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Li S, Xu B, Yang H, Zhang C, Chen J, Liu S, Huang Z, Liu H. A Pt 1Pd Single-Atom Alloy Nanozyme with Boosted Enzyme-Like Activity for Efficient Photo-Mediated Tumor Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309704. [PMID: 38100215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) are emerging natural enzyme mimics and have attracted much attention in the biomedical field. SAzymes with Metal─Nx sites designed on carbon matrixes are currently the mainstream in research. It is of great significance to further expand the types of SAzymes to enrich the nanozyme library. Single-atom alloys (SAAs) are a material in which single-atom metal sites are dispersed onto another active metal matrix, and currently, there is limited research on their enzyme-like catalytic performance. In this work, a biodegradable Pt1Pd SAA is fabricated via a simple galvanic replacement strategy, and for the first time reveals its intrinsic enzyme-like catalytic performance including catalase-, oxidase-, and peroxidase-like activities, as well as its photodynamic effect. Experimental characterizations demonstrate that the introduction of single-atom Pt sites contributes to enhancing the affinity of Pt1Pd single-atom alloy nanozyme (SAAzyme) toward substrates, thus exhibiting boosted catalytic efficiency. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that Pt1Pd SAAzyme exhibits a photo-controlled therapeutic effect, with a tumor inhibition rate of up to 100%. This work provides vital guidance for opening the research direction of SAAs in enzyme-like catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials and Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bolong Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials and Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haokun Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials and Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials and Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials and Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials and Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials and Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Liu Z, Li W, Tan X, Huang Y, Tao Y, Yang N, Yuan R, Liu L, Ge L. Transformable Magnetic Liquid-Metal Nanoplatform for Intracellular Drug Delivery and MR Imaging-Guided Microwave Thermochemotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9826-9838. [PMID: 38377530 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Improved techniques for the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs are required to enhance tumor therapy efficacy and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy due to insufficient targeting and limited intratumoral drug release. Controlled drug delivery systems combined with thermotherapy are expected to play an important role in personalized tumor therapy. Herein, a novel microwave-responsive transformable magnetic liquid-metal (MLM) nanoplatform is designed for effective endosomal escape that facilitates intracellular drug delivery and enhanced anticancer therapy. The MLM nanoplatform exhibits a sensitive magnetic resonance imaging function for imaging-guided therapy and brilliant synergistic effects of chemotherapy with microwave thermal therapy to kill tumor cells. Once endocytosed by targeted tumor cells, the deep penetration of microwave energy can be absorbed by the MLM nanoplatform to convert heat and reactive oxygen species, which induces the shape transformation from nanospheres to large rods, resulting in the physical disruption of the endosomal membrane for intracellular drug release. Furthermore, the MLM nanoplatform synergistic therapy could activate immunomodulatory effects by M1 macrophage polarization and T cell infiltration, thus inhibiting tumor growth and lung metastasis. This work based on microwave-driven transformable magnetic liquid-metal nanoplatform provides novel ways to precisely control drug delivery and high-efficiency cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yueru Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Renqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Liqin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Yang Q, Wu Y, Liu W, Ou X, Zhang W, Wang J, Chang Y, Wang F, Gao M, Liu S. Zonated iron deposition in the periportal zone of the liver is associated with selectively enhanced lipid synthesis. Liver Int 2024; 44:589-602. [PMID: 38082474 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Disorders in liver lipid metabolism have been implicated in a range of metabolic conditions, including fatty liver and liver cancer. Altered lipid distribution within the liver, shifting from the pericentral to the periportal zone under pathological circumstances, has been observed; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Iron, an essential metal, exhibits a zonal distribution in the liver similar to that of lipids. Nevertheless, the precise relationship between iron and lipid distribution, especially in the pericentral and periportal zones, remains poorly understood. METHODS We conducted comprehensive in vitro and in vivo experiments, combining with in situ analysis and RNA sequencing, aiming for a detailed exploration of the causal relationship between iron accumulation and lipid metabolism. RESULTS Our research suggests that iron overload can disrupt the normal distribution of lipids within the liver, particularly in the periportal zone. Through meticulous gene expression profiling in both the pericentral and periportal zones, we identified pyruvate carboxylase (PC) as a pivotal regulator in iron overload-induced lipid accumulation. Additionally, we revealed that the activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) was indispensable for Pc gene expression when in response to iron overload. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our investigation unveils the crucial involvement of iron overload in fostering hepatic lipid accumulation in the periportal zone, at least partly mediated by the modulation of Pc expression. These insights offer new perspectives for understanding the pathogenesis of fatty liver diseases and their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ou
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianning Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li J, Wang T, Shi Y, Ye Z, Zhang X, Ming J, Zhang Y, Hu X, Li Y, Zhang D, Xu Q, Yang J, Chen X, Liu N, Su X. A continuously efficient O 2-supplying strategy for long-term modulation of hypoxic tumor microenvironment to enhance long-acting radionuclides internal therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:7. [PMID: 38166931 PMCID: PMC10763042 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Radionuclides internal radiotherapy (RIT) is a clinically powerful method for cancer treatment, but still poses unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes due to the hypoxic characteristic of tumor microenvironment (TME). Catalase (CAT) or CAT-like nanomaterials can be used to enzymatically decompose TME endogenous H2O2 to boost TME oxygenation and thus alleviate the hypoxic level within tumors, but their effectiveness is still hindered by the short-lasting of hypoxia relief owing to their poor stability or degradability, thereby failing to match the long therapeutic duration of RIT. Herein, we proposed an innovative strategy of using facet-dependent CAT-like Pd-based two-dimensional (2D) nanoplatforms to continuously enhance RIT. Specifically, rationally designed 2D Pd@Au nanosheets (NSs) enable consistent enzymatic conversion of endogenous H2O2 into O2 to overcome hypoxia-induced RIT resistance. Furthermore, partially coated Au layer afford NIR-II responsiveness and moderate photothermal treatment that augmenting their enzymatic functionality. This approach with dual-effect paves the way for reshaping TME and consequently facilitating the brachytherapy ablation of cancer. Our work offers a significant advancement in the integration of catalytic nanomedicine and nuclear medicine, with the overarching goal of amplifying the clinical benefits of RIT-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yuanfei Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zichen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Engineering Research Center for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiang Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Engineering Research Center for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xinyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Engineering Research Center for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qianhe Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Engineering Research Center for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xinhui Su
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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5
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Sungu M, Isik M, Güler Ü, Eylem CC, Eskizengin H, Nemutlu E, Salih B, Derkus B. Manipulating macrophage polarization with nanoparticles to control metastatic behavior in heterotypic breast cancer micro-tissues via exosome signaling. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:394-410. [PMID: 38073471 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04980a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of nanoparticles on macrophage polarization and their subsequent influence on post-tumorigenic behavior. Initially, seven different nanoparticles were applied to macrophages, and Zn-Ni-FeO (100 nm) and palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs, ∼25 nm) were found to induce M1-polarization in macrophages. A co-culture experiment was then conducted to examine the effects of macrophages on MCF-7 breast cancer micro-tissues. The M2-macrophages promoted tumor proliferation, while M1- and PdNPs-induced macrophages showed anti-tumor effects by suppressing cell proliferation. To reveal the mechanisms of effect, exosomes isolated from M1 (M1-Exo), M0 (M0-Exo), M2 (M2-Exo), and PdNPs-induced (PdNPs-Exo) macrophages were applied to the heterotypic tumor micro-tissues including MCF-7, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and primary human dermal fibroblasts (phDFs). M2-Exo was seen to promote the migration of cancer cells and induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while M1-Exo suppressed these behaviors. PdNPs-Exo was effective in suppressing the aggressive nature of breast cancer cells similar to M1-Exo, moreover, the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was increased in combination with PdNPs-Exo in both MCF-7 and heterotypic micro-tissues. In conclusion, PdNPs-Exo has potential anti-tumor effects, can be used as a combination therapy to enhance the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs, as well as innovative implants for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sungu
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Melis Isik
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ülkü Güler
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemil Can Eylem
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eskizengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Bekir Salih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Derkus
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NEUROM), 06560 Ankara, Turkey
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Liu W, Zhang S, Li Q, Wu Y, Jia X, Feng W, Li Z, Shi Y, Hou Q, Ma J, Liu Y, Gao P, Ganz T, Liu S. Lactate modulates iron metabolism by binding soluble adenylyl cyclase. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1597-1612.e6. [PMID: 37480842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of lactate (LA) can occur during exercise and in many diseases such as cancers. Individuals with hyperlactatemia often display anemia, decreased serum iron, and elevated hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism. However, it is unknown whether and how LA regulates hepcidin expression. Here, we show LA binds to soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in normal hepatocytes and affects systemic iron homeostasis in mice by increasing hepcidin expression. Comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments show that the LA-sAC interaction raises cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which activates the PKA-Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway to increase hepcidin transcription. We verified this regulatory axis in wild-type mice and in mice with disordered iron homeostasis. LA also regulates hepcidin in humans at rest and subjected to extensive exercise that produce elevated LA. Our study links hyperlactatemia to iron deficiency, offering a mechanistic explanation for anemias seen in athletes and patients with lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Quanjin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenya Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingzhi Hou
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Pu Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sijin Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Wang L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xu M, Zhang X, Zhao W, Cui J. Effects of microplastics and tetracycline on intestinal injury in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139364. [PMID: 37391084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and tetracycline are both emerging environmental pollutants that threaten human health. The toxic impacts of their single and coexposure on the intestine and gut microbiota have not been well studied in mammals. Given the spatial functional characteristics of the intestine, it is important to know whether the toxicities of MPs and tetracycline in different intestinal segments are distinct. This study investigated the pathological and functional injuries of different intestinal segments and the microbial disorder upon exposure to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and/or tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Both PS-MPs and TCH altered the intestinal morphology and induced functional impairment. However, the PS-MPs primarily damaged the colon, while TCH mainly damaged the small intestine, especially the jejunum. Combined treatment evoked ameliorative adverse effects on the intestinal segments except for the ileum. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that PS-MPs and/or TCH decreased gut microbiota diversity, especially PS-MPs. In addition, PS-MPs and TCH affected the microflora metabolic processes, especially protein absorption and digestion. Gut microbiota dysbiosis could partly lead to the physical and functional damage induced by PS-MPs and TCH. These findings enhance our knowledge regarding the hazards of coexisting microplastics and antibiotics for mammalian intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Jiamin Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Man Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xuyan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Wanqing Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
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8
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Dong Z, Ma J, Qiu J, Ren Q, Shan Q, Duan X, Li G, Zuo YY, Qi Y, Liu Y, Liu G, Lynch I, Fang M, Liu S. Airborne fine particles drive H1N1 viruses deep into the lower respiratory tract and distant organs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2165. [PMID: 37294770 PMCID: PMC10256160 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mounting data suggest that environmental pollution due to airborne fine particles (AFPs) increases the occurrence and severity of respiratory virus infection in humans. However, it is unclear whether and how interactions with AFPs alter viral infection and distribution. We report synergetic effects between various AFPs and the H1N1 virus, regulated by physicochemical properties of the AFPs. Unlike infection caused by virus alone, AFPs facilitated the internalization of virus through a receptor-independent pathway. Moreover, AFPs promoted the budding and dispersal of progeny virions, likely mediated by lipid rafts in the host plasma membrane. Infected animal models demonstrated that AFPs favored penetration of the H1N1 virus into the distal lung, and its translocation into extrapulmonary organs including the liver, spleen, and kidney, thus causing severe local and systemic disorders. Our findings revealed a key role of AFPs in driving viral infection throughout the respiratory tract and beyond. These insights entail stronger air quality management and air pollution reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qing’e Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Xuefeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yi Y. Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
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9
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Zeng L, Ding S, Cao Y, Li C, Zhao B, Ma Z, Zhou J, Hu Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Duan G, Bian XW, Tian G. A MOF-Based Potent Ferroptosis Inducer for Enhanced Radiotherapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37256771 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the important clinical treatments for local control of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but radioresistance still exists. Ferroptosis has been recognized as a natural barrier for cancer progression and represents a significant role of RT-mediated anticancer effects, while the simultaneous activation of ferroptosis defensive system during RT limits the synergistic effect between RT and ferroptosis. Herein, we engineered a tumor microenvironment (TME) degradable nanohybrid with a dual radiosensitization manner to combine ferroptosis induction and high-Z effect based on metal-organic frameworks for ferroptosis-augmented RT of TNBC. The encapsulated l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) could inhibit glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis for glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation to break down the ferroptosis defensive system, and the delivered ferrous ions could act as a powerful ferroptosis executor via triggering the Fenton reaction; the combination of them induces potent ferroptosis, which could synergize with the surface decorated Gold (Au) NPs-mediated radiosensitization to improve RT efficacy. In vivo antitumor results revealed that the nanohybrid could significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy and antimetastasis efficiency based on the combinational mechanism between ferroptosis and RT. This work thus demonstrated that combining RT with efficient ferroptosis induction through nanotechnology was a feasible and promising strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zeng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Ding
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Zhili Ma
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Jingrong Zhou
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Advanced Pathology, Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Advanced Pathology, Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, P. R. China
| | - Guangjie Duan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Advanced Pathology, Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, P. R. China
| | - Gan Tian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Advanced Pathology, Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, P. R. China
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10
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Yang Y, Wang Q, Gao L, Liu S, Zhao J, Liu G, Zhang S. Promising applications of red cell distribution width in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases with or without disordered iron metabolism. Cell Biol Int 2023. [PMID: 37092585 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Many indicators, including red cell distribution width (RDW) and iron metabolism, are sensitive to a variety of risk factors, and are associated with the pathological alterations and disease onset. RDW reflects the degree of heterogeneous volumes of peripheral red blood cells (RBCs). It has been well-known that increased RDW indicates iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis, and shorten lifespan of RBCs. Increased RDW is also prevalent in various non-anemic pathological conditions and diseases. We here review the factors affecting RDW, particularly disordered iron metabolism, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress, and recapitulate the interplays among these factors. Furthermore, we review the application of increased RDW together with disordered iron homeostasis and the deregulations of hepcidin expression and ferritin levels in the diagnoses and prognosis of anemic and nonanemic diseases. RDW is inexpensive and readily available and may be valuable in adding to the diagnosis and monitoring of many pathological conditions. RDW combined with other indicators, for example, hepcidin and ferritin levels, should be utilized more frequently in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashuang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Quanshu Wang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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11
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Xu L, Xu M, Sun X, Feliu N, Feng L, Parak WJ, Liu S. Quantitative Comparison of Gold Nanoparticle Delivery via the Enhanced Permeation and Retention (EPR) Effect and Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)-Based Targeting. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2039-2052. [PMID: 36717361 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There are still some gaps in existing knowledge in the field of cancer nanotheranostics, e.g., the efficiency of nanoparticle-loaded cells for targeted delivery. In the current study, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were delivered to tumors in both subcutaneous tumor and lung metastasis tumor models by intravenous injection of either free Au NPs or of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which were loaded with endocytosed Au NPs. By making injections with the same dose of administrated Au NPs, it was possible to directly compare tumor targeting of both delivery modes. Hereby, the passive targeting of tumor by the plain Au NPs was facilitated by the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. Au NP retention by tumors, as well as tumor penetration, were found to be improved up to 2.4-to-9.3-fold when comparing the MSC-mediated delivery of Au NPs to the delivery of the plain Au NPs via EPR effect on day 7 post administration. While the absolute retention of Au NPs in the tumor remained low, our data show that, upon injection of the same amount of Au NPs, in fact MSC-mediated delivery is quantitatively higher than EPR-mediated delivery of NPs by half an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Sun
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Neus Feliu
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology (CAN), 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liuxing Feng
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
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12
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Zhu J, Fu Q, Wang S, Ren L, Feng W, Wei S, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Ganz T, Liu S. Palladium Nanoplate-Based IL-6 Receptor Antagonists Ameliorate Cancer-Related Anemia and Simultaneously Inhibit Cancer Progression. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:751-760. [PMID: 35030010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, targeted therapies and immunotherapeutics, along with conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, have greatly improved cancer treatments. Unfortunately, in cancer patients, anemia, either as a complication of cancer progression or as the result of cancer treatment, undermines the expected therapeutic efficacy. Here, we developed a smart nanosystem based on the palladium nanoplates (PdPLs) to deliver tocilizumab (TCZ, a widely used IL-6R antibody) to the liver for specific blockade of IL-6/IL-6R signaling to correct anemia. With chemical modifications, this nanosystem delivered a large mass of TCZ and enhanced liver delivery, inducing a marked suppression of hepcidin expression as a result of diminished IL-6 signaling. Through this mechanism, significant suppression of tumor progression was realized (at least in part) because of the corrected anemia after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Qingfeng Fu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Shunhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenya Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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