect PIS1 expression. A screen of the viable yeast deletion set identified 120 genes that affect expression of a PIS1-lacZ reporter. The gene set included several peroxisomal genes, silencing genes, and transcription factors. Factors suggested by database mining, such as Pho2 and Yfl044c, were also found to affect PIS1-lacZ expression. A PIS1 promoter deletion study identified an upstream regulatory sequence element that was required for carbon source regulation located downstream of three previously defined upstream activation sequence elements. Collectively, these studies demonstrate how a collection of genomic and traditional strategies can be implemented to identify a set of genes that affect the regulation of an essential gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Gardocki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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29
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Petti AA, Church GM. A network of transcriptionally coordinated functional modules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genome Res 2005; 15:1298-306. [PMID: 16109970 PMCID: PMC1199545 DOI: 10.1101/gr.3847105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent computational and experimental work suggests that functional modules underlie much of cellular physiology and are a useful unit of cellular organization from the perspective of systems biology. Because interactions among modules can give rise to higher-level properties that are essential to cellular function, a complete knowledge of these interactions is necessary for future work in systems biology, including in silico modeling and metabolic engineering. Here we present a computational method for the systematic identification and analysis of functional modules whose activity is coordinated at the level of transcription. We applied this method, Search for Pairwise Interactions (SPIN), to obtain a global view of functional module connectivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to provide insight into the biological mechanisms underlying this coordination. We also examined this global network at higher resolution to obtain detailed information about the interactions of particular module pairs. For instance, our results reveal possible transcriptional coordination of glycolysis and lipid metabolism by the transcription factor Gcr1p, and further suggest that glycolysis and phosphoinositide signaling may regulate each other reciprocally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra A Petti
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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30
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Kawai S, Pham TA, Nguyen HT, Nankai H, Utsumi T, Fukuda Y, Murata K. Molecular insights on DNA delivery into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:100-7. [PMID: 15047153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the molecular system for DNA delivery into eucaryotic cells, a key to human DNA therapy, remains obscure. To understand this system, we undertook a study using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae model into which DNA delivery is easily assessed through competence (transformability) and for which all nonessential gene mutants (about 5000 strains) are available. We analyzed the competence of each of these mutants and identified three low-competence mutants, i.e., sin3Delta, she4Delta, and arc18Delta, and three high-competence mutants, i.e., pde2Delta, spf1Delta, and pmr1Delta. Through further studies using the six mutants, we concluded that the Arp2/3 activation machinery involving the Myo3/5p, Vrp1p, Las17p, Pan1p, and Arp2/3 complex is crucial to delivery (competence), and that high cAMP enhances competence via protein kinase A installing Tpk3p. We also propose that DNA is taken up via an endocytosis-like event, being at least partially different from well-known endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Kawai
- Department of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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31
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Gardenour KR, Levy J, Lopes JM. Identification of novel dominant INO2 c mutants with an Opi- phenotype. Mol Microbiol 2004; 52:1271-80. [PMID: 15165231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The INO2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for derepression of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes in response to inositol depletion. Conversely, the OPI1 gene is required for repression in response to inositol supplementation. Results of an in vitro assay have led to a model in which Opi1p interacts with Ino2p. However, there is no in vivo evidence to support this model. Additionally, most of the previously isolated ino2 mutants offer little insight into this model. Here, we report the isolation of a new class of dominant mutations in the INO2 gene, which yield constitutive expression of a target gene (i.e. an Opi(-) mutant phenotype). Two mutations reside in a region of the Ino2p required for interaction with Opi1p in vitro. Three other mutations are at the amino-terminus in a transcriptional activation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Gardenour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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32
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Eiznhamer DA, Ashburner BP, Jackson JC, Gardenour KR, Lopes JM. Expression of the INO2 regulatory gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by positive and negative promoter elements and an upstream open reading frame. Mol Microbiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Sreenivas A, Carman GM. Phosphorylation of the yeast phospholipid synthesis regulatory protein Opi1p by protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:20673-80. [PMID: 12668681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300132200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Opi1p transcription factor plays a negative regulatory role in the expression of UASINO-containing genes involved in phospholipid synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The phosphorylation of Opi1p by protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) was examined in this work. Using a maltose-binding protein-Opi1p fusion protein as a substrate, protein kinase A activity was time- and dose-dependent and dependent on the concentrations of Opi1p and ATP. Protein kinase A phosphorylated Opi1p on multiple serine residues. The synthetic peptides SCRQKSQPSE and SQVRESLLNL containing the protein kinase A motif for Ser31 and Ser251, respectively, within Opi1p were substrates for protein kinase A. Phosphorylation of S31A and S251A mutant maltose-binding protein-Opi1p fusion proteins by protein kinase A was reduced when compared with the wild type protein, and phosphopeptides present in wild type Opi1p were absent from the S31A and S251A mutant proteins. In vivo labeling experiments showed that the extent of phosphorylation of the S31A and S251A mutant proteins was reduced when compared with the wild type protein. The physiological consequence of the phosphorylation of Opi1p at Ser31 and Ser251 was examined by measuring the effects of the S31A and S251A mutations on the expression of the UASINO-containing gene INO1. The beta-galactosidase activity driven by an INO1-CYC-lacZ reporter gene in opi1Delta mutant cells expressing the S31A and S251A mutant Opi1p proteins was elevated 42 and 35%, respectively, in the absence of inositol and 55 and 52%, respectively, in the presence of inositol when compared with cells expressing wild type Opi1p. These data supported the conclusion that phosphorylation of Opi1p at Ser31 and Ser251 mediated the stimulation of the negative regulatory function of Opi1p on the expression of the INO1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avula Sreenivas
- Department of Food Science, Cook College, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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34
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Kaadige MR, Lopes JM. Opi1p, Ume6p and Sin3p control expression from the promoter of the INO2 regulatory gene via a novel regulatory cascade. Mol Microbiol 2003; 48:823-32. [PMID: 12694624 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The INO2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for expression of most of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes. INO2 expression is regulated by a complex cascade that includes autoregulation, Opi1p-mediated repression and Ume6p-mediated activation. To screen for mutants with altered INO2 expression directly, we constructed an INO2-HIS3 reporter that provides a plate assay for INO2 promoter activity. This reporter was used to isolate mutants (dim1) that fail to repress expression of the INO2 gene in an otherwise wild-type strain. The dim1 mutants contain mutations in the OPI1 gene. To define further the mechanism for Ume6p regulation of INO2 expression, we isolated suppressors (rum1, 2, 3) of the ume6Delta mutation that overexpress the INO2-HIS3 gene. Two of the rum mutant groups contain mutations in the OPI1 and SIN3 genes showing that opi1 and sin3 mutations are epistatic to the ume6Delta mutation. These results are surprising given that Ume6p, Sin3p and Rpd3p are known to form a complex that represses the expression of a diverse set of yeast genes. This prompted us to examine the effect of sin3Delta and rpd3Delta mutants on INO2-cat expression. Surprisingly, the sin3Delta allele overexpressed INO2-cat, whereas the rpd3Delta mutant had no effect. We also show that the UME6 gene does not affect the expression of an OPI1-cat reporter. This suggests that Ume6p does not regulate INO2 expression indirectly by regulating OPI1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan R Kaadige
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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35
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Wagner C, Dietz M, Wittmann J, Albrecht A, Schüller HJ. The negative regulator Opi1 of phospholipid biosynthesis in yeast contacts the pleiotropic repressor Sin3 and the transcriptional activator Ino2. Mol Microbiol 2001; 41:155-66. [PMID: 11454208 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are transcriptionally co-regulated by ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element) promoter motifs. Gene activation by an ICRE is mediated by binding of the Ino2/Ino4 transcription factor, whereas repression in the presence of high concentrations of inositol and choline (IC) requires an intact Opi1 repressor. However, the mechanism of specific repression and the functional interplay among these regulators remained unclear from previous work. Using in vivo as well as in vitro interaction assays, we show binding of the pleiotropic repressor Sin3 to the pathway-specific regulator Opi1. The paired amphipathic helix 1 (PAH1) within Sin3 and OSID (Opi1-Sin3 interaction domain) in the N-terminus of Opi1 were mapped as contact sites. The regulatory significance of the Opi1-Sin3 interaction was shown by the obvious deregulation of an ICRE-dependent reporter gene in a sin3 mutant. Opi1 also interacts with a newly identified functional domain of the transcriptional activator Ino2 (RID, repressor interaction domain). These results define the molecular composition of the transcription complex mediating control of ICRE-dependent genes and allow a hypothesis on the flow of regulatory information in response to phospholipid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wagner
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Genetik und Biochemie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Jahnstr. 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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36
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Washburn BK, Esposito RE. Identification of the Sin3-binding site in Ume6 defines a two-step process for conversion of Ume6 from a transcriptional repressor to an activator in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:2057-69. [PMID: 11238941 PMCID: PMC86811 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.6.2057-2069.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-binding protein Ume6 is required for both repression and activation of meiosis-specific genes, through interaction with the Sin3 corepressor and Rpd3 histone deacetylase and the meiotic activator Ime1. Here we show that fusion of a heterologous activation domain to Ume6 is unable to convert it into a constitutive activator of early meiotic gene transcription, indicating that an additional function is needed to overcome repression at these promoters. Mutations in UME6 allowing the fusion to activate lie in a predicted amphipathic alpha helix and specifically disrupt interaction with Sin3 but not with Teal, an activator of Ty transcription also found to interact with Ume6 in a two-hybrid screen. The mutations cause a loss of repression by Ume6 and precisely identify the Ume6 Sin3-binding domain, which we show interacts with the paired amphipathic helix 2 region of Sin3. Analysis of these mutants indicates that conversion of Ume6 to an activator involves two genetically distinct steps that act to relieve Sin3-mediated repression and provide an activation domain to Ume6. The mutants further demonstrate that premature expression and lack of subsequent rerepression of Ume6-Sin3-regulated genes are not deleterious to meiotic progression and suggest that the essential role of Sin3 in meiosis is independent of Ume6. The model for Ume6 function arising from these studies indicates that Ume6 is similar in many respects to metazoan regulators that utilize Sin3, such as the Myc-Mad-Max system and nuclear hormone receptors, and provides new insights into the control of transcriptional repression and activation by the Ume6-URS1 regulatory complex in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Washburn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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