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Islam MS, Gopalan V, Lam AK, Shiddiky MJA. Current advances in detecting genetic and epigenetic biomarkers of colorectal cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115611. [PMID: 37619478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer in terms of diagnosis and the second in terms of mortality. Recent studies have shown that various proteins, extracellular vesicles (i.e., exosomes), specific genetic variants, gene transcripts, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and altered epigenetic patterns, can be used to detect, and assess the prognosis of CRC. Over the last decade, a plethora of conventional methodologies (e.g., polymerase chain reaction [PCR], direct sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], microarray, in situ hybridization) as well as advanced analytical methodologies (e.g., microfluidics, electrochemical biosensors, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [SERS]) have been developed for analyzing genetic and epigenetic biomarkers using both optical and non-optical tools. Despite these methodologies, no gold standard detection method has yet been implemented that can analyze CRC with high specificity and sensitivity in an inexpensive, simple, and time-efficient manner. Moreover, until now, no study has critically reviewed the advantages and limitations of these methodologies. Here, an overview of the most used genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for CRC and their detection methods are discussed. Furthermore, a summary of the major biological, technical, and clinical challenges and advantages/limitations of existing techniques is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sajedul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia.
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2
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Jeanjean SI, Renault V, Daunay A, Shen Y, Hardy LM, Deleuze JF, How-Kit A. LT-RPA: An Isothermal DNA Amplification Approach for Improved Microsatellite Genotyping and Microsatellite Instability Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2621:91-109. [PMID: 37041442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2950-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellites are short tandem repeats of one to six nucleotides that are highly polymorphic and extensively used as genetic markers in numerous biomedical applications, including the detection of microsatellite instability (MSI) in cancer. The standard analytical method for microsatellite analysis relies on PCR amplification followed by capillary electrophoresis or, more recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, their amplification during PCR generates undesirable frameshift products known as stutter peaks caused by polymerase slippage, complicating data analysis and interpretation, while very few alternative methods for microsatellite amplification have been developed to reduce the formation of these artifacts. In this context, the recently developed low-temperature recombinase polymerase amplification (LT-RPA) is an isothermal DNA amplification method at low temperature (32 °C) that drastically reduces and sometimes completely abolishes the formation of stutter peaks. LT-RPA greatly simplifies the genotyping of microsatellites and improves the detection of MSI in cancer. In this chapter, we describe in detail all the experimental steps necessary for the development of LT-RPA simplex and multiplex assays for microsatellite genotyping and MSI detection, including the design, optimization, and validation of the assays combined with capillary electrophoresis or NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I Jeanjean
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Victor Renault
- Laboratoire de Bio-informatique Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Daunay
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Yimin Shen
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Lise M Hardy
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Laboratory of Excellence GenMed, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Laboratory of Excellence GenMed, Paris, France
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA- Institut François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Alexandre How-Kit
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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Wang Z, Moffitt AB, Andrews P, Wigler M, Levy D. Accurate measurement of microsatellite length by disrupting its tandem repeat structure. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e116. [PMID: 36095132 PMCID: PMC9723644 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tandem repeats of simple sequence motifs, also known as microsatellites, are abundant in the genome. Because their repeat structure makes replication error-prone, variant microsatellite lengths are often generated during germline and other somatic expansions. As such, microsatellite length variations can serve as markers for cancer. However, accurate error-free measurement of microsatellite lengths is difficult with current methods precisely because of this high error rate during amplification. We have solved this problem by using partial mutagenesis to disrupt enough of the repeat structure of initial templates so that their sequence lengths replicate faithfully. In this work, we use bisulfite mutagenesis to convert a C to a U, later read as T. Compared to untreated templates, we achieve three orders of magnitude reduction in the error rate per round of replication. By requiring agreement from two independent first copies of an initial template, we reach error rates below one in a million. We apply this method to a thousand microsatellite loci from the human genome, revealing microsatellite length distributions not observable without mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Andrews
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Dan Levy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 516 367 5039; Fax: +1 516 367 8381;
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A New String Edit Distance and Applications. ALGORITHMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/a15070242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
String edit distances have been used for decades in applications ranging from spelling correction and web search suggestions to DNA analysis. Most string edit distances are variations of the Levenshtein distance and consider only single-character edits. In forensic applications polymorphic genetic markers such as short tandem repeats (STRs) are used. At these repetitive motifs the DNA copying errors consist of more than just single base differences. More often the phenomenon of “stutter” is observed, where the number of repeated units differs (by whole units) from the template. To adapt the Levenshtein distance to be suitable for forensic applications where DNA sequence similarity is of interest, a generalized string edit distance is defined that accommodates the addition or deletion of whole motifs in addition to single-nucleotide edits. A dynamic programming implementation is developed for computing this distance between sequences. The novelty of this algorithm is in handling the complex interactions that arise between multiple- and single-character edits. Forensic examples illustrate the purpose and use of the Restricted Forensic Levenshtein (RFL) distance measure, but applications extend to sequence alignment and string similarity in other biological areas, as well as dynamic programming algorithms more broadly.
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Assessment of Microsatellite Instability from Next-Generation Sequencing Data. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1361:75-100. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91836-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sensitive detection of microsatellite instability in tissues and liquid biopsies: Recent developments and updates. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4931-4940. [PMID: 34527197 PMCID: PMC8433064 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI), a phenotype displayed as deletions/insertions of repetitive genomic sequences, has drawn great attention due to its application in cancer including diagnosis, prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction. Several methods have been developed for the detection of MSI, facilitating the MSI classification of cancer patients. In view of recent interest in minimally-invasive detection of MSI via liquid biopsy samples, which requires methods with high sensitivity to identify small fractions of altered DNA in the presence of large amount of wild type copies, sensitive MSI detection approaches are emerging. Here we review the available MSI detection methods and their detection limits and focus on recently developed next-generation-sequencing based approaches and bioinformatics algorithms available for MSI analysis in various cancer types.
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Sychevskaya KA, Risinskaya NV, Kravchenko SK, Nikulina EE, Misyurina AE, Magomedova AU, Sudarikov AB. Pitfalls in mononucleotide microsatellite repeats instability assessing (MSI) in the patients with B-cell lymphomas. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 66:181-186. [PMID: 33793119 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-3-181-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of microsatellite instability (MSI) is a routine study in the diagnostics of solid malignancies. The standard for determining MSI is a pentaplex PCR panel of mononucleotide repeats: NR-21, NR-24, NR-27, BAT-25, BAT-26. The presence of MSI is established based on differences in the length of markers in the tumor tissue and in the control, but due to the quasimonomorphic nature of standard mononucleotide loci the use of a control sample is not necessary in the diagnosis of MSI-positive solid tumors. The significance of the MSI phenomenon in oncohematology has not been established. This paper presents the results of a study of MSI in B-cell lymphomas: follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL). We have shown that aberrations of mononucleotide markers occur in these diseases, but the nature of the changes does not correspond to the classical MSI in solid neoplasms. This fact requires further study of the pathogenesis of such genetic disorders. Due to the possibility of ambiguous interpretation of the results of the MSI study for previously uncharacterized diseases, strict compliance with the methodology of parallel analysis of the tumor tissue and the control sample is mandatory.
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Yu F, Leong KW, Makrigiorgos A, Adalsteinsson VA, Ladas I, Ng K, Mamon H, Makrigiorgos GM. NGS-based identification and tracing of microsatellite instability from minute amounts DNA using inter-Alu-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e24. [PMID: 33290560 PMCID: PMC7913684 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of microsatellite instability (MSI) in tissue or liquid biopsies using next generation sequencing (NGS) has growing prognostic and predictive applications in cancer. However, the complexities of NGS make it cumbersome as compared to established multiplex-PCR detection of MSI. We present a new approach to detect MSI using inter-Alu-PCR followed by targeted NGS, that combines the practical advantages of multiplexed-PCR with the breadth of information provided by NGS. Inter-Alu-PCR employs poly-adenine repeats of variable length present in every Alu element and provides a massively-parallel, rapid approach to capture poly-A-rich genomic fractions within short 80–150bp amplicons generated from adjacent Alu-sequences. A custom-made software analysis tool, MSI-tracer, enables Alu-associated MSI detection from tissue biopsies or MSI-tracing at low-levels in circulating-DNA. MSI-associated indels at somatic-indel frequencies of 0.05–1.5% can be detected depending on the availability of matching normal tissue and the extent of instability. Due to the high Alu copy-number in human genomes, a single inter-Alu-PCR retrieves enough information for identification of MSI-associated-indels from ∼100 pg circulating-DNA, reducing current limits by ∼2-orders of magnitude and equivalent to circulating-DNA obtained from finger-sticks. The combined practical and informational advantages of inter-Alu-PCR make it a powerful tool for identifying tissue-MSI-status or tracing MSI-associated-indels in liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ka Wai Leong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Makrigiorgos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ioannis Ladas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harvey Mamon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Mike Makrigiorgos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ciosi M, Cumming SA, Chatzi A, Larson E, Tottey W, Lomeikaite V, Hamilton G, Wheeler VC, Pinto RM, Kwak S, Morton AJ, Monckton DG. Approaches to Sequence the HTT CAG Repeat Expansion and Quantify Repeat Length Variation. J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 10:53-74. [PMID: 33579864 PMCID: PMC7990409 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of the HTT CAG repeat. Affected individuals inherit ≥36 repeats and longer alleles cause earlier onset, greater disease severity and faster disease progression. The HTT CAG repeat is genetically unstable in the soma in a process that preferentially generates somatic expansions, the proportion of which is associated with disease onset, severity and progression. Somatic mosaicism of the HTT CAG repeat has traditionally been assessed by semi-quantitative PCR-electrophoresis approaches that have limitations (e.g., no information about sequence variants). Genotyping-by-sequencing could allow for some of these limitations to be overcome. Objective: To investigate the utility of PCR sequencing to genotype large (>50 CAGs) HD alleles and to quantify the associated somatic mosaicism. Methods: We have applied MiSeq and PacBio sequencing to PCR products of the HTT CAG repeat in transgenic R6/2 mice carrying ∼55, ∼110, ∼255 and ∼470 CAGs. For each of these alleles, we compared the repeat length distributions generated for different tissues at two ages. Results: We were able to sequence the CAG repeat full length in all samples. However, the repeat length distributions for samples with ∼470 CAGs were biased towards shorter repeat lengths. Conclusion: PCR sequencing can be used to sequence all the HD alleles considered, but this approach cannot be used to estimate modal allele size or quantify somatic expansions for alleles ⪢250 CAGs. We review the limitations of PCR sequencing and alternative approaches that may allow the quantification of somatic contractions and very large somatic expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ciosi
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah A Cumming
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Afroditi Chatzi
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eloise Larson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William Tottey
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vilija Lomeikaite
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graham Hamilton
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa C Wheeler
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo Mouro Pinto
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Kwak
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Darren G Monckton
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Wang X, Xu LL, Zuo XY, Lin JW, Jin Z, Shen R, Du D, Tang YZ. Rapid detection of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) gene by recombinase polymerase amplification. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104678. [PMID: 33321225 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) is a series of enzyme conferring resistance to β-lactam antibiotics including the carbapenems. The blaNDM gene has been reported in a variety of Gram-negative bacilli, especially in the Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter spp., which is deeply disconcerting for public health worldwide. In this study, recombinase polymerase amplification assays using a basic detection (Basic-RPA) and a real-time fluorescent detection (Exo-RPA) were established for detecting blaNDM gene. The RPA reactions were performed at 39 °C and finished within 20 min. Using different copy numbers of pMD18T-NDM plasmid DNA as templates, we identified the detection limit of Basic-RPA assay (1.85 × 103 copies/μL), conventional PCR assay (1.85 × 104 copies/μL), Exo-RPA assay (1.85 × 102 copies/μL) and real-time PCR assay (1.85 × 102 copies/μL). Both Basic-RPA and Exo-RPA assays were highly specific for detecting blaNDM, as there were no cross-reactions with the strains without blaNDM gene. Examination of 62 clinical samples by RPA assays and PCR assays showed the same results, suggesting that RPA assays are reliable in clinical diagnosis. The amplification time of RPA is much shorter than that of other molecular techniques, it is easy to implement and has the potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Zuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jia-Wen Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Stomatology, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Shen
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Stomatology, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Du
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Stomatology, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Diao Z, Han Y, Chen Y, Zhang R, Li J. The clinical utility of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103171. [PMID: 33290824 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) became the spotlight after the US FDA' s approval of MSI as an indication of immunotherapy for cancer patients. Immunohistochemical detection of loss of MMR proteins and PCR amplification of specific microsatellite repeats are widely used in clinical practice. Next-generation sequencing is a promising tool for identifying MSI patients. Circulating tumour DNA provides a convenient alternative when tumour tissue is unavailable. MSI detection is an effective tool to screen for Lynch syndrome. Early-stage CRC patients with MSI generally have a better prognosis and a reduced response to chemotherapy; instead, they are more likely to respond to immunotherapy. In this review, we aimed to assess the clinical utility of MSI as a biomarker in CRC. We will provide an overview of the available methods for evaluation of the analytical validity of MSI detection and elaborate the evidence on the clinical validity of MSI in the management of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Diao
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanxi Han
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
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