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Liang Z, Tang Z, Zhu C, Li F, Chen S, Han X, Zheng R, Hu X, Lin R, Pei Q, Yin C, Wang J, Tang C, Cao N, Zhao J, Wang R, Li X, Luo N, Wen Q, Yu J, Li J, Xia X, Zheng X, Wang X, Huang N, Zhong Z, Mo C, Chen P, Wang Y, Fan J, Guo Y, Zhong H, Liu J, Peng Z, Mao H, Shi GP, Bonventre JV, Chen W, Zhou Y. Intestinal CXCR6 + ILC3s migrate to the kidney and exacerbate renal fibrosis via IL-23 receptor signaling enhanced by PD-1 expression. Immunity 2024; 57:1306-1323.e8. [PMID: 38815582 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) regulate inflammation and tissue repair at mucosal sites, but whether these functions pertain to other tissues-like the kidneys-remains unclear. Here, we observed that renal fibrosis in humans was associated with increased ILC3s in the kidneys and blood. In mice, we showed that CXCR6+ ILC3s rapidly migrated from the intestinal mucosa and accumulated in the kidney via CXCL16 released from the injured tubules. Within the fibrotic kidney, ILC3s increased the expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and subsequent IL-17A production to directly activate myofibroblasts and fibrotic niche formation. ILC3 expression of PD-1 inhibited IL-23R endocytosis and consequently amplified the JAK2/STAT3/RORγt/IL-17A pathway that was essential for the pro-fibrogenic effect of ILC3s. Thus, we reveal a hitherto unrecognized migration pathway of ILC3s from the intestine to the kidney and the PD-1-dependent function of ILC3s in promoting renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziwen Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changjian Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuaijiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruilin Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xinrong Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruoni Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Pei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changjun Yin
- Precision Medicine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Precision Medicine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ce Tang
- Precision Medicine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiong Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianwen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Naya Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhong Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chengqiang Mo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Peisong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinjin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haojie Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhenwei Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Fang X, Chen Y, Chen Y, Qiu M, Huang J, Ke B. Identification and characterization of two immune-related subtypes in human chronic kidney disease. Transpl Immunol 2024; 82:101983. [PMID: 38184215 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune response plays a vital role in the initiation and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Detailed mechanisms and specific immune-related biomarkers of CKD need further clarification. We aimed to identify and characterize immune-related infiltrates that are implicated in the CKD development using a bioinformatics method. METHODS The expression profiles of GSE66494 dataset were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Patients with CKD were divided into low- vs. high-immune subtypes based on their immune score. Based on such analysis, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of low- and high-immune subtypes. The weight gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify immune-associated modules between two subtypes. The gene set enriched (GSEA) and variation (GSVA) analyses were correlated with their functional types using the molecular complex detection (MCODE) method. Finally, the immune infiltration landscape between subtypes was revealed using the xCell algorithm. RESULTS The total number of 131 differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs) were identified between low- vs. high-immune subtypes. Out of them GSEA/GSVA results identified and enriched immune- and inflammation-related pathways. In particular, GSVA results indicated that immune-related pathways were activated in high-immune subgroups. The core DEIRG genes that were identified to be involved in CKD development included: the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC; also known as CD45) regulating cell growth and differentiation, an early activation marker (CD69), co-receptor for T cell receptor (CD8A), and T cell co-stimulatory signal (CD28). These core DEIRD genes were further verified by the GSE96804 dataset. We also found a higher proportion of immune cells infiltrating the high-immune subgroup. Furthermore, the four core genes were positively correlated with most immune cell types. CONCLUSION Among 131 DEIRG genes, four genes (PTPRC, CD69, CD8A, and CD28) were identified as potential biomarkers associated with the immune cell infiltration in CKD patients, which may provide a novel insight for immunotherapy for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Fang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Minzi Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinjing Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ben Ke
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Qi X, Li Z, Han J, Liu W, Xia P, Cai X, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang J, Yu P. Multifaceted roles of T cells in obesity and obesity-related complications: A narrative review. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13621. [PMID: 37583087 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammatory responses in the adipose tissue, accompanied by pronounced insulin resistance and metabolic anomalies. It affects almost all body organs and eventually leads to diseases such as fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. Recently, T cells have emerged as interesting therapeutic targets because the dysfunction of T cells and their cytokines in the adipose tissue is implicated in obesity-induced inflammation and their complicated onset. Although several recent narrative reviews have provided a brief overview of related evidence in this area, they have mainly focused on either obesity-associated T cell metabolism or modulation of T cell activation in obesity. Moreover, at present, no published review has reported on the multifaceted roles of T cells in obesity and obesity-related complications, even though there has been a significant increase in studies on this topic since 2019. Therefore, this narrative review aims to comprehensively summarize current advances in the mechanistic roles of T cells in the development of obesity and its related complications. Further, we aim to discuss relevant drugs for weight loss as well as the contradictory role of T cells in the same disease so as to highlight key findings regarding this topic and provide a valid basis for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Qi
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhangwang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiashu Han
- MD Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Guo Y, Yuan Z, Hu Z, Gao Y, Guo H, Zhu H, Hong K, Cen K, Mai Y, Bai Y, Yang X. Diagnostic model constructed by five EMT-related genes for renal fibrosis and reflecting the condition of immune-related cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161436. [PMID: 37266443 PMCID: PMC10229861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal fibrosis is a physiological and pathological characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease. Since renal biopsy is the gold standard for evaluating renal fibrosis, there is an urgent need for additional non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. Methods We used R package "limma" to screen out differently expressed genes (DEGs) based on Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and carried out the protein interaction network and GO, KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. Secondly, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest tree (RF), and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms were used to identify candidate diagnostic genes. ROC curves were plotted to evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of these genes. In addition, mRNA expression levels of candidate diagnostic genes were analyzed in control samples and renal fibrosis samples. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to evaluate immune cells level. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and drug sensitivity were conducted. Results After obtaining a total of 24 DEGs, we discovered that they were mostly involved in several immunological and inflammatory pathways, including NF-KappaB signaling, AGE-RAGE signaling, and TNF signaling. Five genes (COL4A2, CXCL1, TIMP1, VCAM1, and VEGFA) were subsequently identified as biomarkers for renal fibrosis through machine learning, and their expression levels were confirmed by validation cohort data sets and in vitro RT-qPCR experiment. The AUC values of these five genes demonstrated significant clinical diagnostic value in both the training and validation sets. After that, CIBERSORT analysis showed that these biomarkers were strongly associated with immune cell content in renal fibrosis patients. GSEA also identifies the potential roles of these diagnostic genes. Additionally, diagnostic candidate genes were found to be closely related to drug sensitivity. Finally, a nomogram for diagnosing renal fibrosis was developed. Conclusion COL4A2, CXCL1, TIMP1, VCAM1, and VEGFA are promising diagnostic biomarkers of tissue and serum for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ziwei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zujian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hangcheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hengyue Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kenan Cen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yifeng Mai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Yan P, Ke B, Song J, Fang X. Identification of immune-related molecular clusters and diagnostic markers in chronic kidney disease based on cluster analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1111976. [PMID: 36814902 PMCID: PMC9939663 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a heterogeneous disease with multiple etiologies, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify different immune-related molecular clusters in CKD, their functional immunological properties, and to screen for promising diagnostic markers. Methods: Datasets of 440 CKD patients were obtained from the comprehensive gene expression database. The core immune-related genes (IRGs) were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. We used unsupervised clustering to divide CKD samples into two immune-related subclusters. Then, functional enrichment analysis was performed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between clusters. Three machine learning methods (LASSO, RF, and SVM-RFE) and Venn diagrams were applied to filter out 5 significant IRGs with distinguished subtypes. A nomogram diagnostic model was developed, and the prediction effect was verified using calibration curve, decision curve analysis. CIBERSORT was applied to assess the variation in immune cell infiltration among clusters. The expression levels, immune characteristics and immune cell correlation of core diagnostic markers were investigated. Finally, the Nephroseq V5 was used to assess the correlation among core diagnostic markers and renal function. Results: The 15 core IRGs screened were differentially expressed in normal and CKD samples. CKD was classified into two immune-related molecular clusters. Cluster 2 is significantly enriched in biological functions such as leukocyte adhesion and regulation as well as immune activation, and has a severe immune prognosis compared to cluster 1. A nomogram diagnostic model with reliable prediction of immune-related clusters was developed based on five signature genes. The core diagnostic markers LYZ, CTSS, and ISG20 were identified as playing an important role in the immune microenvironment and were shown to correlate meaningfully with immune cell infiltration and renal function. Conclusion: Our study identifies two subtypes of CKD with distinct immune gene expression patterns and provides promising predictive models. Along with the exploration of the role of three promising diagnostic markers in the immune microenvironment of CKD, it is anticipated to provide novel breakthroughs in potential targets for disease treatment.
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Wang J, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang M, Hu X, Yin H. Molecular mechanisms of histone deacetylases and inhibitors in renal fibrosis progression. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:986405. [PMID: 36148005 PMCID: PMC9485629 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.986405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common progressive manifestation of chronic kidney disease. This phenomenon of self-repair in response to kidney damage seriously affects the normal filtration function of the kidney. Yet, there are no specific treatments for the condition, which marks fibrosis as an irreversible pathological sequela. As such, there is a pressing need to improve our understanding of how fibrosis develops at the cellular and molecular levels and explore specific targeted therapies for these pathogenic mechanisms. It is now generally accepted that renal fibrosis is a pathological transition mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, abnormal activation of myofibroblasts, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells under the regulation of TGF-β. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) appear to play an essential role in promoting renal fibrosis through non-histone epigenetic modifications. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of renal fibrosis and the signaling pathways that might be involved in HDACs in renal fibrosis, and the specific mechanisms of action of various HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) in the anti-fibrotic process to elucidate HDACi as a novel therapeutic tool to slow down the progression of renal fibrosis.
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7
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Raghubar AM, Pham DT, Tan X, Grice LF, Crawford J, Lam PY, Andersen SB, Yoon S, Teoh SM, Matigian NA, Stewart A, Francis L, Ng MSY, Healy HG, Combes AN, Kassianos AJ, Nguyen Q, Mallett AJ. Spatially Resolved Transcriptomes of Mammalian Kidneys Illustrate the Molecular Complexity and Interactions of Functional Nephron Segments. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:873923. [PMID: 35872784 PMCID: PMC9300864 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.873923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Available transcriptomes of the mammalian kidney provide limited information on the spatial interplay between different functional nephron structures due to the required dissociation of tissue with traditional transcriptome-based methodologies. A deeper understanding of the complexity of functional nephron structures requires a non-dissociative transcriptomics approach, such as spatial transcriptomics sequencing (ST-seq). We hypothesize that the application of ST-seq in normal mammalian kidneys will give transcriptomic insights within and across species of physiology at the functional structure level and cellular communication at the cell level. Here, we applied ST-seq in six mice and four human kidneys that were histologically absent of any overt pathology. We defined the location of specific nephron structures in the captured ST-seq datasets using three lines of evidence: pathologist's annotation, marker gene expression, and integration with public single-cell and/or single-nucleus RNA-sequencing datasets. We compared the mouse and human cortical kidney regions. In the human ST-seq datasets, we further investigated the cellular communication within glomeruli and regions of proximal tubules–peritubular capillaries by screening for co-expression of ligand–receptor gene pairs. Gene expression signatures of distinct nephron structures and microvascular regions were spatially resolved within the mouse and human ST-seq datasets. We identified 7,370 differentially expressed genes (padj < 0.05) distinguishing species, suggesting changes in energy production and metabolism in mouse cortical regions relative to human kidneys. Hundreds of potential ligand–receptor interactions were identified within glomeruli and regions of proximal tubules–peritubular capillaries, including known and novel interactions relevant to kidney physiology. Our application of ST-seq to normal human and murine kidneys confirms current knowledge and localization of transcripts within the kidney. Furthermore, the generated ST-seq datasets provide a valuable resource for the kidney community that can be used to inform future research into this complex organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti M. Raghubar
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Duy T. Pham
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiao Tan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura F. Grice
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanna Crawford
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pui Yeng Lam
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacey B. Andersen
- Genome Innovation Hub, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- UQ Sequencing Facility, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sohye Yoon
- Genome Innovation Hub, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siok Min Teoh
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Matigian
- QCIF Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Stewart
- Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Leo Francis
- Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Monica S. Y. Ng
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Nephrology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen G. Healy
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander N. Combes
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Kassianos
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Quan Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Andrew J. Mallett
| | - Andrew J. Mallett
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, QLD, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, QLD, Australia
- Quan Nguyen
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8
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Abraham R, Durkee MS, Ai J, Veselits M, Casella G, Asano Y, Chang A, Ko K, Oshinsky C, Peninger E, Giger ML, Clark MR. Specific in situ inflammatory states associate with progression to renal failure in lupus nephritis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:155350. [PMID: 35608910 PMCID: PMC9246394 DOI: 10.1172/jci155350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human lupus nephritis (LN), tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) on biopsy predicts progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, only about half of patients with moderate-to-severe TII develop ESRD. We hypothesized that this heterogeneity in outcome reflects different underlying inflammatory states. Therefore, we interrogated renal biopsies from LN longitudinal and cross-sectional cohorts. METHODS Data were acquired using conventional and highly multiplexed confocal microscopy. To accurately segment cells across whole biopsies, and to understand their spatial relationships, we developed computational pipelines by training and implementing several deep-learning models and other computer vision techniques. RESULTS High B cell densities were associated with protection from ESRD. In contrast, high densities of CD8+, γδ, and other CD4–CD8– T cells were associated with both acute renal failure and progression to ESRD. B cells were often organized into large periglomerular neighborhoods with Tfh cells, while CD4– T cells formed small neighborhoods in the tubulointerstitium, with frequency that predicted progression to ESRD. CONCLUSION These data reveal that specific in situ inflammatory states are associated with refractory and progressive renal disease. FUNDING This study was funded by the NIH Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence (AI082724), Department of Defense (LRI180083), Alliance for Lupus Research, and NIH awards (S10-OD025081, S10-RR021039, and P30-CA14599).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Abraham
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Madeleine S Durkee
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Junting Ai
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Margaret Veselits
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Casella
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Yuta Asano
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Kichul Ko
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Charles Oshinsky
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Emily Peninger
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Maryellen L Giger
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Marcus R Clark
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
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9
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Lee K, Jang HR. Role of T cells in ischemic acute kidney injury and repair. Korean J Intern Med 2022; 37:534-550. [PMID: 35508946 PMCID: PMC9082442 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2021.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common medical problem with significant mortality and morbidity, affecting a large number of patients globally. Ischemic AKI is associated with intrarenal inflammation as well as systemic inflammation; thus, the innate and adaptive immune systems are implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic AKI. Among various intrarenal immune cells, T cells play major roles in the injury process and in the repair mechanism affecting AKI to chronic kidney disease transition. Importantly, T cells also participate in distant organ crosstalk during AKI, which affects the overall outcomes. Therefore, targeting T cell-mediated pathways and T cell-based therapies have therapeutic promise for ischemic AKI. Here, we review the major populations of kidney T cells and their roles in ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Lee
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ryoun Jang
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Parga-Vidal L, van Aalderen MC, Stark R, van Gisbergen KPJM. Tissue-resident memory T cells in the urogenital tract. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:209-223. [PMID: 35079143 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of T cell memory responses changed drastically with the discovery that specialized T cell memory populations reside within peripheral tissues at key pathogen entry sites. These tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells can respond promptly to an infection without the need for migration, proliferation or differentiation. This rapid and local deployment of effector functions maximizes the ability of TRM cells to eliminate pathogens. TRM cells do not circulate through peripheral tissues but instead form isolated populations in the skin, gut, liver, kidneys, the reproductive tract and other organs. This long-term retention in the periphery might allow TRM cells to fully adapt to the local conditions of their environment and mount customized responses to counter infection and tumour growth in a tissue-specific manner. In the urogenital tract, TRM cells must adapt to a unique microenvironment to confer protection against potential threats, including cancer and infection, while preventing the onset of auto-inflammatory disease. In this Review, we discuss insights into the diversification of TRM cells from other memory T cell lineages, the adaptations of TRM cells to their local environment, and their enhanced capacity to counter infection and tumour growth compared with other memory T cell populations, especially in the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Parga-Vidal
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel C van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 8 and Tubulo-Interstitial Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040658. [PMID: 35203308 PMCID: PMC8869891 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis has been accepted to be a common pathological outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to examine serum levels and tissue expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8) in patients with CKD and to investigate their association with kidney fibrosis in CKD model. Serum levels and tissue expression of CCL8 significantly increased with advancing CKD stage, proteinuria level, and pathologic deterioration. In Western blot analysis of primary cultured human tubular epithelial cells after induction of fibrosis with rTGF-β, CCL8 was upregulated by rTGF-β treatment and the simultaneous treatment with anti-CCL8 mAb mitigated the rTGF-β-induced an increase in fibronectin and a decrease E-cadherin and BCL-2 protein levels. The antiapoptotic effect of the anti-CCL8 mAb was also demonstrated by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining assay. In qRT-PCR analysis, mRNA expression levels of the markers for fibrosis and apoptosis showed similar expression patterns to those observed by western blotting. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed CCL8 and fibrosis- and apoptosis-related markers significantly increased in the unilateral ureteral obstruction model, which agrees with our in vitro findings. In conclusion, CCL8 pathway is associated with increased risk of kidney fibrosis and that CCL8 blockade can ameliorate kidney fibrosis and apoptosis.
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12
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Abstract
Unconventional T cells are a diverse and underappreciated group of relatively rare lymphocytes that are distinct from conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that mainly recognize antigens in the absence of classical restriction through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These non-MHC-restricted T cells include mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells and other, often poorly defined, subsets. Depending on the physiological context, unconventional T cells may assume either protective or pathogenic roles in a range of inflammatory and autoimmune responses in the kidney. Accordingly, experimental models and clinical studies have revealed that certain unconventional T cells are potential therapeutic targets, as well as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. The responsiveness of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and MAIT cells to many microbial pathogens, for example, has implications for early diagnosis, risk stratification and targeted treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. The expansion of non-Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells during cytomegalovirus infection and their contribution to viral clearance suggest that these cells can be harnessed for immune monitoring and adoptive immunotherapy in kidney transplant recipients. In addition, populations of NKT, MAIT or γδ T cells are involved in the immunopathology of IgA nephropathy and in models of glomerulonephritis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and kidney transplantation.
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13
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Yang Y, Ha S, Jeong S, Jang CW, Kim J, Im DS, Chung HY, Chung KW. Comparison of two different toxin-induced kidney fibrosis models in terms of inflammatory responses. Toxicology 2021; 463:152973. [PMID: 34619300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent abnormalities in kidney function, accompanied by structural changes. Interstitial fibrosis, characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, is frequently detected during CKD development. Given the multiple underlying causes of CKD, numerous animal models have been developed to advance our understanding of human nephropathy. Herein, we compared two reliable toxin-induced mouse kidney fibrosis models in terms of fibrosis and inflammation. Administration of folic acid (250 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) or an adenine diet (0.25 % for three weeks) afforded similar effects on kidney function, as detected by increased serum nitrogen levels. In addition, the kidneys exhibited a similar extent of tubule dilation and kidney damage. The degree of fibrosis was compared using various biological methods. Although both models developed a significant fibrotic phenotype, the adenine diet-fed model showed a marginally higher increase in fibrosis than the folic acid model, as reflected by increased kidney ECM gene and protein levels. We further compared inflammatory responses in the kidneys. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory responses, including cytokine expression and immune cell infiltration, were significantly increased in adenine diet-fed kidneys. Furthermore, collagen expression was identified in the macrophage-infiltrated region, implying the importance of inflammation in fibrogenesis. Collectively, we observed that the adenine diet-fed kidney fibrosis model presented a higher inflammatory response with increased fibrosis when compared with the folic acid-induced kidney fibrosis model, indicating the importance of the inflammatory response in fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugyeong Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Cao C, Yao Y, Zeng R. Lymphocytes: Versatile Participants in Acute Kidney Injury and Progression to Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:729084. [PMID: 34616308 PMCID: PMC8488268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.729084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a major global public health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. The progression from AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) makes it a scientific problem to be solved. However, it is with lack of effective treatments. Summary: Both innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the inflammatory process during AKI, and excessive or dysregulated immune responses play a pathogenic role in renal fibrosis, which is an important hallmark of CKD. Studies on the pathogenesis of AKI and CKD have clarified that renal injury induces the production of various chemokines by renal parenchyma cells or resident immune cells, which recruits multiple-subtype lymphocytes in circulation. Some infiltrated lymphocytes exacerbate injury by proinflammatory cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and interaction with renal resident cells, which constructs the inflammatory environment and induces further injury, even death of renal parenchyma cells. Others promote tissue repair by producing protective cytokines. In this review, we outline the diversity of these lymphocytes and their mechanisms to regulate the whole pathogenic stages of AKI and CKD; discuss the chronological responses and the plasticity of lymphocytes related to AKI and CKD progression; and introduce the potential therapies targeting lymphocytes of AKI and CKD, including the interventions of chemokines, cytokines, and lymphocyte frequency regulation in vivo, adaptive transfer of ex-expanded lymphocytes, and the treatments of gut microbiota or metabolite regulations based on gut-kidney axis. Key Message: In the process of AKI and CKD, T helper (Th) cells, innate, and innate-like lymphocytes exert mainly pathogenic roles, while double-negative T (DNT) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are confirmed to be protective. Understanding the mechanisms by which lymphocytes mediate renal injury and renal fibrosis is necessary to promote the development of specific therapeutic strategies to protect from AKI and prevent the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Yao
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Yu SMW, Bonventre JV. Acute kidney injury and maladaptive tubular repair leading to renal fibrosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 29:310-318. [PMID: 32205583 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite improvements in acute kidney injury (AKI) detection, therapeutic options to halt the progression of AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain limited. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries related to the pathophysiology of the AKI to CKD continuum, particularly involving the renal tubular epithelial cells, and also discuss related ongoing clinical trials. While our focus is on injured renal tubular epithelial cells as initiators of the cascade of events resulting in paracrine effects on other cells of the kidney, the summation of maladaptive responses from various kidney cell types ultimately leads to fibrosis and dysfunction characteristic of CKD. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings that we will focus on include, but are not limited to, characterizations of: the association between cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in renal tubular epithelial cells and its contribution to renal fibrosis, chronic inflammation with persistent cytokine production and lymphocyte infiltration among unrepaired renal tubules, mitochondrial dysfunction and a unique role of cytosolic mitochondria DNA in fibrogenesis, prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins as potential therapeutic targets, and novel mechanisms involving the Hippo/yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding pathway. SUMMARY Potential therapeutic options to address CKD progression will be informed by a better understanding of fibrogenic pathways. Recent advances suggest additional drug targets in the various pathways leading to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M-W Yu
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Zhang M, Zhang S. T Cells in Fibrosis and Fibrotic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1142. [PMID: 32676074 PMCID: PMC7333347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue, and it is characterized by the accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Fibrosis is essential for wound healing and tissue repair in response to a variety of triggers, which include infection, inflammation, autoimmune disorder, degenerative disease, tumor, and injury. Fibrotic remodeling in various diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, renal interstitial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis (SSc), and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), can impair organ function, causing high morbidity and mortality. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in fibrogenesis. Although the roles of macrophages in fibrogenesis have been studied for many years, the underlying mechanisms concerning the manner in which T cells regulate fibrosis are not completely understood. The T cell receptor (TCR) engages the antigen and shapes the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells. Based on the divergent expression of surface molecules and cell functions, T cells are subdivided into natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), regulatory T (Treg) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, and T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In this review, we summarize the pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic roles and distinct mechanisms of different T cell subsets. On reviewing the literature, we conclude that the T cell regulations are commonly disease-specific and tissue-specific. Finally, we provide perspectives on microbiota, viral infection, and metabolism, and discuss the current advancements of technologies for identifying novel targets and developing immunotherapies for intervention in fibrosis and fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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17
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Law BMP, Wilkinson R, Wang X, Kildey K, Giuliani K, Beagley KW, Ungerer J, Healy H, Kassianos AJ. Human Tissue-Resident Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells in Renal Fibrosis and CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1322-1335. [PMID: 31186283 PMCID: PMC6622420 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a specialized lymphocyte population associated with chronic inflammatory disorders. Little is known, however, about MAIT cells in diseases of the kidney, including CKD. METHODS To evaluate MAIT cells in human native kidneys with tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the hallmark of CKD, we used multicolor flow cytometry to identify, enumerate, and phenotype such cells from human kidney tissue biopsy samples, and immunofluorescence microscopy to localize these cells. We cocultured MAIT cells and human primary proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) under hypoxic (1% oxygen) conditions to enable examination of mechanistic tubulointerstitial interactions. RESULTS We identified MAIT cells (CD3+ TCR Vα7.2+ CD161hi) in healthy and diseased kidney tissues, detecting expression of tissue-resident markers (CD103/CD69) on MAIT cells in both states. Tissue samples from kidneys with tubulointerstitial fibrosis had significantly elevated numbers of MAIT cells compared with either nonfibrotic samples from diseased kidneys or tissue samples from healthy kidneys. Furthermore, CD69 expression levels, also an established marker of lymphocyte activation, were significantly increased on MAIT cells from fibrotic tissue samples. Immunofluorescent analyses of fibrotic kidney tissue identified MAIT cells accumulating adjacent to PTECs. Notably, MAIT cells activated in the presence of human PTECs under hypoxic conditions (modeling the fibrotic microenvironment) displayed significantly upregulated expression of CD69 and cytotoxic molecules perforin and granzyme B; we also observed a corresponding significant increase in PTEC necrosis in these cocultures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that human tissue-resident MAIT cells in the kidney may contribute to the fibrotic process of CKD via complex interactions with PTECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becker M P Law
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Ray Wilkinson
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
- Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiangju Wang
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katrina Kildey
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kurt Giuliani
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Jacobus Ungerer
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen Healy
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kassianos
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
- Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Roles of Natural Killer T Cells and Natural Killer Cells in Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102487. [PMID: 31137499 PMCID: PMC6567827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse natural killer T (NKT) cells and natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that are highly abundant in the liver. In addition to their already-known antitumor and antimicrobial functions, their pathophysiological roles in the kidney have recently become evident. Under normal circumstances, the proportion of activated NKT cells in the kidney increases with age. Administration of a synthetic sphingoglycolipid ligand (alpha-galactosylceramide) further activates NKT cells, resulting in injury to renal vascular endothelial cells via the perforin-mediated pathway and tubular epithelial cells via the TNF-α/Fas ligand pathway, causing acute kidney injury (AKI) with hematuria. Activation of NKT cells by common bacterial DNA (CpG-ODN) also causes AKI. In addition, NKT cells together with B cells play significant roles in experimental lupus nephritis in NZB/NZW F1 mice through their Th2 immune responses. Mouse NK cells are also assumed to be involved in various renal diseases, and there may be complementary roles shared between NKT and NK cells. Human CD56+ T cells, a functional counterpart of mouse NKT cells, also damage renal cells through a mechanism similar to that of mice. A subpopulation of human CD56+ NK cells also exert strong cytotoxicity against renal cells and contribute to the progression of renal fibrosis.
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19
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Kildey K, Law BMP, Muczynski KA, Wilkinson R, Helen H, Kassianos AJ. Identification and Quantitation of Leukocyte Populations in Human Kidney Tissue by Multi-parameter Flow Cytometry. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2980. [PMID: 34395780 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory immune cells play direct pathological roles in cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the identification and characterization of distinct populations of leukocytes in human kidney biopsies have been confounded by the limitations of immunohistochemical (IHC)-based techniques used to detect them. This methodology is not amenable to the combinations of multiple markers necessary to unequivocally define discrete immune cell populations. We have developed a multi-parameter, flow cytometric-based approach that addresses the need for panels of cell-specific markers in the identification of immune cell populations, allowing both the accurate detection and quantitation of leukocyte subpopulations from a single, clinical kidney biopsy specimen. In this approach, fresh human kidney tissue is dissociated into a single cell suspension followed by antibody-labeling and flow cytometric-based acquisition and analysis. This novel technique provides a major step forward in identifying and enumerating immune cell subpopulations in human kidney disease and is a powerful platform to complement traditional histopathological examinations of clinical kidney biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Kildey
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Becker M P Law
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ray Wilkinson
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Healy Helen
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kassianos
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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