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Billi M, De Marinis E, Gentile M, Nervi C, Grignani F. Nuclear miRNAs: Gene Regulation Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6066. [PMID: 38892257 PMCID: PMC11172810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which contribute to the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes. Conventionally, miRNAs perform their activity in the cytoplasm where they regulate gene expression by interacting in a sequence-specific manner with mature messenger RNAs. Recent studies point to the presence of mature miRNAs in the nucleus. This review summarizes current findings regarding the molecular activities of nuclear miRNAs. These molecules can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level by directly binding DNA on the promoter or the enhancer of regulated genes. miRNAs recruit different protein complexes to these regions, resulting in activation or repression of transcription, through a number of molecular mechanisms. Hematopoiesis is presented as a paradigmatic biological process whereby nuclear miRNAs possess a relevant regulatory role. Nuclear miRNAs can influence gene expression by affecting nuclear mRNA processing and by regulating pri-miRNA maturation, thus impacting the biogenesis of miRNAs themselves. Overall, nuclear miRNAs are biologically active molecules that can be critical for the fine tuning of gene expression and deserve further studies in a number of physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Billi
- General Pathology and Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta De Marinis
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Martina Gentile
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Francesco Grignani
- General Pathology and Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
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2
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Nie Y, Song C, Huang H, Mao S, Ding K, Tang H. Chromatin modifiers in human disease: from functional roles to regulatory mechanisms. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:12. [PMID: 38584203 PMCID: PMC10999406 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of transcriptional regulation has revealed the vital role of chromatin modifiers in human diseases from the beginning of functional exploration to the process of participating in many types of disease regulatory mechanisms. Chromatin modifiers are a class of enzymes that can catalyze the chemical conversion of pyrimidine residues or amino acid residues, including histone modifiers, DNA methyltransferases, and chromatin remodeling complexes. Chromatin modifiers assist in the formation of transcriptional regulatory circuits between transcription factors, enhancers, and promoters by regulating chromatin accessibility and the ability of transcription factors to acquire DNA. This is achieved by recruiting associated proteins and RNA polymerases. They modify the physical contact between cis-regulatory factor elements, transcription factors, and chromatin DNA to influence transcriptional regulatory processes. Then, abnormal chromatin perturbations can impair the homeostasis of organs, tissues, and cells, leading to diseases. The review offers a comprehensive elucidation on the function and regulatory mechanism of chromatin modifiers, thereby highlighting their indispensability in the development of diseases. Furthermore, this underscores the potential of chromatin modifiers as biomarkers, which may enable early disease diagnosis. With the aid of this paper, a deeper understanding of the role of chromatin modifiers in the pathogenesis of diseases can be gained, which could help in devising effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Nie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Multi-omics and Artificial Intelligence of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Clinical Research Center for Myocardial Injury in Hunan Province, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chao Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Multi-omics and Artificial Intelligence of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Multi-omics and Artificial Intelligence of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Clinical Research Center for Myocardial Injury in Hunan Province, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Shuqing Mao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Multi-omics and Artificial Intelligence of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Clinical Research Center for Myocardial Injury in Hunan Province, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Kai Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Clinical Research Center for Myocardial Injury in Hunan Province, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Huifang Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Multi-omics and Artificial Intelligence of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Myocardial Injury in Hunan Province, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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3
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Gu J, Li Y, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Tang Y. Noncanonical functions of microRNAs in the nucleus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:151-161. [PMID: 38167929 PMCID: PMC10984876 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play their roles in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes. Originally, it was assumed that miRNAs only modulate gene expression posttranscriptionally in the cytoplasm by inducing target mRNA degradation. However, with further research, evidence shows that mature miRNAs also exist in the cell nucleus, where they can impact gene transcription and ncRNA maturation in several ways. This review provides an overview of novel models of nuclear miRNA functions. Some of the models remain to be verified by experimental evidence, and more details of the miRNA regulation network remain to be discovered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Gu
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200001China
| | - Yuanan Li
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200001China
| | - Youtong Tian
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200001China
| | - Yehao Zhang
- College of Basic Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200001China
| | - Yongjun Cheng
- Department of Rheumatologythe First People’s Hospital of WenlingWenling317500China
| | - Yuanjia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology/Department of RheumatologyRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200001China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalShanghai200031China
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4
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Luo J, Song G, Chen N, Xie M, Niu X, Zhou S, Ji Y, Zhu X, Ma W, Zhang Q, Yu D. Ferroptosis contributes to ethanol-induced hepatic cell death via labile iron accumulation and GPx4 inactivation. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:311. [PMID: 37626043 PMCID: PMC10457354 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality, with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) being a common consequence. The pathogenesis of ALD involves various cellular processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatic cell death. Recently, ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, has emerged as a potential mechanism in many diseases. However, the specific involvement and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in ALD remain poorly understood. Here we aimed to investigate the presence and mechanism of alcohol-induced ferroptosis and the involvement of miRNAs in regulating ferroptosis sensitivity. Our findings revealed that long-term ethanol feeding induced ferroptosis in male mice, as evidenced by increased expression of ferroptosis-related genes, lipid peroxidation, and labile iron accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, we identified dysregulation of the methionine cycle and transsulfuration pathway, leading to severe glutathione (GSH) exhaustion and indirect deactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), a critical enzyme in preventing ferroptosis. Additionally, we identified miR-214 as a ferroptosis regulator in ALD, enhancing hepatocyte ferroptosis by transcriptionally activating the expression of ferroptosis-driver genes. Our study provides novel insights into the involvement and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in ALD, highlighting the potential therapeutic implications of targeting ferroptosis and miRNAs in ALD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Song
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyue Xie
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuyue Zhou
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Ji
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Bhatti JS, Khullar N, Vijayvergiya R, Navik U, Bhatti GK, Reddy PH. Mitochondrial miRNA as epigenomic signatures: Visualizing aging-associated heart diseases through a new lens. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101882. [PMID: 36780957 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Aging bears many hard knocks, but heart disorders earn a particular allusion, being the most widespread. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are becoming the biggest concern to mankind due to sundry health conditions directly or indirectly related to heart-linked abnormalities. Scientists know that mitochondria play a critical role in the pathophysiology of cardiac diseases. Both environment and genetics play an essential role in modulating and controlling mitochondrial functions. Even a minor abnormality may prove detrimental to heart function. Advanced age combined with an unhealthy lifestyle can cause most cardiomyocytes to be replaced by fibrotic tissue which upsets the conducting system and leads to arrhythmias. An aging heart encounters far more heart-associated comorbidities than a young heart. Many state-of-the-art technologies and procedures are already being used to prevent and treat heart attacks worldwide. However, it remains a mystery when this heart bomb would explode because it lacks an alarm. This calls for a novel and effective strategy for timely diagnosis and a sure-fire treatment. This review article provides a comprehensive overture of prospective potentials of mitochondrial miRNAs that predict complicated and interconnected pathways concerning heart ailments and signature compilations of relevant miRNAs as biomarkers to plot the role of miRNAs in epigenomics. This article suggests that analysis of DNA methylation patterns in age-associated heart diseases may determine age-impelled biomarkers of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Naina Khullar
- Department of Zoology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajesh Vijayvergiya
- Department of Cardiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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6
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Kong Q, Zhou J, Ma C, Wei Z, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Wu W, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Liu X. Inhibition of long noncoding RNA Gm41724 alleviates pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis by regulating lamina-associated polypeptide 2α. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106677. [PMID: 36702426 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological process underlying myocardial remodeling and is characterized by excessive deposition of the myocardial extracellular matrix. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of various biological processes. In this study, we investigated the role of a novel lncRNA, Gm41724, in cardiac fibrosis induced by pressure overload. High-throughput whole transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to detect differentially expressed lncRNAs in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) with or without TGF-β1 treatment. Differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis identified Gm41724 as a potential molecule targeting fibrosis. Gm41724 positively regulated the activation of CFs induced by TGF-β1 and pressure overload. Knocking down Gm41724 could inhibit the differentiation of CFs into myofibroblasts and alleviate cardiac fibrosis induced by pressure overload. Mechanistically, comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry (CHIRP-MS) and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay combined with other methods of molecular biological revealed the important role of Gm41724 binding to lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (lap2α) for the activation of CFs. Further mechanistic studies indicated that the regulator of G protein signaling 4 (Rgs4), as the downstream effector of Gm41724/lap2α, regulated CFs activation. Our results implicated the involvement of Gm41724 in cardiac fibrosis induced by pressure overload and it is expected to be a promising target for anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Kong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junteng Zhou
- Health Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zisong Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenchao Wu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Targeting Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiomyocytes through Development for Therapeutic Cardiac Regeneration after Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911878. [PMID: 36233177 PMCID: PMC9569953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, with no cure currently. Therefore, there is a dire need to further understand the mechanisms that arise during heart failure. Notoriously, the adult mammalian heart has a very limited ability to regenerate its functional cardiac cells, cardiomyocytes, after injury. However, the neonatal mammalian heart has a window of regeneration that allows for the repair and renewal of cardiomyocytes after injury. This specific timeline has been of interest in the field of cardiovascular and regenerative biology as a potential target for adult cardiomyocyte repair. Recently, many of the neonatal cardiomyocyte regeneration mechanisms have been associated with epigenetic regulation within the heart. This review summarizes the current and most promising epigenetic mechanisms in neonatal cardiomyocyte regeneration, with a specific emphasis on the potential for targeting these mechanisms in adult cardiac models for repair after injury.
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Han Y, Nie J, Wang DW, Ni L. Mechanism of histone deacetylases in cardiac hypertrophy and its therapeutic inhibitors. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:931475. [PMID: 35958418 PMCID: PMC9360326 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.931475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a key process in cardiac remodeling development, leading to ventricle enlargement and heart failure. Recently, studies show the complicated relation between cardiac hypertrophy and epigenetic modification. Post-translational modification of histone is an essential part of epigenetic modification, which is relevant to multiple cardiac diseases, especially in cardiac hypertrophy. There is a group of enzymes related in the balance of histone acetylation/deacetylation, which is defined as histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). In this review, we introduce an important enzyme family HDAC, a key regulator in histone deacetylation. In cardiac hypertrophy HDAC I downregulates the anti-hypertrophy gene expression, including Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) and inositol-5 phosphatase f (Inpp5f), and promote the development of cardiac hypertrophy. On the contrary, HDAC II binds to myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), inhibit the assemble ability to HAT and protect against cardiac hypertrophy. Under adverse stimuli such as pressure overload and calcineurin stimulation, the HDAC II transfer to cytoplasm, and MEF2 can bind to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) or GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4), mediating inappropriate gene expression. HDAC III, also known as SIRTs, can interact not only to transcription factors, but also exist interaction mechanisms to other HDACs, such as HDAC IIa. We also present the latest progress of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), as a potential treatment target in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Nie
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Dao Wen Wang,
| | - Li Ni
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- Li Ni,
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Santovito D, Weber C. Non-canonical features of microRNAs: paradigms emerging from cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:620-638. [PMID: 35304600 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Research showing that microRNAs (miRNAs) are versatile regulators of gene expression has instigated tremendous interest in cardiovascular research. The overwhelming majority of studies are predicated on the dogmatic notion that miRNAs regulate the expression of specific target mRNAs by inhibiting mRNA translation or promoting mRNA decay in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). These efforts mostly identified and dissected contributions of multiple regulatory networks of miRNA-target mRNAs to cardiovascular pathogenesis. However, evidence from studies in the past decade indicates that miRNAs also operate beyond this canonical paradigm, featuring non-conventional regulatory functions and cellular localizations that have a pathophysiological role in cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we highlight the functional relevance of atypical miRNA biogenesis and localization as well as RISC heterogeneity. Moreover, we delineate remarkable non-canonical examples of miRNA functionality, including direct interactions with proteins beyond the Argonaute family and their role in transcriptional regulation in the nucleus and in mitochondria. We scrutinize the relevance of non-conventional biogenesis and non-canonical functions of miRNAs in cardiovascular homeostasis and pathology, and contextualize how uncovering these non-conventional properties can expand the scope of translational research in the cardiovascular field and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. .,Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Unit of Milan, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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10
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Le T, He X, Huang J, Liu S, Bai Y, Wu K. Knockdown of long noncoding RNA GAS5 reduces vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis by inactivating EZH2-mediated RIG-I signaling pathway in abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Transl Med 2021; 19:466. [PMID: 34781960 PMCID: PMC8594130 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), an irreversible cardiovascular disease prevalent in the artery, causes the increase of the aneurysm diameter over time, and is a fatal phenomenon inducing sidewall rupture. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as promising biomarkers for AAA. In the present study, we sought to define the role of lncRNA growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) in growth of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and progression of AAA. Methods Initially, we established angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AAA mouse models and Ang II-treated vascular SMC model. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were adopted to determine expression of GAS5 and zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). After ectopic expression and depletion experiments in Ang II-treated mice and vascular SMCs, cell apoptosis was detected in SMCs using flow cytometry and in mice using TUNEL staining. The binding of GAS5 and EZH2 was evaluated using RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Co-IP assays. Results Increased GAS5 and RIG-I but decreased EZH2 were found in aortic tissues of AAA mice. EZH2 overexpression inhibited AAA formation and suppressed SMC apoptosis. Functionally, EZH2 blocked the RIG-I signaling pathway and consequently inhibited SMC apoptosis. GAS5 regulated EZH2 transcription in a negative manner in SMCs. Knockdown of GAS5 attenuated SMC apoptosis, which was reversed by EZH2 inhibition or RIG-I overexpression. Conclusions The current study demonstrated that GAS5 induced SMC apoptosis and subsequent AAA onset by activating EZH2-mediated RIG-I signaling pathway, highlighting GAS5 as a novel biomarker for AAA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03023-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Le
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kemin Wu
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Qin J, Guo N, Tong J, Wang Z. Function of histone methylation and acetylation modifiers in cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 159:120-129. [PMID: 34175302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response of the heart to increased workload induced by various physiological or pathological stimuli. It is a common pathological process in multiple cardiovascular diseases, and it ultimately leads to heart failure. The development of cardiac hypertrophy is accompanied by gene expression reprogramming, a process that is largely dependent on epigenetic regulation. Histone modifications such as methylation and acetylation are dynamically regulated under cardiac stress. These consequently contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy via compensatory or maladaptive transcriptome reprogramming. Histone methylation and acetylation modifiers play crucial roles in epigenetic remodeling during the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Regulation of histone methylation and acetylation modifiers serves as a bridge between signal transduction and downstream gene reprogramming. Exploring the role of histone modifiers in cardiac hypertrophy provides novel therapeutic strategies to treat cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in functional histone methylation and acetylation modifiers in cardiac hypertrophy, with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and the therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qin
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ningning Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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12
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EZH2 as an epigenetic regulator of cardiovascular development and diseases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:192-201. [PMID: 34029268 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2) is an enzymatic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is responsible for catalyzing mono-, di-, and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine-27(H3K27me1/2/3). Many noncoding RNAs or signaling pathways are involved in EZH2 functional alterations. This new epigenetic regulation of target genes is able to silence downstream gene expression and modify physiological and pathological processes in heart development, cardiomyocyte regeneration and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophy, ischemic heart diseases, atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Targeting the function of EZH2 could be a potential therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases.
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13
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Viereck J, Bührke A, Foinquinos A, Chatterjee S, Kleeberger JA, Xiao K, Janssen-Peters H, Batkai S, Ramanujam D, Kraft T, Cebotari S, Gueler F, Beyer AM, Schmitz J, Bräsen JH, Schmitto JD, Gyöngyösi M, Löser A, Hirt MN, Eschenhagen T, Engelhardt S, Bär C, Thum T. Targeting muscle-enriched long non-coding RNA H19 reverses pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:3462-3474. [PMID: 32657324 PMCID: PMC8482849 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pathological cardiac remodelling and subsequent heart failure represents an unmet clinical need. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as crucial molecular orchestrators of disease processes, including that of heart diseases. Here, we report on the powerful therapeutic potential of the conserved lncRNA H19 in the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. METHOD AND RESULTS Pressure overload-induced left ventricular cardiac remodelling revealed an up-regulation of H19 in the early phase but strong sustained repression upon reaching the decompensated phase of heart failure. The translational potential of H19 is highlighted by its repression in a large animal (pig) model of left ventricular hypertrophy, in diseased human heart samples, in human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and in human engineered heart tissue in response to afterload enhancement. Pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H19 knock-out mice was aggravated compared to wild-type mice. In contrast, vector-based, cardiomyocyte-directed gene therapy using murine and human H19 strongly attenuated heart failure even when cardiac hypertrophy was already established. Mechanistically, using microarray, gene set enrichment analyses and Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation DNA-Sequencing, we identified a link between H19 and pro-hypertrophic nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signalling. H19 physically interacts with the polycomb repressive complex 2 to suppress H3K27 tri-methylation of the anti-hypertrophic Tescalcin locus which in turn leads to reduced NFAT expression and activity. CONCLUSION H19 is highly conserved and down-regulated in failing hearts from mice, pigs and humans. H19 gene therapy prevents and reverses experimental pressure-overload-induced heart failure. H19 acts as an anti-hypertrophic lncRNA and represents a promising therapeutic target to combat pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Viereck
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover Medical School Campus, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 15, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Anne Bührke
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Ariana Foinquinos
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Shambhabi Chatterjee
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jan A Kleeberger
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Ke Xiao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Heike Janssen-Peters
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Sandor Batkai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover Medical School Campus, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 15, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Deepak Ramanujam
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, Munich 80802, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Biedersteiner Str. 29, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Theresia Kraft
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Serghei Cebotari
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Faikah Gueler
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Institute for Pathology, Nephropathology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jan H Bräsen
- Institute for Pathology, Nephropathology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jan D Schmitto
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | | | - Alexandra Löser
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Deutschland, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck
| | - Marc N Hirt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Deutschland, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Deutschland, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, Munich 80802, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Biedersteiner Str. 29, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Christian Bär
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover Medical School Campus, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 15, Hannover 30625, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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14
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Lin JM, Hsu CH, Chen JC, Kao SH, Lin YC. BCL-6 promotes the methylation of miR-34a by recruiting EZH2 and upregulating CTRP9 to protect ischemic myocardial injury. Biofactors 2021; 47:386-402. [PMID: 33502806 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the following heart failure are public health problems faced all over the globe. The current study set out to investigate the role of B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6) in cardiac protection after AMI. Initially, AMI mouse models and H9c2 cell oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) models were established. The cell models were transfected with the vectors containing oe-BCL-6, oe-EZH2, sh-EZH2, miR-34a mimic, and miR-34a inhibitor. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were applied to detect the expression patterns of microRNA-34a (miR-34a), BCL-6, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9) in the treated cell models. ChIP-qPCR and co-immunoprecipitation assay were performed to detect EZH2 enrichment and H3K27me3 levels in the miR-34a promoter region and the interaction between BCL-2 and EZH2, respectively. EdU staining, TUNEL staining, and flow cytometry were performed to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, while ELISA was conducted to detect the oxidative stress levels. It was found that miR-34a was highly expressed in heart tissues of AMI models, while BCL-6 and EZH2 were poorly expressed. BCL-2 overexpression increased the recruitment of EZH2, upregulated H3K27me3 level in the miR-34a promoter region, and inhibited the miR-34a expression. Ctrp9, the downstream negative-regulatory molecule of miR-34a, was upregulated. Besides, miR-34a/CTRP9 expression changes were found to affect cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidation stress, and proliferation, and prevent myocardial injury in AMI mice. Our findings indicate that BCL-6 increases the level of H3K27me3 in the promoter region of miR-34a via EZH2 recruitment and CTRP9 upregulation, which inhibits the apoptosis of myocardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Miin Lin
- Surgical Department Cardiovascular Division, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsiang Hsu
- Surgical Department Cardiovascular Division, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jeen-Chen Chen
- Surgical Department Cardiovascular Division, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hsuan Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - You-Cian Lin
- Surgical Department Cardiovascular Division, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
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15
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Nuclear functions of microRNAs relevant to the cardiovascular system. Transl Res 2021; 230:151-163. [PMID: 33186782 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A fraction of the transcriptome is translated into proteins. The rest is classified as non-protein coding RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) but has gained increased attention as functional and regulatory group of transcripts. The gene regulatory role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has now been widely accepted in diverse biological processes in both physiology and disease. MicroRNAs fall into this latter group and are widely known for their diverse post-transcriptional regulatory role. MicroRNA sequences are embedded in the long ncRNAs, known as primary microRNAs, are processed into precursor microRNAs and are typically transported out of the nucleus for maturation and loading into a protein complex forming RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that either drives the degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) or blocks its translation. A new phenomenon is emerging where microRNAs have active roles within the nucleus. The presence of RISC components including microRNAs in the nucleus supports this notion. They may integrate with chromatin modifiers, microprocessing machinery and mRNA stabilizing transcripts to play a multifunctional role in the nucleus. Although a limited number of studies appreciate this novel activity of microRNAs relevant to the cardiovascular system, they provide proof-of-concept that requires consideration while targeting miRNAs with therapeutic potential.
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16
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Funamoto M, Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Shimizu K, Miyazaki Y, Sari N, Shimizu S, Mori K, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Histone Acetylation Domains Are Differentially Induced during Development of Heart Failure in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1771. [PMID: 33578969 PMCID: PMC7916721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation by epigenetic regulators has been shown to activate the transcription of hypertrophic response genes, which subsequently leads to the development and progression of heart failure. However, nothing is known about the acetylation of the histone tail and globular domains in left ventricular hypertrophy or in heart failure. The acetylation of H3K9 on the promoter of the hypertrophic response gene was significantly increased in the left ventricular hypertrophy stage, whereas the acetylation of H3K122 did not increase in the left ventricular hypertrophy stage but did significantly increase in the heart failure stage. Interestingly, the interaction between the chromatin remodeling factor BRG1 and p300 was significantly increased in the heart failure stage, but not in the left ventricular hypertrophy stage. This study demonstrates that stage-specific acetylation of the histone tail and globular domains occurs during the development and progression of heart failure, providing novel insights into the epigenetic regulatory mechanism governing transcriptional activity in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
- Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan;
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
- Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan;
| | - Kana Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
- Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan;
| | - Nurmila Sari
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
| | - Satoshi Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan;
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (K.H.)
- Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihatacho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan;
- Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan;
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17
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Colpaert RMW, Calore M. Epigenetics and microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases. Genomics 2021; 113:540-551. [PMID: 33482325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Besides environmental and genetic changes, these disorders can be influenced by processes which do not affect DNA sequence yet still play an important role in gene expression and which can be inherited. These so-called 'epigenetic' changes include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes, which influence chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Next to these, microRNAs are non-coding RNA molecules that silence genes post-transcriptionally. Both epigenetic factors and microRNAs are known to influence cardiac development and homeostasis, in an individual fashion but also in a complex regulatory network. In this review, we will discuss how epigenetic factors and microRNAs interact with each other and how together they can influence cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M W Colpaert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Calore
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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18
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Zhang W, Wang Q, Feng Y, Chen X, Yang L, Xu M, Wang X, Li W, Niu X, Gao D. MicroRNA-26a Protects the Heart Against Hypertension-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017970. [PMID: 32865120 PMCID: PMC7726969 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypertensive myocardial fibrosis (MF) is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and cardiac fibroblast proliferation, which can lead to heart failure, malignant arrhythmia, and sudden death. In recent years, with the deepening of research, microRNAs have been found to have an important role in blood pressure control and maintaining normal ventricular structure and function. Methods and Results In this study, we first documented the downregulation of microRNA-26a (miR-26a) in the plasma and myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats; more importantly, miR-26a-deficient mice showed MF, whereas overexpression of miR-26a significantly prevented elevated blood pressure and inhibited MF in vivo and angiotensin II-induced fibrogenesis in cardiac fibroblasts by directly targeting connective tissue growth factor and Smad4. miR-26a inhibited cardiac fibroblast proliferation by the enhancer of zeste homolog 2/p21 pathway. Conclusions Our study identified a novel role for miR-26a in blood pressure control and hypertensive MF and provides a possible treatment strategy for miR-26a to alleviate and reverse hypertensive MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaozhu Wang
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Feng
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xuegui Chen
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Niu
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology Meishan Brach of the Third Affiliated Hospital Yanan University School of Medical Meishan Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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19
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Hussain S, Khan AW, Akhmedov A, Suades R, Costantino S, Paneni F, Caidahl K, Mohammed SA, Hage C, Gkolfos C, Björck H, Pernow J, Lund LH, Lüscher TF, Cosentino F. Hyperglycemia Induces Myocardial Dysfunction via Epigenetic Regulation of JunD. Circ Res 2020; 127:1261-1273. [PMID: 32815777 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hyperglycemia -induced reactive oxygen species are key mediators of cardiac dysfunction. JunD (Jund proto-oncogene subunit), a member of the AP-1 (activator protein-1) family of transcription factors, is emerging as a major gatekeeper against oxidative stress. However, its contribution to redox state and inflammation in the diabetic heart remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the role of JunD in hyperglycemia-induced and reactive oxygen species-driven myocardial dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS JunD mRNA and protein expression were reduced in the myocardium of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus as compared to controls. JunD downregulation was associated with oxidative stress and left ventricular dysfunction assessed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy as well as conventional and 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Furthermore, myocardial expression of free radical scavenger superoxide dismutase 1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 was reduced, whereas the NOX2 (NADPH [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase] oxidase subunit 2) and NOX4 (NADPH [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase] oxidase subunit 4) were upregulated. The redox changes were associated with increased NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) binding activity and expression of inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of JunD via the α MHC (α- myosin heavy chain) promoter (α MHC JunDtg) were protected against hyperglycemia-induced cardiac dysfunction. We also showed that JunD was epigenetically regulated by promoter hypermethylation, post-translational modification of histone marks, and translational repression by miRNA (microRNA)-673/menin. Reduced JunD mRNA and protein expression were confirmed in left ventricular specimens obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared to nondiabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that a complex epigenetic machinery involving DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs mediates hyperglycemia-induced JunD downregulation and myocardial dysfunction in experimental and human diabetes mellitus. Our results pave the way for tissue-specific therapeutic modulation of JunD to prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaat Hussain
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (A.A., S.C., F.P., S.A.M., T.F.L.)
| | - Rosa Suades
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
| | - Sarah Costantino
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (A.A., S.C., F.P., S.A.M., T.F.L.)
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (A.A., S.C., F.P., S.A.M., T.F.L.).,University Heart Center and Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland (F.P.)
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.C.)
| | - Shafeeq A Mohammed
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (A.A., S.C., F.P., S.A.M., T.F.L.)
| | - Camilla Hage
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
| | - Christos Gkolfos
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
| | - Hanna Björck
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (H.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
| | - Lars H Lund
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (A.A., S.C., F.P., S.A.M., T.F.L.)
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H., A.W.K., R.S., C.H., C.G., J.P., L.H.L., F.C.)
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20
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Cardiac hypertrophy involves both embryonic gene expression and transcriptional reprogramming, which are tightly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that epigenetics plays an influential role in the occurrence and development of cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we summarize the latest research progress on epigenetics in cardiac hypertrophy involving DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA, to help understand the mechanism of epigenetics in cardiac hypertrophy. The expression of both embryonic and functional genes can be precisely regulated by epigenetic mechanisms during cardiac hypertrophy, providing a substantial number of therapeutic targets. Thus, epigenetic treatment is expected to become a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy. According to the research performed to date, epigenetic mechanisms associated with cardiac hypertrophy remain far from completely understood. Therefore, epigenetic mechanisms require further exploration to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kaijun Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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21
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Xia X, Liang Y, Zheng W, Lin D, Sun S. miR-410-5p promotes the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy by suppressing PIM1-induced anti-apoptosis. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 52:101558. [PMID: 32145290 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that can cause many severe symptoms, such as heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac dysfunction in DCM remain elusive. In this study, we found that miR-410-5p was increased in the myocardial tissue of a diabetes mellitus (DM) rat model. Further studies confirmed that inhibition of miR-410-5p reduced cell apoptosis by regulating the Bcl-2/Bax axis. Through bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays, we observed that miR-410-5p directly targets PIM1. Moreover, knockdown of miR-410-5p by antagomir-410-5p improved diabetes-induced cardiac function and myocardial tissue structure. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that miR-410-5p might be involved in the progression of DCM by targeting PIM1 and might be a promising therapeutic target for DCM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hangzhou Lin'an District People's Hospital, 548 Yijin Road, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxian Dongda Hospital, 001 Shunshi East Road, Shanxian, Shandong, China
| | - Weihong Zheng
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongming Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 318 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuping Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hangzhou Lin'an District People's Hospital, 548 Yijin Road, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
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22
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Pandorf CE, Haddad F, Owerkowicz T, Carroll LP, Baldwin KM, Adams GR. Regulation of myosin heavy chain antisense long noncoding RNA in human vastus lateralis in response to exercise training. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C931-C942. [PMID: 32130073 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to muscle activity or loading state can induce changes in expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC). For example, sedentary individuals that initiate exercise training can induce a pronounced shift from IIx to IIa MHC. We sought to examine the regulatory response of MHC RNA in human subjects in response to exercise training. In particular, we examined how natural antisense RNA transcripts (NATs) are regulated throughout the MHC gene locus that includes MYH2 (IIa), MYH1 (IIx), MYH4 (IIb), and MYH8 (Neonatal) in vastus lateralis before and after a 5-wk training regime that consisted of a combination of aerobic and resistance types of exercise. The exercise program induced a IIx to IIa MHC shift that was associated with a corresponding increase in transcription on the antisense strand of the IIx MHC gene and a decrease in antisense transcription of the IIa MHC gene, suggesting an inhibitory mechanism mediated by NATs. We also report that the absence of expression of IIb MHC in human limb muscle is associated with the abundant expression of antisense transcript overlapping the IIb MHC coding gene, which is the opposite expression pattern as compared with that previously observed in rats. The NAT provides a possible regulatory mechanism for the suppressed expression of IIb MHC in humans. These data indicate that NATs may play a regulatory role with regard to the coordinated shifts in MHC gene expression that occur in human muscle in response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay E Pandorf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Fadia Haddad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Tomasz Owerkowicz
- Department of Biology, California State University, San Bernardino, California
| | - Leslie P Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Kenneth M Baldwin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Gregory R Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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23
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Jiang W, Agrawal DK, Boosani CS. Non-coding RNAs as Epigenetic Gene Regulators in Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1229:133-148. [PMID: 32285409 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulations can be considered as de-novo initiation of abnormal molecular signaling events whose regulation is otherwise required during normal or specific developmental stages of the organisms. Primarily, three different mechanisms have been identified to participate in epigenetic gene regulations which include, DNA methylation, non-coding RNA species (microRNAs [miRNA], and long non-coding RNAs [LNC-RNA]) and histone modifications. These de-novo epigenetic mechanisms have been associated with altered normal cellular functions which eventually facilitate normal cells to transition into an abnormal phenotype. Among the three modes of regulation, RNA species which are usually considered to be less stable, can be speculated to initiate instant alterations in gene expression compared to DNA methylation or histone modifications. However, LNC-RNAs appear to be more stable in the cells than the other RNA species. Moreover, there is increasing literature which clearly suggests that a single specific LNC-RNA can regulate multiple mechanisms and disease phenotypes. With specific focus on cardiovascular diseases, here we attempt to provide UpToDate information on the functional role of miRNAs and LNC-RNAs. Here we discuss the role of these epigenetic mediators in different components of cardiovascular disease which include physiopathological heart development, athersclerosis, retenosis, diabetic hearts, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion, heart valve disease, aortic aneurysm, osteogenesis, angiogenesis and hypoxia in the heart. While there is abundant literature support that shows the involvement of many LNC-RNAs and miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases, very few RNA species have been identified which regulate epigenetic mechanisms which is the current focus in this article. Understanding the role of these RNA species in regulating epigenetic mechanisms in different cell types causing cardiovascular disease, would advance the field and promote disease prevention approaches that are aimed to target epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Jiang
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Chandra Shekhar Boosani
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. If unifying principles could be revealed for how the same genome encodes different eukaryotic cells and for how genetic variability and environmental input are integrated to impact cardiovascular health, grand challenges in basic cell biology and translational medicine may succumb to experimental dissection. A rich body of work in model systems has implicated chromatin-modifying enzymes, DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and other transcriptome-shaping factors in adult health and in the development, progression, and mitigation of cardiovascular disease. Meanwhile, deployment of epigenomic tools, powered by next-generation sequencing technologies in cardiovascular models and human populations, has enabled description of epigenomic landscapes underpinning cellular function in the cardiovascular system. This essay aims to unpack the conceptual framework in which epigenomes are studied and to stimulate discussion on how principles of chromatin function may inform investigations of cardiovascular disease and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rosa-Garrido
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Douglas J Chapski
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Thomas M Vondriska
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.
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25
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Shi M, Hao J, Wang XW, Liao LQ, Cao H, Wang Y. Functional Dissection of pri-miR-290~295 in Dgcr8 Knockout Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184345. [PMID: 31491855 PMCID: PMC6770266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (Dgcr8) knockout strategy has been widely used to study the function of canonical microRNAs (miRNAs) in vitro and in vivo. However, primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts are accumulated in Dgcr8 knockout cells due to interrupted processing. Whether abnormally accumulated pri-miRNAs have any function is unknown. Here, using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats system/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), we successfully knocked out the primary microRNA-290~295 (pri-miR-290~295) cluster, the most highly expressed miRNA cluster in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), in Dgcr8 knockout background. We found that the major defects associated with Dgcr8 knockout in mouse ESCs, including higher expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, slower proliferation, G1 accumulation, and defects in silencing self-renewal, were not affected by the deletion of pri-miR-290~290 cluster. Interestingly, the transcription of neighboring gene nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 12(Nlrp12) was upregulated upon the deletion of the pri-miR-290~295 cluster. Together, our results suggested that the major defects in Dgcr8 knockout ESCs were not due to the accumulation of pri-miR-290~295, and the deletion of miRNA genes could affect the transcription of neighboring DNA elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Hao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xi-Wen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Le-Qi Liao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yangming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China.
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26
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K N H, Okabe J, Mathiyalagan P, Khan AW, Jadaan SA, Sarila G, Ziemann M, Khurana I, Maxwell SS, Du XJ, El-Osta A. Sex-Based Mhrt Methylation Chromatinizes MeCP2 in the Heart. iScience 2019; 17:288-301. [PMID: 31323475 PMCID: PMC6639684 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the heart, primary microRNA-208b (pri-miR-208b) and Myheart (Mhrt) are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) encoded by the cardiac myosin heavy chain genes. Although preclinical studies have shown that lncRNAs regulate gene expression and are protective for pathological hypertrophy, the mechanism underlying sex-based differences remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined DNA- and RNA-methylation-dependent regulation of pri-miR-208b and Mhrt. Expression of pri-miR-208b is elevated in the left ventricle of the female heart. Despite indistinguishable DNA methylation between sexes, the interaction of MeCP2 on chromatin is subject to RNase digestion, highlighting that affinity of the methyl-CG reader is broader than previously thought. A specialized procedure to isolate RNA from soluble cardiac chromatin emphasizes sex-based affinity of an MeCP2 co-repressor complex with Rest and Hdac2. Sex-specific Mhrt methylation chromatinizes MeCP2 at the pri-miR-208b promoter and extends the functional relevance of default transcriptional suppression in the heart. Mechanisms underlying sex-based gene expression are poorly understood Expression of primary miR-208b is independent of DNA methylation in the heart Sex-specific methylation of the long non-coding RNA Mhrt distinguishes MeCP2 Procedures assessing soluble chromatin emphasize RNA-dependent affinities
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan K N
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jun Okabe
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sameer A Jadaan
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gulcan Sarila
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ishant Khurana
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Scott S Maxwell
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3/F Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR; University College Copenhagen, Faculty of Health, Department of Technology, Biomedical Laboratory Science, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Epigenetics, cardiovascular disease, and cellular reprogramming. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:129-133. [PMID: 30690032 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Under the seeming disorder of "junk" sequences the last decade has seen developments in our understanding of non-coding RNA's (ncRNAs). It's a complex revised order and nowhere is this more relevant than in the developing heart whereby old rules have been set aside to make room for new ones. The development of the mammalian heart has been studied at the genetic and cellular level for several decades because these areas were considered ideal control points. As such, detailed mechanisms governing cell lineages are well described. Emerging evidence suggests a complex new order regulated by epigenetic mechanisms mark cardiac cell lineage. Indeed, molecular cardiologists are in the process of shedding light on the roles played by ncRNAs, nucleic acid methylation and histone/chromatin modifications in specific pathologies of the heart. The aim of this article is to discuss some of the recent advances in the field of cardiovascular epigenetics that are related to direct cell reprogramming and repair. As such, we explore ncRNAs as nodes regulating signaling networks and attempt to make sense of regulatory disorder by reinforcing the importance of epigenetic components in the developmental program.
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28
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Shepherd DL, Hathaway QA, Nichols CE, Durr AJ, Pinti MV, Hughes KM, Kunovac A, Stine SM, Hollander JM. Mitochondrial proteome disruption in the diabetic heart through targeted epigenetic regulation at the mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtHsp70) nuclear locus. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 119:104-115. [PMID: 29733819 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
>99% of the mitochondrial proteome is nuclear-encoded. The mitochondrion relies on a coordinated multi-complex process for nuclear genome-encoded mitochondrial protein import. Mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtHsp70) is a key component of this process and a central constituent of the protein import motor. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disrupts mitochondrial proteomic signature which is associated with decreased protein import efficiency. The goal of this study was to manipulate the mitochondrial protein import process through targeted restoration of mtHsp70, in an effort to restore proteomic signature and mitochondrial function in the T2DM heart. A novel line of cardiac-specific mtHsp70 transgenic mice on the db/db background were generated and cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations were isolated with proteomic evaluation and mitochondrial function assessed. MicroRNA and epigenetic regulation of the mtHsp70 gene during T2DM were also evaluated. MtHsp70 overexpression restored cardiac function and nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein import, contributing to a beneficial impact on proteome signature and enhanced mitochondrial function during T2DM. Further, transcriptional repression at the mtHsp70 genomic locus through increased localization of H3K27me3 during T2DM insult was observed. Our results suggest that restoration of a key protein import constituent, mtHsp70, provides therapeutic benefit through attenuation of mitochondrial and contractile dysfunction in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Shepherd
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Quincy A Hathaway
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Cody E Nichols
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Andrya J Durr
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Mark V Pinti
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Kristen M Hughes
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Amina Kunovac
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Seth M Stine
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Mitochondrial, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States.
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29
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EZH2 Inhibition Ameliorates Transverse Aortic Constriction-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Mice. Can Respir J 2018; 2018:9174926. [PMID: 29854032 PMCID: PMC5960552 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9174926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EPZ005687 is a selective inhibiter of methyltransferase EZH2. In this article, we investigated the protective role and mechanism of EPZ005687 in transverse aortic constriction-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice. Methods We assigned 15 (6–8 weeks old) male balb/c mice to 3 groups randomly: Sham control + DMSO group, TAC + DMSO group, and TAC + EPZ005687 group (10 mg kg−1, once a week for 4 weeks). On day 28 following TAC operation, the right ventricular systolic blood pressure (RVSBP) was measured, and lung tissues were collected for laboratory examinations (DHE, Western blot, real-time PCR, and ChIP). Results Murine PAH model was successfully created by TAC operation as evidenced by increased RVSBP and hypertrophic right ventricle. Compared with the sham control, TAC-induced PAH markedly upregulated the expression of EZH2 and ROS deposition in lungs in PAH mice. The inhibiter of methyltransferase EZH2, EPZ005687 significantly inhibits the development of TAC-induced PAH in an EZH2-SOD1-ROS dependent manner. Conclusion Our data identified that EZH2 serves a fundamental role in TAC-induced PAH, and administration of EPZ005687 might represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of TAC-induced PAH.
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30
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in scientific knowledge and clinical practice, cardiovascular disease management and treatment remain a major burden. While several treatment strategies using drugs and surgeries are being developed for cardiovascular manifestations, gene-based therapies hold significant promise. Recent findings from our laboratory unveiled a novel mechanism that exosomes, secreted nanovesicles from stem cells, mediate cardiac repair via transferring their unique repertoire of microRNAs (miRNA) to recipient cells in the heart. Exosomes, unlike other vectors for gene delivery, present unique advantages such that exosomes are a cell-free natural system for ferrying RNA between cells, robust exosomal membrane can protect the RNA/gene of interest from digestion, and exosomes are rapidly taken up by target cells making them a more efficient vehicle for gene delivery. Here, we describe a stepwise protocol developed in our laboratory for generating exosomes from human CD34+ stem cells that carry exogenously applied Cy3 dye-labeled pre-miR miRNA precursors. We demonstrate that human CD34+ stem cell exosomes can rigorously enter into recipient cells and deliver Cy3 dye-labeled pre-miR miRNA precursors to regulate gene expression. Identification of key molecular targets to treat disease conditions is the foremost critical step and the novel approach presented here to generate exosomes carrying exogenous genetic information offers a valuable clinical tool for more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA.
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31
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Hathaway QA, Pinti MV, Durr AJ, Waris S, Shepherd DL, Hollander JM. Regulating microRNA expression: at the heart of diabetes mellitus and the mitochondrion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H293-H310. [PMID: 28986361 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00520.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus results in a systemic milieu of increased circulating glucose and fatty acids. The development of insulin resistance in cardiac tissue decreases cellular glucose import and enhances mitochondrial fatty acid uptake. While triacylglycerol and cytotoxic lipid species begin to accumulate in the cardiomyocyte, the energy substrate utilization ratio of free fatty acids to glucose changes to almost entirely free fatty acids. Accumulating evidence suggests a role of miRNA in mediating this metabolic transition. Energy substrate metabolism, apoptosis, and the production and response to excess reactive oxygen species are regulated by miRNA expression. The current momentum for understanding the dynamics of miRNA expression is limited by a lack of understanding of how miRNA expression is controlled. While miRNAs are important regulators in both normal and pathological states, an additional layer of complexity is added when regulation of miRNA regulators is considered. miRNA expression is known to be regulated through a number of mechanisms, which include, but are not limited to, epigenetics, exosomal transport, processing, and posttranscriptional sequestration. The purpose of this review is to outline how mitochondrial processes are regulated by miRNAs in the diabetic heart. Furthermore, we will highlight the regulatory mechanisms, such as epigenetics, exosomal transport, miRNA processing, and posttranslational sequestration, that participate as regulators of miRNA expression. Additionally, current and future treatment strategies targeting dysfunctional mitochondrial processes in the diseased myocardium, as well as emerging miRNA-based therapies, will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy A Hathaway
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia.,Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia.,Toxicology Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mark V Pinti
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia School of Pharmacy , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Andrya J Durr
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia.,Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Shanawar Waris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia College of Engineering , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Danielle L Shepherd
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia.,Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia.,Toxicology Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
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Abstract
Myocardial injury, mechanical stress, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, and/or aging all lead to cardiac remodeling, which is responsible for cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis. Of the key histological components of cardiac remodeling, fibrosis either in the form of interstitial, patchy, or dense scars, constitutes a key histological substrate of arrhythmias. Here we discuss current research findings focusing on the role of fibrosis, in arrhythmogenesis. Numerous studies have convincingly shown that patchy or interstitial fibrosis interferes with myocardial electrophysiology by slowing down action potential propagation, initiating reentry, promoting after-depolarizations, and increasing ectopic automaticity. Meanwhile, there has been increasing appreciation of direct involvement of myofibroblasts, the activated form of fibroblasts, in arrhythmogenesis. Myofibroblasts undergo phenotypic changes with expression of gap-junctions and ion channels thereby forming direct electrical coupling with cardiomyocytes, which potentially results in profound disturbances of electrophysiology. There is strong evidence that systemic and regional inflammatory processes contribute to fibrogenesis (i.e., structural remodeling) and dysfunction of ion channels and Ca2+ homeostasis (i.e., electrical remodeling). Recognizing the pivotal role of fibrosis in the arrhythmogenesis has promoted clinical research on characterizing fibrosis by means of cardiac imaging or fibrosis biomarkers for clinical stratification of patients at higher risk of lethal arrhythmia, as well as preclinical research on the development of antifibrotic therapies. At the end of this review, we discuss remaining key questions in this area and propose new research approaches. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1009-1049, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- My-Nhan Nguyen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen Kiriazis
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Keating ST, Plutzky J, El-Osta A. Epigenetic Changes in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk. Circ Res 2017; 118:1706-22. [PMID: 27230637 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications remain the leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Studies in humans and preclinical models demonstrate lasting gene expression changes in the vasculopathies initiated by previous exposure to high glucose concentrations and the associated overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The molecular signatures of chromatin architectures that sensitize the genome to these and other cardiometabolic risk factors of the diabetic milieu are increasingly implicated in the biological memory underlying cardiovascular complications and now widely considered as promising therapeutic targets. Atherosclerosis is a complex heterocellular disease where the contributing cell types possess distinct epigenomes shaping diverse gene expression. Although the extent that pathological chromatin changes can be manipulated in human cardiovascular disease remains to be established, the clinical applicability of epigenetic interventions will be greatly advanced by a deeper understanding of the cell type-specific roles played by writers, erasers, and readers of chromatin modifications in the diabetic vasculature. This review details a current perspective of epigenetic mechanisms of macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus and highlights recent key descriptions of chromatinized changes associated with persistent gene expression in endothelial, smooth muscle, and circulating immune cells relevant to atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges associated with pharmacological targeting of epigenetic networks to correct abnormal or deregulated gene expression as a strategy to alleviate the clinical burden of diabetic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Keating
- From the Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory (S.T.K., A.E.-O.) and Epigenomics Profiling Facility (A.E.-O.), Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.); Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.E.-O.); and Central Clinical School, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (A.E.-O.)
| | - Jorge Plutzky
- From the Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory (S.T.K., A.E.-O.) and Epigenomics Profiling Facility (A.E.-O.), Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.); Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.E.-O.); and Central Clinical School, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (A.E.-O.)
| | - Assam El-Osta
- From the Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory (S.T.K., A.E.-O.) and Epigenomics Profiling Facility (A.E.-O.), Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.); Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.E.-O.); and Central Clinical School, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (A.E.-O.).
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Mathiyalagan P, Liang Y, Kim D, Misener S, Thorne T, Kamide CE, Klyachko E, Losordo DW, Hajjar RJ, Sahoo S. Angiogenic Mechanisms of Human CD34 + Stem Cell Exosomes in the Repair of Ischemic Hindlimb. Circ Res 2017; 120:1466-1476. [PMID: 28298297 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Paracrine secretions seem to mediate therapeutic effects of human CD34+ stem cells locally transplanted in patients with myocardial and critical limb ischemia and in animal models. Earlier, we had discovered that paracrine secretion from human CD34+ cells contains proangiogenic, membrane-bound nanovesicles called exosomes (CD34Exo). OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the mechanisms of CD34Exo-mediated ischemic tissue repair and therapeutic angiogenesis by studying their miRNA content and uptake. METHODS AND RESULTS When injected into mouse ischemic hindlimb tissue, CD34Exo, but not the CD34Exo-depleted conditioned media, mimicked the beneficial activity of their parent cells by improving ischemic limb perfusion, capillary density, motor function, and their amputation. CD34Exo were found to be enriched with proangiogenic miRNAs such as miR-126-3p. Knocking down miR-126-3p from CD34Exo abolished their angiogenic activity and beneficial function both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, injection of CD34Exo increased miR-126-3p levels in mouse ischemic limb but did not affect the endogenous synthesis of miR-126-3p, suggesting a direct transfer of stable and functional exosomal miR-126-3p. miR-126-3p enhanced angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of its known target, SPRED1, simultaneously modulating the expression of genes involved in angiogenic pathways such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), ANG1 (angiopoietin 1), ANG2 (angiopoietin 2), MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9), TSP1 (thrombospondin 1), etc. Interestingly, CD34Exo, when treated to ischemic hindlimbs, were most efficiently internalized by endothelial cells relative to smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, demonstrating a direct role of stem cell-derived exosomes on mouse endothelium at the cellular level. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results have demonstrated a novel mechanism by which cell-free CD34Exo mediates ischemic tissue repair via beneficial angiogenesis. Exosome-shuttled proangiogenic miRNAs may signify amplification of stem cell function and may explain the angiogenic and therapeutic benefits associated with CD34+ stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Yaxuan Liang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - David Kim
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Sol Misener
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Tina Thorne
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Christine E Kamide
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Ekaterina Klyachko
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Douglas W Losordo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.)
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (P.M., Y.L., D.K., R.J.H., S.S.); Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (D.K., S.M., T.T., C.E.K., E.K., D.W.L., S.S.); and Caladrius Biosciences, New York (D.W.L.).
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35
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Inhibition of miR-208b improves cardiac function in titin-based dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2017; 230:634-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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36
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Sahoo S, Mathiyalagan P, Hajjar RJ. Pericardial Fluid Exosomes: A New Material to Treat Cardiovascular Disease. Mol Ther 2017; 25:568-569. [PMID: 28215995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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37
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Sucharov CC, Kao DP, Port JD, Karimpour-Fard A, Quaife RA, Minobe W, Nunley K, Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Bristow MR. Myocardial microRNAs associated with reverse remodeling in human heart failure. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89169. [PMID: 28138556 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dilated cardiomyopathies (DCMs) changes in expression of protein-coding genes are associated with reverse remodeling, and these changes can be regulated by microRNAs (miRs). We tested the general hypothesis that dynamic changes in myocardial miR expression are predictive of β-blocker-associated reverse remodeling. METHODS Forty-three idiopathic DCM patients (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.24 ± 0.09) were treated with β-blockers. Serial ventriculography and endomyocardial biopsies were performed at baseline, and after 3 and 12 months of treatment. Changes in RT-PCR (candidate miRs) or array-measured miRs were compared based on the presence (R) or absence (NR) of a reverse-remodeling response, and a miR-mRNA-function pathway analysis (PA) was performed. RESULTS At 3 months, 2 candidate miRs were selectively changed in Rs, decreases in miR-208a-3p and miR-591. PA revealed changes in miR-mRNA interactions predictive of decreased apoptosis and myocardial cell death. At 12 months, 5 miRs exhibited selective changes in Rs (decreases in miR-208a-3p, -208b-3p, 21-5p, and 199a-5p; increase in miR-1-3p). PA predicted decreases in apoptosis, cardiac myocyte cell death, hypertrophy, and heart failure, with increases in contractile and overall cardiac functions. CONCLUSIONS In DCMs, myocardial miRs predict the time-dependent reverse-remodeling response to β-blocker treatment, and likely regulate the expression of remodeling-associated miRs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01798992. FUNDING NIH 2R01 HL48013, 1R01 HL71118 (Bristow, PI); sponsored research agreements from Glaxo-SmithKline and AstraZeneca (Bristow, PI); NIH P20 HL101435 (Lowes, Port multi-PD/PI); sponsored research agreement from Miragen Therapeutics (Port, PI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David P Kao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Anis Karimpour-Fard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brian D Lowes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Edward M Gilbert
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C: a novel target gene of miR-214-3p in suppressing angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36146. [PMID: 27796324 PMCID: PMC5087095 DOI: 10.1038/srep36146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microRNA-214-3p (miR-214-3p) in cardiac hypertrophy was not well illustrated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and potential target of miR-214-3p in angiotensin II (Ang-II)-induced mouse cardiac hypertrophy. In mice with either Ang-II infusion or transverse aortic constriction (TAC) model, miR-214-3p expression was markedly decreased in the hypertrophic myocardium. Down-regulation of miR-214-3p was observed in the myocardium of patients with cardiac hypertrophy. Expression of miR-214-3p was upregulated in Ang-II-induced hypertrophic neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cardiac hypertrophy was attenuated in Ang-II-infused mice by tail vein injection of miR-214-3p. Moreover, miR-214-3p inhibited the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) in Ang-II-treated mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro. Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), which was increased in Ang-II-induced hypertrophic mouse myocardium and cardiomyocytes, was identified as a target gene of miR-214-3p. Functionally, miR-214-3p mimic, consistent with MEF2C siRNA, inhibited cell size increase and protein expression of ANP and β-MHC in Ang-II-treated mouse cardiomyocytes. The NF-κB signal pathway was verified to mediate Ang-II-induced miR-214-3p expression in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, our results revealed that MEF2C is a novel target of miR-214-3p, and attenuation of miR-214-3p expression may contribute to MEF2Cexpressionin cardiac hypertrophy.
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Lother A, Hein L. Pharmacology of heart failure: From basic science to novel therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:136-49. [PMID: 27456554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is one of the leading causes for hospitalization in the United States and Europe, and is accompanied by high mortality. Current pharmacological therapy of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is largely based on compounds that inhibit the detrimental action of the adrenergic and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems on the heart. More than one decade after spironolactone, two novel therapeutic principles have been added to the very recently released guidelines on heart failure therapy: the HCN-channel inhibitor ivabradine and the combined angiotensin and neprilysin inhibitor valsartan/sacubitril. New compounds that are in phase II or III clinical evaluation include novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, guanylate cyclase activators or myosine activators. A variety of novel candidate targets have been identified and the availability of gene transfer has just begun to accelerate translation from basic science to clinical application. This review provides an overview of current pharmacology and pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure at three stages: the updated clinical guidelines of the American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology, new drugs which are in clinical development, and finally innovative drug targets and their mechanisms in heart failure which are emerging from preclinical studies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lutz Hein
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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40
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HDAC Inhibition in Vascular Endothelial Cells Regulates the Expression of ncRNAs. Noncoding RNA 2016; 2:ncrna2020004. [PMID: 29657262 PMCID: PMC5831901 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna2020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While clinical and pre-clinical trials indicate efficacy of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in disease mediated by dynamic lysine modification, the impact on the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigate high throughput RNA sequencing data derived from primary human endothelial cells stimulated with HDAC inhibitors suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and Trichostatin A (TSA). We observe robust regulation of ncRNA expression. Integration of gene expression data with histone 3 lysine 9 and 14 acetylation (H3K9/14ac) and histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) datasets identified complex and class-specific expression of ncRNAs. We show that EP300 target genes are subject to histone deacetylation at their promoter following HDAC inhibition. This deacetylation drives suppression of protein-coding genes. However, long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) regulated by EP300 are activated following HDAC inhibition, despite histone deacetylation. This increased expression was driven by increased H3K4me3 at the gene promoter. For example, elevated promoter H3K4me3 increased lincRNA MALAT1 expression despite broad EP300-associated histone deacetylation. In conclusion, we show that HDAC inhibitors regulate the expression of ncRNA by complex and class-specific epigenetic mechanisms.
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41
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Abstract
With the impressive advancement in high-throughput 'omics' technologies over the past two decades, epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as the regulatory interface between the genome and environmental factors. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and RNA-based mechanisms. Their highly interdependent and coordinated action modulates the chromatin structure controlling access of the transcription machinery and thereby regulating expression of target genes. Given the rather limited proliferative capability of human cardiomyocytes, epigenetic regulation appears to play a particularly important role in the myocardium. The highly dynamic nature of the epigenome allows the heart to adapt to environmental challenges and to respond quickly and properly to cardiac stress. It is now becoming evident that histone-modifying and chromatin-remodeling enzymes as well as numerous non-coding RNAs play critical roles in cardiac development and function, while their dysregulation contributes to the onset and development of pathological cardiac remodeling culminating in HF. This review focuses on up-to-date knowledge about the epigenetic mechanisms and highlights their emerging role in the healthy and failing heart. Uncovering the determinants of epigenetic regulation holds great promise to accelerate the development of successful new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in human cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marín-García
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Ave., Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA,
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Méndez C, Ahlenstiel CL, Kelleher AD. Post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcriptional gene silencing and human immunodeficiency virus. World J Virol 2015; 4:219-244. [PMID: 26279984 PMCID: PMC4534814 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is controlled through continuous, life-long use of a combination of drugs targeting different steps of the virus cycle, HIV-1 is never completely eradicated from the body. Despite decades of research there is still no effective vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection. Therefore, the possibility of an RNA interference (RNAi)-based cure has become an increasingly explored approach. Endogenous gene expression is controlled at both, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by non-coding RNAs, which act through diverse molecular mechanisms including RNAi. RNAi has the potential to control the turning on/off of specific genes through transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), as well as fine-tuning their expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In this review we will describe in detail the canonical RNAi pathways for PTGS and TGS, the relationship of TGS with other silencing mechanisms and will discuss a variety of approaches developed to suppress HIV-1 via manipulation of RNAi. We will briefly compare RNAi strategies against other approaches developed to target the virus, highlighting their potential to overcome the major obstacle to finding a cure, which is the specific targeting of the HIV-1 reservoir within latently infected cells.
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Mathiyalagan P, Keating ST, Al-Hasani K, El-Osta A. Epigenetic-mediated reprogramming of pancreatic endocrine cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1483-95. [PMID: 25621632 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells (β-cells). In the context of T1D, the scarcity of organ donors has driven research to alternate sources of functionally competent, insulin-secreting β-cells as substitute for donor islets to meet the clinical need for transplantation therapy. RECENT ADVANCES Experimental evidence of an inherent plasticity of pancreatic cells has fuelled interest in in vivo regeneration of β-cells. Transcriptional modulation and direct reprogramming of noninsulin secreting pancreatic α-cells to functionally mimic insulin-secreting β-cells is one of the promising avenues to the treatment of diabetes. Recent studies now show that adult progenitor and glucagon(+) α-cells can be converted into β-like cells in vivo, as a result of specific activation of the Pax4 gene in α-cells and curing diabetes in preclinical models. CRITICAL ISSUES The challenge now is to understand the precise developmental transitions mediated by endocrine transcription factors and co-regulatory determinants responsible for pancreatic function and repair. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Epigenetic-mediated regulation of transcription factor binding in pancreatic α-cells by specific drugs to direct reprogramming into functional insulin producing cells could be of potential innovative therapy for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- 1 Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct , Melbourne, Australia
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44
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Greco CM, Condorelli G. Epigenetic modifications and noncoding RNAs in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12:488-97. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ooi JYY, Tuano NK, Rafehi H, Gao XM, Ziemann M, Du XJ, El-Osta A. HDAC inhibition attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by acetylation and deacetylation of target genes. Epigenetics 2015; 10:418-30. [PMID: 25941940 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1024406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors attenuate pathological cardiac remodeling and hypertrophic gene expression; yet, the direct histone targets remain poorly characterized. Since the inhibition of HDAC activity is associated with suppressing hypertrophy, we hypothesized histone acetylation would target genes implicated in cardiac remodeling. Trichostatin A (TSA) regulates cardiac gene expression and attenuates transverse aortic constriction (TAC) induced hypertrophy. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) to map, for the first time, genome-wide histone acetylation changes in a preclinical model of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and attenuation of pathogenesis with TSA. Pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy was associated with histone acetylation of genes implicated in cardiac contraction, collagen deposition, inflammation, and extracellular matrix identified by ChIP-seq. Gene set enrichment analysis identified NF-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor activation with load induced hypertrophy. Increased histone acetylation was observed on the promoters of NFκB target genes (Icam1, Vcam1, Il21r, Il6ra, Ticam2, Cxcl10) consistent with gene activation in the hypertrophied heart. Surprisingly, TSA attenuated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the suppression of NFκB target genes by broad histone deacetylation. Our results suggest a mechanism for cardioprotection subject to histone deacetylation as a previously unknown target, implicating the importance of inflammation by pharmacological HDAC inhibition. The results of this study provides a framework for HDAC inhibitor function in the heart and argues the long held views of acetylation is subject to more flexibility than previously thought.
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Key Words
- ANP, Atrial natriuretic peptide
- BNP, Brain natriuretic peptide
- BW, Body Weight
- ChIP, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Ct, threshold cycle number
- Cxcl10, Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) ligand 10
- ENCODE, Encyclopedia of DNA Elements Consortium
- FDR, False Discovery Rate
- FS, Fractional Shortening
- GAIIx, Genome Analyzer IIx
- HDAC inhibitor
- HDAC, Histone deacetylase
- Icam1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- Il21r, Interleukin-21 receptor
- Il6ra, Interleukin-6 receptor
- LV, Left Ventricle
- LVDd, Left Ventricular Diastolic Dimension
- LVH, Left Ventricle Hypertrophy
- MACs, Model-based Analysis of ChIP-seq
- NES, normalized enrichment score
- NFκB, Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- NGS, Next Generation Sequencing
- SEM, Standard Error of the Mean
- Serca2a, Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase
- TAC veh, TAC vehicle
- TAC, Transverse Aortic Constriction
- TF, transcription factor
- TL, Tibia Length
- TSA, Trichostatin A
- TSS, Transcription Start Site
- Ticam2, Toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 2
- Traf3, TNF receptor-associated factor 3
- UTR, Untranslated region
- Vcam1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cardiac hypertrophy
- chromatin
- epigenetics
- histone acetylation
- next generation sequencing
- α/βMHC, Alpha/Beta myosin heavy chain
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Y Y Ooi
- a Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute ; Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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Tao H, Yang JJ, Shi KH. Non-coding RNAs as direct and indirect modulators of epigenetic mechanism regulation of cardiac fibrosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:707-16. [PMID: 25652534 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.1001740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac fibroblast activation is a pivotal cellular event in cardiac fibrosis. Numerous studies have indicated that epigenetic modifications control cardiac fibroblast activation. Greater knowledge of the role of epigenetic modifications could improve understanding of the cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about the important role of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts in epigenetic gene regulation in cardiac fibrosis and looks ahead on new perspectives of epigenetic modification research. Furthermore, we will discuss examples of ncRNAs that interact with histone modification or DNA methylation to regulate gene expression. EXPERT OPINION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) modulate several important aspects of function. Recently, some studies continue to find novel pathways, including the important role of ncRNA transcripts in epigenetic gene regulation. Targeting the miRNAs and lncRNAs can be a promising direction in cardiac fibrosis treatment. We discuss new perspectives of ncRNAs that interact with histone modification or DNA methylation to regulate gene expression, others that are targets of these epigenetic mechanisms. The emerging recognition of the diverse functions of ncRNAs in regulating gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms suggests that they may represent new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Fu Rong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province , China +86 551 63869531 ; +86 551 63869531 ;
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Di Salvo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Nashville TN
| | - Saptarsi M. Haldar
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
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Tao H, Yang JJ, Li J. MicroRNA-29a is a friend or foe for cardiac hypertrophy? J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:848. [PMID: 25145535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mathiyalagan P, Keating ST, Du XJ, El-Osta A. Chromatin modifications remodel cardiac gene expression. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:7-16. [PMID: 24812277 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling and transcriptional control involve precise programmes of gene activation and suppression necessary for cardiovascular physiology. Deep sequencing of DNA-bound transcription factors reveals a remarkable complexity of co-activators or co-repressors that serve to alter chromatin modification and regulate gene expression. The regulated complexes characterized by genome-wide mapping implicate the recruitment and exchange of proteins with specific enzymatic activities that include roles for histone acetylation and methylation in key developmental programmes of the heart. As for transcriptional changes in response to pathological stress, co-regulatory complexes are also differentially utilized to regulate genes in cardiac disease. Members of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family catalyse the removal of acetyl groups from proteins whose pharmacological inhibition has profound effects preventing heart failure. HDACs interact with a complex co-regulatory network of transcription factors, chromatin-remodelling complexes, and specific histone modifiers to regulate gene expression in the heart. For example, the histone methyltransferase (HMT), enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), is regulated by HDAC inhibition and associated with pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The challenge now is to target the activity of enzymes involved in protein modification to prevent or reverse the expression of genes implicated with cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we discuss the role of HDACs and HMTs with a focus on chromatin modification and gene function as well as the clinical treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Samuel T Keating
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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