1
|
Rocha Tapia A, Abgottspon F, Nilvebrant J, Nygren PÅ, Duclos Ivetich S, Bello Hernandez AJ, Thanasi IA, Szijj PA, Sekkat G, Cuenot FM, Chudasama V, Aceto N, deMello AJ, Richards DA. Site-directed conjugation of single-stranded DNA to affinity proteins: quantifying the importance of conjugation strategy. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8982-8992. [PMID: 38873052 PMCID: PMC11168188 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Affinity protein-oligonucleotide conjugates are increasingly being explored as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Despite growing interest, these probes are typically constructed using outdated, non-selective chemistries, and little has been done to investigate how conjugation to oligonucleotides influences the function of affinity proteins. Herein, we report a novel site-selective conjugation method for furnishing affinity protein-oligonucleotide conjugates in a 93% yield within fifteen minutes. Using SPR, we explore how the choice of affinity protein, conjugation strategy, and DNA length impact target binding and reveal the deleterious effects of non-specific conjugation methods. Furthermore, we show that these adverse effects can be minimised by employing our site-selective conjugation strategy, leading to improved performance in an immuno-PCR assay. Finally, we investigate the interactions between affinity protein-oligonucleotide conjugates and live cells, demonstrating the benefits of site-selective conjugation. This work provides critical insight into the importance of conjugation strategy when constructing affinity protein-oligonucleotide conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Rocha Tapia
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Abgottspon
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Johan Nilvebrant
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sarah Duclos Ivetich
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UK
| | - Peter A Szijj
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UK
| | - Ghali Sekkat
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - François M Cuenot
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UK
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo F, Li Y, Yu W, Fu Y, Zhang J, Cao H. Recent Progress of Small Interfering RNA Delivery on the Market and Clinical Stage. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2081-2096. [PMID: 38630656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are promising therapeutic strategies, and five siRNA drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC). This marks a significant milestone in the development of siRNA for clinical applications. The approved siRNA agents can effectively deliver siRNAs to the liver and treat liver-related diseases. Currently, researchers have developed diverse delivery platforms for transporting siRNAs to different tissues such as the brain, lung, muscle, and others, and a large number of siRNA drugs are undergoing clinical trials. Here, these delivery technologies and the latest advancements in clinical applications are summarized, and this Review provides a concise overview of the strategies employed for siRNA delivery to both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Yuanlei Fu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Haiqiang Cao
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Murphy A, Hill R, Berna M. Bioanalytical Approaches to Support the Development of Antibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugate (AOC) Therapeutic Proteins. Xenobiotica 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38607350 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2339983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process that evolved to protect eukaryotic organisms from foreign genes delivered by viruses. This process has been adapted as a powerful tool to treat numerous diseases through the delivery of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to target cells to alter aberrant gene expression.Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) are monoclonal antibodies with complexed siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that have emerged to address some of the challenges faced by naked or chemically conjugated siRNA, which include rapid clearance from systemic circulation and lack of selective delivery of siRNA to target cells.It is essential to characterize the ADME properties of an AOC during development to optimize distribution to target tissues, to minimize the impact of biotransformation on exposure, and to characterize the PK/PD relationship to guide translation. However, owing to the complexity of AOC structure, this presents significant bioanalytical challenges, and multiple bioanalytical measurements are required to investigate the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of the antibody, linker, and siRNA payload.In this paper, we describe an analytical workflow that details in vivo characterization of AOCs through measurement of their distinct molecular components to provide the basis for greater understanding of their ADME properties. Although the approaches herein can be applied to in vitro characterization of AOCs, this paper will focus on in vivo applications. This workflow relies on high-resolution mass spectrometry as the principal means of detection and leverages chromatographic, affinity-based, and enzymatic sample preparation steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Murphy
- Investigative ADME/Toxicology and Bioanalytical Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ryan Hill
- Investigative ADME/Toxicology and Bioanalytical Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Berna
- Investigative ADME/Toxicology and Bioanalytical Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao X, Xu Q, Wang Q, Liang X, Wang J, Jin H, Man Y, Guo D, Gao F, Tang X. Induced Self-Assembly of Vitamin E-Spermine/siRNA Nanocomplexes via Spermine/Helix Groove-Specific Interaction for Efficient siRNA Delivery and Antitumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303186. [PMID: 38234201 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been one of potential strategies for the treatment of different diseases, where efficient and safe gene delivery systems are also extremely in need. Current lipid nanoparticles (LNP) technology highly depends on the packing and condensation of nucleic acids with amine moieties. Here, an attempt to covalently link two natural compounds, spermine and vitamin E, is made to develop self-assembled nucleic acid delivery systems. Among them, the spermine moieties specifically interact with the major groove of siRNA helix through salt bridge interaction, while vitamin E moieties are located around siRNA duplex. Such amphiphilic vitamin E-spermine/siRNA complexes can further self-assemble into nanocomplexes like multiblade wheels. Further studies indicate that these siRNA nanocomplexes with the neutrally charged surface of vitamin E can enter cells via caveolin/lipid raft mediated endocytosis pathway and bypass lysosome trapping. With these self-assembled delivery systems, efficient siRNA delivery is successfully achieved for Eg5 and Survivin gene silencing as well as DNA plasmid delivery. Further in vivo study indicates that VE-Su-Sper/DSPE-PEG2000/siSurvivin self-assembled nanocomplexes can accumulate in cancer cells and gradually release siRNA in tumor tissues and show significant antitumor effect in vivo. The self-assembled delivery system provides a novel strategy for highly efficient siRNA delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xingxing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yizhi Man
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, NO. 189 Jiuhua South Rd., Anhui, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Dongyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, NO. 189 Jiuhua South Rd., Anhui, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, NO. 38, Xueyuan Rd., Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rady T, Erb S, Deddouche-Grass S, Morales R, Chaubet G, Cianférani S, Basse N, Wagner A. Targeted delivery of immune-stimulating bispecific RNA, inducing apoptosis and anti-tumor immunity in cancer cells. iScience 2024; 27:109068. [PMID: 38380254 PMCID: PMC10877685 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA)-based strategies appeared as promising therapies to induce an inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. However, currently described systems generally lack active targeting of tissues, and their clinical translation is thus limited to intratumoral injection. Herein, we developed an antibody-siRNA-5'triphosphate conjugate with multiple modes of action, combining cell surface EphA2-specific internalization, leading to a simultaneous gene silencing and activation of the receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Recognition of cytosolic siRNA-5'triphosphate by RIG-I triggers the expression of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducing an inflammation of the tumor environment and activating neighboring immune cells. In addition, these RIG-I-specific effects synergized with siRNA-mediated PLK1 silencing to promote cancer cell death by apoptosis. Altogether, such immune-stimulating antibody-RNA conjugate opens a novel modality to overcome some limitations encountered by dsRNA molecules currently in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Rady
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI – FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Renaud Morales
- Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI – FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Basse
- Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smidt JM, Lykke L, Stidsen CE, Pristovšek N, Gothelf K. Synthesis of peptide-siRNA conjugates via internal sulfonylphosphoramidate modifications and evaluation of their in vitro activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:49-58. [PMID: 37971296 PMCID: PMC10783514 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugates of therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) including peptide conjugates, provide a potential solution to the major challenge of specific tissue delivery faced by this class of drugs. Conjugations are often positioned terminal at the ONs, although internal placement of other chemical modifications are known to be of critical importance. The introduction of internal conjugation handles in chemically modified ONs require highly specialized and expensive nucleoside phosphoramidites. Here, we present a method for synthesizing a library of peptide-siRNA conjugates by conjugation at internal phosphorous positions via sulfonylphosphoramidate modifications incorporated into the sense strand. The sulfonylphosphoramidate modification offers benefits as it can be directly incorporated into chemically modified ONs by simply changing the oxidation step during synthesis, and furthermore holds the potential to create multifunctionalized therapeutic ONs. We have developed a workflow using a novel pH-controlled amine-to-amine linker that yields peptide-siRNA conjugates linked via amide bonds, and we have synthesized conjugates between GLP1 peptides and a HPRT1 siRNA as a model system. The in vitro activity of the conjugates was tested by GLP1R activity and knockdown of the HPRT1 gene. We found that conjugation near the 3'-end is more favorable than certain central internal positions and different internal conjugation strategies were compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Melgaard Smidt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lennart Lykke
- Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Carsten Enggaard Stidsen
- Centre for Functional Assays and Screening, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nuša Pristovšek
- Centre for Functional Assays and Screening, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo S, Zhang M, Huang Y. Three 'E' challenges for siRNA drug development. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:13-24. [PMID: 37951790 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
siRNA therapeutics have gained extensive attention, and to date six siRNAs are approved for clinical use. Despite being investigated for the treatment of metabolic, cardiovascular, infectious, and rare genetic diseases, cancer, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, there exist several druggability challenges. Here, we provide insightful discussions concerning these challenges, comprising targeted accumulation and cellular uptake ('entry'), endolysosomal escape ('escape'), and in vivo pharmaceutical performance ('efficacy') - the three 'E' challenges - while also shedding light on siRNA drug development. Moreover, we propose several promising strategies that hold great potential in facilitating the clinical translation of siRNA therapeutics, including the exploration of diverse ligand-siRNA conjugates, expansion of potential disease targets, and excavation of novel modification geometries, as well as the development of combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Rigerna Therapeutics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215127, China; Rigerna Therapeutics, Beijing 102629, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ebrahimi N, Manavi MS, Nazari A, Momayezi A, Faghihkhorasani F, Rasool Riyadh Abdulwahid AH, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Kavei M, Rezaei R, Mobarak H, Aref AR, Fang W. Nano-scale delivery systems for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy: New era of gene therapy empowered by nanotechnology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117263. [PMID: 37797672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a unique treatment approach used to decrease a disease's excessive gene expression, including cancer. SiRNAs may find and destroy homologous mRNA sequences within the cell thanks to RNAi processes. However, difficulties such poor cellular uptake, off-target effects, and susceptibility to destruction by serum nucleases in the bloodstream restrict the therapeutic potential of siRNAs. Since some years ago, siRNA-based therapies have been in the process of being translated into the clinic. Therefore, the primary emphasis of this work is on sophisticated nanocarriers that aid in the transport of siRNA payloads, their administration in combination with anticancer medications, and their use in the treatment of cancer. The research looks into molecular manifestations, difficulties with siRNA transport, the design and development of siRNA-based delivery methods, and the benefits and drawbacks of various nanocarriers. The trapping of siRNA in endosomes is a challenge for the majority of delivery methods, which affects the therapeutic effectiveness. Numerous techniques for siRNA release, including as pH-responsive release, membrane fusion, the proton sponge effect, and photochemical disruption, have been studied to overcome this problem. The present state of siRNA treatments in clinical trials is also looked at in order to give a thorough and systematic evaluation of siRNA-based medicines for efficient cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nazari
- Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Momayezi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science, and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Science, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammed Kavei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Roya Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Mobarak
- Clinical Pathologist, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Xsphera Biosciences, Translational Medicine Group, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sela T, Mansø M, Siegel M, Marban-Doran C, Ducret A, Niewöhner J, Ravn J, Martin RE, Sommer A, Lohmann S, Krippendorff BF, Ladefoged M, Indlekofer A, Quaiser T, Bueddefeld F, Koller E, Mohamed MY, Oelschlaegel T, Gothelf KV, Hofer K, Schumacher FF. Diligent Design Enables Antibody-ASO Conjugates with Optimal Pharmacokinetic Properties. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2096-2111. [PMID: 37916986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Antisense-oligonucleotides (ASOs) are a promising drug modality for the treatment of neurological disorders, but the currently established route of administration via intrathecal delivery is a major limitation to its broader clinical application. An attractive alternative is the conjugation of the ASO to an antibody that facilitates access to the central nervous system (CNS) after peripheral application and target engagement at the blood-brain barrier, followed by transcytosis. Here, we show that the diligent conjugate design of Brainshuttle-ASO conjugates is the key to generating promising delivery vehicles and thereby establishing design principles to create optimized molecules with drug-like properties. An innovative site-specific transglutaminase-based conjugation technology was chosen and optimized in a stepwise process to identify the best-suited conjugation site, tags, reaction conditions, and linker design. The overall conjugation performance was found to be specifically governed by the choice of buffer conditions and the structure of the linker. The combination of the peptide tags YRYRQ and RYESK was chosen, showing high conjugation fidelity. Elaborate conjugate analysis revealed that one leading differentiating factor was hydrophobicity. The increase of hydrophobicity by the ASO payload could be mitigated by the appropriate choice of conjugation site and the heavy chain position 297 proved to be the most optimal. Evaluating the properties of the linker suggested a short bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN) unit as best suited with regards to conjugation performance and potency. Promising in vitro activity and in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of optimized Brainshuttle-ASO conjugates, based on a microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) targeting oligonucleotide, suggest that such designs have the potential to serve as a blueprint for peripherally delivered ASO-based drugs for the CNS in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sela
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Mads Mansø
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fremtidsvej 3, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Michel Siegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jens Niewöhner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Jacob Ravn
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fremtidsvej 3, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Annika Sommer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Sabine Lohmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Mette Ladefoged
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fremtidsvej 3, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Annette Indlekofer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tom Quaiser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Florian Bueddefeld
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Erich Koller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Central Denmark Region, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Hofer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Felix F Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sparmann A, Vogel J. RNA-based medicine: from molecular mechanisms to therapy. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114760. [PMID: 37728251 PMCID: PMC10620767 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics have the potential to revolutionize the treatment and prevention of human diseases. While early research faced setbacks, it established the basis for breakthroughs in RNA-based drug design that culminated in the extraordinarily fast development of mRNA vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. We have now reached a pivotal moment where RNA medicines are poised to make a broad impact in the clinic. In this review, we present an overview of different RNA-based strategies to generate novel therapeutics, including antisense and RNAi-based mechanisms, mRNA-based approaches, and CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing. Using three rare genetic diseases as examples, we highlight the opportunities, but also the challenges to wide-ranging applications of this class of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Sparmann
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA‐based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)WürzburgGermany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA‐based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)WürzburgGermany
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB)University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu H, Luo H, Chang R, Yang Y, Liu D, Ji Y, Qin H, Rong H, Yin J. Protein-based delivery systems for RNA delivery. J Control Release 2023; 363:253-274. [PMID: 37741460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics have emerged as promising approaches to modulate gene expression and generate therapeutic proteins or antigens capable of inducing immune responses to treat a variety of diseases, such as infectious diseases, cancers, immunologic disorders, and genetic disorders. However, the efficient delivery of RNA molecules into cells poses significant challenges due to their large molecular weight, negative charge, and susceptibility to degradation by RNase enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, viral and non-viral vectors have been developed, including lipid nanoparticles, viral vectors, proteins, dendritic macromolecules, among others. Among these carriers, protein-based delivery systems have garnered considerable attention due to their potential to address specific issues associated with nanoparticle-based systems, such as liver accumulation and immunogenicity. This review provides an overview of currently marketed RNA drugs, underscores the significance of RNA delivery vector development, delineates the essential characteristics of an ideal RNA delivery vector, and introduces existing protein carriers for RNA delivery. By offering valuable insights, this review aims to serve as a reference for the future development of protein-based delivery vectors for RNA therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruilong Chang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dingkang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hai Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, No. 206, Sixian Street, Baiyun District, Guiyang City 550014, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Haibo Rong
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mangla P, Vicentini Q, Biscans A. Therapeutic Oligonucleotides: An Outlook on Chemical Strategies to Improve Endosomal Trafficking. Cells 2023; 12:2253. [PMID: 37759475 PMCID: PMC10527716 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of oligonucleotide therapeutics is undeniable as more than 15 drugs have been approved to treat various diseases in the liver, central nervous system (CNS), and muscles. However, achieving effective delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutics to specific tissues still remains a major challenge, limiting their widespread use. Chemical modifications play a crucial role to overcome biological barriers to enable efficient oligonucleotide delivery to the tissues/cells of interest. They provide oligonucleotide metabolic stability and confer favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. This review focuses on the various chemical approaches implicated in mitigating the delivery problem of oligonucleotides and their limitations. It highlights the importance of linkers in designing oligonucleotide conjugates and discusses their potential role in escaping the endosomal barrier, a bottleneck in the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mangla
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 431 38 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.M.); (Q.V.)
| | - Quentin Vicentini
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 431 38 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.M.); (Q.V.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 431 38 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.M.); (Q.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Afrin H, Geetha Bai R, Kumar R, Ahmad SS, Agarwal SK, Nurunnabi M. Oral delivery of RNAi for cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:699-724. [PMID: 36971908 PMCID: PMC10040933 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major health concern worldwide and is still in a continuous surge of seeking for effective treatments. Since the discovery of RNAi and their mechanism of action, it has shown promises in targeted therapy for various diseases including cancer. The ability of RNAi to selectively silence the carcinogenic gene makes them ideal as cancer therapeutics. Oral delivery is the ideal route of administration of drug administration because of its patients' compliance and convenience. However, orally administered RNAi, for instance, siRNA, must cross various extracellular and intracellular biological barriers before it reaches the site of action. It is very challenging and important to keep the siRNA stable until they reach to the targeted site. Harsh pH, thick mucus layer, and nuclease enzyme prevent siRNA to diffuse through the intestinal wall and thereby induce a therapeutic effect. After entering the cell, siRNA is subjected to lysosomal degradation. Over the years, various approaches have been taken into consideration to overcome these challenges for oral RNAi delivery. Therefore, understanding the challenges and recent development is crucial to offer a novel and advanced approach for oral RNAi delivery. Herein, we have summarized the delivery strategies for oral delivery RNAi and recent advancement towards the preclinical stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humayra Afrin
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79965, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Renu Geetha Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Chair of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Sheikh Shafin Ahmad
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79965, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Aerospace Center (cSETR), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79965, USA
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79965, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA.
- Aerospace Center (cSETR), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79965, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79965, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kawamoto Y, Wu Y, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y. Development of nucleic acid medicines based on chemical technology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114872. [PMID: 37244354 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics have attracted attention as an emerging modality that includes the modulation of genes and their binding proteins related to diseases, allowing us to take action on previously undruggable targets. Since the late 2010s, the number of oligonucleotide medicines approved for clinical uses has dramatically increased. Various chemistry-based technologies have been developed to improve the therapeutic properties of oligonucleotides, such as chemical modification, conjugation, and nanoparticle formation, which can increase nuclease resistance, enhance affinity and selectivity to target sites, suppress off-target effects, and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Similar strategies employing modified nucleobases and lipid nanoparticles have been used for developing coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of chemistry-based technologies aimed at using nucleic acids for developing therapeutics over the past several decades, with a specific emphasis on the structural design and functionality of chemical modification strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - You Wu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Malecova B, Burke RS, Cochran M, Hood MD, Johns R, Kovach PR, Doppalapudi VR, Erdogan G, Arias JD, Darimont B, Miller CD, Huang H, Geall A, Younis H, Levin AA. Targeted tissue delivery of RNA therapeutics using antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs). Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5901-5910. [PMID: 37224533 PMCID: PMC10325888 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although targeting TfR1 to deliver oligonucleotides to skeletal muscle has been demonstrated in rodents, effectiveness and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) properties remained unknown in higher species. We developed antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) towards mice or monkeys utilizing anti-TfR1 monoclonal antibodies (αTfR1) conjugated to various classes of oligonucleotides (siRNA, ASOs and PMOs). αTfR1 AOCs delivered oligonucleotides to muscle tissue in both species. In mice, αTfR1 AOCs achieved a > 15-fold higher concentration to muscle tissue than unconjugated siRNA. A single dose of an αTfR1 conjugated to an siRNA against Ssb mRNA produced > 75% Ssb mRNA reduction in mice and monkeys, and mRNA silencing was greatest in skeletal and cardiac (striated) muscle with minimal to no activity in other major organs. In mice the EC50 for Ssb mRNA reduction in skeletal muscle was >75-fold less than in systemic tissues. Oligonucleotides conjugated to control antibodies or cholesterol produced no mRNA reduction or were 10-fold less potent, respectively. Tissue PKPD of AOCs demonstrated mRNA silencing activity primarily driven by receptor-mediated delivery in striated muscle for siRNA oligonucleotides. In mice, we show that AOC-mediated delivery is operable across various oligonucleotide modalities. AOC PKPD properties translated to higher species, providing promise for a new class of oligonucleotide therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Malecova
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rob S Burke
- Seawolf Therapeutics, One Sansome Street Suite 3630, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - Michael Cochran
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael D Hood
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rachel Johns
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Philip R Kovach
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Venkata R Doppalapudi
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Gulin Erdogan
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - J Danny Arias
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Christopher D Miller
- California Northstate University College of Medicine, 9700 W Taron Dr, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Hanhua Huang
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Andrew Geall
- Replicate Biosciences, 10210 Campus Point Dr, Suite 150, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Husam S Younis
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Arthur A Levin
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive Suite 125, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ivanov KI, Samuilova OV, Zamyatnin AA. The emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:197. [PMID: 37407839 PMCID: PMC10322780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA sequencing technologies helped uncover what was once uncharted territory in the human genome-the complex and versatile world of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Previously thought of as merely transcriptional "noise", lncRNAs have now emerged as essential regulators of gene expression networks controlling development, homeostasis and disease progression. The regulatory functions of lncRNAs are broad and diverse, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are highly variable, acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to support the important role of lncRNAs in the development and functioning of the lymphatic vasculature and associated pathological processes such as tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of lncRNAs in regulating the key genes and pathways involved in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of lncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets and outline possible strategies for the development of lncRNA-based therapeutics to treat diseases of the lymphatic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I Ivanov
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Olga V Samuilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anwar S, Mir F, Yokota T. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Oligonucleotide Therapeutics Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugation, Chemical Modification, and Carrier-Based Delivery Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041130. [PMID: 37111616 PMCID: PMC10140998 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapies are a promising approach for treating a wide range of hard-to-treat diseases, particularly genetic and rare diseases. These therapies involve the use of short synthetic sequences of DNA or RNA that can modulate gene expression or inhibit proteins through various mechanisms. Despite the potential of these therapies, a significant barrier to their widespread use is the difficulty in ensuring their uptake by target cells/tissues. Strategies to overcome this challenge include cell-penetrating peptide conjugation, chemical modification, nanoparticle formulation, and the use of endogenous vesicles, spherical nucleic acids, and smart material-based delivery vehicles. This article provides an overview of these strategies and their potential for the efficient delivery of oligonucleotide drugs, as well as the safety and toxicity considerations, regulatory requirements, and challenges in translating these therapies from the laboratory to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Anwar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Farin Mir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fujii T, Matsuda Y, Seki T, Shikida N, Iwai Y, Ooba Y, Takahashi K, Isokawa M, Kawaguchi S, Hatada N, Watanabe T, Takasugi R, Nakayama A, Shimbo K, Mendelsohn BA, Okuzumi T, Yamada K. AJICAP Second Generation: Improved Chemical Site-Specific Conjugation Technology for Antibody-Drug Conjugate Production. Bioconjug Chem 2023. [PMID: 36894324 PMCID: PMC10119932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The site-directed chemical conjugation of antibodies remains an area of great interest and active efforts within the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) community. We previously reported a unique site modification using a class of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) Fc-affinity reagents to establish a versatile, streamlined, and site-selective conjugation of native antibodies to enhance the therapeutic index of the resultant ADCs. This methodology, termed "AJICAP", successfully modified Lys248 of native antibodies to produce site-specific ADC with a wider therapeutic index than the Food and Drug Administration-approved ADC, Kadcyla. However, the long reaction sequences, including the reduction-oxidation (redox) treatment, increased the aggregation level. In this manuscript, we aimed to present an updated Fc-affinity-mediated site-specific conjugation technology named "AJICAP second generation" without redox treatment utilizing a "one-pot" antibody modification reaction. The stability of Fc affinity reagents was improved owing to structural optimization, enabling the production of various ADCs without aggregation. In addition to Lys248 conjugation, Lys288 conjugated ADCs with homogeneous drug-to-antibody ratio of 2 were produced using different Fc affinity peptide reagent possessing a proper spacer linkage. These two conjugation technologies were used to produce over 20 ADCs from several combinations of antibodies and drug linkers. The in vivo profile of Lys248 and Lys288 conjugated ADCs was also compared. Furthermore, nontraditional ADC production, such as antibody-protein conjugates and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, were achieved. These results strongly indicate that this Fc affinity conjugation approach is a promising strategy for manufacturing site-specific antibody conjugates without antibody engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujii
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Takuya Seki
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Natsuki Shikida
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwai
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yuri Ooba
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Muneki Isokawa
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kawaguchi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Noriko Hatada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Rika Takasugi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimbo
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatsuya Okuzumi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Toshima A, Shiraishi Y, Shinmi D, Kagawa Y, Enokizono J. Comprehensive Analyses of the Intracellular and in Vivo Disposition of Fab- Small Interfering RNA Conjugate to Identify Key Issues to Improve Its in Vivo Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:338-347. [PMID: 36460478 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analyses of intracellular disposition and in vivo pharmacokinetics were performed for small interfering RNA (siRNA) conjugated with the Fab fragment of panitumumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The Fab-siRNA conjugate was internalized into EGFR-expressing cancer cells in an antigen-dependent manner. Intracellular disposition was quantitatively evaluated using fluorescent-labeled panitumumab and confocal microscopy. The majority of internalized panitumumab was suggested to be transferred into lysosomes. In vivo pharmacokinetics were evaluated in EGFR-expressing tumor-bearing mice. Intact Fab-siRNA was measured by immunoprecipitation using anti-Fab antibody followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The Fab portion was measured by a ligand binding assay. Intact Fab-siRNA concentrations rapidly decreased in the plasma and tumor, although the Fab portion concentration remained high, suggesting extensive degradation in the linker-siRNA portion. After incubation of Fab-siRNA in mouse plasma, samples were digested with proteinase K, and extracted siRNA tagged with Fab-derived peptide was subjected to an ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. Results suggested that hydrolysis from the 3' end of the antisense strand of siRNA is the major metabolizing pathway. Based on these findings, endosomal escape and stability in lysosomes, blood, and tumor are key factors to improve to achieve efficient target gene knockdown in tumors, and stabilizing the 3' end of the antisense strand was suggested to be most efficient. Our approaches clearly identified the key issues of Fab-siRNA from a pharmacokinetics aspect, which will be useful for improving the in vivo activity of siRNA conjugated with not only Fab but also other immunoproteins. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The intracellular and in vivo disposition of Fab-small interfering RNA (siRNA) conjugate was comprehensively investigated using various approaches, including newly developed analytical methods. This study clearly shows that improvements in siRNA stability in lysosomes, blood, and tumor are needed for target gene knockdown in tumors. The major metabolic pathway of Fab-siRNA is 3' exonuclease degradation, suggesting that optimization of the conjugation site to Fab might help improve stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Toshima
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Translational Research Unit, R&D Division (A.T.), Modality Research Laboratories 1, Research Unit, R&D Division (Y.S.), Molecular Analysis Center, Research Unit, R&D Division (D.S.), and Research Management Office, Research Unit, R&D Division (J.E.), Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.K.)
| | - Yasuhisa Shiraishi
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Translational Research Unit, R&D Division (A.T.), Modality Research Laboratories 1, Research Unit, R&D Division (Y.S.), Molecular Analysis Center, Research Unit, R&D Division (D.S.), and Research Management Office, Research Unit, R&D Division (J.E.), Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.K.)
| | - Daisuke Shinmi
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Translational Research Unit, R&D Division (A.T.), Modality Research Laboratories 1, Research Unit, R&D Division (Y.S.), Molecular Analysis Center, Research Unit, R&D Division (D.S.), and Research Management Office, Research Unit, R&D Division (J.E.), Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.K.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Translational Research Unit, R&D Division (A.T.), Modality Research Laboratories 1, Research Unit, R&D Division (Y.S.), Molecular Analysis Center, Research Unit, R&D Division (D.S.), and Research Management Office, Research Unit, R&D Division (J.E.), Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.K.)
| | - Junichi Enokizono
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Translational Research Unit, R&D Division (A.T.), Modality Research Laboratories 1, Research Unit, R&D Division (Y.S.), Molecular Analysis Center, Research Unit, R&D Division (D.S.), and Research Management Office, Research Unit, R&D Division (J.E.), Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation with Payloads beyond Cytotoxins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030917. [PMID: 36770585 PMCID: PMC9921355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As antibody-drug conjugates have become a very important modality for cancer therapy, many site-specific conjugation approaches have been developed for generating homogenous molecules. The selective antibody coupling is achieved through antibody engineering by introducing specific amino acid or unnatural amino acid residues, peptides, and glycans. In addition to the use of synthetic cytotoxins, these novel methods have been applied for the conjugation of other payloads, including non-cytotoxic compounds, proteins/peptides, glycans, lipids, and nucleic acids. The non-cytotoxic compounds include polyethylene glycol, antibiotics, protein degraders (PROTAC and LYTAC), immunomodulating agents, enzyme inhibitors and protein ligands. Different small proteins or peptides have been selectively conjugated through unnatural amino acid using click chemistry, engineered C-terminal formylglycine for oxime or click chemistry, or specific ligation or transpeptidation with or without enzymes. Although the antibody protamine peptide fusions have been extensively used for siRNA coupling during early studies, direct conjugations through engineered cysteine or lysine residues have been demonstrated later. These site-specific antibody conjugates containing these payloads other than cytotoxic compounds can be used in proof-of-concept studies and in developing new therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nicholson TA, Sagmeister M, Wijesinghe SN, Farah H, Hardy RS, Jones SW. Oligonucleotide Therapeutics for Age-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Successes and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:237. [PMID: 36678864 PMCID: PMC9866666 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related disorders of the musculoskeletal system including sarcopenia, osteoporosis and arthritis represent some of the most common chronic conditions worldwide, for which there remains a great clinical need to develop safer and more efficacious pharmacological treatments. Collectively, these conditions involve multiple tissues, including skeletal muscle, bone, articular cartilage and the synovium within the joint lining. In this review, we discuss the potential for oligonucleotide therapies to combat the unmet clinical need in musculoskeletal disorders by evaluating the successes of oligonucleotides to modify candidate pathological gene targets and cellular processes in relevant tissues and cells of the musculoskeletal system. Further, we discuss the challenges that remain for the clinical development of oligonucleotides therapies for musculoskeletal disorders and evaluate some of the current approaches to overcome these.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Nicholson
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael Sagmeister
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Susanne N. Wijesinghe
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hussein Farah
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rowan S. Hardy
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Simon W. Jones
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu F, Xu X, Li W, Hong Y, Lai H, Zhang J, Wu X, Zhou K, Hu N. Nanoparticle-Delivered Transforming Growth Factor-β1 siRNA Induces PD-1 against Gastric Cancer by Transforming the Phenotype of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121487. [PMID: 36558938 PMCID: PMC9787292 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is currently considered to be an important therapeutic method, which obtained FDA approval for clinical use in gastric cancer in 2017. As a new mechanism, it was found that the effect of αPDL1 could be improved by blocking the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which converts the tumor immune microenvironment from the "immune-excluded phenotype" to the "immune-inflamed phenotype". Based on this phenomenon, this project was designed to prepare TGF-β1-siRNA-loaded PEG-PCL nanoparticles conjugated to αPDL1 (siTGF-β1-αPDL1-PEG-PCL) since we have linked similar antibodies to PEG-PCL previously. Therefore, MFC tumor-engrafted mice were established to simulate the biological characteristics of converting the phenotype of the immune microenvironment, and to study the anti-tumor effect and possible molecular mechanism. In this study, αPDL1 antibody conjugates markedly increased the cell uptake of NPs. The produced αPDL1-PEG-PCL NPs efficiently reduced the amounts of TGF-β1 mRNA in MFC cells, converting the immune microenvironment of MFC tumors engrafted mice from the "immune-excluded phenotype" to the "immune-inflamed phenotype". PDL1-harboring gastric cancer had increased susceptibility to αPDL1. The value of this drug-controlled release system targeting the tumor microenvironment in immune checkpoint therapy of gastric cancer would provide a scientific basis for clinically applying nucleic acid drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xiujuan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital (Lianyungang Cancer Hospital), Lianyungang 222023, China
| | - Wei Li
- Center of Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yidong Hong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Huan Lai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jingzhou Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xueyu Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Kangjie Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou 221004, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee JW, Choi J, Choi Y, Kim K, Yang Y, Kim SH, Yoon HY, Kwon IC. Molecularly engineered siRNA conjugates for tumor-targeted RNAi therapy. J Control Release 2022; 351:713-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Nakamura M, Fujiwara K, Doi N. Cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA using human-derived membrane penetration-enhancing peptide. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:458. [PMID: 36303212 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although protein-based methods using cell-penetrating peptides such as TAT have been expected to provide an alternative approach to siRNA delivery, the low efficiency of endosomal escape of siRNA/protein complexes taken up into cells by endocytosis remains a problem. Here, to overcome this problem, we adopted the membrane penetration-enhancing peptide S19 from human syncytin 1 previously identified in our laboratory. RESULTS We prepared fusion proteins in which the S19 and TAT peptides were fused to the viral RNA-binding domains (RBDs) as carrier proteins, added the RBD-S19-TAT/siRNA complex to human cultured cells, and investigated the cytoplasmic delivery of the complex and the knockdown efficiency of target genes. We found that the intracellular uptake of the RBD-S19-TAT/siRNA complex was increased compared to that of the RBD-TAT/siRNA complex, and the expression level of the target mRNA was decreased. Because siRNA must dissociate from RBD and bind to Argonaute 2 (Ago2) to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) after the protein/siRNA complex is delivered into the cytoplasm, a dilemma arises: stronger binding between RBD and siRNA increases intracellular uptake but makes RISC formation more difficult. Thus, we next prepared fusion proteins in which the S19 and TAT peptides were fused with Ago2 instead of RBD and found that the efficiencies of siRNA delivery and knockdown obtained using TAT-S19-Ago2 were higher than those using TAT-Ago2. In addition, we found that the smallest RISC delivery induced faster knockdown than traditional siRNA lipofection, probably due to the decreased time required for RISC formation in the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION These results indicated that S19 and TAT-fused siRNA-binding proteins, especially Ago2, should be useful for the rapid and efficient delivery of siRNA without the addition of any endosome-disrupting agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Nakamura
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Doi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The homeostasis of cellular activities is essential for the normal functioning of living organisms. Hence, the ability to regulate the fates of cells is of great significance for both fundamental chemical biology studies and therapeutic development. Despite the notable success of small-molecule drugs that normally act on cellular protein functions, current clinical challenges have highlighted the use of macromolecules to tune cell function for improved therapeutic outcomes. As a class of hybrid biomacromolecules gaining rapidly increasing attention, protein conjugates have exhibited great potential as versatile tools to manipulate cell function for therapeutic applications, including cancer treatment, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Therefore, recent progress in the design and assembly of protein conjugates used to regulate cell function is discussed in this review. The protein conjugates covered here are classified into three different categories based on their mechanisms of action and relevant applications: (1) regulation of intercellular interactions; (2) intervention in intracellular biological pathways; (3) termination of cell proliferation. Within each genre, a variety of protein conjugate scaffolds are discussed, which contain a diverse array of grafted molecules, such as lipids, oligonucleotides, synthetic polymers, and small molecules, with an emphasis on their conjugation methodologies and potential biomedical applications. While the current generation of protein conjugates is focused largely on delivery, the next generation is expected to address issues of site-specific conjugation, in vivo stability, controllability, target selectivity, and biocompatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carston R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chemical optimization of siRNA for safe and efficient silencing of placental sFLT1. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:135-149. [PMID: 35847173 PMCID: PMC9263991 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a rising, potentially lethal complication of pregnancy. PE is driven primarily by the overexpression of placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1), a validated diagnostic and prognostic marker of the disease when normalized to placental growth factor (PlGF) levels. Injecting cholesterol-conjugated, fully modified, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting sFLT1 mRNA into pregnant mice or baboons reduces placental sFLT1 and ameliorates clinical signs of PE, providing a strong foundation for the development of a PE therapeutic. siRNA delivery, potency, and safety are dictated by conjugate chemistry, siRNA duplex structure, and chemical modification pattern. Here, we systematically evaluate these parameters and demonstrate that increasing 2'-O-methyl modifications and 5' chemical stabilization and using sequence-specific duplex asymmetry and a phosphocholine-docosanoic acid conjugate enhance placental accumulation, silencing efficiency and safety of sFLT1-targeting siRNAs. The optimization strategy here provides a framework for the chemical optimization of siRNAs for PE as well as other targets and clinical indications.
Collapse
|
27
|
Paul A, Muralidharan A, Biswas A, Venkatesh Kamath B, Joseph A, Alex AT. siRNA Therapeutics and its Challenges: Recent Advances in Effective Delivery for Cancer Therapy. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
28
|
Uehara K, Harumoto T, Makino A, Koda Y, Iwano J, Suzuki Y, Tanigawa M, Iwai H, Asano K, Kurihara K, Hamaguchi A, Kodaira H, Atsumi T, Yamada Y, Tomizuka K. Targeted delivery to macrophages and dendritic cells by chemically modified mannose ligand-conjugated siRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:4840-4859. [PMID: 35524566 PMCID: PMC9122583 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrahepatic delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) may have applications in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. However, reports on such approaches are limited, and the scarcity of reports concerning the systemically targeted delivery of siRNAs with effective gene silencing activity presents a challenge. We herein report for the first time the targeted delivery of CD206-targetable chemically modified mannose–siRNA (CMM–siRNA) conjugates to macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). CMM–siRNA exhibited a strong binding ability to CD206 and selectively delivered contents to CD206-expressing macrophages and DCs. Furthermore, the conjugates demonstrated strong gene silencing ability with long-lasting effects and protein downregulation in CD206-expressing cells in vivo. These findings could broaden the use of siRNA technology, provide additional therapeutic opportunities, and establish a basis for further innovative approaches for the targeted delivery of siRNAs to not only macrophages and DCs but also other cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Uehara
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Harumoto
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Asana Makino
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yasuo Koda
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Junko Iwano
- Translational Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Mari Tanigawa
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroto Iwai
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kana Asano
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kana Kurihara
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Akinori Hamaguchi
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kodaira
- Translational Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Atsumi
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yoji Yamada
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
A novel aptamer-based small RNA delivery platform and its application to cancer therapy. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
30
|
Cao W, Li R, Pei X, Chai M, Sun L, Huang Y, Wang J, Barth S, Yu F, He H. Antibody-siRNA conjugates (ARC): Emerging siRNA drug formulation. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
31
|
Van Hoeck J, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Non-viral siRNA delivery to T cells: Challenges and opportunities in cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
32
|
Mondal T, Shivange G, Habieb A, Tushir-Singh J. A Feasible Alternative Strategy Targeting Furin Disrupts SARS-CoV-2 Infection Cycle. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0236421. [PMID: 35138160 PMCID: PMC8826744 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02364-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 causing coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) remains a public health threat worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 enters human lung cells via its spike glycoprotein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Notably, the cleavage of the spike by the host cell protease furin in virus-producing cells is critical for subsequent spike-driven entry into lung cells. Thus, effective targeted therapies blocking the spike cleavage and activation in viral producing cells may provide an alternate strategy to break the viral transmission cycle and to overcome disease pathology. Here we engineered and described an antibody-based targeted strategy, which directly competes with the furin mediated proteolytic activation of the spike in virus-producing cells. The described approach involves engineering competitive furin substrate residues in the IgG1 Fc-extended flexible linker domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike targeting antibodies. Considering the site of spike furin cleavage and SARS-CoV-2 egress remains uncertain, the experimental strategy pursued here revealed novel mechanistic insights into proteolytic processing of the spike protein, which suggest that processing does not occur in the constitutive secretory pathway. Furthermore, our results show blockade of furin-mediated cleavage of the spike protein for membrane fusion activation and virus host-cell entry function. These findings provide an alternate insight of targeting applicability to SARS-CoV-2 and the future coronaviridae family members, exploiting the host protease system to gain cellular entry and subsequent chain of infections. IMPORTANCE Since its emergence in December 2019, COVID-19 has remained a global economic and health threat. Although RNA and DNA vector-based vaccines induced antibody response and immunological memory have proven highly effective against hospitalization and mortality, their long-term efficacy remains unknown against continuously evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. As host cell-enriched furin-mediated cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is critical for viral entry and chain of the infection cycle, the solution described here of an antibody Fc-conjugated furin competing peptide is significant. In a scenario where spike mutational drifts do not interfere with the Fc-conjugated antibody's epitope, the proposed furin competing strategy confers a broad-spectrum targeting design to impede the production of efficiently transmissible SARS-CoV-2 viral particles. In addition, the proposed approach is plug-and-play against other potentially deadly viruses that exploit secretory pathway independent host protease machinery to gain cellular entry and subsequent transmissions to host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gururaj Shivange
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alaa Habieb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jogender Tushir-Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Harumoto T, Iwai H, Tanigawa M, Kubo T, Atsumi T, Tsutsumi K, Takashima M, Destito G, Soloff R, Tomizuka K, Nycholat C, Paulson J, Uehara K. Enhancement of Gene Knockdown on CD22-Expressing Cells by Chemically Modified Glycan Ligand-siRNA Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:292-298. [PMID: 35020348 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extrahepatic targeted delivery of oligonucleotides, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), is an attractive technology for the development of nucleic acid-based medicines. To target CD22-expressing B cells, several drug platforms have shown promise, including antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and nanoparticles, but to date CD22-targeted delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutics has not been reported. Here we report the uptake and enhancement of siRNA gene expression knockdown in CD22-expressing B cells using a chemically stabilized and modified CD22 glycan ligand-conjugated siRNA. This finding has the potential to broaden the use of siRNA technology, opening up novel therapeutic opportunities, and presents an innovative approach for targeted delivery of siRNAs to B cell lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Harumoto
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroto Iwai
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Mari Tanigawa
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kubo
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Atsumi
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsutsumi
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Michio Takashima
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Destito
- Kyowa Kirin Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rachel Soloff
- Kyowa Kirin Inc., 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Corwin Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keiji Uehara
- Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Financial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jin S, Sun Y, Liang X, Gu X, Ning J, Xu Y, Chen S, Pan L. Emerging new therapeutic antibody derivatives for cancer treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:39. [PMID: 35132063 PMCID: PMC8821599 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies constitute a promising class of targeted anticancer agents that enhance natural immune system functions to suppress cancer cell activity and eliminate cancer cells. The successful application of IgG monoclonal antibodies has inspired the development of various types of therapeutic antibodies, such as antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies, and antibody derivatives (e.g., antibody–drug conjugates and immunocytokines). The miniaturization and multifunctionalization of antibodies are flexible and viable strategies for diagnosing or treating malignant tumors in a complex tumor environment. In this review, we summarize antibodies of various molecular types, antibody applications in cancer therapy, and details of clinical study advances. We also discuss the rationale and mechanism of action of various antibody formats, including antibody–drug conjugates, antibody–oligonucleotide conjugates, bispecific/multispecific antibodies, immunocytokines, antibody fragments, and scaffold proteins. With advances in modern biotechnology, well-designed novel antibodies are finally paving the way for successful treatments of various cancers, including precise tumor immunotherapy, in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Jin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Ning
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Precision Medicine on Tumor Therapeutics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liqiang Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Van de Vyver T, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Modulating intracellular pathways to improve non-viral delivery of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114041. [PMID: 34763002 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics (e.g. siRNA, oligonucleotides, mRNA, etc.) show great potential for the treatment of a myriad of diseases. However, to reach their site of action in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells, multiple intra- and extracellular barriers have to be surmounted. Several non-viral delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and conjugates, have been successfully developed to meet this requirement. Unfortunately, despite these clear advances, state-of-the-art delivery agents still suffer from relatively low intracellular delivery efficiencies. Notably, our current understanding of the intracellular delivery process is largely oversimplified. Gaining mechanistic insight into how RNA formulations are processed by cells will fuel rational design of the next generation of delivery carriers. In addition, identifying which intracellular pathways contribute to productive RNA delivery could provide opportunities to boost the delivery performance of existing nanoformulations. In this review, we discuss both established as well as emerging techniques that can be used to assess the impact of different intracellular barriers on RNA transfection performance. Next, we highlight how several modulators, including small molecules but also genetic perturbation technologies, can boost RNA delivery by intervening at differing stages of the intracellular delivery process, such as cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, endosomal escape, autophagy and exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Van de Vyver
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yuan P, Yang F, Liew SS, Yan J, Dong X, Wang J, Du S, Mao X, Gao L, Yao SQ. Intracellular Co-delivery of native antibody and siRNA for combination therapy by using biodegradable silica nanocapsules. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
37
|
Bidar N, Darroudi M, Ebrahimzadeh A, Safdari M, de la Guardia M, Baradaran B, Goodarzi V, Oroojalian F, Mokhtarzadeh A. Simultaneous nanocarrier-mediated delivery of siRNAs and chemotherapeutic agents in cancer therapy and diagnosis: Recent advances. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174639. [PMID: 34919890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, investigations have revealed that RNA interference (RNAi) has a remarkable potential to decrease cancer burden by downregulating genes. Among various RNAi molecules, small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been more attractive for this goal and is able to silence a target pathological path and promote the degradation of a certain mRNA, resulting in either gain or loss of function of proteins. Moreover, therapeutic siRNAs have exhibited low side effects compared to other therapeutic molecular candidates. Nevertheless, siRNA delivery has its own limitations including quick degradation in circulation, ineffective internalization and low passive uptake by cells, possible toxicity against off-target sites, and inducing unfavorable immune responses. Therefore, delivery tools must be able to specifically direct siRNAs to their target locations without inflicting detrimental effects on other sites. To conquer the mentioned problems, nanocarrier-mediated delivery of siRNAs, using inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), polymers, and lipids, has been developed as a biocompatible delivery approach. In this review, we have discussed recent advances in the siRNA delivery methods that employ nanoparticles, lipids, and polymers, as well as the inorganic-based co-delivery systems used to deliver siRNAs and anticancer agents to target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Bidar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ailin Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Safdari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang X, Xiao X, Feng Y, Li J, Zhang Y. A photoresponsive antibody–siRNA conjugate for activatable immunogene therapy of cancer. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5345-5352. [PMID: 35655569 PMCID: PMC9093185 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeted delivery of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for cancer therapy still remains a challenging task. While antibody–siRNA conjugates (ARCs) provide an alternative way to address this challenge, the uncontrollable siRNA release potentially leads to undesirable off-tumor side effects, limiting their in vivo therapeutic efficacy. Here, we report a photoresponsive ARC (PARC) for tumor-specific and photoinducible siRNA delivery as well as photoactivable immunogene therapy. PARC is composed of an anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody (αPD-L1) conjugated with a siRNA against intracellular PD-L1 mRNA through a photocleavable linker. After targeting cancer cells through the interaction between αPD-L1 and membrane PD-L1, PARC is internalized and it liberates siPD-L1 upon light irradiation to break the photocleavable linker. The released siPD-L1 then escapes from the lysosome into the cytoplasm to degrade intracellular PD-L1 mRNA, which combines the blockade of membrane PD-L1 by αPD-L1 to boost immune cell activity. Owing to these features, PARC causes effective cancer suppression both in vitro and in vivo. This study thus provides a useful conditional delivery platform for siRNAs and a novel means for activatable cancer immunogene therapy. A photoresponsive antibody–siRNA conjugate (PARC) enables tumor-targeted siRNA delivery and photoactivatable gene silencing for cancer immunotherapy.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Introduction and History of the Chemistry of Nucleic Acids Therapeutics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2434:3-31. [PMID: 35213007 PMCID: PMC7612508 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2010-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This introduction charts the history of the development of the major chemical modifications that have influenced the development of nucleic acids therapeutics focusing in particular on antisense oligonucleotide analogues carrying modifications in the backbone and sugar. Brief mention is made of siRNA development and other applications that have by and large utilized the same modifications. We also point out the pitfalls of the use of nucleic acids as drugs, such as their unwanted interactions with pattern recognition receptors, which can be mitigated by chemical modification or used as immunotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bakowski K, Vogel S. Evolution of complexity in non-viral oligonucleotide delivery systems: from gymnotic delivery through bioconjugates to biomimetic nanoparticles. RNA Biol 2022; 19:1256-1275. [PMID: 36411594 PMCID: PMC9683052 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2147278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From the early days of research on RNA biology and biochemistry, there was an interest to utilize this knowledge and RNA itself for therapeutic applications. Today, we have a series of oligonucleotide therapeutics on the market and many more in clinical trials. These drugs - exploit different chemistries of oligonucleotides, such as modified DNAs and RNAs, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) or phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), and different mechanisms of action, such as RNA interference (RNAi), targeted RNA degradation, splicing modulation, gene expression and modification. Despite major successes e.g. mRNA vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2 to control COVID-19 pandemic, development of therapies for other diseases is still limited by inefficient delivery of oligonucleotides to specific tissues and organs and often prohibitive costs for the final drug. This is even more critical when targeting multifactorial disorders and patient-specific biological variations. In this review, we will present the evolution of complexity of oligonucleotide delivery methods with focus on increasing complexity of formulations from gymnotic delivery to bioconjugates and to lipid nanoparticles in respect to developments that will enable application of therapeutic oligonucleotides as drugs in personalized therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Bakowski
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan Vogel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,CONTACT Stefan Vogel Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Konč J, Brown L, Whiten DR, Zuo Y, Ravn P, Klenerman D, Bernardes GJL. A Platform for Site‐Specific DNA‐Antibody Bioconjugation by Using Benzoylacrylic‐Labelled Oligonucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Konč
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Libby Brown
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Daniel R. Whiten
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Yukun Zuo
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Peter Ravn
- AstraZeneca R&D BioPharmaceuticals Unit
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering (ADPE) Milstein Building, Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH UK
- Current address: Department of Biotherapeutic Discovery H. Lundbeck A/S Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby Denmark
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0XY UK
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hasan MM, Laws M, Jin P, Rahman KM. Factors influencing the choice of monoclonal antibodies for antibody-drug conjugates. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:354-361. [PMID: 34597756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) act as carriers for a cytotoxic payload providing the therapy with targeted action against cells expressing a target cell surface antigen. An appropriate choice of mAb is crucial to developing a successful ADC for clinical development. However, problems such as immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles and variable drug-antibody ratios (DARs) plague ADCs. In this review, we detail recent mAb-based innovations and factors that should be considered to overcome these problems to achieve a new generation of more effective ADC therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Hasan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peiqin Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Konč J, Brown L, Whiten DR, Zuo Y, Ravn P, Klenerman D, Bernardes GJL. A Platform for Site-Specific DNA-Antibody Bioconjugation by Using Benzoylacrylic-Labelled Oligonucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25905-25913. [PMID: 34555238 PMCID: PMC9297960 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many bioconjugation strategies for DNA oligonucleotides and antibodies suffer limitations, such as site-specificity, stoichiometry and hydrolytic instability of the conjugates, which makes them unsuitable for biological applications. Here, we report a new platform for the preparation of DNA-antibody bioconjugates with a simple benzoylacrylic acid pentafluorophenyl ester reagent. Benzoylacrylic-labelled oligonucleotides prepared with this reagent can be site-specifically conjugated to a range of proteins and antibodies through accessible cysteine residues. The homogeneity of the prepared DNA-antibody bioconjugates was confirmed by a new LC-MS protocol and the bioconjugate probes were used in fluorescence or super-resolution microscopy cell imaging experiments. This work demonstrates the versatility and robustness of our bioconjugation protocol that gives site-specific, well-defined and plasma-stable DNA-antibody bioconjugates for biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Konč
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Libby Brown
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniel R Whiten
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yukun Zuo
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Peter Ravn
- AstraZeneca, R&D BioPharmaceuticals Unit
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering (ADPE), Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Current address: Department of Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sreedurgalakshmi K, Srikar R, Harikrishnan K, Srinivasan L, Rajkumari R. Cetuximab-siRNA Conjugate Linked Through Cationized Gelatin Knocks Down KRAS G12C Mutation in NSCLC Sensitizing the Cells Toward Gefitinib. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211041453. [PMID: 34542333 PMCID: PMC8461128 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211041453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has been of great interest in the past decade for effective gene silencing. To overcome synthetic and regulatory challenges posed by nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery, antibody–siRNA conjugate (ARC) platform is emerging as a potential siRNA delivery system suitable for clinical translation. Herein, we have developed a delivery technology based on the ARC platform for stable delivery of siRNA called as Gelatin-Antibody Delivery System (GADS). In GADS, positively charged gelatin acts as a linker between antibody–siRNA and enables the endosomal escape of siRNA for gene silencing postcellular internalization. For proof of concept, we synthesized a scalable GADS conjugate comprising of Cetuximab (CTB), cationized gelatin (cGel) and NSCLC KRASG12C-specific siRNA. CTB was chemically conjugated to cGel through an amide link to form the CTB–cGel complex. Thereafter, siRNA was chemically conjugated to the cGel moiety of the complex through the thioether link to form CTB–cGel–siRNA conjugate. RP-HPLC analysis was used to monitor the reaction while gel retardation assay was used to determine siRNA loading capacity. SPR analysis showed the preservation of ligand binding affinity of antibody conjugates with KD of ∼0.3 nM. Furthermore, cellular internalization study using florescent microscopy revealed receptor-mediated endocytosis. The conjugate targeted EGFR receptor of KRAS mutant NSCLC to specifically knockdown G12C mutation. The oncogene knockdown sensitized the cells toward small molecule inhibitor—Gefitinib causing ∼70% loss in cell viability. Western blot analysis revealed significant downregulation for various RAS downstream proteins postoncogene knockdown. Comparison of the efficiency of GADS vis-à-vis positive siRNA control and CRISPR–Cas9-based knockout of KRAS Exon 2 in the NCI-H23 NSCLC cell line suggests GADS as a potential technology for clinical translation of gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sreedurgalakshmi
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Srikar
- R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- R. Srikar, Division of Biosimilars and Gene Therapy, R&D,
Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Reena Rajkumari, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu AM, Tu MJ. Deliver the promise: RNAs as a new class of molecular entities for therapy and vaccination. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107967. [PMID: 34403681 PMCID: PMC9477512 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of developing RNAs as new molecular entities for therapies have arisen again and again since the discoveries of antisense RNAs, direct RNA-protein interactions, functional noncoding RNAs, and RNA-directed gene editing. The feasibility was demonstrated with the development and utilization of synthetic RNA agents to selectively control target gene expression, modulate protein functions or alter the genome to manage diseases. Rather, RNAs are labile to degradation and cannot cross cell membrane barriers, making it hard to develop RNA medications. With the development of viable RNA technologies, such as chemistry and pharmaceutics, eight antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) (fomivirsen, mipomersen, eteplirsen, nusinersen, inotersen, golodirsen, viltolarsen and casimersen), one aptamer (pegaptanib), and three small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (patisiran, givosiran and lumasiran) have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for therapies, and two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) under Emergency Use Authorization for the prevention of COVID-19. Therefore, RNAs have become a great addition to small molecules, proteins/antibodies, and cell-based modalities to improve the public health. In this article, we first summarize the general characteristics of therapeutic RNA agents, including chemistry, common delivery strategies, mechanisms of actions, and safety. By overviewing individual RNA medications and vaccines approved by the FDA and some agents under development, we illustrate the unique compositions and pharmacological actions of RNA products. A new era of RNA research and development will likely lead to commercialization of more RNA agents for medical use, expanding the range of therapeutic targets and increasing the diversity of molecular modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Winkle M, El-Daly SM, Fabbri M, Calin GA. Noncoding RNA therapeutics - challenges and potential solutions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:629-651. [PMID: 34145432 PMCID: PMC8212082 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 244.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represents an attractive approach for the treatment of cancers, as well as many other diseases. Over the past decade, substantial effort has been made towards the clinical application of RNA-based therapeutics, employing mostly antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs, with several gaining FDA approval. However, trial results have so far been ambivalent, with some studies reporting potent effects whereas others demonstrated limited efficacy or toxicity. Alternative entities such as antimiRNAs are undergoing clinical testing, and lncRNA-based therapeutics are gaining interest. In this Perspective, we discuss key challenges facing ncRNA therapeutics - including issues associated with specificity, delivery and tolerability - and focus on promising emerging approaches that aim to boost their success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Winkle
- Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sherien M El-Daly
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research Division - Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences - National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA.
- The RNA Interference and Non-codingRNA Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang C, Ma D, Lu L, Yang X, Xi Z. Synthesis of KUE-siRNA Conjugates for Prostate Cancer Cell-Targeted Gene Silencing. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2888-2895. [PMID: 34263529 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of siRNAs to selectively target cells poses a great challenge in RNAi-based cancer therapy. The lack of suitable cell-targeting methods seriously restricts the advance in delivering siRNAs to extrahepatic tissues. Based on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ligands, we have synthesized a series of lysine-urea-glutamate (KUE)-siRNA conjugates and verified their effective cell uptake and gene silencing properties in prostate cancers. The results indicated that the KUE-siRNA conjugates could selectively enter PSMA+ LNCaP cells, eventually down-regulating STAT3 expression. Based on post-synthesis modification and receptor-mediated endocytosis, this strategy of constructing ligand-siRNA conjugates might provide a general method of siRNA delivery for cell-targeted gene silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dejun Ma
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Liqing Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu B, Wang B, Zhang X, Lock R, Nash T, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Cell type-specific microRNA therapies for myocardial infarction. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/580/eabd0914. [PMID: 33568517 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current interventions fail to recover injured myocardium after infarction and prompt the need for development of cardioprotective strategies. Of increasing interest is the therapeutic use of microRNAs to control gene expression through specific targeting of mRNAs. In this Review, we discuss current microRNA-based therapeutic strategies, describing the outcomes and limitations of key microRNAs with a focus on target cell types and molecular pathways. Last, we offer a perspective on the outlook of microRNA therapies for myocardial infarction, highlighting the outstanding challenges and emerging strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bryan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaokan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Roberta Lock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Trevor Nash
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hattab D, Gazzali AM, Bakhtiar A. Clinical Advances of siRNA-Based Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1009. [PMID: 34371702 PMCID: PMC8309123 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is associated with single or multiple gene defects. Recently, much research has focused on incorporating genetic materials as one of the means to treat various types of carcinomas. RNA interference (RNAi) conveys an alternative genetic approach for cancer patients, especially when conventional medications fail. RNAi involves the inhibition of expression of specific messenger RNA that signals for uncontrollable cell growth and proliferation, most notably with carcinoma cells. This molecular technology is promising as genetic materials allow us to overcome issues associated with chemotherapeutic agents including organ damage associated with severe drug toxicities. Nonetheless, vast challenges impede successful gene therapy application, including low tumor localization, low stability and rapid clearance from the blood circulation. Owing to the limited treatment opportunities for the management of cancer, the development of effective siRNA carrier systems involving nanotherapeutics has been extensively explored. Over the past years, several siRNA nanotherapeutics have undergone a period of clinical investigation, with some demonstrating promising antitumor activities and safety profiles. Extensive observation of siRNA-nanoparticles is necessary to ensure commercial success. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on the progress of siRNAs-loaded nanoparticles that have undergone clinical trials for cancer treatment. The status of the siRNA nanotherapeutics is discussed, allowing comprehensive understanding of their gene-mediated therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dima Hattab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Athirah Bakhtiar
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Barkau CL, O'Reilly D, Eddington SB, Damha MJ, Gagnon KT. Small nucleic acids and the path to the clinic for anti-CRISPR. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 189:114492. [PMID: 33647260 PMCID: PMC8725204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-based therapeutics have entered clinical trials but no methods to inhibit Cas enzymes have been demonstrated in a clinical setting. The ability to inhibit CRISPR-based gene editing or gene targeting drugs should be considered a critical step in establishing safety standards for many CRISPR-Cas therapeutics. Inhibitors can act as a failsafe or as an adjuvant to reduce off-target effects in patients. In this review we discuss the need for clinical inhibition of CRISPR-Cas systems and three existing inhibitor technologies: anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins, small molecule Cas inhibitors, and small nucleic acid-based CRISPR inhibitors, CRISPR SNuBs. Due to their unique properties and the recent successes of other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, CRISPR SNuBs appear poised for clinical application in the near-term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Barkau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Daniel O'Reilly
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Seth B Eddington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Keith T Gagnon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|