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Nele V, Campani V, Alia Moosavian S, De Rosa G. Lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery: Self-assembling vs driven-assembling strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115291. [PMID: 38514018 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Among non-viral vectors, lipid nanovectors are considered the gold standard for the delivery of RNA therapeutics. The success of lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery, with three products approved for human use, has stimulated further investigation into RNA therapeutics for different pathologies. This requires decoding the pathological intracellular processes and tailoring the delivery system to the target tissue and cells. The complexity of the lipid nanovectors morphology originates from the assembling of the lipidic components, which can be elicited by various methods able to drive the formation of nanoparticles with the desired organization. In other cases, pre-formed nanoparticles can be mixed with RNA to induce self-assembly and structural reorganization into RNA-loaded nanoparticles. In this review, the most relevant lipid nanovectors and their potentialities for RNA delivery are described on the basis of the assembling mechanism and of the particle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Nele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Campani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Seyedeh Alia Moosavian
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Evaluation of siRNA and cationic liposomes complexes as a model for in vitro siRNA delivery to cancer cells. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Chowdhury N, Vhora I, Patel K, Doddapaneni R, Mondal A, Singh M. Liposomes co-Loaded with 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2, 6-Biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) shRNA Plasmid and Docetaxel for the Treatment of non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2371-2384. [PMID: 28875330 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-small cell lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths globally. Considering the side effects and diminishing chemosensitivity to chemotherapy, novel treatment approaches are sought. Hence, we aim to develop a liposomal co-delivery system of pDNA expressing shRNA against PFKFB3 (pshPFKFB3) and docetaxel (DTX). METHODS Cationic DTX liposomes complexed with pshPFKFB3 (PSH-DL) were developed. In vitro cell line studies were performed to evaluate transfection, PFKFB3 mRNA silencing, cytotoxicity, pGP inhibition, and protein markers expression. In vivo efficacy study was performed in A549 xenograft nude mice model. RESULTS Cytotoxicity studies showed significantly enhanced anticancer activity of PSH-DL against individual treatment alone confirming the chemoenhancing effect of pshPFKFB3 on DTX activity. Fluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR showed effective transfection and RNAi by pshPFKFB3. pGP inhibition assay and western blotting revealed that PFKFB3 downregulation caused diminution of pGP activity leading to changes in cell cycle (Cdk2), survival (survivin), apoptosis (Bcl2 and cleaved caspase 3) and stress (p-JNK and p-p38) markers so that induces apoptosis by PSH-DL in NSCLC cells. PSH-DL also showed ~3.8-fold reduction in tumor volume in A549 xenograft model which was significantly higher than individual treatments alone. CONCLUSION Targeting PFKFB3 through shRNA based RNAi is a promising approach for potentiating activity of DTX in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Chowdhury
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA
| | - Imran Vhora
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA.,College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Arindam Mondal
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA.
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4
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Balbino TA, Azzoni AR, de la Torre LG. Microfluidic devices for continuous production of pDNA/cationic liposome complexes for gene delivery and vaccine therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 111:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kedika B, Patri SV. Benzothiazole head group based cationic lipids: synthesis and application for gene delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 74:703-16. [PMID: 24262373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzothiazole based lipids (1-10) containing different derivatives of benzothiazole in the head group region were synthesized to determine the structure-activity relationship for gene delivery. The liposomes formulated were mixed with plasmid DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (α5GFP) or β-galactosidase (pCMV-SPORT-β-gal) and transfected into B16F10 (Human melanoma cancer cells), CHO (Chinese hamster ovary), A-549 (Human lung carcinoma cells) and MCF-7 (Human breast carcinoma cells) types of cell lines. The efficiencies of lipids 9 and 10 in particular, were found to be comparable and even more when compared to that of LipofectAmine-2000. The transfection profiles of the efficient lipids are proved to be maintained even in the presence of serum. Thus, the benzothiazole head group based lipids developed have the potential to be used as transfection reagents in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Kedika
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srilakshmi V Patri
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Al-Deen FN, Selomulya C, Williams T. On designing stable magnetic vectors as carriers for malaria DNA vaccine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 102:492-503. [PMID: 23104020 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can be used as therapeutic and diagnostic agents due to their unique magnetic characteristics, provided that they are stable in physiological conditions. Here, the assembly of different magnetic vector configurations comprising SPIONs, polyethylenimine (PEI), and hyaluronic acid (HA), acting as carriers for malaria DNA vaccine encoding Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein MSP1-19 (VR1020-PyMSP1-19), and their stability in different cell media were investigated. The order of assembly affected vector size, surface charge, stability, and ability to bind and release DNA. Generally, all vectors showed relatively small size of less than 200 nm in water, whereas higher degree of aggregation was observed immediately after transferring to high-ionic strength media such as 150 mM NaCl buffer and RPMI 1640 culture media (Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium). However, the pre-addition of HA to DNA effectively reduced the extent of aggregation in serum-free RPMI 1640 with sizes of almost all complexes remaining below 90 nm, particularly at HA:PEI charge ratio of 100%. The presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in RPMI 1640 culture media further converted the surface charge of vectors from positive to negative, decreasing the size to smaller than 50 nm. Partial disassembly of some vectors was observed in water, in RPMI, and in RPMI supplemented with 10% FBS after incubation for 1h, but not in NaCl buffer, indicating that incubation of complexes in NaCl buffer prior to transfection may limit the intracellular release of plasmid DNA. DNase sensitivity assay showed that plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the PyMSP1-19 in all configurations preserved their structural integrity without damage, even after DNase I treatment for 30 min. This study demonstrated that structurally well-defined magnetic gene carriers could be designed to improve malaria DNA vaccine delivery systems, particularly for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Nawwab Al-Deen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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7
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Kapoor M, Burgess DJ. Physicochemical characterization of anionic lipid-based ternary siRNA complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1603-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Physicochemical characterization techniques for lipid based delivery systems for siRNA. Int J Pharm 2012; 427:35-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Rosada RS, Silva CL, Santana MHA, Nakaie CR, de la Torre LG. Effectiveness, against tuberculosis, of pseudo-ternary complexes: Peptide-DNA-cationic liposome. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 373:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Fluorescence methods for lipoplex characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2694-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Lipothioureas as Lipids for Gene Transfection: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:1381-1399. [PMID: 27721329 PMCID: PMC4060130 DOI: 10.3390/ph4101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-viral gene therapy requires innovative strategies to achieve higher transfection efficacy. A few years ago, our group proposed bioinspired lipids whose interaction with DNA was not based on ionic interactions, but on hydrogen bonds. We thus developed lipids bearing a thiourea head which allowed an interaction with DNA phosphates through hydrogen bonds. After a proof of concept with a lipid bearing three thiourea functions, a molecular and cellular screening was performed by varying all parts of the lipids: the hydrophobic anchor, the spacer, the linker, and the thiourea head. Two lipothiourea-based structures were identified as highly efficient in vitro transfecting agents. The lipothioureas were shown to reduce non specific interactions with cell membranes and deliver their DNA content intracellularly more efficiently, as compared to cationic lipoplexes. These lipids could deliver siRNA efficiently and allowed specific cell targeting in vitro. In vivo, thiourea lipoplexes presented a longer retention time in the blood and less accumulation in the lungs after an intravenous injection in mice. They also induced luciferase gene expression in muscle and tumor after local administration in mice. Therefore, these novel lipoplexes represent an excellent alternative to cationic lipoplexes as transfecting agents. In this review we will focus on the structure activity studies that permitted the identification of the two most efficient thiourea lipids.
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de la Torre LG, Rosada RS, Trombone APF, Frantz FG, Coelho-Castelo AA, Silva CL, Santana MHA. The synergy between structural stability and DNA-binding controls the antibody production in EPC/DOTAP/DOPE liposomes and DOTAP/DOPE lipoplexes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 73:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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The influence of size, lipid composition and bilayer fluidity of cationic liposomes on the transfection efficiency of nanolipoplexes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 72:1-5. [PMID: 19395245 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among non-viral vectors, cationic liposomes are the most promising carriers in gene delivery. But the most critical issue about their application is their low transfection efficiency compared to viral vectors. In this study, we tried to make a comparison between transfection efficiency of different liposomal formulations and to investigate the effect of membrane fluidity and other physical properties of liposomes and lipoplexes such as size and charge ratio on the transfection efficiency in in vitro environment. Different gene delivery systems were developed by using liposomes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) or 3-beta-[N-(N'N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-CHOL) in combination with other lipids including 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), egg L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (EPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE). These multilamellar vesicle (MLV) liposomes were extruded through 100 nm polycarbonate filters to produce small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs). Transfection activity of these lipoplexes in Neuro2A cells was tested using pRL-CMV encoding Renilla luciferase. We could not establish any direct correlation between high fluid membranes and high transfection efficiency because DOTAP:DPPE had a better result than DOTAP:DOPE while DC-CHOL:DOPE was more successful in gene transfer than DC-CHOL:DPPE. It was revealed that the use of these two helper lipids with different Tm (DPPE: 64 degrees C and DOPE: -11 degrees C) along with DOTAP increased transfection efficiency but formulation of these phospholipids with DC-CHOL was led to a significant reduction in transfection activity. Generally, DOTAP:DPPE, DC-CHOL:DOPE and DOTAP:DOPE:DPPE formulations showed the highest transfection activity. The results of this study showed that, in designing of liposome based non-viral vectors, different parameters such as size, lipid composition and the use of helper lipid should be considered.
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14
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Madeira C, Loura LMS, Prieto M, Fedorov A, Aires-Barros MR. Effect of ionic strength and presence of serum on lipoplexes structure monitorized by FRET. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:20. [PMID: 18302788 PMCID: PMC2275333 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum and high ionic strength solutions constitute important barriers to cationic lipid-mediated intravenous gene transfer. Preparation or incubation of lipoplexes in these media results in alteration of their biophysical properties, generally leading to a decrease in transfection efficiency. Accurate quantification of these changes is of paramount importance for the success of lipoplex-mediated gene transfer in vivo. Results In this work, a novel time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) methodology was used to monitor lipoplex structural changes in the presence of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and fetal bovine serum. 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)/pDNA lipoplexes, prepared in high and low ionic strength solutions, are compared in terms of complexation efficiency. Lipoplexes prepared in PBS show lower complexation efficiencies when compared to lipoplexes prepared in low ionic strength buffer followed by addition of PBS. Moreover, when serum is added to the referred formulation no significant effect on the complexation efficiency was observed. In physiological saline solutions and serum, a multilamellar arrangement of the lipoplexes is maintained, with reduced spacing distances between the FRET probes, relative to those in low ionic strength medium. Conclusion The time-resolved FRET methodology described in this work allowed us to monitor stability and characterize quantitatively the structural changes (variations in interchromophore spacing distances and complexation efficiencies) undergone by DOTAP/DNA complexes in high ionic strength solutions and in presence of serum, as well as to determine the minimum amount of potentially cytotoxic cationic lipid necessary for complete coverage of DNA. This constitutes essential information regarding thoughtful design of future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Madeira
- 1IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001,Portugal.
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Candiani G, Pezzoli D, Cabras M, Ristori S, Pellegrini C, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Vicenzi E, Sala C, Zanda M. A dimerizable cationic lipid with potential for gene delivery. J Gene Med 2008; 10:637-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Karmali PP, Chaudhuri A. Cationic liposomes as non-viral carriers of gene medicines: resolved issues, open questions, and future promises. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:696-722. [PMID: 17022036 DOI: 10.1002/med.20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of gene therapy is critically dependent on the development of efficient and safe gene delivery reagents, popularly known as "transfection vectors." The transfection vectors commonly used in gene therapy are mainly of two types: viral and non-viral. The efficiencies of viral transfection vectors are, in general, superior to their non-viral counterparts. However, the myriads of potentially adverse immunogenic aftermaths associated with the use of viral vectors are increasingly making the non-viral gene delivery reagents as the vectors of choice. Among the existing arsenal of non-viral gene delivery reagents, the distinct advantages associated with the use of cationic transfection lipids include their: (a) robust manufacture; (b) ease in handling and preparation techniques; (c) ability to inject large lipid:DNA complexes; and (d) low immunogenic response. The present review highlights the major achievements in the area of designing efficacious cationic transfection lipids, some of the more recent advances in the field of cationic liposomes-mediated gene transfer and targeted gene delivery, some unresolved issues and challenges in liposomal gene delivery, and future promises of cationic liposomes as gene-carriers in non-viral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash Karmali
- Division of Lipid Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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17
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Tatarkova SA, Khaira S. Characterization of liposomes for cancer cell transfection. Open Biomed Eng J 2007; 1:60-3. [PMID: 19662129 PMCID: PMC2701086 DOI: 10.2174/1874120700701010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a broad range of liposome formulations with varying DcChol:DOPE ratio. Subsequent addition of DcChol to liposomes increases its positive surface charge. However, loading the nuclear acids did not neutralize the overall negative surface potential to a similar extent. The liposomes were tested by transfection of DNA in living cancer cells.
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18
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Margineanu A, De Feyter S, Melnikov S, Marchand D, van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P, Habuchi S, De Schryver FC, Hofkens J. Complexation of lipofectamine and cholesterol-modified DNA sequences studied by single-molecule fluorescence techniques. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3382-92. [PMID: 17958438 DOI: 10.1021/bm700486q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoplex formation for normal and cholesterol-modified oligonucleotides is investigated by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). To overcome the problems related to the fitting of autocorrelation curves when fluorescence bursts are present, the baseline fluorescence levels and the fluorescence bursts in the same trace were separately analyzed. This approach was not previously used in FCS studies of lipoplexes and allowed a more detailed characterization of this heterogeneous system. From the baseline levels, the number of free/bound DNA molecules and the presence of tens to hundreds of nanometer-sized lipoplexes were estimated using various mathematical models. Analysis of the fluorescent bursts provided an indication about the sizes of the lipoplexes, the number of DNA molecules in these aggregates, and the relative amount of lipids in each aggregate. An explanation for the higher transfection efficiency previously reported for one of the cholesterol-modified oligonucleotide compounds was found in relation to the formation of large size lipoplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Margineanu
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Catholic University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Hays ME, Jewell CM, Kondo Y, Lynn DM, Abbott NL. Lipoplexes formed by DNA and ferrocenyl lipids: effect of lipid oxidation state on size, internal dynamics, and zeta-potential. Biophys J 2007; 93:4414-24. [PMID: 17720731 PMCID: PMC2098709 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of lipid oxidation state on the physical properties of complexes formed by plasmid DNA and the redox-active lipid bis-(11-ferrocenylundecyl)dimethylammonium bromide (BFDMA) is reported. With increasing concentration of BFDMA, the hydrodynamic sizes of complexes formed by BFDMA and DNA (in the presence of 1 mM Li(2)SO(4)) pass through a maximum and the zeta-potential changes monotonically from -40 mV to +40 mV. In contrast, complexes formed by oxidized BFDMA and DNA exhibit a minimum in size and maintain a negative zeta-potential with increasing concentration of BFDMA. Angle-dependent dynamic light scattering measurements also reveal the presence of relaxation processes within complexes formed by DNA and oxidized BFDMA that are absent for complexes formed by DNA and reduced BFDMA. These results, when combined, reveal that the amphiphilic nature of reduced BFDMA leads to lipoplexes with physical properties resembling those formed by classical cationic lipids, whereas the interaction of oxidized BFDMA with DNA is similar to that of nonamphiphilic cationic molecules bearing multiple charges (e.g., spermidine). In particular, the negative zeta-potential and measurable presence of DNA chain dynamics within complexes formed by oxidized BFDMA and DNA indicate that these complexes are loosely packed with excess charge due to DNA in their outer regions. These results, when combined with additional measurements performed in OptiMEM reduced-serum cell culture medium, lead to the proposition that the strong dependence of transfection efficiency on the oxidation state of BFDMA, as reported previously, is largely a reflection of the substantial change in the zeta-potentials of these complexes with changes in the oxidation state of BFDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Hays
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Chorny M, Polyak B, Alferiev IS, Walsh K, Friedman G, Levy RJ. Magnetically driven plasmid DNA delivery with biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. FASEB J 2007; 21:2510-9. [PMID: 17403937 PMCID: PMC3378388 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-8070com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeting gene therapy remains a challenge. The use of magnetic force to achieve this was investigated in the present study. It was hypothesized that nanoparticles with both controllable particle size and magnetic properties would enable magnetically driven gene delivery. We investigated this hypothesis by creating a family of novel biodegradable polymeric superparamagnetic nanoparticle (MNP) formulations. Polylactide MNP were formulated using a modified emulsification-solvent evaporation methodology with both the incorporation of oleate-coated iron oxide and a polyethylenimine (PEI) oleate ion-pair surface modification for DNA binding. MNP size could be controlled by varying the proportion of the tetrahydrofuran cosolvent. Magnetically driven MNP-mediated gene transfer was studied using a green fluorescent protein reporter plasmid in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. MNP-DNA internalization and trafficking were examined by confocal microscopy. Cell growth inhibition after MNP-mediated adiponectin plasmid transfection was studied as an example of a therapeutic end point. MNP-DNA complexes protected DNA from degradation and efficiently transfected quiescent cells under both low and high serum conditions after a 15 min exposure to a magnetic field (500 G). There was negligible transfection with MNP in the absence of a magnetic field. Larger sized MNP (375 nm diameter) exhibited higher transfection rates compared with 185 nm- and 240 nm-sized MNP. Internalized larger sized MNP escaped lysosomal localization and released DNA in the perinuclear zone. Adiponectin plasmid DNA delivery using MNP resulted in a dose-dependent growth inhibition of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. It is concluded that magnetically driven plasmid DNA delivery can be achieved using biodegradable MNP containing oleate-coated magnetite and surface modified with PEI oleate ion-pair complexes that enable DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chorny
- Division of Cardiology Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Boris Polyak
- Division of Cardiology Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivan S. Alferiev
- Division of Cardiology Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J. Levy
- Division of Cardiology Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Correspondence: The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Bldg., Ste. 702, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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Aljaberi A, Spelios M, Kearns M, Selvi B, Savva M. Physicochemical properties affecting lipofection potency of a new series of 1,2-dialkoylamidopropane-based cationic lipids. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007; 57:108-17. [PMID: 17336044 PMCID: PMC1995744 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro transfection activity of a novel series of N,N'-diacyl-1,2-diaminopropyl-3-carbamoyl-(aminoethane) derivatives was evaluated against a mouse melanoma cell line at different +/- charge ratios, in the presence and absence of helper lipids. Only the unsaturated derivative N,N'-dioleoyl-1,2-diaminopropyl-3-carbamoyl-(aminoethane), (1,2lmp[5]) mediated significant increase in the reporter gene level which was significantly boosted in the presence of DOPE peaking at +/- charge ratio of 2. The electrostatic interactions between the cationic liposomes and plasmid DNA were investigated by gel electrophoresis, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic mobility techniques. In agreement with the transfection results, 1,2lmp[5]/DOPE formulation was most efficient in associating with and retarding DNA migration. The improved association between the dioleoyl derivative and DNA was further confirmed by ethidium bromide displacement assay and particle size distribution analysis of the lipoplexes. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that 1,2lmp[5] was the only lipid that exhibited a main phase transition below 37 degrees C. Likewise, 1,2lmp[5] was the only lipid found to form all liquid expanded monolayers at 23 degrees C. In conclusion, the current findings suggest that high in vitro transfection activity is mediated by cationic lipids characterized by increased acyl chain fluidity and high interfacial elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljaberi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 75 Dekalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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22
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Madeira C, Loura LMS, Prieto M, Fedorov A, Aires-Barros MR. Liposome complexation efficiency monitored by FRET: effect of charge ratio, helper lipid and plasmid size. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 36:609-20. [PMID: 17262222 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipid/DNA complexes (lipoplexes) are promising vehicles for DNA vaccines or gene therapy. In these systems, transfection efficiency is highly related to lipoplex charge ratio, since lipoplexes with charge ratios (+/-) lower than electroneutrality have most DNA uncovered by the liposomes, and thus are unprotected from enzyme degradation. However, a large excess of cationic lipids is undesirable because of eventual cytotoxicity. The aim of this work was to determine the minimum charge ratio from which all DNA molecules are complexed by the liposomes varying the lipid formulation and plasmid size, using a new FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) methodology. The similarity of FRET results, fluorescence intensity data and fluorescence decays of several charge ratios above (+/-) > or = 4 or 5 confirmed that once all DNA is covered by the liposomes, additional lipid molecules do not affect the lipoplex multilamellar repeat distance. It was also verified by FRET that the presence of helper lipid reduces the amount of cationic lipid required for DNA protection but does not affect the lipoplex multilamellar repeat distance. This distance varies with the plasmid size when supercoiled plasmid is used, being apparently larger when longer plasmids are used. Our study indicates that, despite the complexity of these systems not being totally described by our model, FRET is an informative technique in lipoplex characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Madeira
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av Rovisco Pais, Portugal
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23
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Majeti BK, Karmali PP, Reddy BS, Chaudhuri A. In Vitro Gene Transfer Efficacies of N,N-Dialkylpyrrolidinium Chlorides: A Structure−Activity Investigation. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3784-95. [PMID: 15916430 DOI: 10.1021/jm050128x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the previously reported superior gene transfer efficacies of amine headgroup-containing cationic lipids to their hydroxy counterparts, in the present structure-activity investigation we have compared the relative in vitro gene transfer efficacies of eight newly synthesized structural analogues of our previously reported lipids 1-4, namely the four 3,4-diaminopyrrolidinium chloride structural analogues (lipids 9-12, Chart 1) and the N-BOC-protected precursors of these amine analogues (lipids 5-8, Chart 1) with our previously reported lipids 1-4 (Chart 1) in five cultured cell lines. In contrast to the above-mentioned earlier reports, except for the superior or comparable transfection efficacies of the diaminopyrrolidinium lipids with distearyl and stearyloleyl chains (lipid 11 and 12 respectively, Chart 1) in MCF-7 and HEK293T cells, the relative transfection efficacies of the other diamino analogues were found to be much lower than their dihydroxy counterparts. The results of the DNase I sensitivity assays indicate that enhanced degradation of DNA associated with lipids 9-12 by cellular DNase I might play an important role behind their seriously compromised transfection efficacies. In addition, the present structure-activity investigation revealed a strikingly cell tropic transfection behavior of lipid 6 (Chart 1). While lipids 5, 7, and 8 were found to be either poor or essentially incompetent in transfecting all the five cells, lipid 6 was remarkably efficacious in transfecting kidney cells (COS-1 and HEK293T cells) at lipid:DNA charge ratios 3:1 and 1:1 when used in combination with equimolar amounts of DOPE and DOPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Kumar Majeti
- Division of Lipid Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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24
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Berezhna S, Schaefer S, Heintzmann R, Jahnz M, Boese G, Deniz A, Schwille P. New effects in polynucleotide release from cationic lipid carriers revealed by confocal imaging, fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and single particle tracking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1669:193-207. [PMID: 15893522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on new insights into the mechanisms of short single and double stranded oligonucleotide release from cationic lipid complexes (lipoplexes), used in gene therapy. Specifically, we modeled endosomal membranes using giant unilamellar vesicles and investigated the roles of various individual cellular phospholipids in interaction with lipoplexes. Our approach uses a combination of confocal imaging, fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and single particle tracking, revealing several new aspects of the release: (a) phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are equally active in disassembling lipoplexes, while phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are inert; (b) in contrast to earlier findings, phosphatidylethanolamine alone, in the absence of anionic phosphatidylserine triggers extensive release; (c) a double-stranded DNA structure remains well preserved after release; (d) lipoplexes exhibited preferential binding to transient lipid domains, which appear at the onset of lipoplex attachment to originally uniform membranes and vanish after initiation of polynucleotide release. The latter effect is likely related to phosphatidyleserine redistribution in membranes due to lipoplex binding. Real time tracking of single DOTAP/DOPE and DOTAP/DOPC lipoplexes showed that both particles remained compact and associated with membranes up to 1-2 min before fusion, indicating that a more complex mechanism, different from suggested earlier rapid fusion, promotes more efficient transfection by DOTAP/DOPE complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Berezhna
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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25
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Gordon SP, Berezhna S, Scherfeld D, Kahya N, Schwille P. Characterization of interaction between cationic lipid-oligonucleotide complexes and cellular membrane lipids using confocal imaging and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biophys J 2004; 88:305-16. [PMID: 15516528 PMCID: PMC1305008 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.043133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexes formed by cationic liposomes and single-strand oligodeoxynucleotides (CL-ODN) are promising delivery systems for antisense therapy. ODN release from the complexes is an essential step for inhibiting activity of antisense drugs. We applied fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy to monitor CL-ODN complex interaction with membrane lipids leading to ODN release. To model cellular membranes we used giant unilamellar vesicles and investigated the transport of Cy-5-labeled ODNs across DiO-labeled membranes. For the first time, we directly observed that ODN molecules are transferred across the lipid bilayers and are kept inside the giant unilamellar vesicles after release from the carriers. ODN dissociation from the carrier was assessed by comparing diffusion constants of CL-ODN complexes and ODNs before complexation and after release. Freely diffusing Cy-5-labeled ODN (16-nt) has diffusion constant D(ODN) = 1.3 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) cm2/s. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy curves for CL-ODN complexes were fitted with two components, which both have significantly slower diffusion in the range of D(CL-ODN) = approximately 1.5 x 10(-8) cm2/s. Released ODN has the mean diffusion constant D = 1.1 +/- 0.2 x 10(-6) cm2/s, which signifies that ODN is dissociated from cationic lipids. In contrast to earlier studies, we report that phosphatidylethanolamine can trigger ODN release from the carrier in the full absence of anionic phosphatidylserine in the target membrane and that phosphatidylethanolamine-mediated release is as extensive as in the case of phosphatidylserine. The presented methodology provides an effective tool for probing a delivery potential of newly created lipid formulations of CL-ODN complexes for optimal design of carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Patrick Gordon
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Experimental Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany; and Institute of Biophysics/Biotec, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Svitlana Berezhna
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Experimental Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany; and Institute of Biophysics/Biotec, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dag Scherfeld
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Experimental Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany; and Institute of Biophysics/Biotec, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicoletta Kahya
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Experimental Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany; and Institute of Biophysics/Biotec, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Experimental Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany; and Institute of Biophysics/Biotec, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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26
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Madeira C, Loura LMS, Aires-Barros MR, Fedorov A, Prieto M. Characterization of DNA/lipid complexes by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biophys J 2004; 85:3106-19. [PMID: 14581211 PMCID: PMC1303587 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a potential method for the characterization of DNA-cationic lipid complexes (lipoplexes). In this work, we used FRET models assuming a multilamellar lipoplex arrangement. The application of these models allows the determination of the distance between the fluorescent intercalator on the DNA and a membrane dye on the lipid, and/or the evaluation of encapsulation efficiencies of this liposomal vehicle. The experiments were carried out in 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane/pUC19 complexes with different charge ratios. We used 2-(3-(diphenylhexatrienyl)propanoyl)-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPH-PC) and 2-(4,4-difluoro-5-octyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (BODIPY-PC) as membrane dyes, and ethidium bromide (EtBr) and BOBO-1 as DNA intercalators. In cationic complexes (charge ratios (+/-) >or= 2), we verified that BOBO-1 remains bound to DNA, and FRET occurs to the membrane dye. This was also confirmed by anisotropy and lifetime measurements. In complexes with all DNA bound to the lipid (charge ratio (+/-) = 4), we determined 27 A as the distance between the donor and acceptor planes (half the repeat distance for a multilamellar arrangement). In complexes with DNA unbound to the lipids (charge ratio (+/-) = 0.5 and 2), we calculated the encapsulation efficiencies. The presented FRET methodology is, to our knowledge, the first procedure allowing quantification of lipid-DNA contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Madeira
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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27
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Voltammetric behaviour of oligonucleotide lipoplexes adsorbed onto glassy carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Mignet N, Byk G, Wetzer B, Scherman D. DNA complexes with reducible cationic lipid for gene transfer. Methods Enzymol 2004; 373:357-69. [PMID: 14714415 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)73023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mignet
- UMR 7001, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganiquet et de Biotechnologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole National Superieure de Chimie de Paris, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, BP 14, 94403 Vitry sur Siene, France
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29
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Wiethoff CM, Koe JG, Koe GS, Middaugh CR. Compositional effects of cationic lipid/DNA delivery systems on transgene expression in cell culture. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:108-23. [PMID: 14648641 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the contribution of various physical properties of cationic lipid/DNA complexes (CLDCs) to their observed transgene expression in vitro were conducted using cationic liposomes composed of the cationic lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB), with or without equimolar amounts of cholesterol (CHOL) or 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). The relative degree of luciferase expression by CLDCs is dependent on a complex relationship between net charge of the CLDC as well as previously reported properties, such as membrane fluidity and curvature of the cationic bilayer. Assessments were made of the role of these physical properties on CLDC stability in the extracellular medium, the extent of DNA cellular association, and membrane disruption activity. The efficiency of luciferase expression from negatively charged CLDCs is greatly improved by incorporation of DOPE. This result correlates with enhanced resistance to inhibition of gene delivery by heparan sulfate, increased cellular association of DNA, and enhanced membrane disruption activity. Luciferase expression by positively charged CLDCs is greatly reduced by incorporating equimolar amounts of CHOL and DOPE. This result occurs is in spite of increased resistance to heparan sulfate-mediated inhibition of gene delivery, increased DNA cellular association, and enhanced membrane disruption activity. The observed CLDC compositional effects on luciferase expression along with observed effects on the delivery process suggest that a better understanding of the kinetics and specific routes of gene delivery is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wiethoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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30
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Lobo BA, Vetro JA, Suich DM, Zuckermann RN, Middaugh CR. Structure/function analysis of peptoid/lipitoid:DNA complexes. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:1905-18. [PMID: 12950008 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous transfection studies of cationic peptoid polymers (N-substituted polyglycines) and cationic lipitoid polymers (peptoid-phospholipid conjugates) have shown that only the polymers which possessed a repeating (cationic, hydrophobic, hydrophobic) substituent sequence are efficient in gene transfer in vitro. To determine if there is a physical attribute of peptoid and lipitoid complexes that correlates with efficient gene transfection, biophysical, and transfection measurements were performed with polymer:DNA complexes containing each of seven structurally diverse peptoid polymers and two lipitoids that possess different hydrophobic substituents. These measurements revealed that the biophysical properties of these complexes (size, zeta-potential, ethidium bromide exclusion) varied with polymer structure and complex (+/-) charge ratio but were not directly predictive of transfection efficiency. Unique alterations in the circular dichroism spectra of DNA were observed in complexes containing several of the peptoids and both lipitoids, although FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that the DNA remained in the B-form. The lack of correlations between the physical properties and the transfection activities of these polyplexes suggests that a further subpopulation examination of these complexes by these methods may reveal hidden structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Lobo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2095 Constant Avenue, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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31
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Lobo BA, Koe GS, Koe JG, Middaugh CR. Thermodynamic analysis of binding and protonation in DOTAP/DOPE (1:1): DNA complexes using isothermal titration calorimetry. Biophys Chem 2003; 104:67-78. [PMID: 12834828 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the nature of the interaction between various cationic lipids used for gene delivery and DNA would lend insight into their structural and physical properties that may modulate their efficacy. We therefore separated the protonation and binding events which occur upon complexation of 1:1 DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane):DOPE (1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine) liposomes to DNA using proton linkage theory and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The enthalpy of DOPE protonation was estimated as -45.0+/-0.7 kJ/mol and the intrinsic binding enthalpy of lipid to DNA as +2.8+/-0.3 kJ/mol. The pK(a) of DOPE was calculated to shift from 7.7+/-0.1 in the free state to 8.8+/-0.1 in the complex. At physiological ionic strength, proton linkage was not observed upon complex formation and the buffer-independent binding enthalpy was +1.0+/-0.4 kJ/mol. These studies indicate that the intrinsic interaction between 1:1 DOTAP/DOPE and DNA is an entropy-driven process and that the affinities of cationic lipids that are formulated with and without DOPE for DNA are controlled by the positive entropic changes that occur upon complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Lobo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Oberle
- Department of Membrane Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Niedzinski EJ, Fujii SK, Lizarzaburu ME, Hecker JG, Nantz MH. A versatile linker for nontoxic polyamine-mediated DNA transfection. Mol Ther 2002; 6:279-86. [PMID: 12349827 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of transfection efficacy and lipid-associated cytotoxicity have complicated the use of cationic lipids to facilitate transfer of exogenous DNA to eukaryotic cells. To address these issues, we synthesized a panel of six tetraester polyamines that were designed to minimize cytotoxicity by using pentaerythritol to link the hydrophobic and the DNA-binding domains. We conducted this study to probe the effects of structural modifications around pentaerythritol as a linker on transfection activity and cell viability. We compared polyamines against commercial lipid reagents using luciferase and green fluorescent protein transfection assays in both CHO and NIH3T3 cells. Measurement of transfection activity and cytotoxicity using flow cytometry showed that the more active polyamine analogs exhibited activities comparable to LipofectAMINE PLUS and TransFast. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that all the pentaerythritol-based polyamines were uniformly nontoxic, whereas transfection activity was dependent on headgroup and sidechain composition. These results demonstrate that pentaerythritol is a useful core material for the development of active, nontoxic transfection agents.
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34
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Dass CR. Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of lipoplexes pertinent to solid tumour gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2002; 241:1-25. [PMID: 12086717 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes have become the reagent of choice for transfer of nucleic acids such as plasmids and oligodeoxynucleotides to cells in culture and in vivo. Whilst these reagents have several advantages over other forms of nucleic acid transfer methods, toxicity remains a significant problem, especially in vivo. Recent studies have also highlighted the immunostimulatory nature of these cationic vesicles when complexed to plasmid DNA, a phenomenon that may be harnessed for efficacious usage against tumours. Current research in this dynamic technological field is aimed at the development of cationic lipids that have negligible toxic effects and enhanced transfection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Johnson & Johnson Research, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, 1430, Eveleigh, Australia.
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35
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Ferrari ME, Rusalov D, Enas J, Wheeler CJ. Synergy between cationic lipid and co-lipid determines the macroscopic structure and transfection activity of lipoplexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:1808-16. [PMID: 11937635 PMCID: PMC113211 DOI: 10.1093/nar/30.8.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of cytofectin and co-lipid combinations currently used for lipoplex-mediated gene delivery reflects the fact that the optimal cytofectin/co-lipid combination varies with the application. The effects of structural changes in both cytofectin and co-lipid were systematically examined to identify structure-activity relationships. Specifically, alkyl chain length, degree of unsaturation and the head group to which the alkyl side chain was attached were examined to determine their effect on lipoplex structure and biological activity. The macroscopic lipoplex structure was assessed using a dye-binding assay and the biological activity was examined using in vitro transfection in three diverse cell lines. Lipoplexes were formulated in three different vehicles currently in use for in vivo delivery of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) and lipoplex formulations. The changes in dye accessibility were consistent with structural changes in the lipoplex, which correlated with alterations in the formulation. In contrast, transfection activity of different lipoplexes was cell type and vehicle dependent and did not correlate with dye accessibility. Overall, the results show a correlation between transfection and enhanced membrane fluidity in both the lipoplex and cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Ferrari
- Department of Chemistry, Vical Incorporated, 9373 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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36
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Meidan VM, Glezer J, Amariglio N, Cohen JS, Barenholz Y. Oligonucleotide lipoplexes: the influence of oligonucleotide composition on complexation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1568:177-82. [PMID: 11786223 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigations into oligonucleotide lipoplexes, virtually no work has addressed whether the physicochemical properties of these assemblies vary as a function of the constituent oligonucleotide (ODN) sequence and/or composition. The present study was aimed at answering this question. To this end, we complexed N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP) liposomes, in dispersion, with either 18-mer phosphorothiote homo-oligonucleotides composed of either adenine, thymidine or cytosine; or one of three structurally related 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODNs) (G3139, its reverse sequence and its two-base mismatch). After ODN addition to vesicles at different mole ratios, changes in pH and electrical surface potential at the lipid-water interface were analyzed by using the fluorophore heptadecyl-7-hydroxycoumarin while particle size distributions were analyzed by static-light scattering. The results indicate that each homo-oligonucleotide does indeed exhibit different complexation behavior. In particular, the maximal level of DOTAP neutralization by the polyadenine S-ODN is much lower than that for the two other homo-oligonucleotides and hence its lipoplex is much more positively charged. Much smaller electrostatic differences are also apparent between lipoplexes formed from each of the G3139-related ODNs. This paper identifies nucleotide base selection and sequence as a variable that can affect the physicochemical properties of oligonucleotide lipoplexes and hence probably their transfection competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Meidan
- Advanced Technology Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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