1
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Karayol R, Borroto MC, Haghshenas S, Namasivayam A, Reilly J, Levy MA, Relator R, Kerkhof J, McConkey H, Shvedunova M, Petersen AK, Magnussen K, Zweier C, Vasileiou G, Reis A, Savatt JM, Mulligan MR, Bicknell LS, Poke G, Abu-El-Haija A, Duis J, Hannig V, Srivastava S, Barkoudah E, Hauser NS, van den Born M, Hamiel U, Henig N, Baris Feldman H, McKee S, Krapels IPC, Lei Y, Todorova A, Yordanova R, Atemin S, Rogac M, McConnell V, Chassevent A, Barañano KW, Shashi V, Sullivan JA, Peron A, Iascone M, Canevini MP, Friedman J, Reyes IA, Kierstein J, Shen JJ, Ahmed FN, Mao X, Almoguera B, Blanco-Kelly F, Platzer K, Treu AB, Quilichini J, Bourgois A, Chatron N, Januel L, Rougeot C, Carere DA, Monaghan KG, Rousseau J, Myers KA, Sadikovic B, Akhtar A, Campeau PM. MSL2 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome with lack of coordination, epilepsy, specific dysmorphisms, and a distinct episignature. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:1330-1351. [PMID: 38815585 PMCID: PMC11267526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as an important etiological mechanism of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Pathogenic variation in epigenetic regulators can impair deposition of histone post-translational modifications leading to aberrant spatiotemporal gene expression during neurodevelopment. The male-specific lethal (MSL) complex is a prominent multi-subunit epigenetic regulator of gene expression and is responsible for histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac). Using exome sequencing, here we identify a cohort of 25 individuals with heterozygous de novo variants in MSL complex member MSL2. MSL2 variants were associated with NDD phenotypes including global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and motor issues such as coordination problems, feeding difficulties, and gait disturbance. Dysmorphisms and behavioral and/or psychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorder, and to a lesser extent, seizures, connective tissue disease signs, sleep disturbance, vision problems, and other organ anomalies, were observed in affected individuals. As a molecular biomarker, a sensitive and specific DNA methylation episignature has been established. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from three members of our cohort exhibited reduced MSL2 levels. Remarkably, while NDD-associated variants in two other members of the MSL complex (MOF and MSL3) result in reduced H4K16ac, global H4K16ac levels are unchanged in iPSCs with MSL2 variants. Regardless, MSL2 variants altered the expression of MSL2 targets in iPSCs and upon their differentiation to early germ layers. Our study defines an MSL2-related disorder as an NDD with distinguishable clinical features, a specific blood DNA episignature, and a distinct, MSL2-specific molecular etiology compared to other MSL complex-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remzi Karayol
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Carla Borroto
- Centre de recherche Azrieli du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sadegheh Haghshenas
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Anoja Namasivayam
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jack Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurological Sciences and Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michael A Levy
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Raissa Relator
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kerkhof
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Haley McConkey
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Maria Shvedunova
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea K Petersen
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Randall Children's and Legacy Emanuel Hospitals, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Kari Magnussen
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Randall Children's and Legacy Emanuel Hospitals, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliann M Savatt
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Meghan R Mulligan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise S Bicknell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Poke
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Aya Abu-El-Haija
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Duis
- Section of Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vickie Hannig
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Natalie S Hauser
- Medical Genetics, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Myrthe van den Born
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Uri Hamiel
- Genetics Institute and Genomics Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Noa Henig
- Genetics Institute and Genomics Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Hagit Baris Feldman
- Genetics Institute and Genomics Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Shane McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Ingrid P C Krapels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yunping Lei
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albena Todorova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; Genetic Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory "Genica", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ralitsa Yordanova
- Department of pediatrics "Prof. Ivan Andreev", Medical university - Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital "St. George", Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Slavena Atemin
- Genetic Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory "Genica", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihael Rogac
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivienne McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Anna Chassevent
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin W Barañano
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Angela Peron
- SOC Genetica Medica, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Department of Medical Genetics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria P Canevini
- Epilepsy Center - Sleep Medicine Center, Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Iris A Reyes
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Janell Kierstein
- Section of Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joseph J Shen
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Faria N Ahmed
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xiao Mao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hunan, China; Nanhua University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, German
| | | | - Juliette Quilichini
- Service de Médecine Génomique des maladies de système et d'organe, APHP, Centre Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Bourgois
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, UR 7450 BioTARGen, FHU G4 Genomics, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France; Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (PGNM, UCBL - CNRS UMR5261 - INSERM U1315), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Louis Januel
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Justine Rousseau
- Centre de recherche Azrieli du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Child Health and Human Development, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Centre de recherche Azrieli du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
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2
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Mu N, Wang Y, Li X, Du Z, Wu Y, Su M, Wang Y, Sun X, Su L, Liu X. Crotonylated BEX2 interacts with NDP52 and enhances mitophagy to modulate chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:645. [PMID: 37777549 PMCID: PMC10542755 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain expressed X-linked gene 2 (BEX2) encoded protein was originally identified to promote transcription by interacting with several transcription factors in the DNA-binding complexes. Recently, BEX2 was found to be localized in cytosol and/or mitochondria and regulate apoptosis in cancer cells and tumor growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its roles in cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we report that crotonylated BEX2 plays an important role in inhibiting chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis via enhancing mitophagy in human lung cancer cells. BEX2 promotes mitophagy by facilitating interaction between NDP52 and LC3B. Moreover, BEX2 crotonylation at K59 is critical in the BEX2-mediated mitophagy in lung cancer cells. The K59R mutation of BEX2 inhibits mitophagy by affecting the interaction of NDP52 and LC3B. BEX2 expression is elevated after anticancer drug treatment, and its overexpression inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. In addition, inhibition of BEX2-regulated mitophagy sensitizes tumor cells to apoptosis. Furthermore, BEX2 promotes tumor growth and inhibits apoptosis by regulating mitophagy in vivo. We also confirm that BEX2 is overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma and is associated with poor prognosis in lymph node metastasis-free cancer. Therefore, combination treatment with pharmaceutical approaches targeting BEX2-induced mitophagy and anticancer drugs may represent a potential strategy for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyuan Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingdi Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Yasumoto A, Fujimori H, Mochizuki M, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Nakamura-Shima M, Shindo N, Yamaguchi K, Fukushi D, Wakui Y, Sugai T, Iwai W, Abue M, Sato I, Satoh K, Katayose Y, Yasuda J, Shibata C, Tamai K. BEX2 is poor prognostic factor and required for cancer stemness in gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 655:59-67. [PMID: 36933308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. However, targeted therapy for advanced gastric cancer is still limited. Here, we report BEX2 (Brain expressed X-linked 2) as a poor prognostic factor in two gastric cancer cohorts. BEX2 expression was increased in spheroid cells, and its knockdown decreased aldefluor activity and cisplatin resistance. BEX2 was found to upregulate CHRNB2 (Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 2 Subunit) expression, a cancer stemness-related gene, in a transcriptional manner, and the knockdown of which also decreases aldefluor activity. Collectively, these data are suggestive of the role of BEX2 in the malignant process of gastric cancer, and as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yasumoto
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan; Division of Gastoroenterologic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujimori
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mao Nakamura-Shima
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fukushi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yuta Wakui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sugai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Abue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Department of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yu Katayose
- Division of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Chikashi Shibata
- Division of Gastoroenterologic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan.
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4
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Qi X, Chen D, Yu W, Wang L, Liu L, Tao X. Long non-coding RNA PRNCR1 promotes ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting the miR-653-5p/ELF2 axis. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1463-1475. [PMID: 35166984 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that prostate cancer-associated long non-coding RNA, PRNCR1, plays crucial roles in the development of multiple human cancers. However, its role in ovarian cancer is barely known. This study was carried out to investigate the role of PRNCR1 and the underlying mechanisms in OC. The expression of PRNCR1 and miR-653-5p in OC cell lines and tissues were detected by qRT-PCR. The expression of ELF2 protein was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was measured by colony formation and MTT assay. Cell invasion and migration were evaluated by Transwell and wound healing assay. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation assay were performed to determine the interaction between miR-653-5p and PRNCR1, as well as between miR-653-5p and ELF2. In vivo tumor xenograft model was established to evaluate the role of PRNCR1 in tumor growth. Our results demonstrated that PRNCR1 was significantly upregulated in both OC cell lines and tissues, and high expression of PRNCR1 was correlated with poor survival of OC patients. Overexpression of PRNCR1 accelerated OC cell invasion, migration and proliferation. Besides, the expression of PRNCR1 was negatively correlated with the expression of miR-653-5p, while positively correlated with the expression of E74-like factor 2 in OC tissues. Importantly, ELF2 could target miR-653-5p, and PRNCR1 increased the expression levels of ELF2 by sponging miR-653-5p in OC cells. Furthermore, the miR-145-5p/ELF2 axis was involved in the regulation of PRNCR1 in OC progression in vivo. PRNCR1 promotes OC tumor progress via the miR-653-5p/ELF2 axis and might be a potential therapeutic target for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qi
- Department of Gynecology, Hubei Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejun Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Hubei Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weichang Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Hubei Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Hubei Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Hubei Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Tao
- Department of Gynecology, Hubei Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Bahadar N, Ullah H, Adlat S, Kumar Sah R, Zun Zaw Myint M, Mar Oo Z, Binta Bah F, Hayel Nagi F, Htoo H, Ud Din A, Feng X, Zheng Y. Analyzing differentially expressed genes and pathways of Bex2-deficient mouse lung via RNA-Seq. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:588-598. [PMID: 34803456 PMCID: PMC8574191 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bex2 is well known for its role in the nervous system, and is associated with neurological disorders, but its role in the lung’s physiology is still not reported. To elucidate the functional role of Bex2 in the lung, we generated a Bex2 knock-out (KO) mouse model using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and performed transcriptomic analysis. A total of 652 genes were identified as differentially expressed between Bex2-/- and Bex2+/+ mice, out of which 500 were downregulated, while 152 were upregulated genes. Among these DEGs, Ucp1, Myh6, Coxa7a1, Myl3, Ryr2, RNaset2b, Npy, Enob1, Krt5, Myl2, Hba-a2, and Nrob2 are the most prominent genes. Myl2, was the most downregulated gene, followed by Npy, Hba-a2, Rnaset2b, nr0b2, Klra8, and Ucp1. Tcte3, Eno1b, Zfp990, and Pcdha9 were the most upregulated DEGs. According to gene enrichment analysis, PPAR pathway, cardiac muscle contraction, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were the most enriched pathways. Besides, the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and hematopoietic cell linage pathways were also enriched. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is enriched among KEGG disease pathways. RT-qPCR assays confirmed the RNA-Seq results. This study opens a new window toward the biological functions of Bex2 in different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Bahadar
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Hanif Ullah
- School of medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing China
| | - Salah Adlat
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Rajiv Kumar Sah
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - May Zun Zaw Myint
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Zin Mar Oo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Fatoumata Binta Bah
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Farooq Hayel Nagi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Hsu Htoo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Ahmad Ud Din
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou China
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin China
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6
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Fukushi D, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Mochizuki M, Fujimori H, Kogure T, Sugai T, Iwai W, Wakui Y, Abue M, Murakami K, Nakamura Y, Yasuda J, Yamaguchi K, Sugamura K, Shibata C, Katayose Y, Satoh K, Tamai K. BEX2 is required for maintaining dormant cancer stem cell in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4580-4592. [PMID: 34424582 PMCID: PMC8586677 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for therapy resistance and share several properties with normal stem cells. Here, we show that brain‐expressed X‐linked gene 2 (BEX2), which is essential for dormant CSCs in cholangiocarcinoma, is highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions compared with the adjacent normal lesions and that in 41 HCC cases the BEX2high expression group is correlated with a poor prognosis. BEX2 localizes to Ki67‐negative (nonproliferative) cancer cells in HCC tissues and is highly expressed in the dormant fraction of HCC cell lines. Knockdown of BEX2 attenuates CSC phenotypes, including sphere formation ability and aldefluor activity, and BEX2 overexpression enhances these phenotypes. Moreover, BEX2 knockdown increases cisplatin sensitivity, and BEX2 expression is induced by cisplatin treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that BEX2 induces dormant CSC properties and affects the prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fukushi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujimori
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kogure
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sugai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Yuta Wakui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Makoto Abue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Chikashi Shibata
- Gastroenterologic and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Katayose
- Gastroenterologic and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Yamamoto-Shimojima K, Osawa M, Saito MK, Yamamoto T. Induced pluripotent stem cells established from a female patient with Xq22 deletion confirm that BEX2 escapes from X-chromosome inactivation. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:63-67. [PMID: 33244819 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Large deletions in Xq22 are responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders, including severe intellectual disability and behavioral abnormalities. Although the deletion regions contain PLP1, the gene related to Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), patients with Xq22 deletions show no clinical features of PMD such as paraplegia and white matter abnormalities. This could be due to skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) occurring predominantly in the affected allele. Isogenic pairs of wild type and mutant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were established from the patient. In the iPSC line in which the wild type allele was inactivated, PLP1 was not expressed, but biallelic expression of BEX2 was identified. This suggests that BEX2 escaped from XCI and haploinsufficiency of BEX2 may be related to the phenotype of Xq22 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical genetics, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Naderi A. Molecular functions of brain expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) in malignancies. Exp Cell Res 2019; 376:221-226. [PMID: 30779920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been growing evidence that Brain Expressed X-Linked 2 (BEX2) has a significant role in the process of carcinogenesis. Collectively, available studies suggest a pro-oncogenic function for this gene in multiple malignancies, including breast, colorectal and hepatocellular cancers in addition to brain tumors. The identification of BEX2 in breast cancer resulted from gene expression microarray studies. Subsequent studies showed that BEX2 promotes breast cancer cell growth and survival by modulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and G1 cell cycle. In this process, BEX2 has cross-talk with the NF-κB, c-Jun/JNK and ErbB2 pathways. Of note, several studies have found a pro-oncogenic function for BEX2 in other malignancies associated with a similar signaling function to that observed in breast cancer. In brain tumors, BEX2 promotes cell migration and invasion in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells. In addition, BEX2 expression protects glioma cells against apoptosis mediated through the JNK pathway and is required for glioma cell proliferation through the NF-κB p65. Furthermore, it has been shown that BEX2 promotes cell proliferation through the JNK/c-Jun pathway and regulates JNK/c-Jun phosphorylation in colorectal cancer. Most recently, it has been demonstrated that BEX2 expression is required for cell proliferation and Hepatitis B Virus-mediated development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, a pro-oncogenic function for BEX2 is supported by reproducible data in multiple malignancies and the NF-κB and JNK/c-Jun pathways are commonly regulated by BEX2 in this process. In view of these findings, targeting BEX2 may provide an attractive therapeutic strategy in multiple malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Naderi
- University of Portsmouth, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, White Swan Road, St. Michael's Building, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, United Kingdom; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, 701 Ilalo street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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9
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Nguyen LT, Reverter A, Cánovas A, Venus B, Anderson ST, Islas-Trejo A, Dias MM, Crawford NF, Lehnert SA, Medrano JF, Thomas MG, Moore SS, Fortes MRS. STAT6, PBX2, and PBRM1 Emerge as Predicted Regulators of 452 Differentially Expressed Genes Associated With Puberty in Brahman Heifers. Front Genet 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29616079 PMCID: PMC5869259 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in metabolism and produces important hormones. Hepatic estrogen receptors and the release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) are critical links between liver function and the reproductive system. However, the role of liver in pubertal development is not fully understood. To explore this question, we applied transcriptomic analyses to liver samples of pre- and post-pubertal Brahman heifers and identified differentially expressed (DE) genes and genes encoding transcription factors (TFs). Differential expression of genes suggests potential biological mechanisms and pathways linking liver function to puberty. The analyses identified 452 DE genes and 82 TF with significant contribution to differential gene expression by using a regulatory impact factor metric. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was observed as the most down-regulated gene (P = 0.003) in post-pubertal heifers and we propose this gene influences pubertal development in Brahman heifers. Additionally, co-expression network analysis provided evidence for three TF as key regulators of liver function during pubertal development: the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, PBX homeobox 2, and polybromo 1. Pathway enrichment analysis identified transforming growth factor-beta and Wnt signaling pathways as significant annotation terms for the list of DE genes and TF in the co-expression network. Molecular information regarding genes and pathways described in this work are important to further our understanding of puberty onset in Brahman heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan T Nguyen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Antonio Reverter
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bronwyn Venus
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen T Anderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marina M Dias
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agráìrias e Veterináìrias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalie F Crawford
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sigrid A Lehnert
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Milt G Thomas
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Stephen S Moore
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marina R S Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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10
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Hu Y, Xiao Q, Chen H, He J, Tan Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Yang Q, Shen X, Huang Y, Yuan Y, Ding K. BEX2 promotes tumor proliferation in colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:286-294. [PMID: 28367093 PMCID: PMC5370436 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BEX2 has been suggested to promote the tumor growth in breast cancer and glioblastoma, while inhibit the proliferation of glioma cells. Thus, the role of BEX2 in tumor was still in debate. Additionally, the biological functions of BEX2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not yet been clarified. Here, we reported that BEX2 was overexpressed in advanced CRC from both the GSE14333 database and fresh CRC tissue specimens, and positively correlated with clinical staging. Knockdown of BEX2 significantly decreased the in vitro proliferation of SW620 colorectal cancer cells, suppressed subcutaneous xenograft growth and enhanced the survival of mice with cecal tumors. These effects were mainly mediated by the JNK/c-Jun pathway. Knockdown of BEX2 inhibited JNK/c-Jun phosphorylation, while BEX2 overexpression activated JNK/c-Jun phosphorylation. Moreover, the administration of the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 to SW620 with BEX2 overexpression abolished the effect of BEX2 on SW620 cell proliferation. This study reveals that BEX2 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation via the JNK/c-Jun pathway, suggesting BEX2 as a potential candidate target for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeting Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinjie He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinuo Tan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanhuai Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Lee JK, Lee J, Go H, Lee CG, Kim S, Kim HS, Cho H, Choi KS, Ha GH, Lee CW. Oncogenic microtubule hyperacetylation through BEX4-mediated sirtuin 2 inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2336. [PMID: 27512957 PMCID: PMC5108325 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Five brain-expressed X-linked (BEX) gene members (BEX1–5) are arranged in tandem on chromosome X, and are highly conserved across diverse species. However, little is known about the function and role of BEX. This study represents a first attempt to demonstrate the molecular details of a novel oncogene BEX4. Among BEX proteins, BEX4 localizes to microtubules and spindle poles, and interacts with α-tubulin (α-TUB) and sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). The overexpression of BEX4 leads to the hyperacetylation of α-TUB by inhibiting SIRT2-mediated deacetylation. Furthermore, we found BEX4 expression conferred resistance to apoptotic cell death but led to acquisition of aneuploidy, and also increased the proliferating potential and growth of tumors. These results suggest that BEX4 overexpression causes an imbalance between TUB acetylation and deacetylation by SIRT2 inhibition and induces oncogenic aneuploidy transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kwan Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Janet Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Team of Radiation effect Research, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Busan 46033, Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kyeong Sook Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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12
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Abstract
LMO2 was first discovered through proximity to frequently occurring chromosomal translocations in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL). Subsequent studies on its role in tumours and in normal settings have highlighted LMO2 as an archetypical chromosomal translocation oncogene, activated by association with antigen receptor gene loci and a paradigm for translocation gene activation in T-ALL. The normal function of LMO2 in haematopoietic cell fate and angiogenesis suggests it is a master gene regulator exerting a dysfunctional control on differentiation following chromosomal translocations. Its importance in T cell neoplasia has been further emphasized by the recurrent findings of interstitial deletions of chromosome 11 near LMO2 and of LMO2 as a target of retroviral insertion gene activation during gene therapy trials for X chromosome-linked severe combined immuno-deficiency syndrome, both types of event leading to similar T cell leukaemia. The discovery of LMO2 in some B cell neoplasias and in some epithelial cancers suggests a more ubiquitous function as an oncogenic protein, and that the current development of novel inhibitors will be of great value in future cancer treatment. Further, the role of LMO2 in angiogenesis and in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) bodes well for targeting LMO2 in angiogenic disorders and in generating autologous induced HSCs for application in various clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chambers
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Terence H Rabbitts
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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13
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Kazi JU, Kabir NN, Rönnstrand L. Brain-Expressed X-linked (BEX) proteins in human cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:226-33. [PMID: 26408910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Brain-Expressed X-linked (BEX) family proteins are comprised of five human proteins including BEX1, BEX2, BEX3, BEX4 and BEX5. BEX family proteins are expressed in a wide range of tissues and are known to play a role in neuronal development. Recent studies suggest a role of BEX family proteins in cancers. BEX1 expression is lost in a subgroup of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Expression of BEX1 controls cell surface receptor signaling and restores imatinib response in resistant cells. BEX2 is overexpressed in a group of breast cancer patients and also in gliomas. Increased BEX2 expression led to enhanced NF-κB signaling as well as cell proliferation. Although BEX2 acts as tumor promoter in a subset of breast cancer, BEX3 expression displayed an opposite role. Overexpression of BEX3 resulted in inhibition of tumor formation in breast cancer mouse xenograft models. The role of BEX4 and BEX5 in cancer has not yet been defined. Collectively this suggests that BEX family members have distinct roles in cancers. While BEX1 and BEX3 act as tumor suppressors, BEX2 seems to act as an oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404 ,Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh.
| | - Nuzhat N Kabir
- Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404 ,Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Bex3 Dimerization Regulates NGF-Dependent Neuronal Survival and Differentiation by Enhancing trkA Gene Transcription. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7190-202. [PMID: 25948268 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4646-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous system is a temporally and spatially coordinated process that relies on the proper regulation of the genes involved. Neurotrophins and their receptors are directly responsible for the survival and differentiation of sensory and sympathetic neurons; however, it is not fully understood how genes encoding Trk neurotrophin receptors are regulated. Here, we show that rat Bex3 protein specifically regulates TrkA expression by acting at the trkA gene promoter level. Bex3 dimerization and shuttling to the nucleus regulate the transcription of the trkA promoter under basal conditions and also enhance nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated trkA promoter activation. Moreover, qChIP assays indicate that Bex3 associates with the trkA promoter within a 150 bp sequence, immediately upstream from the transcription start site, which is sufficient to mediate the effects of Bex3. Consequently, the downregulation of Bex3 using shRNA increases neuronal apoptosis in NGF-dependent sensory neurons deprived of NGF and compromises PC12 cell differentiation in response to NGF. Our results support an important role for Bex3 in the regulation of TrkA expression and in NGF-mediated functions through modulation of the trkA promoter.
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15
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Brain expressed and X-linked (Bex) proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and form new signaling hubs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117206. [PMID: 25612294 PMCID: PMC4303428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are abundant in complex organisms. Due to their promiscuous nature and their ability to adopt several conformations IDPs constitute important points of network regulation. The family of Brain Expressed and X-linked (Bex) proteins consists of 5 members in humans (Bex1-5). Recent reports have implicated Bex proteins in transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration, cancer, cell cycle and tumor growth. However, structural and biophysical data for this protein family is almost non-existent. We used bioinformatics analyses to show that Bex proteins contain long regions of intrinsic disorder which are conserved across all members. Moreover, we confirmed the intrinsic disorder by circular dichroism spectroscopy of Bex1 after expression and purification in E. coli. These observations strongly suggest that Bex proteins constitute a new group of IDPs. Based on these findings, together with the demonstrated promiscuity of Bex proteins and their involvement in different signaling pathways, we propose that Bex family members play important roles in the formation of protein network hubs.
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16
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Longville BAC, Anderson D, Welch MD, Kees UR, Greene WK. Aberrant expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) subfamily genes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is a common feature of T-lineage tumours. Br J Haematol 2014; 168:246-57. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A. C. Longville
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research; Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6008 Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute; Centre for Child Health Research; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6008 Australia
| | - Mathew D. Welch
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research; Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6008 Australia
| | - Ursula R. Kees
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research; Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6008 Australia
| | - Wayne K. Greene
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
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17
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Meng Q, Zhi T, Chao Y, Nie E, Xu X, Shi Q, Hua L, Wang L, Zhan W, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yu R. Bex2 controls proliferation of human glioblastoma cells through NF-κB signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:262-70. [PMID: 24390962 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and fatal human brain malignancy in adults with highly proliferative capacity. Despite advances in surgery and adjuvant therapy, the median survival of patients has changed little over recent decades. Identifying molecules critical for glioma development is significant for devising effective targeted therapy. We previously reported that Bex2, a member of the brain expressed X-linked gene family, promoted the progression of glioma by promoting cell proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the main mechanism of Bex2 promoting the proliferation of glioblastoma cells. We found that Bex2 downregulation inhibited glioma cell proliferation and the expression of NF-κB p65, but Bex2 overexpression promoted them. Similarly, the proliferation of glioma cells was inhibited by p65 downregulation but increased by p65 overexpression. In addition, Bex2 overexpression-induced cell proliferation was abolished by p65 downregulation. Furthermore, Bex2 with nuclear localization signal deleted no longer promoted p65 expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Bex2 promotes proliferation of human glioblastoma cells via NF-κB signaling pathway and Bex2 nuclear location is critical for p65 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, People's Republic of China
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LIM-domain-only proteins: multifunctional nuclear transcription coregulators that interacts with diverse proteins. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Kuklin A, Tokovenko B, Makogon N, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Jarząb B, Obolenskaya M. Hepatocytes response to interferon alpha levels recorded after liver resection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:90-9. [PMID: 24107099 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive damage of liver parenchyma stimulates hepatic cells to transit from quiescence to proliferation with eventual restoration of liver mass and function. Our recent studies have revealed upregulated expression of interferon (IFN)-α and its antiviral activity during the early hours after partial hepatectomy. In this study, we analyzed the response of primary hepatocytes from intact liver to IFN-α mimicking its levels (250 U/mL) during the transition period of liver restoration. The gene expression profile was analyzed with rat genome array 230 2.0 (Affymetrix). After 3- and 6-h treatment we identified respectively 28 and 124 differentially expressed genes responsible for autonomous changes in hepatocytes and those involving non-parenchymal cells in a concerted response to IFN-α. The response has an energy sparing character and affects all levels of gene expression. The factors activating T cells and apoptosis are opposed by those restricting the signal propagation, inhibiting T cells activation, and promoting survival. The partial resemblance between the specific in vitro response to IFN-α and the processes in regenerating liver is discussed. Our study opens the way to a more focused investigation of the liver cell response to quasiphysiological dose of IFN-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Kuklin
- 1 Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics , National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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20
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Zhou X, Meng Q, Xu X, Zhi T, Shi Q, Wang Y, Yu R. Bex2 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in malignant glioma cells via the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:574-80. [PMID: 23022184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The function of Bex2, a member of the Brain Expressed X-linked gene family, in glioma is controversial and its mechanism is largely unknown. We report here that Bex2 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in malignant glioma cells via the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. The expression level of Bex2 is markedly increased in glioma tissues. We observed that Bex2 over-expression promotes cell proliferation, while down-regulation of Bex2 inhibits cell growth. Furthermore, Bex2 down-regulation promotes cell apoptosis and activates the JNK pathway; these effects were abolished by administration of the JNK specific inhibitor, SP600125. Thus, Bex2 may be an important player during the development of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Zhou X, Xu X, Meng Q, Hu J, Zhi T, Shi Q, Yu R. Bex2 is Critical for Migration and Invasion in Malignant Glioma Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:78-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Wankhade UD, Good DJ. Melanocortin 4 receptor is a transcriptional target of nescient helix-loop-helix-2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 341:39-47. [PMID: 21664420 PMCID: PMC3143283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r/MC4R) is a G-Protein coupled receptor that is expressed in the hypothalamus and implicated in body weight control. Mutations in MC4R are the most frequent cause of monogenetic forms of human obesity. Despite its importance, the MC4R signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation underlying the melanocortin pathway are far from being fully understood. The transcription factor nescient helix-loop-helix 2 (Nhlh2) influences the melanocortin pathway through transcriptional regulation of prohormone convertase I, which influences the production of melanocortin peptides. In the present study, Nhlh2's role as a transcriptional regulator of Mc4r has been demonstrated. Nhlh2 knockout mice have reduced hypothalamic expression of Mc4r mRNA, suggesting that it could be a direct or indirect transcriptional regulator of the Mc4r promoter. To demonstrate direct transcriptional regulation, chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic gel shift assays show that Nhlh2 binds to the E-Boxes located at -551, -366 and +54 on the Mc4r promoter. Leptin-induced transactivation of the Mc4r promoter is significantly higher in the presence of exogenously added Nhlh2. siRNA knockdown of Nhlh2 leads to significantly reduced endogenous Mc4r mRNA expression levels in N29/2 cell line. Transactivation using promoters with mutations in each of the E-Boxes results in significantly reduced transactivation efficiency compared to the WT Mc4r promoter, suggesting that Nhlh2 regulates Mc4r transcription through these sites. Findings from these studies, combined with previous work implicating Nhlh2 as a transcriptional regulator of both the Mc4r gene and the melanocortin pathway, suggest that Nhlh2's transcriptional activity directly influences the human and rodent body weight control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh D. Wankhade
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Deborah J. Good
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Deborah J. Good, Department of Human Nutrition Foods and Exercise, Corporate Research Center, Research Building 23 (0913), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Tel: 540-231-0430; Fax: 540-231-5522,
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23
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Naderi A, Liu J, Francis GD. A feedback loop between BEX2 and ErbB2 mediated by c-Jun signaling in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:71-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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BEX2 has a functional interplay with c-Jun/JNK and p65/RelA in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:111. [PMID: 20482821 PMCID: PMC2881879 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated that BEX2 is differentially expressed in breast tumors and has a significant role in promoting cell survival and growth in breast cancer cells. BEX2 expression protects breast cancer cells against mitochondrial apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest. In this study we investigated the transcriptional regulation of BEX2 and feedback mechanisms mediating the cellular function of this gene in breast cancer. Results We found a marked induction of BEX2 promoter by c-Jun and p65/RelA using luciferase reporter assays in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, we confirmed the binding of c-Jun and p65/RelA to the BEX2 promoter using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Importantly, transfections of c-Jun or p65/RelA in MCF-7 cells markedly increased the expression of BEX2 protein. Overall, these results demonstrate that BEX2 is a target gene for c-Jun and p65/RelA in breast cancer. These findings were further supported by the presence of a strong correlation between BEX2 and c-Jun expression levels in primary breast tumors. Next we demonstrated that BEX2 has a feedback mechanism with c-Jun and p65/RelA in breast cancer. In this process BEX2 expression is required for the normal phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα, and the activation of p65. Moreover, it is necessary for the phosphorylation of c-Jun and JNK kinase activity in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, using c-Jun stable lines we showed that BEX2 expression is required for c-Jun mediated induction of cyclin D1 and cell proliferation. Importantly, BEX2 down-regulation resulted in a significant increase in PP2A activity in c-Jun stable lines providing a possible underlying mechanism for the regulatory effects of BEX2 on c-Jun and JNK. Conclusions This study shows that BEX2 has a functional interplay with c-Jun and p65/RelA in breast cancer. In this process BEX2 is a target gene for c-Jun and p65/RelA and in turn regulates the phosphorylation/activity of these proteins. These suggest that BEX2 is involved in a novel feedback mechanism with significant implications for the biology of breast cancer.
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25
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Galectin 1 proangiogenic and promigratory effects in the Hs683 oligodendroglioma model are partly mediated through the control of BEX2 expression. Neoplasia 2009; 11:485-96. [PMID: 19412433 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that galectin 1 (Gal-1) plays important biological roles in astroglial as well as in oligodendroglial cancer cells. As an oligodendroglioma model, we make use of the Hs683 cell line that has been previously extensively characterized at cell biology, molecular biology, and genetic levels. Galectin 1 has been shown to be involved in Hs683 oligodendroglioma chemoresistance, neoangiogenesis, and migration. Down-regulating Gal-1 expression in Hs683 cells through targeted small interfering RNA provokes a marked decrease in the expression of the brain-expressed X-linked gene: BEX2. Accordingly, the potential role of BEX2 in Hs683 oligodendroglioma cell biology has been investigated. The data presented here reveal that decreasing BEX2 expression in Hs683 cells increases the survival of Hs683 orthotopic xenograft-bearing mice. Furthermore, this decrease in BEX2 expression impairs vasculogenic mimicry channel formation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo, and modulates glioma cell adhesion and invasive features through the modification of several genes previously reported to play a role in cancer cell migration, including MAP2, plexin C1, SWAP70, and integrin beta(6). We thus conclude that BEX2 is implicated in oligodendroglioma biology.
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26
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Rickman DS, Millon R, De Reynies A, Thomas E, Wasylyk C, Muller D, Abecassis J, Wasylyk B. Prediction of future metastasis and molecular characterization of head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma based on transcriptome and genome analysis by microarrays. Oncogene 2008; 27:6607-22. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Fox DL, Good DJ. Nescient helix-loop-helix 2 interacts with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 to regulate transcription of prohormone convertase 1/3. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:1438-48. [PMID: 18356286 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling body weight involve gene regulation through the activation of signal transduction pathways. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway is the mechanism primarily used by leptin in the hypothalamus. The transcription factor nescient helix-loop-helix 2 (Nhlh2) is a downstream target of leptin signaling and is expressed in proopiomelanocortin arcuate neurons. Proopiomelanocortin is cleaved by prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) to produce peptides that regulate the body's response to energy availability. Previous studies show that the PC1/3 promoter contains STAT3 sites mediating leptin-induced PC1/3 expression, and that Nhlh2 is required for hypothalamic PC1/3 expression because Nhlh2 knockout mice have reduced PC1/3 mRNA levels. Studies herein reveal that leptin-induced PC1/3 gene expression is abrogated in N2KO mice, and that in a hypothalamic cell line both STAT3 and Nhlh2 are required for the full transcriptional response of a PC1/3 reporter gene after leptin stimulation. Furthermore, it is shown that Nhlh2 binds to E-box motifs found adjacent to STAT3 sites in the PC1/3 promoter both in vitro and in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, two different protein-protein interaction assays confirm the presence of a STAT3:Nhlh2 heterodimer on the PC1/3 promoter. The Nhlh2:STAT3 heterodimer may be an important transcriptional regulator of other hypothalamic genes in the leptin signaling pathway. These data confirm Nhlh2 as an integral element of the Janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway and are the first to demonstrate coordinated control of PC1/3 transcription by Nhlh2 and STAT3 after leptin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Fox
- Department of Veterinary, University of Massachusets, Amherst, Massachusets 01002, USA
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28
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Naderi A, Teschendorff AE, Beigel J, Cariati M, Ellis IO, Brenton JD, Caldas C. BEX2 is overexpressed in a subset of primary breast cancers and mediates nerve growth factor/nuclear factor-kappaB inhibition of apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6725-36. [PMID: 17638883 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel subtype of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers with improved outcome after tamoxifen treatment and characterized by overexpression of the gene BEX2. BEX2 and its homologue BEX1 have highly correlated expression and are part of a cluster enriched for ER response and apoptosis genes. BEX2 expression is induced after estradiol (E2) treatment with a peak at 3 h, suggesting BEX2 is an estrogen-regulated gene. BEX2 belongs to a family of genes, including BEX1, NGFRAP1 (alias BEX3), BEXL1 (alias BEX4), and NGFRAP1L1 (alias BEX5). Both BEX1 and NGFRAP1 interact with p75NTR and modulate nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling through nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) to regulate cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation in neural tissues. In breast cancer cells, NGF inhibits C2-induced apoptosis through binding of p75NTR and NF-kappaB activation. Here, we show that BEX2 expression is necessary and sufficient for the NGF-mediated inhibition (through NF-kappaB activation) of C2-induced apoptosis. We also show that BEX2 modulates apoptosis of breast cancer cells in response to E2 (50 nmol/L) and tamoxifen (5 and 10 micromol/L). Furthermore, BEX2 overexpression enhances the antiproliferative effect of tamoxifen at pharmacologic dose (1 micromol/L). These data suggest that a NGF/BEX2/NF-kappaB pathway is involved in regulating apoptosis in breast cancer cells and in modulating response to tamoxifen in primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Naderi
- Cancer Genomics Program, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Center, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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29
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Ma S, Guan XY, Beh PSL, Wong KY, Chan YP, Yuen HF, Vielkind J, Chan KW. The significance of LMO2 expression in the progression of prostate cancer. J Pathol 2007; 211:278-85. [PMID: 17167821 DOI: 10.1002/path.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
LIM domain only 2 (LMO2) proteins are important regulators in determining cell fate and controlling cell growth and differentiation. This study has investigated LMO2 expression in human prostatic tissue specimens, prostate cancer cell lines, and xenografts; and has assessed the possible role and mechanism of LMO2 in prostate carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis on a tissue microarray consisting of 91 human prostate specimens, including normal, prostatic hyperplasia, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma, revealed that overexpression of LMO2 was significantly associated with advanced tumour stage, as measured by Gleason score (p = 0.012), as well as with the development of distant metastasis (p = 0.018). These data were supported by quantitative real-time PCR experiments, where LMO2 mRNA levels were found to be significantly higher in prostate tumour specimen than in normal epithelium (p = 0.037). The expression of LMO2 in cell lines and xenografts representing androgen-dependent (AD) and androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer stages was further studied. Consistent with the in vivo data, LMO2 mRNA and protein were found to be overexpressed in the more aggressive AI cells (PC3, DU145, and AI CWR22 xenografts) compared with less aggressive AD cells (LNCaP and AD CWR22 xenografts). Furthermore, stable introduction of LMO2 into LNCaP cells conferred enhanced cell motility and invasiveness in vitro, accompanied by down-regulation of E-cadherin expression. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence to support the hypothesis that LMO2 may play an important role in prostate cancer progression, possibly via repression of E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ma
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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30
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Ryan DP, Sunde M, Kwan AHY, Marianayagam NJ, Nancarrow AL, Vanden Hoven RN, Thompson LS, Baca M, Mackay JP, Visvader JE, Matthews JM. Identification of the Key LMO2-binding Determinants on Ldb1. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:66-75. [PMID: 16616188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of LIM-only protein 2 (LMO2) in T-cells, as a result of chromosomal translocations, retroviral insertion during gene therapy, or in transgenic mice models, leads to the onset of T-cell leukemias. LMO2 comprises two protein-binding LIM domains that allow LMO2 to interact with multiple protein partners, including LIM domain-binding protein 1 (Ldb1, also known as CLIM2 and NLI), an essential cofactor for LMO proteins. Sequestration of Ldb1 by LMO2 in T-cells may prevent it binding other key partners, such as LMO4. Here, we show using protein engineering and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodologies that LMO2 binds Ldb1 with a twofold lower affinity than does LMO4. Thus, excess LMO2 rather than an intrinsically higher binding affinity would lead to sequestration of Ldb1. Both LIM domains of LMO2 are required for high-affinity binding to Ldb1 (K(D) = 2.0 x 10(-8) M). However, the first LIM domain of LMO2 is primarily responsible for binding to Ldb1 (K(D) = 2.3 x 10(-7) M), whereas the second LIM domain increases binding by an order of magnitude. We used mutagenesis in combination with yeast two-hybrid analysis, and phage display selection to identify LMO2-binding "hot spots" within Ldb1 that locate to the LIM1-binding region. The delineation of this region reveals some specific differences when compared to the equivalent LMO4:Ldb1 interaction that hold promise for the development of reagents to specifically bind LMO2 in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Ryan
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Liu H, Liu ZQ, Chen CXQ, Magill S, Jiang Y, Liu YJ. Inhibitory regulation of EGF receptor degradation by sorting nexin 5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:537-46. [PMID: 16487940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking of EGF receptor (EGFR) upon stimulation is a highly regulated process during receptor-mediated signaling. Recently, the sorting nexin (SNX) family has emerged as an important regulator in the membrane trafficking of EGFR. Here, we report the identification of a novel interaction between two members of the family, SNX1 and SNX5, which is mediated by the newly defined BAR domain of both SNXs. We have also shown that the PX domain of SNX5 binds specifically to PtdIns other than to PtdIns(3)P. Furthermore, the BAR domain but not the PX domain of SNX5 is sufficient for its subcellular membrane association. Functionally, overexpression of SNX5 inhibits the degradation of EGFR. This process appears to be independent of its interaction with SNX1. However, overexpression of SNX1 is able to attenuate the effect of SNX5 on EGFR degradation, suggesting the two proteins may play antagonistic roles in regulating endosomal trafficking of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W958 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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