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Deng JW, Li CY, Huang YP, Liu WF, Zhang Q, Long J, Wu WQ, Huang LH, Zeng GH, Sun XY. Mechanism of Porphyra Yezoensis Polysaccharides in Inhibiting Hyperoxalate-Induced Renal Injury and Crystal Deposition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6372-6388. [PMID: 38471112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to the kidneys is a primary factor in the occurrence of kidney stones. This study explores the inhibitory effect of Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharides (PYP) on oxalate-induced renal injury by detecting levels of oxidative damage, expression of adhesion molecules, and damage to intracellular organelles and revealed the molecular mechanism by molecular biology methods. Additionally, we validated the role of PYP in vivo using a crystallization model of hyperoxalate-induced rats. PYP effectively scavenged the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HK-2 cells, inhibited the adhesion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on the cell surface, unblocked the cell cycle, restored the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited cell death. PYP upregulated the expression of antioxidant proteins, including Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, and CAT, while decreasing the expression of Keap-1, thereby activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. PYP inhibited CaOx deposition in renal tubules in the rat crystallization model, significantly reduced high oxalate-induced renal injury, decreased the levels of the cell surface adhesion proteins, improved renal function in rats, and ultimately inhibited the formation of kidney stones. Therefore, PYP, which has crystallization inhibition and antioxidant properties, may be a therapeutic option for the treatment of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wang Deng
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Chun-Yao Li
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Ya-Peng Huang
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Wei-Feng Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Jun Long
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Wen-Qi Wu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Ling-Hong Huang
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Guo-Hua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
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Yu Z, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Yan X, Wu C, Qing L, He Z, Chen Q, Huang M, Zhao J, Cao M. Urolithin B alleviates Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e13016. [PMID: 37623311 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections. Active eradication of H. pylori infection is rare due to the fact that most infected patients are asymptomatic and the use of large amounts of antibiotics in eradication therapy leads to severe side effects. Urolithin B (UB) is an additional major intestinal metabolite of ellagic acid (EA), which has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic biological activities. Preventing the incidence of H. pylori-related gastric disease and reducing the damage to the host by H. pylori is a current approach to control H. pylori infection. In this study, we explored the effect of UB on H. pylori infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of UB on inflammation and oxidative stress induced by H. pylori in vivo and in vitro were investigated by qPCR, ELISA, HE staining, IHC staining, etc. RESULTS: UB reduced the adhesion and colonization of H. pylori and improved H. pylori-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, UB had better anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects than clarithromycin (CLR) and metronidazole (MET). In addition to inhibiting the secretion of CagA, UB reduced tissue damage by H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS UB was effective in improving damage caused by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengmeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liting Qing
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongyu He
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Irradiation Preservation Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Huang
- Irradiation Preservation Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Cao
- Core Laboratory, School of Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Hong SY, Yang YY, Wang SG, Qin BL. Inhibition of AT1R/IP3/IP3R-mediated Ca 2+ release protects against calcium oxalate crystals-induced renal oxidative stress. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110636. [PMID: 37454925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are the most prevalent type of kidney stones. CaOx crystals can stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induce renal oxidative stress to promote stone formation. Intracellular Ca2+ is an important signaling molecule, and an elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels could trigger oxidative stress. Our previous study has revealed that upregulation of Ang II/AT1R promoted renal oxidative stress during CaOx exposure. IP3/IP3R/Ca2+ signaling pathway activated via Ang II/AT1R is involved in several diseases, but its role in stone formation has not been reported. Herein, we focus on the role of AT1R/IP3/IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release in CaOx crystals-induced oxidative stress and explore whether inhibition of this pathway could alleviate renal oxidative stress. NRK-52E cells were exposed to CaOx crystals pretreated with AT1R inhibitor losartan or IP3R inhibitor 2-APB, and glyoxylic acid monohydrate-induced CaOx stone-forming rats were treated with losartan or 2-APB. The intracellular Ca2+ levels, ROS levels, oxidative stress indexes, and the gene expression of this pathway were detected. Our results showed that CaOx crystals activated AT1R to promote IP3/IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release, leading to increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. The Ca2+ elevation was able to stimulate NOX2 and NOX4 to generate ROS, induce oxidative stress, and upregulate the expression of stone-related proteins. 2-APB and losartan reversed the referred effects, reduced CaOx crystals deposition and alleviated tissue injury in the rat kidneys. In summary, our results indicated that CaOx crystals promoted renal oxidative stress by activating the AT1R/IP3/IP3R/Ca2+ pathway. Inhibition of AT1R/IP3/IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release protected against CaOx crystals-induced renal oxidative stress. 2-APB and losartan might be promising preventive and therapeutic agents for the treatment of kidney stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Yuan Hong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shao-Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bao-Long Qin
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Hong SY, Qin BL. The Protective Role of Dietary Polyphenols in Urolithiasis: Insights into Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients 2023; 15:3753. [PMID: 37686790 PMCID: PMC10490426 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is a common urological disease with increasing prevalence and high recurrence rates around the world. Numerous studies have indicated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) were crucial pathogenic factors in stone formation. Dietary polyphenols are a large group of natural antioxidant compounds widely distributed in plant-based foods and beverages. Their diverse health benefits have attracted growing scientific attention in recent decades. Many literatures have reported the effectiveness of dietary polyphenols against stone formation. The antiurolithiatic mechanisms of polyphenols have been explained by their antioxidant potential to scavenge free radicals and ROS, modulate the expression and the activity of endogenous antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, regulate signaling pathways associated with OS, and maintain cell morphology and function. In this review, we first describe OS and its pathogenic effects in urolithiasis and summarize the classification and sources of dietary polyphenols. Then, we focus on the current evidence defining their antioxidant potential against stone formation and put forward challenges and future perspectives of dietary polyphenols. To conclude, dietary polyphenols offer potential applications in the treatment and prevention of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bao-Long Qin
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Khan SR, Canales BK. Proposal for pathogenesis-based treatment options to reduce calcium oxalate stone recurrence. Asian J Urol 2023; 10:246-257. [PMID: 37538166 PMCID: PMC10394280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Prevalence of kidney stone disease continues to increase globally with recurrence rates between 30% and 50% despite technological and scientific advances. Reduction in recurrence would improve patient outcomes and reduce cost and stone morbidities. Our objective was to review results of experimental studies performed to determine the efficacy of readily available compounds that can be used to prevent recurrence. Methods All relevant literature up to October 2020, listed in PubMed is reviewed. Results Clinical guidelines endorse the use of evidence-based medications, such as alkaline agents and thiazides, to reduce urinary mineral supersaturation and recurrence. However, there may be additional steps during stone pathogenesis where medications could moderate stone risk. Idiopathic calcium oxalate stones grow attached to Randall's plaques or plugs. Results of clinical and experimental studies suggest involvement of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the formation of both the plaques and plugs. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondria, and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome have all been implicated at specific steps during stone pathogenesis in animal models. Conclusion In addition to supersaturation-reducing therapies, the use of anti-oxidants, free radical scavengers, and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, NLRP3 inflammasome, and RAAS may prove beneficial for stone prevention. Compounds such as statins and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are already in use as therapeutics for hypertension and cardio-vascular disease and have previously shown to reduce calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. Although clinical evidence for their use in stone prevention in humans is limited, experimental data support they be considered along with standard evidence-based medications and clinical expertise when patients are being counselled for stone prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed R. Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Deng J, Yu B, Chang Z, Wu S, Li G, Chen W, Li S, Duan X, Wu W, Sun X, Zeng G, Liu H. Cerium oxide-based nanozyme suppresses kidney calcium oxalate crystal depositions via reversing hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress damage. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:516. [PMID: 36482378 PMCID: PMC9733203 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress damage to renal epithelial cells is the main pathological factor of calcium oxalate calculi formation. The development of medicine that could alleviate oxidative damage has become the key to the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis. Herein, porous nanorods CeO2 nanoparticles (CNPs) were selected from CeO2 with different morphologies as an antioxidant reagent to suppress kidney calcium oxalate crystal depositions with excellent oxidation resistance due to its larger specific surface area. The reversible transformation from Ce3+ to Ce4+ could catalyze the decomposition of excess free radicals and act as a biological antioxidant enzyme basing on its strong ability to scavenge free radicals. The protection capability of CNPS against oxalate-induced damage and the effect of CNPS on calcium oxalate crystallization were studied. CNPS could effectively reduce reactive oxygen species production, restore mitochondrial membrane potential polarity, recover cell cycle progression, reduce cell death, and inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate crystals on the cell surface in vitro. The results of high-throughput sequencing of mRNA showed that CNPs could protect renal epithelial cells from oxidative stress damage caused by high oxalate by suppressing the expression gene of cell surface adhesion proteins. In addition, CNPS can significantly reduce the pathological damage of renal tubules and inhibit the deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in rat kidneys while having no significant side effect on other organs and physiological indicators in vivo. Our results provide a new strategy for CNPS as a potential for clinical prevention of crystalline kidney injury and crystal deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwang Deng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bangxian Yu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglin Chang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sicheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujue Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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The role of reactive oxygen species derived from different NADPH oxidase isoforms and mitochondria in oxalate-induced oxidative stress and cell injury. Urolithiasis 2022; 50:149-158. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHyperoxaluria is a risk factor for urolithiasis and can cause renal epithelial cell injury secondary to oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cell damage originate from different sources and play different roles. Here, we explored the potential sources of ROS production and investigated the role of ROS from various sources in oxalate-induced oxidative stress and cell injury in normal rat kidney-52 epithelial (NRK-52E) cells. Oxalate-induced injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release experiments. 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and mitoSOX Red were used to determine the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, respectively. The expression level of Nox4, Nox2, and p22 protein was detected by Western blotting to observe the effect of oxalate on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase (Nox). Furthermore, a specific NADPH oxidase subtype inhibitor and targeted mitochondrial antioxidants were used to preliminarily identify the role of ROS from different sources in renal tubular epithelial cell injury induced by oxalate. We found that oxalate inhibited cell viability, induced LDH release, and prompted intracellular and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. Oxalate also decreased the protein expression level of Nox4 and increased the protein expression level of p22. Mitochondria were also a source of ROS production. In addition, Nox2 inhibitor or mtROS scavenging prevented oxalate-induced cell injury, reversed by an inhibitor of Nox4/1. We concluded that ROS from different sources might play different roles in oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury. We also identified new potential targets for preventing or alleviating oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury.
Graphic abstract
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Yang X, Yao S, An J, Jin H, Wang H, Tuo B. SLC26A6 and NADC‑1: Future direction of nephrolithiasis and calculus‑related hypertension research (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:745. [PMID: 34458928 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is the most common type of urinary system disease in developed countries, with high morbidity and recurrence rates. Nephrolithiasis is a serious health problem, which eventually leads to the loss of renal function and is closely related to hypertension. Modern medicine has adopted minimally invasive surgery for the management of kidney stones, but this does not resolve the root of the problem. Thus, nephrolithiasis remains a major public health issue, the causes of which remain largely unknown. Researchers have attempted to determine the causes and therapeutic targets of kidney stones and calculus‑related hypertension. Solute carrier family 26 member 6 (SLC26A6), a member of the well‑conserved solute carrier family 26, is highly expressed in the kidney and intestines, and it primarily mediates the transport of various anions, including OXa2‑, HCO3‑, Cl‑ and SO42‑, amongst others. Na+‑dependent dicarboxylate‑1 (NADC‑1) is the Na+‑carboxylate co‑transporter of the SLC13 gene family, which primarily mediates the co‑transport of Na+ and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, such as citrate and succinate, amongst others. Studies have shown that Ca2+ oxalate kidney stones are the most prevalent type of kidney stones. Hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia notably increase the risk of forming Ca2+ oxalate kidney stones, and the increase in succinate in the juxtaglomerular device can stimulate renin secretion and lead to hypertension. Whilst it is known that it is important to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of oxalate and citrate in the kidney, the synergistic molecular mechanisms underlying the transport of oxalate and citrate across kidney epithelial cells have undergone limited investigations. The present review examines the results from early reports studying oxalate transport and citrate transport in the kidney, describing the synergistic molecular mechanisms of SLC26A6 and NADC‑1 in the process of nephrolithiasis formation. A growing body of research has shown that nephrolithiasis is intricately associated with hypertension. Additionally, the recent investigations into the mediation of succinate via regulation of the synergistic molecular mechanism between the SLC26A6 and NADC‑1 transporters is summarized, revealing their functional role and their close association with the inositol triphosphate receptor‑binding protein to regulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Hai Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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Wang X, Bhutani G, Vaughan LE, Enders FT, Haskic Z, Milliner D, Lieske JC. Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 associated with calcium oxalate crystallization in patients with primary hyperoxaluria. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:133. [PMID: 32293313 PMCID: PMC7161151 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with primary hyperoxaluria (PH) often develop kidney stones and chronic kidney disease. Noninvasive urine markers reflective of active kidney injury could be useful to gauge the effectiveness of ongoing treatments. Methods A panel of biomarkers that reflect different nephron sites and potential mechanisms of injury (clusterin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), 8-isoprostane (8IP), monocyte-chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), and osteopontin (OPN)) were measured in 114 urine specimens from 30 PH patients over multiple visits. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess associations between biomarkers and 24 h urine excretions, calculated proximal tubular oxalate concentration (PTOx), and eGFR. Results Mean (±SD) age at first visit was 19.5 ± 16.6 years with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 68.4 ± 21.0 ml/min/1.73m2. After adjustment for age, sex, and eGFR, a higher urine MCP-1 concentration and MCP-1/creatinine ratio was positively associated with CaOx supersaturation (SS). Higher urine NGAL and NGAL/creatinine as well as OPN and OPN/creatinine were associated with higher eGFR. 8IP was negatively associated with PTOx and urinary Ox, but positively associated with CaOx SS. Conclusion In PH patients greater urine MCP-1 and 8IP excretion might reflect ongoing collecting tubule crystallization, while greater NGAL and OPN excretion may reflect preservation of kidney mass and function. CaOx crystals, rather than oxalate ion may mediate oxidative stress in hyperoxaluric conditions. Further studies are warranted to determine whether urine MCP-1 excretion predicts long term outcome or is altered in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Gauri Bhutani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lisa E Vaughan
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Felicity T Enders
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zejfa Haskic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Dawn Milliner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - John C Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Liang X, Lai Y, Wu W, Chen D, Zhong F, Huang J, Zeng T, Duan X, Huang Y, Zhang S, Li S, Wu W. LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA expression variation profile in the urine of calcium oxalate stone patients. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:57. [PMID: 31036010 PMCID: PMC6489260 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore long-non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles and their biological functions in the urine samples in calcium oxalate (CaOx) patients. Methods Five CaOx kidney stone patients were recruited in CaOx stone group and six healthy people were included as control group, whose midstream morning urine was collected before the patients were given any medicine on admission. After total RNA was extracted from urine, microarray of miRNA, mRNA and lncRNA were applied to explore their expression variation. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed to reveal the gene functions of the dysregulated lncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Quantitative real-time PCR were performed on HK-2 cells treated with sodium oxalate (NaOx) to further screen out the differentially expression profiles of these RNAs. Results A total of nine miRNAs, 883 mRNAs and 1002 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in urine of CaOx patients compared with normal population. GO analysis revealed that most of mRNAs from ceRNA network were enriched in terms of respiratory burst, regulation of mitophagy, and protein kinase regulator activity. KEGG pathway analysis of these genes related to ceRNA network highlight their critical role in pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. Five miRNAs (miR-6796-3p, miR-30d-5p, miR-3192–3p, miR-518b and miR-6776-3p), four mRNAs (NT5E, CDH4, CLEC14A, CCNL1) and six lncRNAs (lnc-TIGD1L2–3, lnc-KIN-1, lnc-FAM72B-4, lnc-EVI5L-1, lnc-SERPINI1–2, lnc-MB-6) from the HK-2 cells induced by NaOx were consistent with the expression changes of microarray results. Conclusion The differential expressed miRNAs, mRNAs and lncRNAs may be associated with numerous variations of the signaling pathways or regulation of metabolism and kinase activity, providing potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of urolithiasis and new basis for further research of urolithiasis mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0502-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfa Liang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchang Lai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhou Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangling Zhong
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yapeng Huang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Shike Zhang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujue Li
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China.
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Joshi S, Khan SR. Opportunities for future therapeutic interventions for hyperoxaluria: targeting oxidative stress. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:379-391. [PMID: 30905219 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1599359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxalate is a toxic byproduct of metabolism and is normally produced in quantities easily removed from the body. However, under specific circumstances oxalate production is increased resulting in deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in the kidneys as well as other organs causing inflammation and injury. Excessive buildup of crystal deposits in the kidneys causes eventual loss of renal function requiring renal transplantation. Areas covered: Cellular exposure to CaOx crystals induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the involvement of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), mitochondria, and NADPH oxidase. Inflammasomes are activated and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18 are produced. We reviewed results of experimental and clinical studies of crystal renal epithelial cell interactions with emphasis on cellular injury and ROS production. Expert opinion: Treatment should depend upon the level of hyperoxaluria and whether it is associated with CaOx crystal deposition. Persistent low grade or intermittent hyperoxaluria can be treated with antioxidants, free radical scavengers. Hyperoxaluria associated with CaOx crystal deposition will require administration of angiotensin II receptor blockers, and NADPH oxidase or NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. DASH-style diet will be beneficial in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Joshi
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Saeed R Khan
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Downregulated Expression of Solute Carrier Family 26 Member 6 in NRK-52E Cells Attenuates Oxalate-Induced Intracellular Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1724648. [PMID: 30405874 PMCID: PMC6199878 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1724648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier family 26 member 6 (Slc26a6), which is mainly expressed in the intestines and kidneys, is a multifunctional anion transporter that is crucial in the transport of oxalate anions. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of Slc26a6 expression on oxalate-induced cell oxidation and crystal formation. Lentivirus transfection was used to upregulate or downregulate Slc26a6 expression in NRK cells. Cell viability and apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Crystal adhesion and the cell ultrastructure were observed using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three groups of rats, normal control, lentivirus-vector, and lentivirus-small interfering RNA (lv-siRNA) groups, were used, and after lentivirus transfection, they were fed 1% ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.5% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) for 2 weeks. Dihydroethidium (DHE), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and von Kossa staining were performed, and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and osteopontin (OPN) expression were measured. In the vitro study, compared to the control group, downregulated Slc26a6 NRK cells showed alleviation of the cell viability decrease, cell apoptosis rate, ROS generation, and SOD activity decrease after oxalate treatment. Crystal adhesion and vesicles were significantly less after oxalate exposure than in the untreated controls. Rats infected with lentivirus-siRNA exhibited attenuated SOD generation, cell apoptosis, and crystal formation in the kidneys. Increased phosphorylation of NFκB and OPN was involved in the pathological process. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that reducing the expression of Slc26a6 in the kidney may be a potential strategy for preventing stone formation.
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Protective effect of pentoxifylline on oxidative renal cell injury associated with renal crystal formation in a hyperoxaluric rat model. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:415-424. [PMID: 29980797 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the renal tubular cell injury and stone formation in a hyperoxaluric rat model induced by ethylene glycol and its possible underlying mechanisms. The study was performed with 30 male Wistar rats and randomized into three groups of teen. The sham-control (group 1) received only drinking water orally. The EG/untreated (group 2) received drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 4 weeks orally. The EG/PTX treated (group 3) received drinking water containing 0.75% EG for 4 weeks orally and PTX. Urine and blood were collected to determine some parameters. The kidneys were also removed for histological examination. Serum and urinary parameters were significantly improved in the EG/PTX treated. In the EG/PTX-treated group, the MDA, TOS and MPO activity reduced and the TAS, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were increased markedly compared with the group 2. In urine of the group 2 rats, a large number of CaOx crystals were displayed and most tubules that contained crystals were dilated and showed degeneration, necrosis, and desquamation of the lining epithelium. Only few CaOx crystals were r in EG/PTX-treated animal's urine. Mild tissue damage was observed in PTX-treated rats. iNOS expression was significantly elevated in the group 2. In contrast, in the EG/PTX-treated group, eNOS expression in renal tubular epithelial cells was increased. Current study indicates that PTX may partially reduce renal tubular injury resulting from hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress.
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Jaturakan O, Buranakarl C, Dissayabutra T, Chaiyabutr N, Kijtawornrat A, Rungsipipat A. Changes of Klotho protein and Klotho mRNA expression in a hydroxy-L-proline induced hyperoxaluric rat model. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1861-1869. [PMID: 28943597 PMCID: PMC5709566 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Klotho protein is recognized as having a renoprotective effect and is used as a biomarker for kidney injury. We investigated the level of Klotho protein in hyperoxaluria-induced kidney injury and the effects of vitamin E (Vit E)
and vitamin C (Vit C) supplementation. Hyperoxaluria was induced by feeding 2% (w/v) Hydroxy-L-proline (HLP) in the drinking water for 21 days. Rats were divided into 5 groups; control (Group 1, n=7), HLP treated rats that
received nothing else (Group 2, n=7), Vit E (Group 3, n=6), Vit C (Group 4, n=6) and both Vit E and Vit C (Group 5, n=7). Vit E (200 mg/kg) was injected on days 1, 6, 11 and 16, while Vit C (500 mg/kg) was given intravenously on
days 1 and 11. The Klotho protein levels and oxidative status were measured. The expression level of kidney Klotho protein expression was significantly reduced by HLP-treatment, while the mRNA expression was higher
(P<0.05), the plasma and kidney malondialdehyde and kidney superoxide dismutase activities were increased, and the kidney reduced glutathione and urinary total antioxidant status were decreased
(P<0.05). All of these changes were ameliorated by administration of Vit E, Vit C or especially the co-administration of both. In conclusion, HLP-induced hyperoxaluria reduced the kidney Klotho protein level,
which could be restored by Vit E and/or Vit C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orapun Jaturakan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thasinas Dissayabutra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kijtawornrat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Joshi S, Wang W, Khan SR. Transcriptional study of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male rats: Inflammatory changes are mainly associated with crystal deposition. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185009. [PMID: 29091707 PMCID: PMC5665423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxaluria associated with renal deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals causes renal injury and inflammation leading to number of diseases including chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is however, not been possible to separate the renal consequences of hyperoxaluria from that of CaOx crystal deposition. We decided to utilize ethylene glycol (EG) model where hyperoxaluria and CaOx crystal deposition can be separated in time. To test our hypothesis, male rats were made hyperoxaluric by administering EG, rats were euthanized and kidneys were extracted on day 14, when occasional crystal is seen in the kidneys and day 28, when all animals have developed renal CaOx crystal deposits. Total RNA was extracted for microarray analysis and genome wide analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed to investigate differences between hyperoxaluria and crystal induced alterations in the kidneys. Immunohistochemical and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining was also done for macromolecules with significant role in stone formation. All EG fed rats became hyperoxaluric by day 7, showed a few crystal deposits on day 14, and had heavy crystal deposition by day 28. There were significant changes in the expression of genes encoding for NADPH Oxidases; macromolecular crystallization modulators; genes involved in inflammasome activation; and osteogenic marker genes. Results demonstrate major differences between hyperoxaluria and CaOx crystal induced changes in the kidneys. Injury and inflammation are mainly associated with crystal deposition indicating significant role played by crystal retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saeed R. Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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MitoTEMPO Prevents Oxalate Induced Injury in NRK-52E Cells via Inhibiting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Modulating Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7528090. [PMID: 28116040 PMCID: PMC5237742 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7528090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major risks for urolithiasis, hyperoxaluria can be caused by genetic defect or dietary intake. And high oxalate induced renal epithelial cells injury is related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we investigated whether MitoTEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, could protect against oxalate mediated injury in NRK-52E cells via inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating oxidative stress. MitoSOX Red was used to determine mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and quantification of ATP synthesis were measured to evaluate mitochondrial function. The protein expression of Nox4, Nox2, and p22 was also detected to explore the effect of oxalate and MitoTEMPO on NADPH oxidase. Our results revealed that pretreatment with MitoTEMPO significantly inhibited oxalate induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) release and decreased oxalate induced mtROS generation. Further, MitoTEMPO pretreatment restored disruption of Δψm and decreased ATP synthesis mediated by oxalate. In addition, MitoTEMPO altered the protein expression of Nox4 and p22 and decreased the protein expression of IL-6 and osteopontin (OPN) induced by oxalate. We concluded that MitoTEMPO may be a new candidate to protect against oxalate induced kidney injury as well as urolithiasis.
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Abstract
Kidney stones are mineral deposits in the renal calyces and pelvis that are found free or attached to the renal papillae. They contain crystalline and organic components and are formed when the urine becomes supersaturated with respect to a mineral. Calcium oxalate is the main constituent of most stones, many of which form on a foundation of calcium phosphate called Randall's plaques, which are present on the renal papillary surface. Stone formation is highly prevalent, with rates of up to 14.8% and increasing, and a recurrence rate of up to 50% within the first 5 years of the initial stone episode. Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome are considered risk factors for stone formation, which, in turn, can lead to hypertension, chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Management of symptomatic kidney stones has evolved from open surgical lithotomy to minimally invasive endourological treatments leading to a reduction in patient morbidity, improved stone-free rates and better quality of life. Prevention of recurrence requires behavioural and nutritional interventions, as well as pharmacological treatments that are specific for the type of stone. There is a great need for recurrence prevention that requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stone formation to facilitate the development of more-effective drugs.
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Sharma M, Kaur T, Singla SK. Role of mitochondria and NADPH oxidase derived reactive oxygen species in hyperoxaluria induced nephrolithiasis: therapeutic intervention with combinatorial therapy of N-acetyl cysteine and Apocynin. Mitochondrion 2016; 27:15-24. [PMID: 26779823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the main cellular sources of ROS, such as mitochondria and NADPH oxidase, are known to play an imperative role in the pathogenesis of hyperoxaluria-induced nephrolithiasis. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of a combinatorial therapy based on the attenuation of oxidative stress with antioxidant (N-acetyl cysteine), and NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), that might be required to effectively eliminate hyperoxaluric manifestations. Hyperoxaluria was induced in male Wistar rats by administering 0.4% ethylene glycol with 1% ammonium chloride in drinking water for 9 days. Hyperoxaluria accentuated renal oxidative stress in terms of increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a central deleterious event in renal stone crystallization, was evident by decreased activities of electron transport chain complex I, II and IV, augmented mitochondrial ROS, reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, which resulted in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening as indicated by increased mitochondrial swelling in hyperoxaluric rats. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase activity was significantly increased, with raised expression of NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, p38MAPK and MnSOD, in the renal tissue of hyperoxaluric rats compared to control. However, combinatorial therapy with N-acetyl cysteine (50mg/kg/day) and apocynin (200mg/kg/day), intraperitoneally, significantly improved renal functions in hyperoxaluric rats and considerably ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction. NAC with apocynin was also found to be effective in reducing the redundant activity of NADPH oxidase in renal tissue of hyperoxaluric rats. Hence, our investigation provides novel mechanistic insights that combinatorial approaches using targeted modulators of ROS offer therapeutic benefits in hyperoxaluria-induced nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Singla
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Huang HS, Ma MC. High Sodium-Induced Oxidative Stress and Poor Anticrystallization Defense Aggravate Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation in Rat Hyperoxaluric Kidneys. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134764. [PMID: 26241473 PMCID: PMC4524621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced sodium excretion is associated with intrarenal oxidative stress. The present study evaluated whether oxidative stress caused by high sodium (HS) may be involved in calcium oxalate crystal formation. Male rats were fed a sodium-depleted diet. Normal-sodium and HS diets were achieved by providing drinking water containing 0.3% and 3% NaCl, respectively. Rats were fed a sodium-depleted diet with 5% hydroxyl-L-proline (HP) for 7 and 42 days to induce hyperoxaluria and/or calcium oxalate deposition. Compared to normal sodium, HS slightly increased calcium excretion despite diuresis; however, the result did not reach statistical significance. HS did not affect the hyperoxaluria, hypocalciuria or supersaturation caused by HP; however, it increased calcium oxalate crystal deposition soon after 7 days of co-treatment. Massive calcium oxalate formation and calcium crystal excretion in HS+HP rats were seen after 42 days of treatment. HP-mediated hypocitraturia was further exacerbated by HS. Moreover, HS aggravated HP-induced renal injury and tubular damage via increased apoptosis and oxidative stress. Increased urinary malondialdehyde excretion, in situ superoxide production, NAD(P)H oxidase and xanthine oxidase expression and activity, and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression or activity in the HS+HP kidney indicated exaggerated oxidative stress. Interestingly, this redox imbalance was associated with reduced renal osteopontin and Tamm-Horsfall protein expression (via increased excretion) and sodium-dependent dicarboxylate cotransporter NaDC-1 upregulation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that a HS diet induces massive crystal formation in the hyperoxaluric kidney; this is not due to increased urinary calcium excretion but is related to oxidative injury and loss of anticrystallization defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Shiang Huang
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Ma
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Joshi S, Clapp WL, Wang W, Khan SR. Osteogenic changes in kidneys of hyperoxaluric rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2000-12. [PMID: 26122267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones develop attached to renal papillary sub-epithelial deposits of calcium phosphate (CaP), called Randall's plaque (RP). Pathogenesis of the plaques is not fully understood. We hypothesize that abnormal urinary environment in stone forming kidneys leads to epithelial cells losing their identity and becoming osteogenic. To test our hypothesis male rats were made hyperoxaluric by administration of hydroxy-l-proline (HLP). After 28days, rat kidneys were extracted. We performed genome wide analyses of differentially expressed genes and determined changes consistent with dedifferentiation of epithelial cells into osteogenic phenotype. Selected molecules were further analyzed using quantitative-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Genes for runt related transcription factors (RUNX1 and 2), zinc finger protein Osterix, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2 and 7), bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR2), collagen, osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin (OPN), matrix-gla-protein (MGP), osteoprotegrin (OPG), cadherins, fibronectin (FN) and vimentin (VIM) were upregulated while those for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cytokeratins 10 and 18 were downregulated. In conclusion, epithelial cells of hyperoxaluric kidneys acquire a number of osteoblastic features but without CaP deposition, perhaps a result of downregulation of ALP and upregulation of OPN and MGP. Plaque formation may additionally require localized increases in calcium and phosphate and decrease in mineralization inhibitory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William L Clapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Involvement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in calcium oxalate crystal induced activation of NADPH oxidase and renal cell injury. World J Urol 2015; 34:89-95. [PMID: 25981400 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during the interaction between oxalate/calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals and renal epithelial cells and are responsible for the various cellular responses through the activation of NADPH oxidase (Nox). Ox and COM also activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Aldosterone stimulates ROS production through activation of Nox with the involvement of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), Rac1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). We investigated RAAS pathways in vivo in an animal model of hyperoxaluria and in vitro by exposing renal epithelial cells to COM crystals. METHODS Hyperoxaluria was induced in male SD rats by administering ethylene glycol. One group of rats was additionally given spironolactone. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to genomic microarrays to obtain global transcriptome data. Normal rat kidney cell line (NRK-52E) was incubated with aldosterone(10(-7) M) and COM(67 μg/cm(2)) with or without spironolactone(10(-5) M), a selective inhibitor of SRC family of kinases; protein phosphatase 2(pp2) (10(-5) M) and Nox inhibitor; diphenylene iodonium (DPI) (10(-5) M). RESULTS Relative expression of genes encoding for AGT, angiotensin receptors 1b and 2, Renin 1, Cyp11b, HSD11B2, Nr3c2, NOx4 and Rac1 was upregulated in the kidneys of rats with hyperoxaluria. Treatment with spironolactone reversed the effect of hyperoxaluria. Both aldosterone and COM crystals activated Nox and Rac1 expression in NRK52E, while spironolactone inhibited Nox and Rac1 expression. Increased Rac1 expression was significantly attenuated by treatment with PP2 and spironolactone. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that hyperoxaluria-induced production of ROS, injury and inflammation are in part associated with the activation of Nox through renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.
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Saha S, Goswami G, Pandrangi A. Isolation and prevention of calcium oxalate-induced apoptotic death and oxidative stress in MDCK cells by diosgenin. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 224:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Joshi S, Wang W, Peck AB, Khan SR. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in association with calcium oxalate crystal induced reactive oxygen species in kidneys. J Urol 2014; 193:1684-91. [PMID: 25437532 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the association of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate crystal induced production of reactive oxygen species with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old male rats were given hydroxy-L-proline to induce hyperoxaluria. A group of rats on the hydroxy-L-proline diet also received apocynin, an antioxidant and nonspecific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. At 28 days the rats were sacrificed and the kidneys were extracted. Microarray analysis was done with the BeadArray™ Reader. Gene ontology and gene pathway analyses were done with the DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization of Integrated Discovery) enrichment analysis tool. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining were performed to confirm microarray results. RESULTS Analysis of 22,226 genes revealed that 20 and 24 pathways were highly significant in the cortex and medulla, respectively. In the cortex extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, focal adhesion and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were the most significant pathways. In the medulla complement and coagulation cascades, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and dilated cardiomyopathy were the major pathways. Genes encoding for PYCARD (ASC), TXNIP, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β and 18 were significantly up-regulated in hydroxy-L-proline fed rats but in the group that received apocynin these genes were down-regulated in the cortex and medulla. Results were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with SYBR® Green assay and immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a role for reactive oxygen species in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via TXNIP. This led to a robust inflammatory response in the kidneys of rats with hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ammon B Peck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.
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Khan SR, Canales BK. Unified theory on the pathogenesis of Randall's plaques and plugs. Urolithiasis 2014; 43 Suppl 1:109-23. [PMID: 25119506 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-014-0705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kidney stones develop attached to sub-epithelial plaques of calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals (termed Randall's plaque) and/or form as a result of occlusion of the openings of the Ducts of Bellini by stone-forming crystals (Randall's plugs). These plaques and plugs eventually extrude into the urinary space, acting as a nidus for crystal overgrowth and stone formation. To better understand these regulatory mechanisms and the pathophysiology of idiopathic calcium stone disease, this review provides in-depth descriptions of the morphology and potential origins of these plaques and plugs, summarizes existing animal models of renal papillary interstitial deposits, and describes factors that are believed to regulate plaque formation and calcium overgrowth. Based on evidence provided within this review and from the vascular calcification literature, we propose a "unified" theory of plaque formation-one similar to pathological biomineralization observed elsewhere in the body. Abnormal urinary conditions (hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, and hypocitraturia), renal stress or trauma, and perhaps even the normal aging process lead to transformation of renal epithelial cells into an osteoblastic phenotype. With this de-differentiation comes an increased production of bone-specific proteins (i.e., osteopontin), a reduction in crystallization inhibitors (such as fetuin and matrix Gla protein), and creation of matrix vesicles, which support nucleation of CaP crystals. These small deposits promote aggregation and calcification of surrounding collagen. Mineralization continues by calcification of membranous cellular degradation products and other fibers until the plaque reaches the papillary epithelium. Through the activity of matrix metalloproteinases or perhaps by brute physical force produced by the large sub-epithelial crystalline mass, the surface is breached and further stone growth occurs by organic matrix-associated nucleation of CaOx or by the transformation of the outer layer of CaP crystals into CaOx crystals. Should this theory hold true, developing an understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in progression of a small, basic interstitial plaque to that of an expanding, penetrating plaque could assist in the development of new therapies for stone prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA,
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Liang L, Li L, Tian J, Lee SO, Dang Q, Huang CK, Yeh S, Erturk E, Bushinsky D, Chang LS, He D, Chang C. Androgen receptor enhances kidney stone-CaOx crystal formation via modulation of oxalate biosynthesis & oxidative stress. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1291-303. [PMID: 24956378 PMCID: PMC4116591 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Males develop kidney stones far more frequently than females with a ratio of 2–3:1, suggesting that androgen receptor (AR) signaling might play a key role in the development of nephrolithiasis. Using the cre-loxP system to selectively knock out AR in glyoxylate-induced calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal mouse models, we found that the mice lacking hepatic AR had less oxalate biosynthesis, which might lead to lower CaOx crystal formation, and that the mice lacking kidney proximal or distal epithelial AR also had lower CaOx crystal formation. We found that AR could directly up-regulate hepatic glycolate oxidase and kidney epithelial NADPH oxidase subunit p22-PHOX at the transcriptional level. This up-regulation might then increase oxalate biosynthesis and oxidative stress that resulted in induction of kidney tubular injury. Targeting AR with the AR degradation enhancer ASC-J9 led to suppression of CaOx crystal formation via modulation of oxalate biosynthesis and oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Taken together, these results established the roles of AR in CaOx crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liang
- Sex Hormone Research Center (L.Liang, L.Li, Q.D., L.S.C., D.H.), Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; George H. Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research (L.Liang, L.Li, J.T., S.O.L., Q.D., C.-K.H., S.Y., E.E., D.B., C.C.), Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Sex Hormone Research Center (C.C.), China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Khan SR, Joshi S, Wang W, Peck AB. Regulation of macromolecular modulators of urinary stone formation by reactive oxygen species: transcriptional study in an animal model of hyperoxaluria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1285-95. [PMID: 24598804 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00057.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used an unbiased approach of gene expression profiling to determine differential gene expression of all the macromolecular modulators (MMs) considered to be involved in stone formation, in hyperoxaluric rats, with and without treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Male rats were fed rat chow or chow supplemented with 5% wt/wt hydroxy-l-proline (HLP) with or without apocynin-supplemented water. After 28 days, rats were euthanized and their kidneys explanted. Total RNA was isolated and microarray analysis was conducted using the Illumina bead array reader. Gene ontology analysis and the pathway analyses of the genes were done using Database for Annotation, Visualization of Integrated Discovery enrichment analysis tool. Quantitative RT-PCR of selected genes was carried out to verify the microarray results. Expression of selected gene products was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Administration of HLP led to crystal deposition. Genes encoding for fibronectin, CD 44, fetuin B, osteopontin, and matrix-gla protein were upregulated while those encoding for heavy chains of inter-alpha-inhibitor 1, 3, and 4, calgranulin B, prothrombin, and Tamm-Horsfall protein were downregulated. HLP-fed rats receiving apocynin had a significant reversal in gene expression profiles: those that were upregulated came down while those that were downregulated stepped up. Apocynin treatment resulted in near complete absence of crystals. Clearly, there are two types of MMs; one is downregulated while the other is upregulated during hyperoxaluria and crystal deposition. Apparently gene and protein expressions of known macromolecular modulators of CaOx crystallization are likely regulated by ROS produced in part through the activation of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Sunil Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ammon B Peck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Khan A, Byer K, Khan SR. Exposure of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to oxalate and calcium oxalate crystals activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase. Urology 2013; 83:510.e1-7. [PMID: 24360063 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase activity in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and the production of reactive oxygen species on exposure to oxalate (Ox) or calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. METHODS Monolayers of confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were exposed to 100, 300, 500 μmol, 1 mmol Ox or 33, 66, 132 μg/cm(2) CaOx crystals for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, or 3 hours. After specified periods of exposure to Ox and CaOx crystals, lactate dehydrogenase release, trypan blue exclusion, activation of NADPH oxidase, and superoxide production were determined using standard procedures. The production of Nox4, a membrane associated subunit of the NADPH oxidase enzyme, was determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Exposure to Ox and CaOx crystals leads to time- and concentration-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase. Western blot analysis showed an increase in the production of Nox4. The production of superoxide also changed in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with maximum increases after 30-minute exposure to the highest concentrations of Ox and CaOx crystals. Longer exposures did not change the results or resulted in decreased activities. Exposure to higher concentrations also caused increased lactate dehydrogenase release and trypan blue exclusion indicating cell damage. CONCLUSION Results indicate that cells of the distal tubular origin are equipped with NADPH oxidase that is activated by exposures to Ox and CaOx crystals. Higher concentrations of both lead to cell injury, most probably through the increased reactive oxygen species production by the exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Karen Byer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
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Apocynin-treatment reverses hyperoxaluria induced changes in NADPH oxidase system expression in rat kidneys: a transcriptional study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47738. [PMID: 23091645 PMCID: PMC3473023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have previously shown that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important contributor to renal injury and inflammation following exposure to oxalate (Ox) or calcium-oxalate (CaOx) crystals. The present study was conducted, utilizing global transcriptome analyses, to determine the effect of Apocynin on changes in the NADPH oxidase system activated in kidneys of rats fed a diet leading to hyperoxaluria and CaOx crystal deposition. Approach Age-, sex- and weight-matched rats were either fed regular rat chow or regular rat chow supplemented with 5% w/w hydroxy-L-proline (HLP). Half of the rats on the HLP diet were also placed on Apocynin-supplemented H2O. After 28 days, each rat was euthanized, their kidneys freshly explanted and dissected to obtain both cortex and medulla tissues. Total RNA was extracted from each tissue and subjected to genomic microarrays to obtain global transcriptome data. KEGG was used to identify gene clusters with differentially expressed genes. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm protein expressions of selected genes. Results Genes encoding both membrane- and cytosolic-NADPH oxidase complex-associated proteins, together with p21rac and Rap1a, were coordinately up-regulated significantly in both renal medulla and cortex tissues in the HLP-fed rats compared to normal healthy untreated controls. Activation of NADPH oxidase appears to occur via the angiotensin-II/angiotensin-II receptor-2 pathway, although the DAG-PKC pathway of neutrophils may also contribute. Immuno histochemical staining confirmed up-regulated gene expressions. Simultaneously, genes encoding ROS scavenger proteins were down-regulated. HLP-fed rats receiving Apocynin had a complete reversal in the differential-expression of the NADPH oxidase system genes, despite showing similar levels of hyperoxaluria. Conclusions A strong up-regulation of an oxidative/respiratory burst involving the NADPH oxidase system, activated via the angiotensin-II and most likely the DAG-PKC pathways, occurs in kidneys of hyperoxaluric rats. Apocynin treatment reversed this activation without affecting the levels of hyperoxaluria.
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Khan SR. Reactive oxygen species as the molecular modulators of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation: evidence from clinical and experimental investigations. J Urol 2012; 189:803-11. [PMID: 23022011 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic calcium oxalate kidney stones form while attached to Randall plaques, the subepithelial deposits on renal papillary surfaces. Plaque formation and growth mechanisms are poorly understood. Plaque formation elsewhere in the body is triggered by reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. This review explores possible reactive oxygen species involvement in plaque formation and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of various databases for the last 8 years identified literature on reactive oxygen species involvement in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. The literature was reviewed and results are discussed. RESULTS Under normal conditions reactive oxygen species production is controlled, increasing as needed and regulating crystallization modulator production. Reactive oxygen species overproduction or decreased antioxidants lead to oxidative stress, inflammation and injury, and are involved in stone comorbidity. All major chronic inflammation markers are detectable in stone patient urine. Patients also have increased urinary excretion of the IαI and the thrombin protein families. Results of a recent study of 17,695 participants in NHANES III (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) showed significantly lower antioxidants, carotene and β-cryptoxanthin in those with a kidney stone history. Animal model and tissue culture studies revealed that high oxalate, calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals provoked renal cell reactive oxygen species mediated inflammatory responses. Calcium oxalate crystals induce renin up-regulation and angiotensin II generation. Nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase leads to reactive oxygen species production mediated by protein kinase C. The P-38 MAPK/JNK transduction pathway is turned on. Transcriptional and growth factors, and generated secondary mediators become involved. Chemoattractant and osteopontin production is increased and macrophages infiltrate the renal interstitium around the crystal. Phagocytic NADPH oxidase is probably activated, producing additional reactive oxygen species. Localized inflammation, extracellular matrix and fibrosis develop. Crystallization modulators have a significant role in inflammation and tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS Based on available data, Randall plaque formation is similar to extracellular matrix mineralization at many body sites. Renal interstitial collagen becomes mineralized, assisting plaque growth through the interstitium until the mineralizing front reaches papillary surface epithelium. Plaque exposure to pelvic urine may also be a result of reactive oxygen species triggered epithelial sloughing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Is oxidative stress, a link between nephrolithiasis and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 40:95-112. [PMID: 22213019 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-011-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have provided the evidence for association between nephrolithiasis and a number of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome. Many of the co-morbidities may not only lead to stone disease but also be triggered by it. Nephrolithiasis is a risk factor for development of hypertension and have higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and some hypertensive and diabetic patients are at greater risk for stone formation. An analysis of the association between stone disease and other simultaneously appearing disorders, as well as factors involved in their pathogenesis, may provide an insight into stone formation and improved therapies for stone recurrence and prevention. It is our hypothesis that association between stone formation and development of co-morbidities is a result of certain common pathological features. Review of the recent literature indicates that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and development of oxidative stress (OS) may be such a common pathway. OS is a common feature of all cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarct. There is increasing evidence that ROS are also produced during idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. Both tissue culture and animal model studies demonstrate that ROS are produced during interaction between CaOx/calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals and renal epithelial cells. Clinical studies have also provided evidence for the development of oxidative stress in the kidneys of stone forming patients. Renal disorders which lead to OS appear to be a continuum. Stress produced by one disorder may trigger the other under the right circumstances.
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