1
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Shi R, Wang S, Jiang Y, Zhong G, Li M, Sun Y. ERCC4: a potential regulatory factor in inflammatory bowel disease and inflammation-associated colorectal cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1348216. [PMID: 38516408 PMCID: PMC10954797 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1348216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear and is associated with an increased risk of developing colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Under sustained inflammatory stimulation in the intestines, loss of early DNA damage response genes can lead to tumor formation. Many proteins are involved in the pathways of DNA damage response and play critical roles in protecting genes from various potential damages that DNA may undergo. ERCC4 is a structure-specific endonuclease that participates in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The catalytic site of ERCC4 determines the activity of NER and is an indispensable gene in the NER pathway. ERCC4 may be involved in the imbalanced process of DNA damage and repair in IBD-related inflammation and CAC. This article primarily reviews the function of ERCC4 in the DNA repair pathway and discusses its potential role in the processes of IBD-related inflammation and carcinogenesis. Finally, we explore how this knowledge may open novel avenues for the treatment of IBD and IBD-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Sun
- *Correspondence: Yan Sun, ; Mingsong Li,
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2
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Guthrie OW. Noise Stress Abrogates Structure-Specific Endonucleases within the Mammalian Inner Ear. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1749. [PMID: 38339024 PMCID: PMC10855171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a multistep biochemical process that maintains the integrity of the genome. Unlike other mechanisms that maintain genomic integrity, NER is distinguished by two irreversible nucleolytic events that are executed by the xeroderma pigmentosum group G (XPG) and xeroderma pigmentosum group F (XPF) structure-specific endonucleases. Beyond nucleolysis, XPG and XPF regulate the overall efficiency of NER through various protein-protein interactions. The current experiments evaluated whether an environmental stressor could negatively affect the expression of Xpg (Ercc5: excision repair cross-complementing 5) or Xpf (Ercc4: excision repair cross-complementing 4) in the mammalian cochlea. Ubiquitous background noise was used as an environmental stressor. Gene expression levels for Xpg and Xpf were quantified from the cochlear neurosensory epithelium after noise exposure. Further, nonlinear cochlear signal processing was investigated as a functional consequence of changes in endonuclease expression levels. Exposure to stressful background noise abrogated the expression of both Xpg and Xpf, and these effects were associated with pathological nonlinear signal processing from receptor cells within the mammalian inner ear. Given that exposure to environmental sounds (noise, music, etc.) is ubiquitous in daily life, sound-induced limitations to structure-specific endonucleases might represent an overlooked genomic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- O'neil W Guthrie
- Cell & Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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3
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Weilbeer C, Jay D, Donnelly JC, Gentile F, Karimi-Busheri F, Yang X, Mani RS, Yu Y, Elmenoufy AH, Barakat KH, Tuszynski JA, Weinfeld M, West FG. Modulation of ERCC1-XPF Heterodimerization Inhibition via Structural Modification of Small Molecule Inhibitor Side-Chains. Front Oncol 2022; 12:819172. [PMID: 35372043 PMCID: PMC8968952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA repair enzymes is an attractive target for increasing the efficacy of DNA damaging chemotherapies. The ERCC1-XPF heterodimer is a key endonuclease in numerous single and double strand break repair processes, and inhibition of the heterodimerization has previously been shown to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage. In this work, the previously reported ERCC1-XPF inhibitor 4 was used as the starting point for an in silico study of further modifications of the piperazine side-chain. A selection of the best scoring hits from the in silico screen were synthesized using a late stage functionalization strategy which should allow for further iterations of this class of inhibitors to be readily synthesized. Of the synthesized compounds, compound 6 performed the best in the in vitro fluorescence based endonuclease assay. The success of compound 6 in inhibiting ERCC1-XPF endonuclease activity in vitro translated well to cell-based assays investigating the inhibition of nucleotide excision repair and disruption of heterodimerization. Subsequently compound 6 was shown to sensitize HCT-116 cancer cells to treatment with UVC, cyclophosphamide, and ionizing radiation. This work serves as an important step towards the synergistic use of DNA repair inhibitors with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Weilbeer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Jay
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James C. Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rajam S. Mani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yaping Yu
- Centre for Genome Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ahmed H. Elmenoufy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Khaled H. Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Michael Weinfeld, ; Frederick G. West,
| | - Frederick G. West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Michael Weinfeld, ; Frederick G. West,
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4
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Akahori R, Takamori C, Wakasugi M, Matsunaga T. Mapping of the regions implicated in nuclear localization of multi-functional DNA repair endonuclease XPF-ERCC1. Genes Cells 2022; 27:356-367. [PMID: 35238109 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The structure-specific endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 is a multi-functional heterodimer that participates in a variety of DNA repair mechanisms for maintaining genome integrity. Both subunits contain C-terminal tandem helix-hairpin-helix (HhH2 ) domains, which are necessary for not only their dimerization but also enzymatic activity as well as protein stability. However, the interdependency of both subunits in their nuclear localization remains poorly understood. In this study, we have analyzed the region(s) that affects the subcellular localization of XPF and ERCC1 using various deletion mutants. We first identified the nuclear localization signal (NLS) in XPF, which was essential for its nuclear localization under the ERCC1-free condition, but dispensable in the presence of ERCC1 (probably as XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer). Interestingly, in the NLS-independent and ERCC1-dependent XPF nuclear localization, the physical interaction between XPF and ERCC1 via C-terminal HhH2 domains was not needed. Instead, the amino acid regions 311-469 of XPF and 216-260 of ERCC1 are required for the nuclear localization. Furthermore, we found that the 311-469 region of XPF interacts with ERCC1 in a co-immunoprecipitation assay. These results suggest that the nuclear localization of XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer is regulated at multiple levels in an interdependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Akahori
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chie Takamori
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Wakasugi
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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5
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D'Souza A, Blee AM, Chazin WJ. Mechanism of action of nucleotide excision repair machinery. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:375-386. [PMID: 35076656 PMCID: PMC9275815 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile DNA repair pathway essential for the removal of a broad spectrum of structurally diverse DNA lesions arising from a variety of sources, including UV irradiation and environmental toxins. Although the core factors and basic stages involved in NER have been identified, the mechanisms of the NER machinery are not well understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms and order of assembly in the core global genome (GG-NER) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areetha D'Souza
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
| | - Alexandra M Blee
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
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6
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Feltes BC. Every protagonist has a sidekick: Structural aspects of human xeroderma pigmentosum-binding proteins in nucleotide excision repair. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2187-2205. [PMID: 34420242 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The seven xeroderma pigmentosum proteins (XPps), XPA-XPG, coordinate the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, promoting the excision of DNA lesions caused by exposition to ionizing radiation, majorly from ultraviolet light. Significant efforts are made to investigate NER since mutations in any of the seven XPps may cause the xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy diseases. However, these proteins collaborate with other pivotal players in all known NER steps to accurately exert their purposes. Therefore, in the old and ever-evolving field of DNA repair, it is imperative to reexamine and describe their structures to understand NER properly. This work provides an up-to-date review of the protein structural aspects of the closest partners that directly interact and influence XPps: RAD23B, CETN2, DDB1, RPA (RPA70, 32, and 14), p8 (GTF2H5), and ERCC1. Structurally and functionally vital domains, regions, and critical residues are reexamined, providing structural lessons and perspectives about these indispensable proteins in the NER and other DNA repair pathways. By gathering all data related to the major human xeroderma pigmentosum-interacting proteins, this review will aid newcomers on the subject and guide structural and functional future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Feltes
- Department of Theoretical Informatics, Institute of Informatics, Department of Theoretical Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Rajapakse A, Suraweera A, Boucher D, Naqi A, O'Byrne K, Richard DJ, Croft LV. Redox Regulation in the Base Excision Repair Pathway: Old and New Players as Cancer Therapeutic Targets. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1901-1921. [PMID: 31258058 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190430092732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are by-products of normal cellular metabolic processes, such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. While low levels of ROS are important signalling molecules, high levels of ROS can damage proteins, lipids and DNA. Indeed, oxidative DNA damage is the most frequent type of damage in the mammalian genome and is linked to human pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Although oxidative DNA damage is cleared predominantly through the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway, recent evidence suggests that additional pathways such as Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and Mismatch Repair (MMR) can also participate in clearance of these lesions. One of the most common forms of oxidative DNA damage is the base damage 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which if left unrepaired may result in G:C to A:T transversions during replication, a common mutagenic feature that can lead to cellular transformation. OBJECTIVE Repair of oxidative DNA damage, including 8-oxoG base damage, involves the functional interplay between a number of proteins in a series of enzymatic reactions. This review describes the role and the redox regulation of key proteins involved in the initial stages of BER of 8-oxoG damage, namely Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1), human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (hOGG1) and human single-stranded DNA binding protein 1 (hSSB1). Moreover, the therapeutic potential and modalities of targeting these key proteins in cancer are discussed. CONCLUSION It is becoming increasingly apparent that some DNA repair proteins function in multiple repair pathways. Inhibiting these factors would provide attractive strategies for the development of more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rajapakse
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Amila Suraweera
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Didier Boucher
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Naqi
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura V Croft
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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8
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Jones M, Beuron F, Borg A, Nans A, Earl CP, Briggs DC, Snijders AP, Bowles M, Morris EP, Linch M, McDonald NQ. Cryo-EM structures of the XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease reveal how DNA-junction engagement disrupts an auto-inhibited conformation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1120. [PMID: 32111838 PMCID: PMC7048804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure-specific endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 participates in multiple DNA damage repair pathways including nucleotide excision repair (NER) and inter-strand crosslink repair (ICLR). How XPF-ERCC1 is catalytically activated by DNA junction substrates is not currently understood. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of both DNA-free and DNA-bound human XPF-ERCC1. DNA-free XPF-ERCC1 adopts an auto-inhibited conformation in which the XPF helical domain masks the ERCC1 (HhH)2 domain and restricts access to the XPF catalytic site. DNA junction engagement releases the ERCC1 (HhH)2 domain to couple with the XPF-ERCC1 nuclease/nuclease-like domains. Structure-function data indicate xeroderma pigmentosum patient mutations frequently compromise the structural integrity of XPF-ERCC1. Fanconi anaemia patient mutations in XPF often display substantial in-vitro activity but are resistant to activation by ICLR recruitment factor SLX4. Our data provide insights into XPF-ERCC1 architecture and catalytic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Jones
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Fabienne Beuron
- Structural Electron Microscopy, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - Aaron Borg
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Christopher P Earl
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - David C Briggs
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Maureen Bowles
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Edward P Morris
- Structural Electron Microscopy, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - Mark Linch
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, WC1E 6AG, London, England, UK
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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9
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Zheng H, Jarvis IWH, Bottai M, Dreij K, Stenius U. TGF beta promotes repair of bulky DNA damage through increased ERCC1/XPF and ERCC1/XPA interaction. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:580-591. [PMID: 30418489 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is multifunctional cytokine that is involved in the coordination and regulation of many cellular homeostatic processes. Compromised TGFβ activity has been attributed to promotion of human cancers. Recent studies have identified a role for TGFβ in response to radiation-induced DNA damage, suggesting a link between TGFβ and the DNA damage response with implications for cancer development. In this study, the effects of TGFβ on promoting the repair of bulky DNA damage, through modulation of nucleotide excision repair (NER), were investigated. We show that treatment of cells with exogenous TGFβ leads to enhanced repair of DNA damage formed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ultraviolet-C radiation; similarly, cells with constitutively activated endogenous TGFβ signaling show comparable responses. This effect of TGFβ is independent of the cell cycle. The response to TGFβ is decreased in cells that have compromised TGFβ signaling through RNA interference of Smad4 and is decreased in NER-deficient cells and cells with compromised NER through RNA interference of excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1). Increased interaction and nuclear localization of ERCC1/xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) F and ERCC1/XPA proteins is observed after TGFβ treatment. Our study represents the first experimental evidence of a role for TGFβ in the repair of bulky DNA damage resulting from promotion of the interaction and localization of repair protein complexes involved in the incision step of NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zheng
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian W H Jarvis
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Elmenoufy AH, Gentile F, Jay D, Karimi-Busheri F, Yang X, Soueidan OM, Weilbeer C, Mani RS, Barakat KH, Tuszynski JA, Weinfeld M, West FG. Targeting DNA Repair in Tumor Cells via Inhibition of ERCC1-XPF. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7684-7696. [PMID: 31369707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ERCC1-XPF heterodimer is a 5'-3' structure-specific endonuclease, which plays an essential role in several DNA repair pathways in mammalian cells. ERCC1-XPF is primarily involved in the repair of chemically induced helix-distorting and bulky DNA lesions, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and DNA interstrand cross-links. Inhibition of ERCC1-XPF has been shown to potentiate cytotoxicity of platinum-based drugs and cyclophosphamide in cancer cells. In this study, the previously described ERCC1-XPF inhibitor 4-((6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)amino)-2-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenol (compound 1) was used as a reference compound. Following the outcome of docking-based virtual screening (VS), we synthesized seven novel derivatives of 1 that were identified in silico as being likely to have high binding affinity for the ERCC1-XPF heterodimerization interface by interacting with the XPF double helix-hairpin-helix (HhH2) domain. Two of the new compounds, 4-((6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)amino)-2-((4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenol (compound 3) and 4-((6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)amino)-2-((4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) piperazin-1-yl) methyl) phenol (compound 4), were shown to be potent inhibitors of ERCC1-XPF activity in vitro. Compound 4 showed significant inhibition of the removal of CPDs in UV-irradiated cells and the capacity to sensitize colorectal cancer cells to UV radiation and cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Elmenoufy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , Misr University for Science and Technology , P.O. Box 77, 6th of October City 12568 , Egypt
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E1 , Canada
| | - David Jay
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Feridoun Karimi-Busheri
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Olivier M Soueidan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Claudia Weilbeer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Rajam S Mani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Khaled H Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2H1 , Canada
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E1 , Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Frederick G West
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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11
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Faridounnia M, Folkers GE, Boelens R. Function and Interactions of ERCC1-XPF in DNA Damage Response. Molecules 2018; 23:E3205. [PMID: 30563071 PMCID: PMC6320978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous proteins are involved in the multiple pathways of the DNA damage response network and play a key role to protect the genome from the wide variety of damages that can occur to DNA. An example of this is the structure-specific endonuclease ERCC1-XPF. This heterodimeric complex is in particular involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), but also in double strand break repair and interstrand cross-link repair pathways. Here we review the function of ERCC1-XPF in various DNA repair pathways and discuss human disorders associated with ERCC1-XPF deficiency. We also overview our molecular and structural understanding of XPF-ERCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Faridounnia
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gert E Folkers
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rolf Boelens
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Macovei A, Pagano A, Sabatini ME, Grandi S, Balestrazzi A. The Human Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (hTdp1) Inhibitor NSC120686 as an Exploratory Tool to Investigate Plant Tdp1 Genes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040186. [PMID: 29597329 PMCID: PMC5924528 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hTdp1 (human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1) inhibitor NSC120686 has been used, along with topoisomerase inhibitors, as a pharmacophoric model to restrain the Tdp1 activity as part of a synergistic treatment for cancer. While this compound has an end-point application in medical research, in plants, its application has not been considered so far. The originality of our study consists in the use of hTdp1 inhibitor in Medicago truncatula cells, which, unlike human cells, contain two Tdp1 genes. Hence, the purpose of this study was to test the hTdp1 inhibitor NSC120686 as an exploratory tool to investigate the plant Tdp1 genes, since their characterization is still in incipient phases. To do so, M. truncatula calli were exposed to increasing (75, 150, 300 μM) concentrations of NSC120686. The levels of cell mortality and DNA damage, measured via diffusion assay and comet assay, respectively, were significantly increased when the highest doses were used, indicative of a cytotoxic and genotoxic threshold. In addition, the NSC120686-treated calli and untreated MtTdp1α-depleted calli shared a similar response in terms of programmed cell death (PCD)/necrosis and DNA damage. Interestingly, the expression profiles of MtTdp1α and MtTdp1β genes were differently affected by the NSC120686 treatment, as MtTdp1α was upregulated while MtTdp1β was downregulated. The NSC120686 treatment affected not only the MtTdp1 genes but also other genes with roles in alternative DNA repair pathways. Since the expression patterns of these genes were different than what was observed in the MtTdp1α-depleted plants, it could be hypothesized that the NSC120686 treatment exerts a different influence compared to that resulting from the lack of the MtTdp1α gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pagano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisa Sabatini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sofia Grandi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Cytoprotective effects of sinapic acid on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) against ultraviolet B. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-018-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Kuo MS, Adam J, Dorvault N, Robin A, Friboulet L, Soria JC, Olaussen KA. A novel antibody-based approach to detect the functional ERCC1-202 isoform. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 64:34-44. [PMID: 29482102 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ERCC1/XPF endonuclease plays an important role in multiple DNA repair pathways and stands as a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Four distinct ERCC1 isoforms arising from alternative splicing have been described (201, 202, 203 and 204) but only the 202 isoform is functional in DNA excision repair, when interacting with its obligate partner XPF. Currently, there is no tool to assess specifically the expression of ERCC1-202 due to high sequence homology between the four isoforms. Here, we generated monoclonal antibodies directed against the heterodimer of ERCC1 and its obligate interacting partner XPF by genetic immunization. We obtained three monoclonal antibodies (2C11, 7C3 and 10D10) recognizing specifically the heterodimer ERCC1-202/XPF as well as the ERCC1-204/XPF with no affinity to ERCC1 or XPF monomers. By combining one of these three heterodimer-specific antibodies with a commercial anti-ERCC1 antibody (clone 4F9) unable to recognize the 204 isoform in a proximity ligation assay (PLA), we managed to specifically detect the functional ERCC1-202 isoform. This methodological breakthrough can constitute a basis for the development of clinical tests to evaluate ERCC1 functional proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Shiue Kuo
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, 94270, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julien Adam
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, 94270, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nicolas Dorvault
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, 94270, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Angélique Robin
- UF de Pharmacologie Biologie, Saint Louis Hopital, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Luc Friboulet
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, 94270, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, 94270, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Drug Development Department (DITEP), 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Ken A Olaussen
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, 94270, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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15
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Mori T, Yousefzadeh MJ, Faridounnia M, Chong JX, Hisama FM, Hudgins L, Mercado G, Wade EA, Barghouthy AS, Lee L, Martin GM, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Niedernhofer LJ, Oshima J. ERCC4 variants identified in a cohort of patients with segmental progeroid syndromes. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:255-265. [PMID: 29105242 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in genes, which encode DNA repair and damage response proteins, result in a number of genomic instability syndromes with features of accelerated aging. ERCC4 (XPF) encodes a protein that forms a complex with ERCC1 and is required for the 5' incision during nucleotide excision repair. ERCC4 is also FANCQ, illustrating a critical role in interstrand crosslink repair. Pathogenic variants in this gene cause xeroderma pigmentosum, XFE progeroid syndrome, Cockayne syndrome (CS), and Fanconi anemia. We performed massive parallel sequencing for 42 unsolved cases submitted to the International Registry of Werner Syndrome. Two cases, each carrying two novel heterozygous ERCC4 variants, were identified. The first case was a compound heterozygote for: c.2395C > T (p.Arg799Trp) and c.388+1164_792+795del (p.Gly130Aspfs*18). Further molecular and cellular studies indicated that the ERCC4 variants in this patient are responsible for a phenotype consistent with a variant of CS. The second case was heterozygous for two variants in cis: c.[1488A > T; c.2579C > A] (p.[Gln496His; Ala860Asp]). While the second case also had several phenotypic features of accelerated aging, we were unable to provide biological evidence supporting the pathogenic roles of the associated ERCC4 variants. Precise genetic causes and disease mechanism of the second case remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Mori
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Maryam Faridounnia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Jessica X Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Fuki M Hisama
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Louanne Hudgins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Erin A Wade
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Amira S Barghouthy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Lin Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - George M Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Junko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Lehmann J, Seebode C, Smolorz S, Schubert S, Emmert S. XPF knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 reveals that ERCC1 is retained in the cytoplasm without its heterodimer partner XPF. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2081-2094. [PMID: 28130555 PMCID: PMC11107539 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The XPF/ERCC1 heterodimeric complex is essentially involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), interstrand crosslink (ICL), and double-strand break repair. Defects in XPF lead to severe diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Up until now, XP-F patient cells have been utilized for functional analyses. Due to the multiple roles of the XPF/ERCC1 complex, these patient cells retain at least one full-length allele and residual repair capabilities. Despite the essential function of the XPF/ERCC1 complex for the human organism, we successfully generated a viable immortalised human XPF knockout cell line with complete loss of XPF using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC5Vi cells). These cells showed a markedly increased sensitivity to UVC, cisplatin, and psoralen activated by UVA as well as reduced repair capabilities for NER and ICL repair as assessed by reporter gene assays. Using the newly generated knockout cells, we could show that human XPF is markedly involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR) but dispensable for non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Notably, ERCC1 was not detectable in the nucleus of the XPF knockout cells indicating the necessity of a functional XPF/ERCC1 heterodimer to allow ERCC1 to enter the nucleus. Overexpression of wild-type XPF could reverse this effect as well as the repair deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lehmann
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Centre Rostock, Strempelstrasse 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christina Seebode
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Centre Rostock, Strempelstrasse 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabine Smolorz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Centre Rostock, Strempelstrasse 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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17
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Dehé PM, Gaillard PHL. Control of structure-specific endonucleases to maintain genome stability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:315-330. [PMID: 28327556 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Structure-specific endonucleases (SSEs) have key roles in DNA replication, recombination and repair, and emerging roles in transcription. These enzymes have specificity for DNA secondary structure rather than for sequence, and therefore their activity must be precisely controlled to ensure genome stability. In this Review, we discuss how SSEs are controlled as part of genome maintenance pathways in eukaryotes, with an emphasis on the elaborate mechanisms that regulate the members of the major SSE families - including the xeroderma pigmentosum group F-complementing protein (XPF) and MMS and UV-sensitive protein 81 (MUS81)-dependent nucleases, and the flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), XPG and XPG-like endonuclease 1 (GEN1) enzymes - during processes such as DNA adduct repair, Holliday junction processing and replication stress. We also discuss newly characterized connections between SSEs and other classes of DNA-remodelling enzymes and cell cycle control machineries, which reveal the importance of SSE scaffolds such as the synthetic lethal of unknown function 4 (SLX4) tumour suppressor for the maintenance of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Dehé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 27 Boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri L Gaillard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 27 Boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
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18
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Biological and predictive role of ERCC1 polymorphisms in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:133-143. [PMID: 28259288 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a key component in DNA repair mechanisms and may influence the tumor DNA-targeting effect of the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin. Germline ERCC1 polymorphisms may alter the protein expression and published data on their predictive and prognostic value have so far been contradictory. In the present article we review available evidence on the clinical role and utility of ERCC1 polymorphisms and, in the absence of a 'perfect' trial, what we call the 'sliding doors' trial, we present the data of ERCC1 genotyping in our local patient population. We found a useful predictive value for oxaliplatin-induced risk of anemia.
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19
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Das D, Faridounnia M, Kovacic L, Kaptein R, Boelens R, Folkers GE. Single-stranded DNA Binding by the Helix-Hairpin-Helix Domain of XPF Protein Contributes to the Substrate Specificity of the ERCC1-XPF Protein Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2842-2853. [PMID: 28028171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair protein complex ERCC1-XPF is required for incision of DNA upstream of DNA damage. Functional studies have provided insights into the binding of ERCC1-XPF to various DNA substrates. However, because no structure for the ERCC1-XPF-DNA complex has been determined, the mechanism of substrate recognition remains elusive. Here we biochemically characterize the substrate preferences of the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) domains of XPF and ERCC-XPF and show that the binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)/dsDNA junctions is dependent on joint binding to the DNA binding domain of ERCC1 and XPF. We reveal that the homodimeric XPF is able to bind various ssDNA sequences but with a clear preference for guanine-containing substrates. NMR titration experiments and in vitro DNA binding assays also show that, within the heterodimeric ERCC1-XPF complex, XPF specifically recognizes ssDNA. On the other hand, the HhH domain of ERCC1 preferentially binds dsDNA through the hairpin region. The two separate non-overlapping DNA binding domains in the ERCC1-XPF heterodimer jointly bind to an ssDNA/dsDNA substrate and, thereby, at least partially dictate the incision position during damage removal. Based on structural models, NMR titrations, DNA-binding studies, site-directed mutagenesis, charge distribution, and sequence conservation, we propose that the HhH domain of ERCC1 binds to dsDNA upstream of the damage, and XPF binds to the non-damaged strand within a repair bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Das
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Maryam Faridounnia
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Lidija Kovacic
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Kaptein
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Rolf Boelens
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Gert E Folkers
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
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20
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Manandhar M, Boulware KS, Wood RD. The ERCC1 and ERCC4 (XPF) genes and gene products. Gene 2015; 569:153-61. [PMID: 26074087 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ERCC1 and ERCC4 genes encode the two subunits of the ERCC1-XPF nuclease. This enzyme plays an important role in repair of DNA damage and in maintaining genomic stability. ERCC1-XPF nuclease nicks DNA specifically at junctions between double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, when the single-strand is oriented 5' to 3' away from a junction. ERCC1-XPF is a core component of nucleotide excision repair and also plays a role in interstrand crosslink repair, some pathways of double-strand break repair by homologous recombination and end-joining, as a backup enzyme in base excision repair, and in telomere length regulation. In many of these activities, ERCC1-XPF complex cleaves the 3' tails of DNA intermediates in preparation for further processing. ERCC1-XPF interacts with other proteins including XPA, RPA, SLX4 and TRF2 to perform its functions. Disruption of these interactions or direct targeting of ERCC1-XPF to decrease its DNA repair function might be a useful strategy to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to some DNA damaging agents. Complete deletion of either ERCC1 or ERCC4 is not compatible with viability in mice or humans. However, mutations in the ERCC1 or ERCC4 genes cause a remarkable array of rare inherited human disorders. These include specific forms of xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, Fanconi anemia, XFE progeria and cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Manandhar
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karen S Boulware
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Liu CH, Finke A, Díaz M, Rozhon W, Poppenberger B, Baubec T, Pecinka A. Repair of DNA Damage Induced by the Cytidine Analog Zebularine Requires ATR and ATM in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1788-800. [PMID: 26023162 PMCID: PMC4498198 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage repair is an essential cellular mechanism that maintains genome stability. Here, we show that the nonmethylable cytidine analog zebularine induces a DNA damage response in Arabidopsis thaliana, independent of changes in DNA methylation. In contrast to genotoxic agents that induce damage in a cell cycle stage-independent manner, zebularine induces damage specifically during strand synthesis in DNA replication. The signaling of this damage is mediated by additive activity of ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED AND RAD3-RELATED and ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED kinases, which cause postreplicative cell cycle arrest and increased endoreplication. The repair requires a functional STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES5 (SMC5)-SMC6 complex and is accomplished predominantly by synthesis-dependent strand-annealing homologous recombination. Here, we provide insight into the response mechanism for coping with the genotoxic effects of zebularine and identify several components of the zebularine-induced DNA damage repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsin Liu
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Finke
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariana Díaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Ales Pecinka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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22
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McNeil EM, Astell KR, Ritchie AM, Shave S, Houston DR, Bakrania P, Jones HM, Khurana P, Wallace C, Chapman T, Wear MA, Walkinshaw MD, Saxty B, Melton DW. Inhibition of the ERCC1-XPF structure-specific endonuclease to overcome cancer chemoresistance. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 31:19-28. [PMID: 25956741 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a structure-specific endonuclease that is required for the repair of DNA lesions, generated by the widely used platinum-containing cancer chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin, through the Nucleotide Excision Repair and Interstrand Crosslink Repair pathways. Based on mouse xenograft experiments, where ERCC1-deficient melanomas were cured by cisplatin therapy, we proposed that inhibition of ERCC1-XPF could enhance the effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy. Here we report the identification and properties of inhibitors against two key targets on ERCC1-XPF. By targeting the ERCC1-XPF interaction domain we proposed that inhibition would disrupt the ERCC1-XPF heterodimer resulting in destabilisation of both proteins. Using in silico screening, we identified an inhibitor that bound to ERCC1-XPF in a biophysical assay, reduced the level of ERCC1-XPF complexes in ovarian cancer cells, inhibited Nucleotide Excision Repair and sensitised melanoma cells to cisplatin. We also utilised high throughput and in silico screening to identify the first reported inhibitors of the other key target, the XPF endonuclease domain. We demonstrate that two of these compounds display specificity in vitro for ERCC1-XPF over two other endonucleases, bind to ERCC1-XPF, inhibit Nucleotide Excision Repair in two independent assays and specifically sensitise Nucleotide Excision Repair-proficient, but not Nucleotide Excision Repair-deficient human and mouse cells to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M McNeil
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katy R Astell
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Ritchie
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Steven Shave
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Douglas R Houston
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Preeti Bakrania
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Hayley M Jones
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Puneet Khurana
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Claire Wallace
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Tim Chapman
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Martin A Wear
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Malcolm D Walkinshaw
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Barbara Saxty
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - David W Melton
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Liu Y, Cao L, Chang J, Lin J, He B, Rao J, Zhang Z, Zhang X. XPF-673C>T polymorphism effect on the susceptibility to esophageal cancer in Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94136. [PMID: 24709955 PMCID: PMC3978021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Xeroderma pigmentsum group F (XPF) plays a pivotal role in DNA nucleotide excision repair and has been linked to the development of various cancers. This study aims to assess the association of XPF genetic variants with the susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Chinese population. Methods This two-stage case-control study was conducted in a total of 1524 patients with ESCC and 1524 controls. Genotype of XPF -673C>T and 11985A>G variants were determined by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results Our case-control study showed that XPF -673TT genotype was associated with a decreased risk of ESCC compared with CC genotype in both case-control sets (Tangshan set: OR = 0.58; 95%CI = 0.34–0.99, P = 0.040; Beijing set: OR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.46–0.95, P = 0.027). Stratified analyses revealed that a multiplicative interaction between -673C>T variant and age, sex or smoking status was evident (Gene-age: Pinteraction = 0.002; Gene-sex: Pinteraction = 0.002; Gene-smoking: Pinteraction = 0.002). For XPF 11985A>G polymorphism, there was no significant difference of genotype distribution between ESCC cases and controls. Conclusion These findings indicated that genetic variants in XPF might contribute to the susceptibility to ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwen Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Bing He
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Juan Rao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Hebei United University Affiliated Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
- * E-mail:
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Mohni KN, Kavanaugh GM, Cortez D. ATR pathway inhibition is synthetically lethal in cancer cells with ERCC1 deficiency. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2835-45. [PMID: 24662920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response kinase ATR and its effector kinase CHEK1 are required for cancer cells to survive oncogene-induced replication stress. ATR inhibitors exhibit synthetic lethal interactions, with deficiencies in the DNA damage response enzymes ATM and XRCC1 and with overexpression of the cell cycle kinase cyclin E. Here, we report a systematic screen to identify synthetic lethal interactions with ATR pathway-targeted drugs, rationalized by their predicted therapeutic utility in the oncology clinic. We found that reduced function in the ATR pathway itself provided the strongest synthetic lethal interaction. In addition, we found that loss of the structure-specific endonuclease ERCC1-XPF (ERCC4) is synthetic lethal with ATR pathway inhibitors. ERCC1-deficient cells exhibited elevated levels of DNA damage, which was increased further by ATR inhibition. When treated with ATR or CHEK1 inhibitors, ERCC1-deficient cells were arrested in S-phase and failed to complete cell-cycle transit even after drug removal. Notably, triple-negative breast cancer cells and non-small cell lung cancer cells depleted of ERCC1 exhibited increased sensitivity to ATR pathway-targeted drugs. Overall, we concluded that ATR pathway-targeted drugs may offer particular utility in cancers with reduced ATR pathway function or reduced levels of ERCC4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem N Mohni
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gina M Kavanaugh
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David Cortez
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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25
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Smith DH, Fiehn AMK, Fogh L, Christensen IJ, Hansen TP, Stenvang J, Nielsen HJ, Nielsen KV, Hasselby JP, Brünner N, Jensen SS. Measuring ERCC1 protein expression in cancer specimens: validation of a novel antibody. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4313. [PMID: 24603753 PMCID: PMC3945488 DOI: 10.1038/srep04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum chemotherapy remains part of standard therapies in the management of a variety of cancers. Severe side effects and a high degree of resistance to platinum drugs have led numerous researchers to search for predictive biomarkers, which could aid in identifying patients that are the most likely to respond to therapy. The ERCC1-ERCC4 endonuclease plays a critical role in the repair of platinum-DNA damage and has widely been studied in relation to sensitivity to platinum chemotherapy. The standard method to evaluate ERCC1 protein expression is through the use of immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody 8F1, an antibody that was recently found to bind an unrelated protein. The present study determines the specificity of a novel antibody, monoclonal antibody 4F9, and presents a method to evaluate ERCC1 expression in colorectal tumor specimens. Using relevant cell lines as controls, the specificity of antibody 4F9 was tested by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Scoring guidelines to aid in the evaluation of ERCC1 tumor expression were developed and evaluated in archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded colorectal cancer specimens. Antibody 4F9 was found to be specific by all methods applied and it was possible to evaluate the ERCC1 expression in the majority (85%) of colorectal cancer tumor specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hersi Smith
- 1] R&D, Dako A/S, Produktionsvej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark [2] Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Institute of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Kanstrup Fiehn
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Louise Fogh
- Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Institute of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloevs Vej 5, building 3, 3rd floor, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tine Plato Hansen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winslowparken 15, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jan Stenvang
- Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Institute of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- 1] Department of Surgical Gastroenterology 360, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegård Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Jane Preuss Hasselby
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nils Brünner
- Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Institute of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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26
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Tagging SNPs in the ERCC4 gene are associated with gastric cancer risk. Gene 2013; 521:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Budden T, Bowden NA. The role of altered nucleotide excision repair and UVB-induced DNA damage in melanomagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1132-51. [PMID: 23303275 PMCID: PMC3565312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UVB radiation is the most mutagenic component of the UV spectrum that reaches the earth's surface and causes the development of DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts. UV radiation usually results in cellular death, but if left unchecked, it can affect DNA integrity, cell and tissue homeostasis and cause mutations in oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. These mutations, if unrepaired, can lead to abnormal cell growth, increasing the risk of cancer development. Epidemiological data strongly associates UV exposure as a major factor in melanoma development, but the exact biological mechanisms involved in this process are yet to be fully elucidated. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is responsible for the repair of UV-induced lesions. Patients with the genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum have a mutation in one of eight NER genes associated with the XP complementation groups XP-A to XP-G and XP variant (XP-V). XP is characterized by diminished repair capacity, as well as a 1000-fold increase in the incidence of skin cancers, including melanoma. This has suggested a significant role for NER in melanoma development as a result of UVB exposure. This review discusses the current research surrounding UVB radiation and NER capacity and how further investigation of NER could elucidate the role of NER in avoiding UV-induced cellular death resulting in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Budden
- Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, and School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2289, Australia.
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28
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McNeil EM, Melton DW. DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1-XPF as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in cancer therapy. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9990-10004. [PMID: 22941649 PMCID: PMC3488251 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERCC1–XPF complex is a structure-specific endonuclease essential for the repair of DNA damage by the nucleotide excision repair pathway. It is also involved in other key cellular processes, including DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. New evidence has recently emerged, increasing our understanding of its requirement in these additional roles. In this review, we focus on the protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions made by the ERCC1 and XPF proteins and discuss how these coordinate ERCC1–XPF in its various roles. In a number of different cancers, high expression of ERCC1 has been linked to a poor response to platinum-based chemotherapy. We discuss prospects for the development of DNA repair inhibitors that target the activity, stability or protein interactions of the ERCC1–XPF complex as a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M McNeil
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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29
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Schwartz EK, Wright WD, Ehmsen KT, Evans JE, Stahlberg H, Heyer WD. Mus81-Mms4 functions as a single heterodimer to cleave nicked intermediates in recombinational DNA repair. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3065-80. [PMID: 22645308 PMCID: PMC3434506 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00547-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of crossovers is a fundamental genetic process. The XPF-family endonuclease Mus81-Mms4 (Eme1) contributes significantly to crossing over in eukaryotes. A key question is whether Mus81-Mms4 can process Holliday junctions that contain four uninterrupted strands. Holliday junction cleavage requires the coordination of two active sites, necessitating the assembly of two Mus81-Mms4 heterodimers. Contrary to this expectation, we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mus81-Mms4 exists as a single heterodimer both in solution and when bound to DNA substrates in vitro. Consistently, immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that Mus81-Mms4 does not multimerize in vivo. Moreover, chromatin-bound Mus81-Mms4 does not detectably form higher-order multimers. We show that Cdc5 kinase activates Mus81-Mms4 nuclease activity on 3' flaps and Holliday junctions in vitro but that activation does not induce a preference for Holliday junctions and does not induce multimerization of the Mus81-Mms4 heterodimer. These data support a model in which Mus81-Mms4 cleaves nicked recombination intermediates such as displacement loops (D-loops), nicked Holliday junctions, or 3' flaps but not intact Holliday junctions with four uninterrupted strands. We infer that Mus81-dependent crossing over occurs in a noncanonical manner that does not involve the coordinated cleavage of classic Holliday junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James E. Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and Nano Analytics, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Heyer
- Department of Microbiology
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Le May N, Fradin D, Iltis I, Bougnères P, Egly JM. XPG and XPF endonucleases trigger chromatin looping and DNA demethylation for accurate expression of activated genes. Mol Cell 2012; 47:622-32. [PMID: 22771116 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair factors, initially characterized as part of DNA repair, have been shown to participate in the transcriptional process in the absence of genotoxic attack. However, their molecular function when recruited at the promoters of activated genes together with the transcription machinery remained obscure. Here we show that the NER factors XPG and XPF are essential for establishing CTCF-dependent chromatin looping between the promoter and terminator of the activated RARβ2 gene. Silencing XPG and/or XPF endonucleases, or mutations in their catalytic sites, prevents CTCF recruitment, chromatin loop formation, and optimal transcription of RARβ2. We demonstrated that XPG endonuclease promotes DNA breaks and DNA demethylation at promoters allowing the recruitment of CTCF and gene looping, which is further stabilized by XPF. Our results highlight a timely orchestrated activity of the NER factors XPG and XPF in the formation of the active chromatin hub that controls gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Le May
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/Inserm/ULP, BP163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. Strasbourg, France
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31
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Su Y, Orelli B, Madireddy A, Niedernhofer LJ, Schärer OD. Multiple DNA binding domains mediate the function of the ERCC1-XPF protein in nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21846-55. [PMID: 22547097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a heterodimeric, structure-specific endonuclease that cleaves single-stranded/double-stranded DNA junctions and has roles in nucleotide excision repair (NER), interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair, homologous recombination, and possibly other pathways. In NER, ERCC1-XPF is recruited to DNA lesions by interaction with XPA and incises the DNA 5' to the lesion. We studied the role of the four C-terminal DNA binding domains in mediating NER activity and cleavage of model substrates. We found that mutations in the helix-hairpin-helix domain of ERCC1 and the nuclease domain of XPF abolished cleavage activity on model substrates. Interestingly, mutations in multiple DNA binding domains were needed to significantly diminish NER activity in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that interactions with proteins in the NER incision complex can compensate for some defects in DNA binding. Mutations in DNA binding domains of ERCC1-XPF render cells more sensitive to the crosslinking agent mitomycin C than to ultraviolet radiation, suggesting that the ICL repair function of ERCC1-XPF requires tighter substrate binding than NER. Our studies show that multiple domains of ERCC1-XPF contribute to substrate binding, and are consistent with models of NER suggesting that multiple weak protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions drive progression through the pathway. Our findings are discussed in the context of structural studies of individual domains of ERCC1-XPF and of its role in multiple DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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32
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Das D, Folkers GE, van Dijk M, Jaspers NGJ, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Kaptein R, Boelens R. The structure of the XPF-ssDNA complex underscores the distinct roles of the XPF and ERCC1 helix- hairpin-helix domains in ss/ds DNA recognition. Structure 2012; 20:667-75. [PMID: 22483113 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human XPF/ERCC1 is a structure-specific DNA endonuclease that nicks the damaged DNA strand at the 5' end during nucleotide excision repair. We determined the structure of the complex of the C-terminal domain of XPF with 10 nt ssDNA. A positively charged region within the second helix of the first HhH motif contacts the ssDNA phosphate backbone. One guanine base is flipped out of register and positioned in a pocket contacting residues from both HhH motifs of XPF. Comparison to other HhH-containing proteins indicates a one-residue deletion in the second HhH motif of XPF that has altered the hairpin conformation, thereby permitting ssDNA interactions. Previous nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that ERCC1 in the XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer can bind dsDNA. Combining the two observations gives a model that underscores the asymmetry of the human XPF/ERCC1 heterodimer in binding at an ss/ds DNA junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Das
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Bowles M, Lally J, Fadden AJ, Mouilleron S, Hammonds T, McDonald NQ. Fluorescence-based incision assay for human XPF-ERCC1 activity identifies important elements of DNA junction recognition. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:e101. [PMID: 22457069 PMCID: PMC3401468 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure-specific endonuclease activity of the human XPF–ERCC1 complex is essential for a number of DNA processing mechanisms that help to maintain genomic integrity. XPF–ERCC1 cleaves DNA structures such as stem–loops, bubbles or flaps in one strand of a duplex where there is at least one downstream single strand. Here, we define the minimal substrate requirements for cleavage of stem–loop substrates allowing us to develop a real-time fluorescence-based assay to measure endonuclease activity. Using this assay, we show that changes in the sequence of the duplex upstream of the incision site results in up to 100-fold variation in cleavage rate of a stem-loop substrate by XPF-ERCC1. XPF–ERCC1 has a preference for cleaving the phosphodiester bond positioned on the 3′-side of a T or a U, which is flanked by an upstream T or U suggesting that a T/U pocket may exist within the catalytic domain. In addition to an endonuclease domain and tandem helix–hairpin–helix domains, XPF has a divergent and inactive DEAH helicase-like domain (HLD). We show that deletion of HLD eliminates endonuclease activity and demonstrate that purified recombinant XPF–HLD shows a preference for binding stem–loop structures over single strand or duplex alone, suggesting a role for the HLD in initial structure recognition. Together our data describe features of XPF–ERCC1 and an accepted model substrate that are important for recognition and efficient incision activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Bowles
- Structural Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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34
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Rageul J, Frëmin C, Ezan F, Baffet G, Langouët S. The knock-down of ERCC1 but not of XPF causes multinucleation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:978-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fagbemi AF, Orelli B, Schärer OD. Regulation of endonuclease activity in human nucleotide excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:722-9. [PMID: 21592868 PMCID: PMC3139800 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a DNA repair pathway that is responsible for removing a variety of lesions caused by harmful UV light, chemical carcinogens, and environmental mutagens from DNA. NER involves the concerted action of over 30 proteins that sequentially recognize a lesion, excise it in the form of an oligonucleotide, and fill in the resulting gap by repair synthesis. ERCC1-XPF and XPG are structure-specific endonucleases responsible for carrying out the incisions 5' and 3' to the damage respectively, culminating in the release of the damaged oligonucleotide. This review focuses on the recent work that led to a greater understanding of how the activities of ERCC1-XPF and XPG are regulated in NER to prevent unwanted cuts in DNA or the persistence of gaps after incision that could result in harmful, cytotoxic DNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Orelli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Orlando D. Schärer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
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36
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Metzger R, Bollschweiler E, Hölscher AH, Warnecke-Eberz U. ERCC1: impact in multimodality treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancer. Future Oncol 2011; 6:1735-49. [PMID: 21142660 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs and radiation are key elements of multimodality treatment in a wide variety of solid tumors and especially tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cytotoxicity is directly related to their ability to cause DNA damage. This event consecutively triggers the nucleotide excision repair (NER) complex. The NER capacity has a major impact on chemo and radiation sensitivity, emergence of resistance and patient outcome. Excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) is a key molecule in NER. This review provides an overview of the NER complex with a focus on ERCC1. Recent literature has been analyzed and provides information regarding the potential role of ERCC1 as a prognostic factor in multimodality treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancer and cancer risk. To date, the role of ERCC1 as a predictive marker for individual multimodality treatment is far from being firmly established for routine use. However, with reliable methods, established cut-off values and validation in large, prospective, randomized trials, ERCC1 may possibly prove to play an important role as a tumor marker in individualized treatment for upper gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Metzger
- Department of General, Visceral & Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany
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Modulation of Rad51, ERCC1, and thymidine phosphorylase by emodin result in synergistic cytotoxic effect in combination with capecitabine. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 81:680-90. [PMID: 21168393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the activation of capecitabine (pro-drug of fluorouracil), and as a useful predictor of tumor response to capecitabine-based chemotherapy. Overexpression of Rad51 and ERCC1 induce resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Emodin, one of the main bioactive anthraquinone derivatives in the roots and rhizomes of numerous plants, possesses potent antitumor effects. Accordingly, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of emodin enhances the capecitabine-induced cytotoxicity through controlling Rad51, ERCC1, and TP expression in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results show that capecitabine increases the phosphorylation of MKK1/2-ERK1/2 and protein levels of Rad51 and ERCC1 through enhancing the protein stability. Depletion of endogenous Rad51 or ERCC1 expression by specific small interfering RNA transfection significantly increases capecitabine-induced cell death and growth inhibition. Emodin enhances the capecitabine-induced cytotoxic effects through ERK1/2 inactivation and decreasing the Rad51 and ERCC1 protein levels induced by capecitabine. Enhancement of ERK1/2 signaling by constitutively active MKK1/2 (MKK1/2-CA) results in increasing Rad51 and ERCC1 protein levels and cell viability in NSCLC cell lines treated with emodin and capecitabine. Interestingly, emodin enhances TP mRNA and protein expression in capecitabine treated NSCLC cell lines, and depletion of the TP expression decreases the cytotoxic effects induced by capecitabine and emodin. We conclude that enhancing the cytotoxicity to capecitabine by emodin is mediated by down-regulation the expression of Rad51 and ERCC1 and up-regulation TP expression.
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38
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Doll CM, Prystajecky M, Eliasziw M, Klimowicz AC, Petrillo SK, Craighead PS, Hao D, Diaz R, Lees-Miller SP, Magliocco AM. Low ERCC1 mRNA and protein expression are associated with worse survival in cervical cancer patients treated with radiation alone. Radiother Oncol 2010; 97:352-9. [PMID: 20934765 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) expression, using both mRNA and protein expression analysis, with clinical outcome in cervical cancer patients treated with radical radiation therapy (RT). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients (n=186) with locally advanced cervical cancer, treated with radical RT alone from a single institution were evaluated. Pre-treatment FFPE biopsy specimens were retrieved from 112 patients. ERCC1 mRNA level was determined by real-time PCR, and ERCC1 protein expression (FL297, 8F1) was measured using quantitative immunohistochemistry (AQUA®). The association of ERCC1 status with local response, 10-year disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed. RESULTS ERCC1 protein expression levels using both FL297 and 8F1 antibodies were determined for 112 patients; mRNA analysis was additionally performed in 32 patients. Clinical and outcome factors were comparable between the training and validation sets. Low ERCC1 mRNA expression status was associated with worse OS (17.9% vs 50.1%, p=0.046). ERCC1 protein expression using the FL297 antibody, but not the 8F1 antibody, was significantly associated with both OS (p=0.002) and DFS (p=0.010). After adjusting for pre-treatment hemoglobin in a multivariate analysis, ERCC1 FL297 expression status remained statistically significant for OS [HR 1.9 (1.1-3.3), p=0.031]. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment tumoral ERCC1 mRNA and protein expression, using the FL297 antibody, are predictive factors for survival in cervical cancer patients treated with RT, with ERCC1 FL297 expression independently associated with survival. These results identify a subset of patients who may derive the greatest benefit from the addition of cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Doll
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Usanova S, Piée-Staffa A, Sied U, Thomale J, Schneider A, Kaina B, Köberle B. Cisplatin sensitivity of testis tumour cells is due to deficiency in interstrand-crosslink repair and low ERCC1-XPF expression. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:248. [PMID: 20846399 PMCID: PMC3098011 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin based chemotherapy cures over 80% of metastatic testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT). In contrast, almost all other solid cancers in adults are incurable once they have spread beyond the primary site. Cell lines derived from TGCTs are hypersensitive to cisplatin reflecting the clinical response. Earlier findings suggested that a reduced repair capacity might contribute to the cisplatin hypersensitivity of testis tumour cells (TTC), but the critical DNA damage has not been defined. This study was aimed at investigating the formation and repair of intrastrand and interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) induced by cisplatin in TTC and their contribution to TTC hypersensitivity. Results We observed that repair of intrastrand crosslinks is similar in cisplatin sensitive TTC and resistant bladder cancer cells, whereas repair of ICLs was significantly reduced in TTC. γH2AX formation, which serves as a marker of DNA breaks formed in response to ICLs, persisted in cisplatin-treated TTC and correlated with sustained phosphorylation of Chk2 and enhanced PARP-1 cleavage. Expression of the nucleotide excision repair factor ERCC1-XPF, which is implicated in the processing of ICLs, is reduced in TTC. To analyse the causal role of ERCC1-XPF for ICL repair and cisplatin sensitivity, we over-expressed ERCC1-XPF in TTC by transient transfection. Over-expression increased ICL repair and rendered TTC more resistant to cisplatin, which suggests that ERCC1-XPF is rate-limiting for repair of ICLs resulting in the observed cisplatin hypersensitivity of TTC. Conclusion Our data indicate for the first time that the exceptional sensitivity of TTC and, therefore, very likely the curability of TGCT rests on their limited ICL repair due to low level of expression of ERCC1-XPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Usanova
- Institute of Toxicology, Clinical Centre of University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Wang C, Lambert MW. The Fanconi anemia protein, FANCG, binds to the ERCC1-XPF endonuclease via its tetratricopeptide repeats and the central domain of ERCC1. Biochemistry 2010; 49:5560-9. [PMID: 20518486 DOI: 10.1021/bi100584c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins play an important role in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs), but the precise mechanism by which this occurs is not clear. One of the critical steps in the ICL repair process involves unhooking of the cross-link from DNA by incisions on one strand on either side of the ICL and its subsequent removal. The ERCC1-XPF endonuclease is involved in this unhooking step and in the removal of the cross-link. We have previously shown that several of the FA proteins are needed to produce incisions created by ERCC1-XPF at sites of ICLs. To more clearly establish a link between FA proteins and the incision step(s) mediated by ERCC1-XPF, we undertook yeast two-hybrid analysis to determine whether FANCA, FANCC, FANCF, and FANCG directly interact with ERCC1 and XPF and, if so, to determine the sites of interaction. One of these FA proteins, FANCG, was found to have a strong affinity for ERCC1 and a moderate affinity for XPF. FANCG has been shown to contain seven tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs, which are motifs that mediate protein-protein interactions. Mapping the sites of interaction of FANCG with ERCC1, using site-directed mutagenesis, demonstrated that TPRs 1, 3, 5, and 6 are needed for binding of FANCG to ERCC1. ERCC1, in turn, was shown to interact with FANCG via its central domain, which is different from the region of ERCC1 that binds to XPF. This binding between FANCG and the ERCC1-XPF endonuclease, combined with our previous studies which show that FANCG is involved in the incision step mediated by ERCC1-XPF, establishes a link between an FA protein and the critical unhooking step of the ICL repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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NER factors are recruited to active promoters and facilitate chromatin modification for transcription in the absence of exogenous genotoxic attack. Mol Cell 2010; 38:54-66. [PMID: 20385089 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Upon gene activation, we found that RNA polymerase II transcription machinery assembles sequentially with the nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors at the promoter. This recruitment occurs in absence of exogenous genotoxic attack, is sensitive to transcription inhibitors, and depends on the XPC protein. The presence of these repair proteins at the promoter of activated genes is necessary in order to achieve optimal DNA demethylation and histone posttranslational modifications (H3K4/H3K9 methylation, H3K9/14 acetylation) and thus efficient RNA synthesis. Deficiencies in some NER factors impede the recruitment of others and affect nuclear receptor transactivation. Our data suggest that there is a functional difference between the presence of the NER factors at the promoters (which requires XPC) and the NER factors at the distal regions of the gene (which requires CSB). While the latter may be a repair function, the former is a function with respect to transcription unveiled in the current study.
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Mislocalization of XPF-ERCC1 nuclease contributes to reduced DNA repair in XP-F patients. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000871. [PMID: 20221251 PMCID: PMC2832669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is caused by defects in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. NER removes helix-distorting DNA lesions, such as UV–induced photodimers, from the genome. Patients suffering from XP exhibit exquisite sun sensitivity, high incidence of skin cancer, and in some cases neurodegeneration. The severity of XP varies tremendously depending upon which NER gene is mutated and how severely the mutation affects DNA repair capacity. XPF-ERCC1 is a structure-specific endonuclease essential for incising the damaged strand of DNA in NER. Missense mutations in XPF can result not only in XP, but also XPF-ERCC1 (XFE) progeroid syndrome, a disease of accelerated aging. In an attempt to determine how mutations in XPF can lead to such diverse symptoms, the effects of a progeria-causing mutation (XPFR153P) were compared to an XP–causing mutation (XPFR799W) in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant XPF harboring either mutation was purified in a complex with ERCC1 and tested for its ability to incise a stem-loop structure in vitro. Both mutant complexes nicked the substrate indicating that neither mutation obviates catalytic activity of the nuclease. Surprisingly, differential immunostaining and fractionation of cells from an XFE progeroid patient revealed that XPF-ERCC1 is abundant in the cytoplasm. This was confirmed by fluorescent detection of XPFR153P-YFP expressed in Xpf mutant cells. In addition, microinjection of XPFR153P-ERCC1 into the nucleus of XPF–deficient human cells restored nucleotide excision repair of UV–induced DNA damage. Intriguingly, in all XPF mutant cell lines examined, XPF-ERCC1 was detected in the cytoplasm of a fraction of cells. This demonstrates that at least part of the DNA repair defect and symptoms associated with mutations in XPF are due to mislocalization of XPF-ERCC1 into the cytoplasm of cells, likely due to protein misfolding. Analysis of these patient cells therefore reveals a novel mechanism to potentially regulate a cell's capacity for DNA repair: by manipulating nuclear localization of XPF-ERCC1. XPF-ERCC1 is a nuclease that plays a critical role in DNA repair. Mutations in XPF are linked to xeroderma pigmentosum, characterized by sun sensitivity, high incidence of skin cancer, and neurodegeneration, or XFE progeroid syndrome, a disease of accelerated aging. Herein we report the unexpected finding that mutations in XPF cause mislocalization of XPF-ERCC1 to the cytoplasm. Recombinant mutant XPF-ERCC1 derived from XP– and XFE–causing alleles are catalytically active and if delivered to the nucleus of cells restore DNA repair. This demonstrates that protein mislocalization contributes to defective DNA repair and disease arising as a consequence of mutations in XPF. It also illustrates a novel mechanism of regulating a cell's capacity for DNA repair: by manipulating nuclear localization of XPF-ERCC1 to enhance or inhibit repair and to prevent cancer or tumor resistance to chemotherapy, respectively.
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Ko JC, Su YJ, Lin ST, Jhan JY, Ciou SC, Cheng CM, Chiu YF, Kuo YH, Tsai MS, Lin YW. Emodin enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity via down-regulation of ERCC1 and inactivation of ERK1/2. Lung Cancer 2009; 69:155-64. [PMID: 19962780 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emodin, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a natural anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and rhizomes of numerous plants; it exhibits an anticancer effect on many malignancies. The most important chemotherapeutic agent for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a platinum-containing compound such as cisplatin or carboplatin. The molecular mechanism underlying decreased NSCLC cell viability after treatment with emodin and cisplatin is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of combined emodin and cisplatin on NSCLC cell lines and to clarify underlying molecular mechanisms. Exposure of human NSCLC cells to emodin decreased cisplatin-elicited ERK1/2 activation and ERCC1 protein induction by increasing instability of ERCC1 protein. Cisplatin alone did not affect expression of ERCC1 mRNA. However, emodin alone or combined with cisplatin significantly decreased expression of ERCC1 mRNA levels. Enhancement of ERK1/2 activation by transfection with constitutively active MKK1/2 (MKK1/2-CA) vector increased ERCC1 protein levels and protein stability, as well as increasing viability of NSCLC cells treated with emodin and cisplatin. In contrast, blocking ERK1/2 activation by U0126 (an MKK1/2 inhibitor) decreased cisplatin-elicited ERCC1 expression and enhanced cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Depletion of endogenous ERCC1 expression by si-ERCC1 RNA transfection significantly enhanced cisplatin's cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, ERCC1 protein protects NSCLC cells from synergistic cytotoxicity induced by emodin and platinum agents. Further investigation of combined emodin and cisplatin may lead to novel therapy in the future for NSCLC through down-regulating expression of ERCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Hospital, Department of Health, The Executive Yuan, Taiwan
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Orelli B, McClendon TB, Tsodikov OV, Ellenberger T, Niedernhofer LJ, Schärer OD. The XPA-binding domain of ERCC1 is required for nucleotide excision repair but not other DNA repair pathways. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:3705-3712. [PMID: 19940136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.067538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endonuclease ERCC1-XPF incises the damaged strand of DNA 5' to a lesion during nucleotide excision repair (NER) and has additional, poorly characterized functions in interstrand cross-link repair, double-strand break repair, and homologous recombination. XPA, another key factor in NER, interacts with ERCC1 and recruits it to sites of damage. We identified ERCC1 residues that are critical for the interaction with XPA and assessed their importance for NER in vitro and in vivo. Mutation of two conserved residues (Asn-110 and Tyr-145) located in the XPA-binding site of ERCC1 dramatically affected NER but not nuclease activity on model DNA substrates. In ERCC1-deficient cells expressing ERCC1(N110A/Y145A), the nuclease was not recruited to sites of UV damage. The repair of UV-induced (6-4)photoproducts was severely impaired in these cells, and they were hypersensitive to UV irradiation. Remarkably, the ERCC1(N110A/Y145A) protein rescues the sensitivity of ERCC1-deficient cells to cross-linking agents. Our studies suggest that ERCC1-XPF engages in different repair pathways through specific protein-protein interactions and that these functions can be separated through the selective disruption of these interactions. We discuss the impact of these findings for understanding how ERCC1 contributes to resistance of tumor cells to therapeutic agents such as cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Orelli
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - T Brooke McClendon
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-1863
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2676, and
| | - Tom Ellenberger
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-1863
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400.
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Planchard D, Domont J, Taranchon E, Monnet I, Tredaniel J, Caliandro R, Validire P, Besse B, Soria JC, Fouret P. The NER proteins are differentially expressed in ever smokers and in never smokers with lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:1257-63. [PMID: 19297315 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression levels of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1), replication protein A (RPA) and xeroderma pigmentosum group F (XPF) nucleotide excision repair proteins may be important in the response to platin-based therapy in lung cancer patients. It is not known whether ERCC1, RPA and XPF expression levels differ between ever smokers (ES) and never smokers (NS). PATIENTS AND METHODS ERCC1, RPA and XPF expression levels were immunohistochemically evaluated in 125 patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma (AC) and carefully reviewed smoking status. RESULTS ERCC1 was correlated with XPF (P = 0.001), but not with RPA (P = 0.11). In the univariate analysis, ERCC1 and XPF levels were higher in NS compared with ES (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, the smoking status was predictive of the ERCC1 level [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-6.2] after adjustment for variables linked to the smoking status, including age and the presence of bronchioloalveolar (BAC) features. The smoking status was also predictive of both RPA (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.5-33.3) and XPF levels (OR 12.5, 95% CI 2.9-50) after adjusting for age, sex and BAC features. CONCLUSION In patients with resected lung AC, ERCC1, RPA and XPF expression levels are higher in NS compared with ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Planchard
- Medical Oncology and Translational Research, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
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XPF/ERCC4 and ERCC1: their products and biological roles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [PMID: 19181112 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09599-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
ERCC4 is the gene mutated in XPF cells and also in rodent cells representing the mutant complementation groups ERCC4 and ERCC 11. The protein functions principally as a complex with ERCC1 in a diversity of biological pathways that include NER, ICL repair, telomere maintenance and immunoglobulin switching. Sorting out these roles is an exciting and challenging problem and many important questions remain to be answered. The ERCC1/ERCC4 complex is conserved across most species presenting an opportunity to examine some functions in model organisms where mutants can be more readily generated and phenotypes more quickly assessed.
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Sincic RS, Chang-Yen DA, Eddings M, Barrows LR, Gale BK. Parallel determination of phenotypic cytotoxicity with a micropattern of mutant cell lines. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 11:443-52. [PMID: 19067175 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel tool, the Continuous Flow Microspotter (CFM) and its use in patterning cellular microarrays of multiple cell types into the bottom of a tissue culture well. The CFM uses a system of isolated microfluidic channels to make an array of localized microspots of adhesion dependent cells in the bottom of a conventional tissue culture well. With this device we have created micropatterns of multiple cell lines in a single tissue culture well and used this system to conduct simultaneous cytotoxicity tests and recover dose survival curves in a parallel study. This mechanism of parallel testing allows the researcher to employ the use of positive and negative controls, as well as compare the chemical response of phenotypes in a tightly controlled microenvironment. For the experiments presented in this paper we have fabricated a CFM with a set of ten microchannels (five inlet channels and five outlet channels) to pattern a row of five microspots consisting of four cellular microspots and one empty spot for background measurements. Micropatterns containing a set of four different Chinese hamster ovarian cell (CHO) mutant phenotypes were deposited into the bottom of commercially available tissue culture wells then interrogated with mitomycin C, a chemotherapeutic agent. This study shows statistically significant (P < 0.05) hypersensitivity of the UV20 CHO mutant to a DNA interstrand cross-linking agent (mitomycin C). Because the CFM is also capable of depositing proteins and other biomolecules to the individual microspots of the array we foresee capabilities of the 48 microspot CFM to multiplex 48 cell types with 48 chemical reagents all within the confines of a 60 mm(2) area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Sincic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 50 S. Central Campus Dr., Rm. 2480 MEB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9202, USA.
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Wang Y, Liu X, Matsuda A, Plunkett W. Repair of 2′-C-Cyano-2′-Deoxy-1-β-d-arabino-Pentofuranosylcytosine–Induced DNA Single-Strand Breaks by Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3881-9. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yu D, Zhang X, Liu J, Yuan P, Tan W, Guo Y, Sun T, Zhao D, Yang M, Liu J, Xu B, Lin D. Characterization of Functional Excision Repair Cross-Complementation Group 1 Variants and Their Association with Lung Cancer Risk and Prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2878-86. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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