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Li L, Zhang T, Xiao M, Lu Y, Gao L. Brain macrophage senescence in glioma. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 104-105:46-60. [PMID: 39098625 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Gliomas are a diverse group of primary central nervous system neoplasms with no curative therapies available. Brain macrophages comprise microglia in the brain parenchyma, border-associated macrophages in the meningeal-choroid plexus-perivascular space and monocyte-derived macrophages infiltrating the brain. With the great improvement of our recognition of brain macrophages, diverse macrophage populations have been found in the context of glioma, which exhibit functional and phenotypic heterogeneity. We have long thought that brain macrophage senescence is detrimental, manifested by specialized forms of persistent cell cycle arrest and chronic low-grade inflammation. Persistent senescence of macrophages may result in immune dysfunction, potentially contributing to glioma initiation and development. Given the crucial roles played by brain macrophages in glioma, we unravel how brain macrophages undergo reprogramming and their contribution to glioma. We outline general molecular alterations and specific biomarkers in senescent brain macrophages, as well as functional changes (such as metabolism, autophagy, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and infiltration and recruitment). In addition, recent advances in genetic regulation and mechanisms linked to senescent brain macrophages are discussed. In particular, this review emphasizes the contribution of senescent brain macrophages to glioma, which may drive translational efforts to utilize brain macrophages as a prognostic marker or/and treatment target in glioma. An in-depth comprehending of how brain macrophage senescence functionally influences the tumor microenvironment will be key to our development of innovative therapeutics for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Tianhe Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Meiling Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110024, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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2
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Spokeviciute B, Kholia S, Brizzi MF. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy: Harnessing extracellular vesicles for enhanced efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107352. [PMID: 39147005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A cutting-edge approach in cell-based immunotherapy for combating resistant cancer involves genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) lymphocytes. In recent years, these therapies have demonstrated effectiveness, leading to their commercialization and clinical application against certain types of cancer. However, CAR-T therapy faces limitations, such as the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) that can render CAR-T cells ineffective, and the adverse side effects of the therapy, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse group of membrane-bound particles released into the extracellular environment by virtually all cell types. They are essential for intercellular communication, transferring cargoes such as proteins, lipids, various types of RNAs, and DNA fragments to target cells, traversing biological barriers both locally and systemically. EVs play roles in numerous physiological processes, with those from both immune and non-immune cells capable of modulating the immune system through activation or suppression. Leveraging this capability of EVs to enhance CAR-T cell therapy could represent a significant advancement in overcoming its current limitations. This review examines the current landscape of CAR-T cell immunotherapy and explores the potential role of EVs in augmenting its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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3
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Jolly KJ, Zhang F. IVT-mRNA reprogramming of myeloid cells for cancer immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 100:247-288. [PMID: 39034054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
In the past decade, in vitro transcribed messenger RNAs (IVT-mRNAs) have emerged as promising therapeutic molecules. The clinical success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, have demonstrated that IVT-mRNAs can be safely and successfully used in a clinical setting, and efforts are underway to develop IVT-mRNAs for therapeutic applications. Current applications of mRNA-based therapy have been focused on (1) mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer treatment; (2) protein replacement therapy; (3) gene editing therapy; and (4) cell-reprogramming therapies. Due to the recent clinical progress of cell-based immunotherapies, the last direction-the use of IVT-mRNAs as a therapeutic approach to program immune cells for the treatment of cancer has received extensive attention from the cancer immunotherapy field. Myeloid cells are important components of our immune system, and they play critical roles in mediating disease progression and regulating immunity against diseases. In this chapter, we discussed the progress of using IVT-mRNAs as a therapeutic approach to program myeloid cells against cancer and other immune-related diseases. Towards this direction, we first reviewed the pharmacology of IVT-mRNAs and the biology of myeloid cells as well as myeloid cell-targeting therapeutics. We then presented a few cases of current IVT-mRNA-based approaches to target and reprogram myeloid cells for disease treatment and discussed the advantages and limitations of these approaches. Finally, we presented our considerations in designing mRNA-based approaches to target myeloid cells for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevon J Jolly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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4
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Solomou G, Young AMH, Bulstrode HJCJ. Microglia and macrophages in glioblastoma: landscapes and treatment directions. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38712663 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumour of the central nervous system and remains uniformly and rapidly fatal. The tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) compartment comprises brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) recruited from the periphery. Immune-suppressive and tumour-supportive TAM cell states predominate in glioblastoma, and immunotherapies, which have achieved striking success in other solid tumours have consistently failed to improve survival in this 'immune-cold' niche context. Hypoxic and necrotic regions in the tumour core are found to enrich, especially in anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive TAM cell states. Microglia predominate at the invasive tumour margin and express pro-inflammatory and interferon TAM cell signatures. Depletion of TAMs, or repolarisation towards a pro-inflammatory state, are appealing therapeutic strategies and will depend on effective understanding and classification of TAM cell ontogeny and state based on new single-cell and spatial multi-omic in situ profiling. Here, we explore the application of these datasets to expand and refine TAM characterisation, to inform improved modelling approaches, and ultimately underpin the effective manipulation of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Solomou
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam M H Young
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry J C J Bulstrode
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Zhu N, Chen S, Jin Y, Wang M, Fang L, Xue L, Hua D, Zhang Z, Jia M, Hao M, Zhang C. Enhancing Glioblastoma Immunotherapy with Integrated Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells through the Re-Education of Tumor-Associated Microglia and Macrophages. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11165-11182. [PMID: 38626338 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer that is highly resistant to treatment including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. Tumor-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs) are major contributors to the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment, which promotes tumor progression and treatment resistance. Hence, the modulation of TAMs is a promising strategy for improving the immunotherapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cells against GBM. Molecularly targeting drug pexidartinib (PLX) has been reported to re-educate TAMs toward the antitumorigenic M1-like phenotype. Here, we developed a cell-drug integrated technology to reversibly conjugate PLX-containing liposomes (PLX-Lip) to CAR-T cells and establish tumor-responsive integrated CAR-T cells (PLX-Lip/AZO-T cells) as a combination therapy for GBM. We used a mouse model of GBM to show that PLX-Lip was stably maintained on the surface of PLX-Lip/AZO-T cells in circulation and these cells could transmigrate across the blood-brain barrier and deposit PLX-Lip at the tumor site. The uptake of PLX-Lip by TAMs effectively re-educated them into the M1-like phenotype, which in turn boosted the antitumor function of CAR-T cells. GBM tumor growth was completely eradicated in 60% of the mice after receiving PLX-Lip/AZO-T cells and extended their overall survival time beyond 50 days; in comparison, the median survival time of mice in other treatment groups did not exceed 35 days. Overall, we demonstrated the successful fusion of CAR-T cells and small-molecule drugs with the cell-drug integrated technology. These integrated CAR-T cells provided a superior combination strategy for GBM treatment and presented a reference for the construction of integrated cell-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianci Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Yu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Luyao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Lingjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Dexiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Meng Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Meixi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
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6
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Pallarés-Moratalla C, Bergers G. The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1305087. [PMID: 38665919 PMCID: PMC11043497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's resident macrophages that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance and maintaining homeostasis of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Microglia are functionally implicated in various cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke, aneurysm, and tumorigenesis as they regulate neuroinflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. Here, we review the manifold functions of microglia in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, primarily focusing on the implication of microglia in glioma propagation and progression. We further review the current status of therapies targeting microglial cells, including their re-education, depletion, and re-population approaches as therapeutic options to improve patient outcomes for various neurological and neuroinflammatory disorders, including cancer.
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7
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Ji J, Ding K, Cheng B, Zhang X, Luo T, Huang B, Yu H, Chen Y, Xu X, Lin H, Zhou J, Wang T, Jin M, Liu A, Yan D, Liu F, Wang C, Chen J, Yan F, Wang L, Zhang J, Yan S, Wang J, Li X, Chen G. Radiotherapy-Induced Astrocyte Senescence Promotes an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioblastoma to Facilitate Tumor Regrowth. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304609. [PMID: 38342629 PMCID: PMC11022718 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the tumor microenvironment caused by radiotherapy are closely related to the recurrence of glioma. However, the mechanisms by which such radiation-induced changes are involved in tumor regrowth have not yet been fully investigated. In the present study, how cranial irradiation-induced senescence in non-neoplastic brain cells contributes to glioma progression is explored. It is observed that senescent brain cells facilitated tumor regrowth by enhancing the peripheral recruitment of myeloid inflammatory cells in glioblastoma. Further, it is identified that astrocytes are one of the most susceptible senescent populations and that they promoted chemokine secretion in glioma cells via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. By using senolytic agents after radiotherapy to eliminate these senescent cells substantially prolonged survival time in preclinical models. The findings suggest the tumor-promoting role of senescent astrocytes in the irradiated glioma microenvironment and emphasize the translational relevance of senolytic agents for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Ji
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
- Department of NeurosurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional RemodelingShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN55905USA
| | - Kaikai Ding
- Department of NeurosurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional RemodelingShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncologythe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Radiation OncologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional RemodelingShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of NeurosurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional RemodelingShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional RemodelingShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncologythe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Yike Chen
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Haopu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Tingtin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- Department of Reproductive EndocrinologyWomen's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Aixia Liu
- Department of Reproductive EndocrinologyWomen's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Danfang Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncologythe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Jingsen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Senxiang Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncologythe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional RemodelingShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies vei 91BergenNorway5009
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research InstituteCheeloo College of MedicineShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional RemodelingShandong University107 Wenhua Xi RoadJinanShandong250012P. R. China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiang310000P. R. China
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Zhang T, Zhang Q, He X, Lu Y, Shao A, Sun X, Shao Y. Identification of Key Molecular Pathways and Associated Genes as Targets to Overcome Radiotherapy Resistance Using a Combination of Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Glioma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3076. [PMID: 38474320 PMCID: PMC10931693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent mechanistic studies have indicated that combinations of radiotherapy (RT) plus immunotherapy (via CSF-1R inhibition) can serve as a strategy to overcome RT resistance and improve the survival of glioma mice. Given the high mortality rate for glioma, including low-grade glioma (LGG) patients, it is of critical importance to investigate the mechanism of the combination of RT and immunotherapy and further translate the mechanism from mouse studies to improve survival of RT-treated human glioma patients. Using the RNA-seq data from a glioma mouse study, 874 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the group of RT-treated mice at glioma recurrence and the group of mice with combination treatment (RT plus CSF-1R inhibition) were translated to the human genome to identify significant molecular pathways using the KEGG enrichment analysis. The enrichment analysis yields statistically significant signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, Hippo pathway, and Notch pathway. Within each pathway, a candidate gene set was selected by Cox regression models as genetic biomarkers for resistance to RT and response to the combination of RT plus immunotherapies. Each Cox model is trained using a cohort of 295 RT-treated LGG patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and validated using a cohort of 127 RT-treated LGG patients from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database. A four-DEG signature (ITGB8, COL9A3, TGFB2, JAG1) was identified from the significant genes within the three pathways and yielded the area under time-dependent ROC curve AUC = 0.86 for 5-year survival in the validation set, which indicates that the selected DEGs have strong prognostic value and are potential intervention targets for combination therapies. These findings may facilitate future trial designs for developing combination therapies for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (T.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (T.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xinwei He
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Yuting Lu
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (T.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Andrew Shao
- Center of Data Science, New York University, New York, NY 10011, USA;
| | - Xiaoqiang Sun
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (T.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
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9
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Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
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10
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Kang X, Huang Y, Wang H, Jadhav S, Yue Z, Tiwari AK, Babu RJ. Tumor-Associated Macrophage Targeting of Nanomedicines in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:61. [PMID: 38258072 PMCID: PMC10819517 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is pivotal in tumor growth and metastasis, aligning with the "Seed and Soil" theory. Within the TME, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a central role, profoundly influencing tumor progression. Strategies targeting TAMs have surfaced as potential therapeutic avenues, encompassing interventions to block TAM recruitment, eliminate TAMs, reprogram M2 TAMs, or bolster their phagocytic capabilities via specific pathways. Nanomaterials including inorganic materials, organic materials for small molecules and large molecules stand at the forefront, presenting significant opportunities for precise targeting and modulation of TAMs to enhance therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment. This review provides an overview of the progress in designing nanoparticles for interacting with and influencing the TAMs as a significant strategy in cancer therapy. This comprehensive review presents the role of TAMs in the TME and various targeting strategies as a promising frontier in the ever-evolving field of cancer therapy. The current trends and challenges associated with TAM-based therapy in cancer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Kang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
- Materials Research and Education Center, Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 528400, China;
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Sanika Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Health Outcome and Research Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas of Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
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11
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Zhang J, Hu C, Zhang R, Xu J, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Zhang S, Pan S, Cao M, Qin J, Cheng X, Xu Z. The role of macrophages in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282176. [PMID: 38143746 PMCID: PMC10746385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the deadliest cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, there has been limited improvement in long-term survival rates for gastric cancer (GC) in recent decades. The poor prognosis is attributed to difficulties in early detection, minimal opportunity for radical resection and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Macrophages are among the most abundant infiltrating immune cells in the GC stroma. These cells engage in crosstalk with cancer cells, adipocytes and other stromal cells to regulate metabolic, inflammatory and immune status, generating an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and ultimately promoting tumour initiation and progression. In this review, we summarise recent advances in our understanding of the origin of macrophages and their types and polarisation in cancer and provide an overview of the role of macrophages in GC carcinogenesis and development and their interaction with the GC immune microenvironment and flora. In addition, we explore the role of macrophages in preclinical and clinical trials on drug resistance and in treatment of GC to assess their potential therapeutic value in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Hu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruolan Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingli Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Pan
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxuan Cao
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Becherini C, Lancia A, Detti B, Lucidi S, Scartoni D, Ingrosso G, Carnevale MG, Roghi M, Bertini N, Orsatti C, Mangoni M, Francolini G, Marani S, Giacomelli I, Loi M, Pergolizzi S, Bonzano E, Aristei C, Livi L. Modulation of tumor-associated macrophage activity with radiation therapy: a systematic review. Strahlenther Onkol 2023; 199:1173-1190. [PMID: 37347290 PMCID: PMC10673745 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-023-02097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most represented cells of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Besides its effects on cancer cells, radiation therapy (RT) can alter TME composition. With this systematic review, we provide a better understanding on how RT can regulate macrophage characterization, namely the M1 antitumor and the M2 protumor polarization, with the aim of describing new effective RT models and exploration of the possibility of integrating radiation with other available therapies. METHODS A systematic search in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Articles from January 2000 to April 2020 which focus on the role of M1 and M2 macrophages in the response to RT were identified. RESULTS Of the 304 selected articles, 29 qualitative summary papers were included in our analysis (16 focusing on administration of RT and concomitant systemic molecules, and 13 reporting on RT alone). Based on dose intensity, irradiation was classified into low (low-dose irradiation, LDI; corresponding to less than 1 Gy), moderate (moderate-dose irradiation, MDI; between 1 and 10 Gy), and high (high-dose irradiation, HDI; greater than 10 Gy). While HDI seems to be responsible for induced angiogenesis and accelerated tumor growth through early M2-polarized TAM infiltration, MDI stimulates phagocytosis and local LDI may represent a valid treatment option for possible combination with cancer immunotherapeutic agents. CONCLUSION TAMs seem to have an ambivalent role on the efficacy of cancer treatment. Radiation therapy, which exerts its main antitumor activity via cell killing, can in turn interfere with TAM characterization through different modalities. The plasticity of TAMs makes them an attractive target for anticancer therapies and more research should be conducted to explore this potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Becherini
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Careggi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambila 1, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lancia
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Detti
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Careggi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambila 1, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Sara Lucidi
- Radiation Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniele Scartoni
- Proton Treatment Center, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ingrosso
- Radiation Oncology Section, Perugia General Hospital, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Carnevale
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuele Roghi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bertini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carolina Orsatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Mangoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Francolini
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Careggi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambila 1, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Marani
- Radiation Oncology Section, Perugia General Hospital, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Irene Giacomelli
- Proton Treatment Center, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Mauro Loi
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Careggi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambila 1, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Pergolizzi
- Radiation Oncology Unit-Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonzano
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cynthia Aristei
- Radiation Oncology Section, Perugia General Hospital, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Careggi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambila 1, 50134, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Liu H, Lv H, Duan X, Du Y, Tang Y, Xu W. Advancements in Macrophage-Targeted Drug Delivery for Effective Disease Management. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6915-6940. [PMID: 38026516 PMCID: PMC10680479 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s430877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and the innate immune system. They perform essential functions such as presenting antigens, regulating cytokines, and responding to inflammation. However, in diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and autoimmune conditions, macrophages undergo aberrant polarization, which disrupts tissue regulation and impairs their normal behavior. To address these challenges, there has been growing interest in developing customized targeted drug delivery systems specifically designed for macrophage-related functions in different anatomical locations. Nanomedicine, utilizing nanoscale drug systems, offers numerous advantages including improved stability, enhanced pharmacokinetics, controlled release kinetics, and precise temporal drug delivery. These advantages hold significant promise in achieving heightened therapeutic efficacy, specificity, and reduced side effects in drug delivery and treatment approaches. This review aims to explore the roles of macrophages in major diseases and present an overview of current strategies employed in targeted drug delivery to macrophages. Additionally, this article critically evaluates the design of macrophage-targeted delivery systems, highlighting limitations and discussing prospects in this rapidly evolving field. By assessing the strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches, we can identify areas for improvement and refinement in macrophage-targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Fermi V, Warta R, Wöllner A, Lotsch C, Jassowicz L, Rapp C, Knoll M, Jungwirth G, Jungk C, Dao Trong P, von Deimling A, Abdollahi A, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C. Effective Reprogramming of Patient-Derived M2-Polarized Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia/Macrophages by Treatment with GW2580. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4685-4697. [PMID: 37682326 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic glioblastoma (GBM)-associated macrophages and microglial cells (GAM) has great potential to improve patient outcomes. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) has emerged as a promising target for reprograming anti-inflammatory M2-like GAMs. However, treatment data on patient-derived, tumor-educated GAMs and their influence on the adaptive immunity are lacking. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD11b+-GAMs freshly isolated from patient tumors were treated with CSF1R-targeting drugs PLX3397, BLZ945, and GW2580. Phenotypical changes upon treatment were assessed using RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and cytokine quantification. Functional analyses included inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, phagocytosis, transmigration, and autologous tumor cell killing assays. Antitumor effects and changes in GAM activation were confirmed in a complex patient-derived 3D tumor organoid model serving as a tumor avatar. RESULTS The most effective reprogramming of GAMs was observed upon GW2580 treatment, which led to the downregulation of M2-related markers, IL6, IL10, ERK1/2, and MAPK signaling pathways, while M1-like markers, gene set enrichment indicating activated MHC-II presentation, phagocytosis, and T-cell killing were substantially increased. Moreover, treatment of patient-derived GBM organoids with GW2580 confirmed successful reprogramming, resulting in impaired tumor cell proliferation. In line with its failure in clinical trials, PLX3397 was ineffective in our analysis. CONCLUSIONS This comparative analysis of CSF1R-targeting drugs on patient-derived GAMs and human GBM avatars identified GW2580 as the most powerful inhibitor with the ability to polarize immunosuppressive GAMs to a proinflammatory phenotype, supporting antitumor T-cell responses while also exerting a direct antitumor effect. These data indicate that GW2580 could be an important pillar in future therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fermi
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Warta
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amélie Wöllner
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Catharina Lotsch
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Jassowicz
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 522, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Rapp
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Knoll
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jungwirth
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Jungk
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Dao Trong
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Dept. of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Zarodniuk M, Steele A, Lu X, Li J, Datta M. CNS tumor stroma transcriptomics identify perivascular fibroblasts as predictors of immunotherapy resistance in glioblastoma patients. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:35. [PMID: 37884531 PMCID: PMC10603041 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hallmark of solid tumors; however, it remains poorly understood which cellular and molecular components contribute to the formation of ECM stroma in central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Here, we undertake a pan-CNS analysis of retrospective gene expression datasets to characterize inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity of ECM remodeling signatures in both adult and pediatric CNS disease. We find that CNS lesions - glioblastoma in particular - can be divided into two ECM-based subtypes (ECMhi and ECMlo) that are influenced by the presence of perivascular stromal cells resembling cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Ligand-receptor network analysis predicts that perivascular fibroblasts activate signaling pathways responsible for recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and promotion of cancer stemness. Our analysis reveals that perivascular fibroblasts are correlated with unfavorable response to immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma and poor patient survival across a subset of CNS tumors. We provide insights into new stroma-driven mechanisms underlying immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance in CNS tumors like glioblastoma, and discuss how targeting these perivascular fibroblasts may prove an effective approach to improving treatment response and patient survival in a variety of CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Zarodniuk
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Steele
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meenal Datta
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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16
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Li M, Wang M, Wen Y, Zhang H, Zhao G, Gao Q. Signaling pathways in macrophages: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e349. [PMID: 37706196 PMCID: PMC10495745 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play diverse roles in development, homeostasis, and immunity. Accordingly, the dysfunction of macrophages is involved in the occurrence and progression of various diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and atherosclerosis. The protective or pathogenic effect that macrophages exert in different conditions largely depends on their functional plasticity, which is regulated via signal transduction such as Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, Wnt and Notch pathways, stimulated by environmental cues. Over the past few decades, the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways in macrophages have been gradually elucidated, providing more alternative therapeutic targets for diseases treatment. Here, we provide an overview of the basic physiology of macrophages and expound the regulatory pathways within them. We also address the crucial role macrophages play in the pathogenesis of diseases, including autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, infectious diseases, and cancer, with a focus on advances in macrophage-targeted strategies exploring modulation of components and regulators of signaling pathways. Last, we discuss the challenges and possible solutions of macrophage-targeted therapy in clinical applications. We hope that this comprehensive review will provide directions for further research on therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage signaling pathways, which are promising to improve the efficacy of disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuanjia Wen
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Guang‐Nian Zhao
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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17
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Zhang L, Jiang Y, Zhang G, Wei S. The diversity and dynamics of tumor-associated macrophages in recurrent glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238233. [PMID: 37731483 PMCID: PMC10507272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts to exploit effective therapeutic strategies, most glioblastoma (GBM) inevitably relapse and become resistant to therapies, including radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of recurrent GBM (rGBM) is highly immunosuppressive, dominated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs consist of tissue-resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), which are essential for favoring tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance; however, restricted by the absence of potent methods, the heterogeneity and plasticity of TAMs in rGBM remain incompletely investigated. Recent application of single-cell technologies, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing has enabled us to decipher the unforeseen diversity and dynamics of TAMs and to identify new subsets of TAMs which regulate anti-tumor immunity. Here, we first review hallmarks of the TME, progress and challenges of immunotherapy, and the biology of TAMs in the context of rGBM, including their origins, categories, and functions. Next, from a single-cell perspective, we highlight recent findings regarding the distinctions between tissue-resident microglia and MDMs, the identification and characterization of specific TAM subsets, and the dynamic alterations of TAMs during tumor progression and treatment. Last, we briefly discuss the potential of TAM-targeted strategies for combination immunotherapy in rGBM. We anticipate the comprehensive understanding of the diversity and dynamics of TAMs in rGBM will shed light on further improvement of immunotherapeutic efficacy in rGBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhang
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiyou Wei
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Giles B, Nakhjavani M, Wiesa A, Knight T, Shigdar S, Samarasinghe RM. Unravelling the Glioblastoma Tumour Microenvironment: Can Aptamer Targeted Delivery Become Successful in Treating Brain Cancers? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4376. [PMID: 37686652 PMCID: PMC10487158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The key challenges to treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the heterogeneous and complex nature of the GBM tumour microenvironment (TME) and difficulty of drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The TME is composed of various neuronal and immune cells, as well as non-cellular components, including metabolic products, cellular interactions, and chemical compositions, all of which play a critical role in GBM development and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we aim to unravel the complexity of the GBM TME, evaluate current therapeutics targeting this microenvironment, and lastly identify potential targets and therapeutic delivery vehicles for the treatment of GBM. Specifically, we explore the potential of aptamer-targeted delivery as a successful approach to treating brain cancers. Aptamers have emerged as promising therapeutic drug delivery vehicles with the potential to cross the BBB and deliver payloads to GBM and brain metastases. By targeting specific ligands within the TME, aptamers could potentially improve treatment outcomes and overcome the challenges associated with larger therapies such as antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Giles
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Maryam Nakhjavani
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Andrew Wiesa
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Tareeque Knight
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Rasika M. Samarasinghe
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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19
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Tang F, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Xiao A, Tong A, Xu J. Tumor-associated macrophage-related strategies for glioma immunotherapy. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:78. [PMID: 37598273 PMCID: PMC10439959 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade glioma is one of the deadliest primary tumors of the central nervous system. Despite the many novel immunotherapies currently in development, it has been difficult to achieve breakthrough results in clinical studies. The reason may be due to the suppressive tumor microenvironment of gliomas that limits the function of specific immune cells (e.g., T cells) which are currently the primary targets of immunotherapy. However, tumor-associated macrophage, which are enriched in tumors, plays an important role in the development of GBM and is becoming a research hotspot for immunotherapy. This review focuses on current research advances in the use of macrophages as therapeutic targets or therapeutic tools for gliomas, and provides some potential research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansong Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuelong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Yunhui Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Anqi Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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20
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Khalili N, Kazerooni AF, Familiar A, Haldar D, Kraya A, Foster J, Koptyra M, Storm PB, Resnick AC, Nabavizadeh A. Radiomics for characterization of the glioma immune microenvironment. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:59. [PMID: 37337080 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that besides mutational and molecular alterations, the immune component of the tumor microenvironment also substantially impacts tumor behavior and complicates treatment response, particularly to immunotherapies. Although the standard method for characterizing tumor immune profile is through performing integrated genomic analysis on tissue biopsies, the dynamic change in the immune composition of the tumor microenvironment makes this approach not feasible, especially for brain tumors. Radiomics is a rapidly growing field that uses advanced imaging techniques and computational algorithms to extract numerous quantitative features from medical images. Recent advances in machine learning methods are facilitating biological validation of radiomic signatures and allowing them to "mine" for a variety of significant correlates, including genetic, immunologic, and histologic data. Radiomics has the potential to be used as a non-invasive approach to predict the presence and density of immune cells within the microenvironment, as well as to assess the expression of immune-related genes and pathways. This information can be essential for patient stratification, informing treatment decisions and predicting patients' response to immunotherapies. This is particularly important for tumors with difficult surgical access such as gliomas. In this review, we provide an overview of the glioma microenvironment, describe novel approaches for clustering patients based on their tumor immune profile, and discuss the latest progress on utilization of radiomics for immune profiling of glioma based on current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Khalili
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anahita Fathi Kazerooni
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- AI2D Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ariana Familiar
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Debanjan Haldar
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Kraya
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Foster
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mateusz Koptyra
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillip B Storm
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Resnick
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali Nabavizadeh
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Chi A, Nguyen NP. Mechanistic rationales for combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125905. [PMID: 37377970 PMCID: PMC10291094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy consisted mainly of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to significantly improved antitumor response. However, such response has been observed only in tumors possessing an overall responsive tumor immune micro-environment (TIME), in which the presence of functional tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is critical. Various mechanisms of immune escape from immunosurveillance exist, leading to different TIME phenotypes in correlation with primary or acquired resistance to ICIs. Radiotherapy has been shown to induce antitumor immunity not only in the irradiated primary tumor, but also at unirradiated distant sites of metastases. Such antitumor immunity is mainly elicited by radiation's stimulatory effects on antigenicity and adjuvanticity. Furthermore, it may be significantly augmented when irradiation is combined with immunotherapy, such as ICIs. Therefore, radiotherapy represents one potential therapeutic strategy to restore anti-tumor immunity in tumors presenting with an unresponsive TIME. In this review, the generation of anti-tumor immunity, its impairment, radiation's immunogenic properties, and the antitumor effects of combining radiation with immunotherapy will be comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Chi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nam Phong Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
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22
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Wu L, Zhang Z, Bai M, Yan Y, Yu J, Xu Y. Radiation combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors for unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: synergistic mechanisms, current state, challenges, and orientations. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:119. [PMID: 37221584 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Until the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), definitive radiotherapy (RT) concurrently with chemotherapy was recommended for unresectable, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). The trimodality paradigm with consolidation ICIs following definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy has been the standard of care since the PACIFIC trial. Preclinical evidence has demonstrated the role of RT in the cancer-immune cycle and the synergistic effect of RT combined with ICIs (iRT). However, RT exerts a double-edged effect on immunity and the combination strategy still could be optimized in many areas. In the context of LA-NSCLC, optimized RT modality, choice, timing, and duration of ICIs, care for oncogenic addicted tumors, patient selection, and novel combination strategies require further investigation. Targeting these blind spots, novel approaches are being investigated to cross the borders of PACIFIC. We discussed the development history of iRT and summarized the updated rationale for the synergistic effect. We then summarized the available research data on the efficacy and toxicity of iRT in LA-NSCLC for cross-trial comparisons to eliminate barriers. Progression during and after ICIs consolidation therapy has been regarded as a distinct resistance scenario from primary or secondary resistance to ICIs, the subsequent management of which has also been discussed. Finally, based on unmet needs, we probed into the challenges, strategies, and auspicious orientations to optimize iRT in LA-NSCLC. In this review, we focus on the underlying mechanisms and recent advances of iRT with an emphasis on future challenges and directions that warrant further investigation. Taken together, iRT is a proven and potential strategy in LA-NSCLC, with multiple promising approaches to further improve the efficacy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenshan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Menglin Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yujie Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yaping Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L, Duo Y. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:207. [PMID: 37211559 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens and cancers. Macrophages possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform a central role in an array of immune tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about macrophage signaling and immune modulation are yet to be uncovered. In addition, the clinical importance of tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made in understanding their biology. Moreover, they are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, playing a part in the regulation of a wide variety of processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapeutic and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss immune regulation in macrophage polarization and signaling, mechanical stresses and modulation, metabolic signaling pathways, mitochondrial and transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, we have broadly extended the understanding of macrophages in extracellular traps and the essential roles of autophagy and aging in regulating macrophage functions. Moreover, we discussed recent advances in macrophages-mediated immune regulation of autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. Lastly, we discussed targeted macrophage therapy to portray prospective targets for therapeutic strategies in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanze Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Abdullah F U H Saeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Haizhao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Yuile A, Wei JQ, Mohan AA, Hotchkiss KM, Khasraw M. Interdependencies of the Neuronal, Immune and Tumor Microenvironment in Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2856. [PMID: 37345193 PMCID: PMC10216320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancy and are universally fatal. Despite significant breakthrough in understanding tumor biology, treatment breakthroughs have been limited. There is a growing appreciation that major limitations on effective treatment are related to the unique and highly complex glioma tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME consists of multiple different cell types, broadly categorized into tumoral, immune and non-tumoral, non-immune cells. Each group provides significant influence on the others, generating a pro-tumor dynamic with significant immunosuppression. In addition, glioma cells are highly heterogenous with various molecular distinctions on the cellular level. These variations, in turn, lead to their own unique influence on the TME. To develop future treatments, an understanding of this complex TME interplay is needed. To this end, we describe the TME in adult gliomas through interactions between its various components and through various glioma molecular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yuile
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, 3 Westbourne Street, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joe Q. Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Aditya A. Mohan
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly M. Hotchkiss
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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25
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Gillette JS, Wang EJ, Dowd RS, Toms SA. Barriers to overcoming immunotherapy resistance in glioblastoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1175507. [PMID: 37275361 PMCID: PMC10232794 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1175507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, known for its poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Current standard of care includes surgical resection followed by combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Although immunotherapies have yielded promising results in hematological malignancies, their successful application in GBM remains limited due to a host of immunosuppressive factors unique to GBM. As a result of these roadblocks, research efforts have focused on utilizing combinatorial immunotherapies that target networks of immune processes in GBM with promising results in both preclinical and clinical trials, although limitations in overcoming the immunosuppressive factors within GBM remain. In this review, we aim to discuss the intrinsic and adaptive immune resistance unique to GBM and to summarize the current evidence and outcomes of engineered and non-engineered treatments targeted at overcoming GBM resistance to immunotherapy. Additionally, we aim to highlight the most promising strategies of targeted GBM immunotherapy combinatorial treatments and the insights that may directly improve the current patient prognosis and clinical care.
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26
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Li L, Tian Y. The role of metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages in shaping the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114504. [PMID: 37002579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are potent immune effector cells in innate immunity and exert dual-effects in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) make up a significant portion of TME immune cells. Similar to M1/M2 macrophages, TAMs are also highly plastic, and their functions are regulated by cytokines, chemokines and other factors in the TME. The metabolic changes in TAMs are significantly associated with polarization towards a protumour or antitumour phenotype. The metabolites generated via TAM metabolic reprogramming in turn promote tumor progression and immune tolerance. In this review, we explore the metabolic reprogramming of TAMs in terms of energy, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism and the potential roles of these changes in immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunxu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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27
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Barry ST, Gabrilovich DI, Sansom OJ, Campbell AD, Morton JP. Therapeutic targeting of tumour myeloid cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:216-237. [PMID: 36747021 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are pivotal within the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. The accumulation of tumour-modified myeloid cells derived from monocytes or neutrophils - termed 'myeloid-derived suppressor cells' - and tumour-associated macrophages is associated with poor outcome and resistance to treatments such as chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Unfortunately, there has been little success in large-scale clinical trials of myeloid cell modulators, and only a few distinct strategies have been used to target suppressive myeloid cells clinically so far. Preclinical and translational studies have now elucidated specific functions for different myeloid cell subpopulations within the tumour microenvironment, revealing context-specific roles of different myeloid cell populations in disease progression and influencing response to therapy. To improve the success of myeloid cell-targeted therapies, it will be important to target tumour types and patient subsets in which myeloid cells represent the dominant driver of therapy resistance, as well as to determine the most efficacious treatment regimens and combination partners. This Review discusses what we can learn from work with the first generation of myeloid modulators and highlights recent developments in modelling context-specific roles for different myeloid cell subtypes, which can ultimately inform how to drive more successful clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Kurdi M, Mulla N, Malibary H, Bamaga AK, Fadul MM, Faizo E, Hakamy S, Baeesa S. Immune microenvironment of medulloblastoma: The association between its molecular subgroups and potential targeted immunotherapeutic receptors. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14:117-130. [PMID: 37009528 PMCID: PMC10052334 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is considered the commonest malignant brain tumor in children. Multimodal treatments consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have improved patients’ survival. Nevertheless, the recurrence occurs in 30% of cases. The persistent mortality rates, the failure of current therapies to extend life expectancy, and the serious complications of non-targeted cytotoxic treatment indicate the need for more refined therapeutic approaches. Most MBs originating from the neurons of external granular layer line the outer surface of neocerebellum and responsible for the afferent and efferent connections. Recently, MBs have been segregated into four molecular subgroups: Wingless-activated (WNT-MB) (Group 1); Sonic-hedgehog-activated (SHH-MB) (Group 2); Group 3 and 4 MBs. These molecular alterations follow specific gene mutations and disease-risk stratifications. The current treatment protocols and ongoing clinical trials against these molecular subgroups are still using common chemotherapeutic agents by which their efficacy have improved the progression-free survival but did not change the overall survival. However, the need to explore new therapies targeting specific receptors in MB microenvironment became essential. The immune microenvironment of MBs consists of distinctive cellular heterogeneities including immune cells and none-immune cells. Tumour associate macrophage and tumour infiltrating lymphocyte are considered the main principal cells in tumour microenvironment, and their role are still under investigation. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of interaction between MB cells and immune cells in the microenvironment, with an overview of the recent investigations and clinical trials
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Kurdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 213733, Saudi Arabia
- Neuromuscular Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Mulla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam Malibary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K Bamaga
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Motaz M Fadul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyad Faizo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabuk University, Tabuk 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Hakamy
- Neurmuscular Unit, Center of Excellence of Genomic Medicine, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Nakajima S, Mimura K, Kaneta A, Saito K, Katagata M, Okayama H, Saito M, Saze Z, Watanabe Y, Hanayama H, Tada T, Sakamoto W, Momma T, Ohira H, Kono K. Radiation-Induced Remodeling of the Tumor Microenvironment Through Tumor Cell-Intrinsic Expression of cGAS-STING in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:957-971. [PMID: 36368436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy (RT) has the potential to activate the tumor-microenvironment (TME) and promote the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Tumor cell-intrinsic expression of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays an important role in regulations of radiation-induced activation of immune cells in the TME. However, the role of tumor cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING in radiation-mediated remodeling of the TME in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not completely understood; thus, we investigated its effect on the radiation-mediated remodeling of the TME in ESCC. METHODS We assessed the effect of tumor cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING on the expression of mediators of the immune system, including type I interferon, T-cell chemo-attractants, colony-stimulating factor-1, and interleukin 34 (IL-34), induced by radiation in ESCC cell lines. We also quantified the association between tumor cell-intrinsic expression of cGAS-STING and infiltrations of immune cells, including CD8+ T cells and CD163+ M2-tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), in ESCC tissues before and after neoadjuvant chemo-RT (n = 47). RESULTS We found that tumor cell-intrinsic expression of cGAS-STING was involved in radiation-induced infiltration of CD8+ T cells and expression of type I interferon and T-cell chemo-attractants in ESCC cells. Surprisingly, tumor cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING was also involved in radiation-triggered infiltration and/or M2-polarization of CD163+ TAMs and expression of IL-34, an important cytokine for recruitment and M2-polarization of TAMs, in ESCC cells. The number of CD163+ M2-TAMs was significantly associated with IL-34 expression in tumor cells in irradiated ESCC tissues. CONCLUSIONS The tumor cell-intrinsic expression of cGAS-STING is essential for radiation-induced activation of immune cells in the TME, but it is also involved in the recruitment of tumor-promoting M2-TAMs in ESCC. Therefore, blocking of M2-TAM infiltration by targeting IL-34 might improve the efficacy of RT and combination therapy of RT with immune checkpoint inhibitors in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakajima
- Departments of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer and Regional Medical Support; Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery
| | - Kosaku Mimura
- Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery; Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Departments of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer and Regional Medical Support; Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery.
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30
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Macrophages at the interface of the co-evolving cancer ecosystem. Cell 2023; 186:1627-1651. [PMID: 36924769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile and heterogeneous innate immune cells undertaking central functions in balancing immune responses and tissue repair to maintain homeostasis. This plasticity, once co-opted by malignant outgrowth, orchestrates manifold reciprocal interactions within the tumor microenvironment, fueling the evolution of the cancer ecosystem. Here, we review the multilayered sources of influence that jointly underpin and longitudinally shape tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotypic states in solid neoplasms. We discuss how, in response to these signals, TAMs steer tumor evolution in the context of natural selection, biological dispersion, and treatment resistance. A number of research frontiers to be tackled are laid down in this review to therapeutically exploit the complex roles of TAMs in cancer. Building upon knowledge obtained from currently applied TAM-targeting strategies and using next generation technologies, we propose conceptual advances and novel therapeutic avenues to rewire TAM multifaceted regulation of the co-evolving cancer ecosystem.
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31
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The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Primary CNS Neoplasms: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032020. [PMID: 36768342 PMCID: PMC9917056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary CNS neoplasms are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, and many therapies directed at primary brain tumors have proven unsuccessful despite their success in preclinical studies. Recently, the tumor immune microenvironment has emerged as a critical aspect of primary CNS neoplasms that may affect their malignancy, prognosis, and response to therapy across patients and tumor grades. This review covers the tumor microenvironment of various primary CNS neoplasms, with a focus on glioblastoma and meningioma. Additionally, current therapeutic strategies based on elements of the tumor microenvironment, including checkpoint inhibitor therapy and immunotherapeutic vaccines, are discussed.
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32
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Myeloid cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment and therapeutic implications for childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 374:578009. [PMID: 36508930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.578009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common type of solid tumors in children and the leading cause of cancer deaths in ages 0-14. Recent advances in the field of tumor biology and immunology have underscored the disparate nature of these distinct CNS tumor types. In this review, we briefly introduce pediatric CNS tumors and discuss various components of the TME, with a particular focus on myeloid cells. Although most studies regarding myeloid cells have been done on adult CNS tumors and animal models, we discuss the role of myeloid cell heterogeneity in pediatric CNS tumors and describe how these cells may contribute to tumorigenesis and treatment response. In addition, we present studies within the last 5 years that highlight human CNS tumors, the utility of various murine CNS tumor models, and the latest multi-dimensional tools that can be leveraged to investigate myeloid cell infiltration in young adults and children diagnosed with select CNS tumors.
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33
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Anagnostakis F, Piperi C. Targeting Options of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAM) Activity in Gliomas. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:457-470. [PMID: 35048810 PMCID: PMC10207914 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220120120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most plastic cells of the hematopoietic system, exhibit increased tumor-infiltrating properties and functional heterogeneity depending on tumor type and associated microenvironment. TAMs constitute a major cell type of cancer-related inflammation, commonly enhancing tumor growth. They are profoundly involved in glioma pathogenesis, contributing to many cancer hallmarks such as angiogenesis, survival, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Efficient targeting of TAMs presents a promising approach to tackle glioma progression. Several targeting options involve chemokine signaling axes inhibitors and antibodies, antiangiogenic factors, immunomodulatory molecules, surface immunoglobulins blockers, receptor and transcription factor inhibitors, as well as microRNAs (miRNAs), administered either as standalone or in combination with other conventional therapies. Herein, we provide a critical overview of current therapeutic approaches targeting TAMs in gliomas with the promising outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527Athens, Greece
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34
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Liu M, Liu L, Song Y, Li W, Xu L. Targeting macrophages: a novel treatment strategy in solid tumors. J Transl Med 2022; 20:586. [PMID: 36510315 PMCID: PMC9743606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells, which act as a key regulator in tumorigenesis and progression. Increasing evidence have demonstrated that the TME alters the nature of macrophages to maintain dynamic tissue homeostasis, allowing TAMs to acquire the ability to stimulate angiogenesis, promote tumor metastasis and recurrence, and suppress anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, tumors with high TAM infiltration have poor prognoses and are resistant to treatment. In the field of solid tumor, the exploration of tumor-promoting mechanisms of TAMs has attracted much attention and targeting TAMs has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. Currently, the most common therapeutic options for targeting TAMs are as follows: the deletion of TAMs, the inhibition of TAMs recruitment, the release of phagocytosis by TAMs, and the reprogramming of macrophages to remodel their anti-tumor capacity. Promisingly, the study of chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms) may provide even greater benefit for patients with solid tumors. In this review, we discuss how TAMs promote the progression of solid tumors as well as summarize emerging immunotherapeutic strategies that targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Research and Foreign Affairs, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Lina Liu
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Yongping Song
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Linping Xu
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Research and Foreign Affairs, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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35
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Xu C, Xiao M, Li X, Xin L, Song J, Zhan Q, Wang C, Zhang Q, Yuan X, Tan Y, Fang C. Origin, activation, and targeted therapy of glioma-associated macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974996. [PMID: 36275720 PMCID: PMC9582955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the development, occurrence, and treatment of gliomas. Glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs) are the most widely infiltrated immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and one of the major cell populations that exert immune functions. GAMs typically originate from two cell types-brain-resident microglia (BRM) and bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDM), depending on a variety of cytokines for recruitment and activation. GAMs mainly contain two functionally and morphologically distinct activation types- classically activated M1 macrophages (antitumor/immunostimulatory) and alternatively activated M2 macrophages (protumor/immunosuppressive). GAMs have been shown to affect multiple biological functions of gliomas, including promoting tumor growth and invasion, angiogenesis, energy metabolism, and treatment resistance. Both M1 and M2 macrophages are highly plastic and can polarize or interconvert under various malignant conditions. As the relationship between GAMs and gliomas has become more apparent, GAMs have long been one of the promising targets for glioma therapy, and many studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of this target. Here, we review the origin and activation of GAMs in gliomas, how they regulate tumor development and response to therapies, and current glioma therapeutic strategies targeting GAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Menglin Xiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lei Xin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Song
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Qi Zhan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changsheng Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Qisong Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoye Yuan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Fang, ; Yanli Tan,
| | - Chuan Fang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Fang, ; Yanli Tan,
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36
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Beach C, MacLean D, Majorova D, Arnold JN, Olcina MM. The effects of radiation therapy on the macrophage response in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020606. [PMID: 36249052 PMCID: PMC9559862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of radiotherapy, a mainstay of cancer treatment, is strongly influenced by both cellular and non-cellular features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a heterogeneous population within the TME and their prevalence significantly correlates with patient prognosis in a range of cancers. Macrophages display intrinsic radio-resistance and radiotherapy can influence TAM recruitment and phenotype. However, whether radiotherapy alone can effectively "reprogram" TAMs to display anti-tumor phenotypes appears conflicting. Here, we discuss the effect of radiation on macrophage recruitment and plasticity in cancer, while emphasizing the role of specific TME components which may compromise the tumor response to radiation and influence macrophage function. In particular, this review will focus on soluble factors (cytokines, chemokines and components of the complement system) as well as physical changes to the TME. Since the macrophage response has the potential to influence radiotherapy outcomes this population may represent a drug target for improving treatment. An enhanced understanding of components of the TME impacting radiation-induced TAM recruitment and function may help consider the scope for future therapeutic avenues to target this plastic and pervasive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David MacLean
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Majorova
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James N. Arnold
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica M. Olcina
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Monica M. Olcina,
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Filippova N, Grimes JM, Leavenworth JW, Namkoong D, Yang X, King PH, Crowley M, Crossman DK, Nabors LB. Targeting the TREM1-positive myeloid microenvironment in glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac149. [PMID: 36249290 PMCID: PMC9555298 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor cellular and molecular heterogeneity is a hallmark of glioblastoma and underlies treatment resistance and recurrence. This manuscript investigated the myeloid-derived microenvironment as a driver of glioblastoma heterogeneity and provided a pharmacological pathway for its suppression. Methods Transcriptomic signatures of glioblastoma infiltrated myeloid-derived cells were assessed using R2: genomic platform, Ivy Glioblastoma Spatial Atlas, and single-cell RNA-seq data of primary and recurrent glioblastomas. Myeloid-derived cell prints were evaluated in five PDX cell lines using RNA-seq data. Two immunocompetent mouse glioblastoma models were utilized to isolate and characterize tumor-infiltrated myeloid-derived cells and glioblastoma/host cell hybrids. The ability of an inhibitor of HuR dimerization SRI42127 to suppress TREM1+-microenvironment and glioblastoma/myeloid-derived cell interaction was assessed in vivo and in vitro. Results TREM1+-microenvironment is enriched in glioblastoma peri-necrotic zones. TREM1 appearance is enhanced with tumor grade and associated with poor patient outcomes. We confirmed an expression of a variety of myeloid-derived cell markers, including TREM1, in PDX cell lines. In mouse glioblastoma models, we demonstrated a reduction in the TREM1+-microenvironment and glioblastoma/host cell fusion after treatment with SRI42127. In vitro assays confirmed inhibition of cell fusion events and reduction of myeloid-derived cell migration towards glioblastoma cells by SRI42127 and TREM1 decoy peptide (LP17) versus control treatments. Conclusions TREM1+-myeloid-derived microenvironment promulgates glioblastoma heterogeneity and is a therapeutic target. Pharmacological inhibition of HuR dimerization leads to suppression of the TREM1+-myeloid-derived microenvironment and the neoplastic/non-neoplastic fusogenic cell network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-oncology, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Grimes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program of Immunology, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - David Namkoong
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-oncology, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-oncology, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Crowley
- Department of Genetics, Heflin Center Genomics Core, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA (M.C., D.K.C.)
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, Heflin Center Genomics Core, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA (M.C., D.K.C.)
| | - L Burt Nabors
- Corresponding Author: L. Burt Nabors, MD, Division Neuro-oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT 1020, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ()
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38
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Fang L, Liu K, Liu C, Wang X, Ma W, Xu W, Wu J, Sun C. Tumor accomplice: T cell exhaustion induced by chronic inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979116. [PMID: 36119037 PMCID: PMC9479340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and response to treatment of tumor are modulated by inflammation, and chronic inflammation promotes tumor progression and therapy resistance. This article summarizes the dynamic evolution of inflammation from acute to chronic in the process of tumor development, and its effect on T cells from activation to the promotion of exhaustion. We review the mechanisms by which inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines regulate T cell exhaustion and methods for targeting chronic inflammation to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. It is great significance to refer to the specific state of inflammation and T cells at different stages of tumor development for accurate clinical decision-making of immunotherapy and improving the efficiency of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Fang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kunjing Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Inspection, The Medical Faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Department of Inspection, The Medical Faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Changgang Sun,
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Hu J, Dong F, He Y, Xia X, Cheng F, Chen S, Hou X, Zhang P, Liu G, Li Y, Gao Q, Dong M, Li T, Li W, Xiao Q, Li X, Yu X, Xi G, Guo D, Wu X, Wang B. LRIG2 promotes glioblastoma progression by modulating innate antitumor immunity through macrophage infiltration and polarization. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004452. [PMID: 36096529 PMCID: PMC9472135 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor with poor clinical outcomes. Immunotherapy has recently been an attractive and promising treatment of extracranial malignancies, however, most of clinical trials for GBM immunotherapy failed due to predominant accumulation of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs). Results High level of LRIG2/soluble LRIG2 (sLRIG2) expression activates immune-related signaling pathways, which are associated with poor prognosis in GBM patients. LRIG2/sLRIGs promotes CD47 expression and facilitates TAM recruitment. Blockade of CD47–SIRPα interactions and inhibition of sLRIG2 secretion synergistically suppress GBM progression in an orthotropic murine GBM model. Conclusions GBM cells with high level LRIG2 escape the phagocytosis by TAM via the CD47-SIRPα axis, highlighting a necessity for an early stage of clinical trial targeting LRIG2 and CD47-SIRPα as a novel treatment for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, China Three Gorges University People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - You He
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Po Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guohao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Li
- Experimental Medicine Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Colleg, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Minhai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qungen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingjiang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guifa Xi
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Abbott Molecular Inc, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China .,Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Hartmann L, Osen W, Eichmüller OL, Kordaß T, Furkel J, Dickes E, Reid C, Debus J, Brons S, Abdollahi A, Moustafa M, Rieken S, Eichmüller SB. Carbon ion irradiation plus CTLA4 blockade elicits therapeutic immune responses in a murine tumor model. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Barzegar Behrooz A, Talaie Z, Syahir A. Nanotechnology-Based Combinatorial Anti-Glioblastoma Therapies: Moving from Terminal to Treatable. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081697. [PMID: 36015322 PMCID: PMC9415007 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive glioblastoma (GBM) has no known treatment as a primary brain tumor. Since the cancer is so heterogeneous, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) exists, and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents chemotherapeutic chemicals from reaching the central nervous system (CNS), therapeutic success for GBM has been restricted. Drug delivery based on nanocarriers and nanotechnology has the potential to be a handy tool in the continuing effort to combat the challenges of treating GBM. There are various new therapies being tested to extend survival time. Maximizing therapeutic effectiveness necessitates using many treatment modalities at once. In the fight against GBM, combination treatments outperform individual ones. Combination therapies may be enhanced by using nanotechnology-based delivery techniques. Nano-chemotherapy, nano-chemotherapy–radiation, nano-chemotherapy–phototherapy, and nano-chemotherapy–immunotherapy for GBM are the focus of the current review to shed light on the current status of innovative designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Talaie
- School of Biology, Nour Danesh Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Amir Syahir
- Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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In vitro 2D and 3D cancer models to evaluate compounds that modulate macrophage polarization. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yamada Y, Sato Y, Nakamura T, Harashima H. Innovative cancer nanomedicine based on immunology, gene editing, intracellular trafficking control. J Control Release 2022; 348:357-369. [PMID: 35623492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent rapid progress in the area of drug delivery systems (DDS) has opened a new era in medicine with a strong linkage to understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with cancer survival. In this review, we summarize new cancer strategies that have recently been developed based on our DDS technology. Cancer immunotherapy will be improved based on the concept of the cancer immunity cycle, which focuses on dynamic interactions between various types of cancer and immune cells in our body. The new technology of genome editing will also be discussed with reference to how these new DDS technologies can be used to introduce therapeutic cargoes into our body. Lastly, a new organelle, mitochondria will be the focus of creating a new cancer treatment strategy by a MITO-Porter which can deliver macromolecules directly to mitochondria of cancer cells via a membrane fusion approach and the impact of controlled intracellular trafficking will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology (FOREST) Program, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Metabolism and polarization regulation of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2022; 543:215766. [PMID: 35690285 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and development of tumors depend on the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of various types of cellular and acellular components. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant stromal cell types in the TME. The competition for nutrients between tumor cells and macrophages leads to a limited supply of nutrients, such as glucose, lipids, and amino acids, to immune cells, which affects the differentiation and function of macrophages. Other factors in the TME, such as cytokines, chemokines, and immune checkpoints, also affect the polarization and function of macrophages. Remodeling the tumor microenvironment induces changes in macrophage nutrient uptake and polarization status, which enhance anti-tumor immunity and oxidative stress resistance and suppress immune escape. This review summarizes the influence factors on tumor progression and immune function under different conditions of macrophages. It also demonstrates the metabolic heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity of macrophages, which provides novel strategies for anti-tumor treatment.
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Cao X, Lai SWT, Chen S, Wang S, Feng M. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:61-108. [PMID: 35636930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune components in the tumor microenvironment and play a plethora of roles in regulating tumorigenesis. Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of TAMs has emerged as a new paradigm for immunotherapy of cancer. Herein, the review summarizes the origin, polarization, and function of TAMs in the progression of malignant diseases. The understanding of such knowledge leads to several distinct therapeutic strategies to manipulate TAMs to battle cancer, which include those to reduce TAM abundance, such as depleting TAMs or inhibiting their recruitment and differentiation, and those to harness or boost the anti-tumor activities of TAMs such as blocking phagocytosis checkpoints, inducing antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and reprogramming TAM polarization. In addition, modulation of TAMs may reshape the tumor microenvironment and therefore synergize with other cancer therapeutics. Therefore, the rational combination of TAM-targeting therapeutics with conventional therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other immunotherapies is also reviewed. Overall, targeting TAMs presents itself as a promising strategy to add to the growing repertoire of treatment approaches in the fight against cancer, and it is hopeful that these approaches currently being pioneered will serve to vastly improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
| | - Seigmund W T Lai
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Sadira Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
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Xiao Y, Wang Z, Zhao M, Deng Y, Yang M, Su G, Yang K, Qian C, Hu X, Liu Y, Geng L, Xiao Y, Zou Y, Tang X, Liu H, Xiao H, Fan R. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Revealed Subtype-Specific Tumor Immune Microenvironments in Human Glioblastomas. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914236. [PMID: 35669791 PMCID: PMC9163377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive brain tumor, comprises six major subtypes of malignant cells, giving rise to both inter-patient and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The interaction between different tumor subtypes and non-malignant cells to collectively shape a tumor microenvironment has not been systematically characterized. Herein, we sampled the cellular milieu of surgically resected primary tumors from 7 GBM patients using single-cell transcriptome sequencing. A lineage relationship analysis revealed that a neural-progenitor-2-like (NPC2-like) state with high metabolic activity was associated with the tumor cells of origin. Mesenchymal-1-like (MES1-like) and mesenchymal-2-like (MES2-like) tumor cells correlated strongly with immune infiltration and chronic hypoxia niche responses. We identified four subsets of tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs), among which TAM-1 co-opted both acute and chronic hypoxia-response signatures, implicated in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and poor prognosis. MES-like GBM cells expressed the highest number of M2-promoting ligands compared to other cellular states while all six states were associated with TAM M2-type polarization and immunosuppression via a set of 10 ligand–receptor signaling pathways. Our results provide new insights into the differential roles of GBM cell subtypes in the tumor immune microenvironment that may be deployed for patient stratification and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neuro-Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neuro-Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- Department of Neuro-Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanxiang Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Graham Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunfa Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhua Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyuan Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yuanjie Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianglong Tang
- Department of Neuro-Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyi Liu, ; Hong Xiao, ; Rong Fan,
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Neuro-Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyi Liu, ; Hong Xiao, ; Rong Fan,
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Hongyi Liu, ; Hong Xiao, ; Rong Fan,
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Russo M, Nastasi C. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: A Close Up of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871513. [PMID: 35664746 PMCID: PMC9160747 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in dynamically regulating cancer progression and influencing the therapeutic outcome is widely accepted and appreciated. Several therapeutic strategies to modify or modulate the TME, like angiogenesis or immune checkpoint inhibitors, showed clinical efficacy and received approval from regulatory authorities. Within recent decades, new promising strategies targeting myeloid cells have been implemented in preclinical cancer models. The predominance of specific cell phenotypes in the TME has been attributed to pro- or anti-tumoral. Hence, their modulation can, in turn, alter the responses to standard-of-care treatments, making them more or less effective. Here, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge and the correlated challenges about the tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils targeting strategies, current treatments, and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Russo
- Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
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Tamai S, Ichinose T, Tsutsui T, Tanaka S, Garaeva F, Sabit H, Nakada M. Tumor Microenvironment in Glioma Invasion. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040505. [PMID: 35448036 PMCID: PMC9031400 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major malignant trait of gliomas is their remarkable infiltration capacity. When glioma develops, the tumor cells have already reached the distant part. Therefore, complete removal of the glioma is impossible. Recently, research on the involvement of the tumor microenvironment in glioma invasion has advanced. Local hypoxia triggers cell migration as an environmental factor. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) -1α, produced in tumor cells under hypoxia, promotes the transcription of various invasion related molecules. The extracellular matrix surrounding tumors is degraded by proteases secreted by tumor cells and simultaneously replaced by an extracellular matrix that promotes infiltration. Astrocytes and microglia become tumor-associated astrocytes and glioma-associated macrophages/microglia, respectively, in relation to tumor cells. These cells also promote glioma invasion. Interactions between glioma cells actively promote infiltration of each other. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy transform the microenvironment, allowing glioma cells to invade. These findings indicate that the tumor microenvironment may be a target for glioma invasion. On the other hand, because the living body actively promotes tumor infiltration in response to the tumor, it is necessary to reconsider whether the invasion itself is friend or foe to the brain.
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Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a plastic and heterogeneous cell population of the tumour microenvironment (TME) that can account for up to 50% of solid tumours. TAMs heterogeneous are associated with different cancer types and stages, different stimulation of bioactive molecules and different TME, which are crucial drivers of tumour progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy. In this context, understanding the sources and regulatory mechanisms of TAM heterogeneity and searching for novel therapies targeting TAM subpopulations are essential for future studies. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence highlighting the redefinition of TAM heterogeneity from three different directions: origins, phenotypes and functions. We notably focus on the causes and consequences of TAM heterogeneity which have implications for the evolution of therapeutic strategies that targeted the subpopulations of TAMs.
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50
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Wang S, Yang Y, Ma P, Huang H, Tang Q, Miao H, Fang Y, Jiang N, Li Y, Zhu Q, Tao W, Zha Y, Li N. Landscape and perspectives of macrophage -targeted cancer therapy in clinical trials. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:799-813. [PMID: 35317518 PMCID: PMC8908037 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exert integrated effects in all aspects of tumor progression, including tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, considerable preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that TAM-targeted therapy is an effective antitumor therapeutic approach, especially as a complementary strategy in combination with conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or emerging immunotherapy. Here, we review all of the current clinical trials targeting TAMs worldwide up to May 2021 and highlight instances of the synergetic therapeutic efficacy of TAM-targeted combined therapeutic strategies. In total, 606 clinical trials were conducted, including 143 tested products. There has been explosive growth in macrophage-targeted therapy around the world during the past decade. Most trials were at early phase, and two-thirds used macrophage-targeting therapy as part of a combination approach. The most common combination is that of traditional chemotherapy with TAM-targeted therapy, followed by immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted drugs. TAM-targeted therapeutic approaches are a newly emerging but rapidly developing area of anticancer therapy, especially as a combinatorial therapeutic approach. Further investigation of promising combination strategies will pave the way to more effective anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhang Wang
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-Related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Peiwen Ma
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Huiyao Huang
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qiyu Tang
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Huilei Miao
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wei Tao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yan Zha
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-Related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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